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Title: Early motherhood, high mortality, and HIV/AIDS rates in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Gant L; Heath KM; Ejikeme GG
Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):39-46.
Abstract: Despite billions of dollars devoted to HIV/AIDS prevention since 1990, rates of infection continue to climb worldwide, primarily through heterosexual contact, and Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst case scenario (UNAIDS, 2004). Traditional intervention programs based on the ABCs (abstinence, being faithful, and condom use) of safe sex practices have shown mixed success. Engaging in risky sexual behavior (behaviors not adhering to the ABCs of safe sex practices) continues to escalate the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Although research abounds with correlates to HIV/AIDS rates, few studies have addressed the basis of sexual behavior. Here we show that not only are HIV/AIDS rates significantly higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in the rest of the world but also infant mortality rates and teenage birth rates are higher as well. Based on these findings, we argue that engaging in risky sexual behavior, in many circumstances associated with deplorable living conditions and high mortality, is the only viable option for avoiding reproductive failure: dying without leaving surviving descendents. We suggest that initiatives that improve overall health and living conditions in the at-risk populations are necessary before traditional intervention programs can effectively combat the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PREVALENCE | MORTALITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | INFANT MORTALITY | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Reproductive Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 341955

Peer Reviewed

Title: Tackling health inequities in Chile: maternal, newborn, infant, and child mortality between 1990 and 2004.
Author: Gonzalez R; Requejo JH; Nien JK; Merialdi M; Bustreo F; Betran AP
Author: Chile Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Writing Group
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul;99(7):1220-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We analyzed trends in maternal, newborn, and child mortality in Chile between 1990 and 2004, after the introduction of national interventions and reforms, and examined associations between trends and interventions. METHODS: Data were provided by the Chilean Ministry of Health on all pregnancies between 1990 and 2004 (approximately 4,000,000). We calculated yearly maternal mortality ratios, stillbirth rates, and mortality rates for neonates, infants (aged > 28 days and < 1 year), and children aged 1 to 4 years. We also calculated these statistics by 5-year intervals for Chile's poorest to richest district quintiles. RESULTS: During the study period, the maternal mortality ratio decreased from 42.1 to 18.5 per 100,000 live births. The mortality rate for neonates decreased from 9.0 to 5.7 per 1000 births, for infants from 7.8 to 3.1 per 1000 births, and for young children from 3.1 to 1.7 per 1000 live births. The stillbirth rate declined from 6.0 to 5.0 per 1000 births. Disparities in these mortality statistics between the poorest and richest district quintiles also decreased, with the largest mortality reductions in the poorest quintile. CONCLUSIONS: During a period of socioeconomic development and health sector reforms, Chile experienced significant mortality and inequity reductions.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | INFANT | CHILDREN | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | INEQUALITIES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases
Document Number: 342239

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154.
Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 341898

8.
Title: Fertility development in the Baltic countries since 1990: a transformation in the context of long-term trends.
Author: Katus K; Puur A; Sakkeus L; Poldma A
Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2009;44:7-32.
Abstract: The article addresses the transformation of fertility patterns in the Baltic countries since the turn of the 1990s, in the context of long-term trends. The purpose of the study is to compare the change in fertility level, parity distribution, timing of childbearing, and the connection between marriage and childbearing in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and analyze the position of the Baltic countries in a broader European perspective. Our results indicate a salient role of tempo effects in the sharp decline of period fertility measures that occurred in the region in the 1990s. Tempo-adjusted measures indicate moderately low fertility levels of 1.6-1.7 children per woman in the region. In the recent years, fertility levels have been rising in all three countries with recuperation being more vigorous in Estonia and less so in Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia also appear more advanced in terms of the spread of childbearing among cohabiting couples, with the proportion of non-marital births comparable to Scandinavian countries. The article discusses the factors underlying the observed similarities and dissimilarities in fertility patterns, pointing to the plausible demographic path dependence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ESTONIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | AGE FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 331310

9.
Title: Induced abortions: still important reproduction loss in the Czech Republic?
Author: Kocourkova J; Fait T
Source: Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 2009 Mar;30(1):111-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of study was to evaluate the importance of induced abortions for reproduction medicine in Czech Republic. DESIGN: Demographic analysis of data published by EUROSTAT and Czech statistical office. SETTING: Department of Demography and Geodemography Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague. RESULTS: Widespread use of the liberal abortion law in socialist countries contributed to the decline of fertility rates only to the replacement level. In the Czech Republic total fertility rate dropped below 1.3 in 1995 and it did not increase above 1.5 children per woman till 2007. The increased use of modern contraceptive methods that results in a sharp decline in fertility and in a significant decrease of induced abortions can be documented. The total abortion rate fell from 1.54 abortions per a woman in 1990 to 0.34 in 2007. The proportion of women aged 15-49 years who were prescribed oral contraception increased from 4 percent in 1990 to 48 percent in 2007. An induced abortion is still used largely as a way to avoid birth of additional children by women who already have the number of children they want. This is in sharp contrast with the situation in the majority of Western European countries in which abortion is used mainly by teen-age girls whose attempts to avoid pregnancy have failed. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other demographic characteristics which classify the Czech Republic to Eastern Europe, the level of induced abortion rate is comparable with the levels observed in some Western European countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECH REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | MEDICINE | ABORTION | FERTILITY RATE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341822 Notification

10.
Title: Demographics of infertility.
Author: Ledger WL
Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:11-4.
Abstract: The demographic composition of many developed countries threatens their economies and global influence. On the one hand, the increased cost of living and of raising children discourages couples from starting families until later in life while, on the other hand, improved living standards have increased life expectancy. Together, these have resulted in a low total fertility rate and a net increase in the elderly population. The financial and employment protection incentives offered by governments have had relatively little impact on this demographic trend, and a multi-level approach is needed. Governments are, therefore, considering alternatives as part of a so-called 'population policy mix'. One option is to promote access to assisted reproductive technology for infertile couples. The prevalence of infertility has increased, in part because of general health issues, such as obesity and the rise in sexually transmitted diseases, and also because women are postponing having their first child. Improving accessibility to assisted reproductive technology will relieve the burden of infertility on these couples and may contribute to effectively challenging the problem of low total fertility rates in many developed countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHICS | FERTILITY RATE | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | POLICY | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Political Factors
Document Number: 342603

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS.
Author: Meisenberg G
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 27;41:519-535.
Abstract: SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with 'less developed' nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the average per capita income would decline by 0.79% per year.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | INTELLIGENCE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Mortality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341480

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Advances in development reverse fertility declines.
Author: Myrskyla M; Kohler HP; Billari FC
Source: Nature. 2009 Aug 6;460(7256):741-3.
Abstract: During the twentieth century, the global population has gone through unprecedented increases in economic and social development that coincided with substantial declines in human fertility and population growth rates. The negative association of fertility with economic and social development has therefore become one of the most solidly established and generally accepted empirical regularities in the social sciences. As a result of this close connection between development and fertility decline, more than half of the global population now lives in regions with below-replacement fertility (less than 2.1 children per woman). In many highly developed countries, the trend towards low fertility has also been deemed irreversible. Rapid population ageing, and in some cases the prospect of significant population decline, have therefore become a central socioeconomic concern and policy challenge. Here we show, using new cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the total fertility rate and the human development index (HDI), a fundamental change in the well-established negative relationship between fertility and development as the global population entered the twenty-first century. Although development continues to promote fertility decline at low and medium HDI levels, our analyses show that at advanced HDI levels, further development can reverse the declining trend in fertility. The previously negative development-fertility relationship has become J-shaped, with the HDI being positively associated with fertility among highly developed countries. This reversal of fertility decline as a result of continued economic and social development has the potential to slow the rates of population ageing, thereby ameliorating the social and economic problems that have been associated with the emergence and persistence of very low fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Migration
Document Number: 342781

13.

Title: Incidence of induced abortions in Peru [letter]
Author: Puccetti R
Source: CMAJ. 2009 May 26;180(11):1133; author reply 1133-4.
Abstract: Antonio Bernab�-Ortiz and colleagues misleadingly assert that, although access to induced abortion services is legally restricted in Peru, the incidence of induced abortion is "as high as, or higher than, the estimated incidence in many countries where induced abortion is legal and safe." The abortion rate (the number of abortions per 1000 women of reproductive age) is greatly influenced by a number of factors, namely contraceptive behaviour and fertility rates, and thus it is not a good measure to use to evaluate the impact of the legal status of abortion on the incidence of abortions in a particular jurisdiction. The estimated total fertility rate is 2.86 in Peru; in comparison, it is 2.04 in the United States and 1.66 in the United Kingdom. Therefore, it is not surprising that the abortion rate in Peru may be similar to the rates in the United States and United Kingdom. The legal status of abortion may strongly affect postconceptional attitudes concerning pregnancy termination; this effect is much better described by the abortion ratio (the number of abortions per 1000 live births). Of the approximately 8660 pregnancies reported by participants in the study by Bernab�-Ortiz and colleagues, 1127 ended in induced abortions and 996 in spontaneous abortions. This means that there were approximately 6538 live births and the abortion ratio was 172.3. The authors referred to a study with US data from 2001, in which there were 6.4 million pregnancies, 1.1 million spontaneous abortions and 1.3 million induced abortions. The corresponding abortion ratio was 325. More recent US data indicate that there were 1 206 200 abortions and 4 138 349 births in 2005. The corresponding abortion ratio was 291.5. In England and Wales, 193 737 induced abortions and 669 601 live births were registered in 2006, with a corresponding abortion ratio of 289.3. These data show that there is a lower incidence of abortion in Peru than in other countries where abortion is legal. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MEASUREMENT | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION RATE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 341641

14.

Title: Rising U.S. teen fertility.
Author: Saenz R; Conde E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [3] p.
Abstract: The United States has higher fertility rates among teenage girls compared with other developed countries of the world. For example, girls ages 15 to 19 have fertility rates more than five times higher than their counterparts in developed countries such as France, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Nonetheless, the fertility rate of girls ages 15 to 19 declined consecutively over the period from 1991 to 2005. During this time, the fertility rate of the age group dropped by one-third, from 61.8 births per 1,000 girls ages 15 to 19 in 1991 to 40.5 in 2005. However, the latest data for 2006 may point to a reversal of this trend, with the fertility rate inching upward to 41.9. This trend is of great concern because adolescent pregnancy has been associated with unemployment, poverty, repeated pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, infant mortality, high risk pregnancy, and lower educational achievement. Furthermore, teenage pregnancy is a primary indicator of adult poverty among women.
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | ITALY | JAPAN | SLOVENIA | SWITZERLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | UNEMPLOYMENT | POVERTY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INFANT MORTALITY | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Southern | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Mortality | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 331480

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: How Increased Contraceptive Use has Reduced Maternal Mortality.
Author: Stover J; Ross J
Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jul 31;
Abstract: It is widely recognized that family planning contributes to reducing maternal mortality by reducing the number of births and, thus, the number of times a woman is exposed to the risk of mortality. Here we show evidence that it also lowers the risk per birth, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), by preventing high-risk, high-parity births. This study seeks to quantify these contributions to lower maternal mortality as the use of family planning rose over the period from 1990 to 2005. We use estimates from United Nations organizations of MMRs and the total fertility rate (TFR) to estimate the number of births averted-and, consequently, the number of maternal deaths directly averted-as the TFR in the developing world dropped. We use data from 146 Demographic and Health Surveys on contraceptive use and the distribution of births by risk factor, as well as special country data sets on the MMR by parity and age, to explore the impacts of contraceptive use on high-risk births and, thus, on the MMR. Over 1 million maternal deaths were averted between 1990 and 2005 because the fertility rate in developing countries declined. Furthermore, by reducing demographically high-risk births in particular, especially high-parity births, family planning reduced the MMR and thus averted additional maternal deaths indirectly. This indirect effect can reduce a county's MMR by an estimated 450 points during the transition from low to high levels of contraceptive use. Increases in the use of modern contraceptives have made and can continue to make an important contribution to reducing maternal mortality in the developing world.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Mortality | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 342297

16.

Title: Changes in fertility rates among Muslims in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
Author: Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Apr. [1] p.
Abstract: The number of Muslims worldwide is projected to grow over the next decade to reach one-quarter of the world's population, largely because of higher fertility among Muslim populations. Yet, it is simplistic to argue that there is a specifically Islamic pattern of fertility due solely to religious influence, says Mehtab Karim, a senior research adviser and senior fellow at the Pew Forum on Religion and World Affairs. Karim visited PRB as part of its ongoing Policy Seminar series and presented findings based on the latest Demographic and Health Survey data from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | INDIA | PAKISTAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RELIGION | ISLAM | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CULTURE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Contraception | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 331347

17.

Title: Youth unemployment and underemployment in Africa brings uncertainty and opportunity.
Author: Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [2] p.
Abstract: The World Bank's Youth and Unemployment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem, The Promise report, released in December 2008, investigates the nature of Africa's youth demographics and recommends policies to give its youth access to stable employment. It argues that creating viable jobs for young people is a recondition for Africa's poverty eradication, sustainable development, and peace; and in countries emerging from conflict, access to employment for youth is integral to peace-building processes. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | UNEMPLOYMENT | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331481

18.

19.

20.

Title: 2008 world population data sheet.
Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB]
Source: Washington, D.C., PRB, 2008. 16 p.
Abstract: This wall chart, the 2008 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau, includes demographic data and estimates for the countries and regions of the world. In addition, it summarizes and compares the latest population estimates, projections, and other key indicators for all geopolitical entities with populations of 150,00 or more. As world population has risen from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6.7 billion in 2008, the proportion living in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded from 68 percent to more than 80 percent. India and China, with a billion-plus each in 2008, make up about 37 percent of the total. Projections for 2050 show this shift to developing countries continuing. Highlighted in this wall chart is naternal mortality in developing countries, the shift in population density from rural to urban areas, and mother's education and children's nutritional status. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FERTILITY RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD NUTRITION | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Research Methodology | Mortality | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 328154

21.

22.

Title: Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Swaziland. Central Statistical Office; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Mbabane, Swaziland, Central Statistical Office, 2008 May. [506] p.
Abstract: This detailed report presents the major findings of the 2006-07 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (2006-07 SDHS). The 2006-07 SDHS is the first survey of its kind to be undertaken in Swaziland. It was a nationwide survey aimed at generating estimates at the country level, regional level, and for urban and rural areas. The survey was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and implemented by the Central Statistical Office. Fieldwork was carried out between July 2006 and March 2007. The primary objective of the 2006-07 SDHS was to collect up-to-date information for policymakers, planners, researchers, and programme managers that would provide guidance in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population and health programmes in Swaziland. Specifically, the 2006-07 SDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood and maternal mortality, care and protection of youth, and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, it collected information on malaria, the use of mosquito nets, and the prevalence of HIV in the population age two years and above. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AWARENESS | BREASTFEEDING | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HIV | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | MALARIA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Parasitic Diseases
Document Number: 327506

23.

Title: World fertility patterns 2007. [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Jan. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/269)
Abstract: The last decades of the twentieth century witnessed a major transformation in world fertility: total fertility fell from an average of 4.5 children per woman in 1970-1975 to 2.6 children per woman in 2000-2005. This change was driven mostly by developing countries whose fertility dropped by nearly half (from 5.4 to 2.9 children per woman) with the decline being less marked among the least developed countries where fertility remains high (their average fertility declined from 6.6 children per woman in 1970-1975 to 5.0 in 2000-2005). This chart presents some of the data available to assess the change in fertility taking place in the countries of the world. For each of the 195 countries or areas with at least 100,000 inhabitants in 2007, it displays available unadjusted data on total fertility, age-specific fertility and the mean age at childbearing for two points in time: the first as close as possible to 1970 and the second as close as possible to 2005. Data on total fertility for the world as a whole, the development groups and major areas are estimates referring to 1970-1975 and 2000-2005 derived from the 2006 Revision of World Population Prospects. The chart thus presents regional estimates of fertility change and part of the basic data underlying those estimates. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | UN | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326616

24.

Title: Fact sheet: Family planning in Europe and Eurasia, 2008.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, 2008. [2] p.
Abstract: Modern family planning contributes to improved maternal and child health in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (E&E) and empowers women and families in decisions regarding family size and birth timing. Maternal mortality in Eastern Europe is estimated to be twice as high as that in Western Europe and complications from abortions, especially those performed under unsafe conditions, are among the leading causes of maternal death. Births that occur too early or close together also compromise a mother's and infant's chances of survival. Modern family planning addresses many of these negative health consequences by enabling women to better time and space their pregnancies. In many countries across the E&E region, however, access to modern family planning services and contraceptive methods is limited and relatively expensive. As a result, many women rely on traditional methods of family planning and abortion to regulate their fertility. USAID increases access to family planning by implementing programs that provide a broad range family planning services and commodities, build capacity among health care professionals, conduct mass media campaigns, and strengthen family planning services through operations research. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, EASTERN | ASIA, CENTRAL | ASIA, SOUTHWESTERN | RUSSIA | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | NEEDS | FERTILITY RATE | ABORTION RATE | Europe | Developing Countries | Asia | Asia, Northern | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331623 Notification

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differentials of fertility in North and South Gondar zones, northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Author: Alene GD; Worku A
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:397.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethiopia is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa with an estimated population of 77.1 million in mid-2007. Uncontrolled fertility has adversely influenced the socio-economic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. It is one of the largest and poorest countries that, even in the midst of crisis, has maintained high levels of fertility. This study was aimed at investigating the most important factors influencing fertility behavior in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study which included 2424 women aged 25 years and above was undertaken in the Amhara region of Northwest Ethiopia. The study subjects were grouped into high fertile and low fertile categories. There were 1011 and 1413 women in the high and low fertile groups, respectively. A multi-stage cluster sampling stratified by place of residence was employed to select the required study subjects. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Among the 25 variables considered in this study, only 9 of them were found significantly and independently associated with the level of fertility. Women with at least secondary education were at a lower risk of high fertility with OR = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.21 to 0.64) compared to those with no formal education. However, women with primary education did not show any significant difference when compared with the same baseline group. Age at first marriage was inversely associated with the number of children ever born alive. Place of residence, household expenditure, number of children who have died, attitude towards using contraceptives, women's knowledge on the safe period, and current marital status were the other variables that showed significant associations with the level of fertility. CONCLUSION: Female education beyond the primary level, reduced infant and child mortality, delayed marriage and correct knowledge on the safe period during the menstrual cycle were amongst the main factors that had a bearing on high fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality
Document Number: 329771

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Abortion index and mortality of offspring among women of different age, caste and population groups of north Indian Muslims.
Author: Ara G; Siddique YH; Beg T; Afzal M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):431-443.
Abstract: The Muslims of Aligarh city are predominantly Sunnis, although there are also a considerable number of Shias. Among the Sunnis, approximately a quarter belong to Syed, Sheikh, Moghal and Pathan groups, and three-quarters belong to various lower biradaris. In the present study, 304 women attending the Primary Health Centre of the J. N. Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, were surveyed and the following recorded among Muslim women of high-rank (Ashraf) and low-rank (Ajlaf) castes: incidence of marriage, age of the mother at the time of marriage, present age of the mother, abortions, still births, prereproductive mortality and overall mortality. The Ashraf are comprised of the Sheikh, Syed and Pathan, whereas the Ajlafs have Qureshi, Saifi and Ansari biradaris. Maternal age was scored as above and below 45 years in each biradari. Significant effects of maternal age were seen on mortality of offspring, whereas populations did not show consistent differences, except when Ashrafs and Ajlafs were considered separately. The results show higher mortality and abortions for various groups. This may be due to various biological and socio-cultural factors, including hidden inbreeding in the remote past. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | ISLAM | WOMEN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | ABORTION RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | DEATH RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 325518 Notification

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Demography, culture, and policy: Understanding Japan's low fertility.
Author: Boling P
Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):307-326.
Abstract: Insights into the causes of Japan's prolonged and sharp fall in total fertility rate come from comparing Japan with France. The two countries share dirigiste administrative approaches, family policy reform undertaken under the auspices of pragmatic right wing parties and justified on pronatalist grounds, and involvement of demographic experts in crafting and shepherding such policies. But the countries differ with respect to their total fertility rates (France 1.98, Japan 1.29) and the effectiveness of their family policies. Thus comparing them can help identify areas of divergence that might explain these differences and assist in the project of theory building. Several salient explanations are rooted in Japan's labor market: it exacts high opportunity costs from parents who interrupt their careers to raise children, keeps ideal workers from having much time for their families, assumes and reinforces a traditional gender ideology, and hires few young workers into good jobs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | FRANCE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FAMILY POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | PRONATALIST POLICY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Social Behavior
Document Number: 327375

28.

Title: Fertility transitions in developing countries: Progress or stagnation?
Author: Bongaarts J
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 7)
Abstract: Over the past quarter century fertility has declined rapidly in many developing countries. Projections typically assume that this trend will continue until the replacement level is reached. However, recent evidence suggests that ongoing fertility declines may have slowed or stalled in a number of countries in transition. This study examines the pace of fertility change in developing countries that have multiple DHS surveys to determine whether ongoing transitions are decelerating or stalling. The main findings are that in sub-Saharan African countries, the average pace of decline in fertility is lower around 2000 than in the mid-1990s, and more than half the countries in transition in this region have stalled. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 325415

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: An assessment of China's fertility level using the variable-r method.
Author: Cai Y
Source: Demography. 2008 May;45(2):271-281.
Abstract: The fertility level in China is a matter of uncertainty and controversy. This paper applies Preston and Coale's (1982) variable-r method to assess the fertility level in China. By using data from China's 1990 and 2000 censuses as well as annual population change surveys, the variable-r method confirms that Chinese fertility has reached a level well below replacement. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | FERTILITY RATE | UNDERCOUNT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 327034

30.

Title: Fertility choices and management for HIV-positive women.
Author: Coll O; Lopez M; Hernandez S
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2008 Mar;3(2):186-192.
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly important to address the issue of reproductive counseling and management of HIV-infected individuals during their reproductive years. Sexual and reproductive health-related needs and aspirations are similar to those of uninfected individuals but some differences require specific attention, which are discussed in this review. Hormonal contraception should be used with caution in women on antiretroviral treatment. Its impact on both HIV infectivity and disease progression is still controversial. An intrauterine device can be considered for pregnancy prevention and pregnancy termination should be offered in safe conditions. HIV-infected women have a lower spontaneous fertility rate, which may persist after assisted reproduction. Data on safety of antiretroviral treatment during conception are reassuring. No clear association can be found between exposure to antiretrovirals and fetal abnormalities. Secondary prevention remains crucial and condom use remains a key method. Different topics related to fertility choices among HIV-infected patients should be addressed. Family planning methods and termination of pregnancy have specific aspects among infected individuals. When needed, medically assisted reproduction may be required and antiretroviral treatment should be adapted before conception. Secondary prevention has a key role in reducing newly acquired infections. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY RATE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Evaluation
Document Number: 325392


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