1.  Title: Scientists recommend new design for female condom research. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2009]. [2] p. (Research Briefs on the Female Condom) Abstract: As the result of a USAID-supported workshop organized by the nonprofit organization CONRAD, scientists have proposed a new design for studies testing the effectiveness of innovations in the female condom. For a female condom to gain regulatory approval in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently requires that the product be tested in a large -- and often expensive -- phase III contraceptive-effectiveness trial. CONRAD held the workshop specifically so that experts on female condoms and semen biomarkers could explore acceptable alternatives to this type of trial. The experts identified the well-studied biomarker prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as the most promising marker to pursue for this application. The new study design uses PSA to show the presence of semen in the vagina, which should be a more reliable indicator of clinical condom failure than is the incidence of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection. A report of the workshop and the details of the study design are published in the journal Contraception. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | WORKSHOPS | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONDOM FAILURE | SEMEN | ANTIGENS | VAGINA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Education | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Condoms | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Genitalia, Female Document Number: 331704 |
| 2. Title: Success story: Bangladesh averts a stock crisis with help from the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Apr. [2] p. (USAID Deliver Project, Task Order 1) Abstract: In the fall of 2007, the Ministry of Health in Bangladesh faced a severe shortage of condoms in the public sector; countrywide stockouts were very likely. A shipment was underway, but despite negotiated contracts, the supplier made some last minute changes that were unacceptable to the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). While the GoB and the supplier continued to negotiate, the condom supply dwindled. December 2007 approached, and the condom stocks continued to go down. It soon became clear that negotiations with the supplier were not going to be resolved in time to head off a countrywide stockout of public sector condoms. As always, the Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP) and the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT jointly monitored the consumption and pipeline for public sector products; the project kept the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and other partners informed of the potential stock issues. The USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, in discussions with DGFP and local stakeholders, pursued various options for alleviating this short-term problem, including moving up other procurement ship dates and borrowing supplies. These solutions, however, would not be enough to fill the gap in time. At this point, after the project alerted USAID to the potential stockout, they agreed to airlift 6 million condoms to Bangladesh-in time to prevent a stockout. The project worked closely with the DGFP, with USAID in Washington and in Dhaka, as well as with the Bangladesh Social Marketing Company (SMC) to get the condoms into the country and through the various tiers of the supply chain. SMC, a recipient of USAID-donated condoms, agreed to receive and clear the emergency condom donation-the shipment came into the country quickly, without any disruption. In just one month, Bangladesh had received the USAID-donated condoms in-country, and the condoms were on their way through the supply chain to the end user. This action successfully averted a full blown stockout and gave the government time to sort out issues with the supplier. The contract negotiation was eventually completed and the first shipment arrived in-country in March 2008. At the time of delivery, condoms were still available because fewer condoms than usual were distributed during the shortages. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPORTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Availability | Family Planning Program Administration | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 339992 |
| 3. Title: USAID | DELIVER Project. No product? No program. Logistics for health. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Aug. [2] p. Abstract: The USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded project, works with national and international partners to increase the availability of essential health commodities for customers around the world. The project strengthens in-country supply chains and the host country's ability to manage them; works with partners to create a supportive policy environment for health commodities; and, upon request, procures and delivers health commodities. We work with a wide range of health products -- contraceptives and condoms; essential drugs; and select commodities for HIV and AIDS, laboratories, malaria, maternal and child health, infectious diseases, and avian influenza (AI). (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LOGISTICS | TRANSPORTATION | CONDOMS | DRUGS | INFLUENZA | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health Document Number: 331661 |
| 4. Title: Public health procurement guide 2010. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009. [45] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Abstract: USAID's Public Health Procurement Guide 2010 is an annual publication of current contraceptive and condom ordering procedures for missions. It includes USAID contraceptive ordering procedures and guidance on how to use logistics data and forecasts to calculate contraceptive requirements. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | STANDARDS | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | COLD CHAIN | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | Research Methodology | Management | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Program Activities | Programs | Contraceptive Availability Document Number: 331472 |
6.  Peer Reviewed Title: Safety analysis of the diaphragm in combination with lubricant or acidifying microbicide gels: effects on markers of inflammation and innate immunity in cervicovaginal fluid. Author: Anderson DJ; Williams DL; Ballagh SA; Barnhart K; Creinin MD; Newman DR; Bowman FP; Politch JA; Duerr AC; Jamieson DJ Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2009 Feb;61(2):121-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Diaphragms are being considered for use with vaginal microbicide gels to provide enhanced protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of a diaphragm with microbicide or placebo gel causes cervicovaginal inflammation or perturbations in cervicovaginal immune defense. METHOD OF STUDY: Eighty-one non-pregnant women were randomized into three groups and instructed to use Milex (CooperSurgical, Inc., Trumbull, CT, USA)diaphragms overnight for 14 days in combination with one of the two acid-buffering microbicide gels [ACIDFORM (Instead Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) or BufferGel(trade mark) (BG; ReProtect Inc., Baltimore, Maryland)] or placebo gel (K-Y Jelly); Personal Products Inc., Raritan, NJ, USA). Cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs) were performed prior to study entry and on days 8 and 16. Nine soluble mediators of vaginal inflammation or immune defense were measured in CVLs by Bio-Plex or ELISA. RESULTS: Use of diaphragms with placebo ormicrobicide gel was not associated with increased levels of inflammation markers. Concentrations of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) were markedly reduced in the BG group. CONCLUSION: Daily use of a diaphragm with placebo or acidifying microbicide gel did not cause cervicovaginal inflammation. However, diaphragm/BG use was associated with markedly reduced levels of SLPI, an important mediator of innate immune defense. Further studies are warranted to establish the safety of diaphragm/microbicide gel combinations. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | LUBRICANTS | IMMUNITY, NATURAL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Ingredients and Chemicals | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods Document Number: 330234 |
| 7. Title: Acquiring allergen information from condom manufacturers: a questionnaire survey. Author: Blyumin ML; Rouhani P; Avashia NJ; Jacob SE Source: Dermatitis. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):161-70. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis from condoms is a problem that carries significant morbidity and that has been increasingly reported due to the use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases as well as for birth control. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the process by which condom manufacturing companies divulge product allergen information to health care professionals. METHODS: An interviewer-administered telephone questionnaire eliciting the staff member's knowledge of condom allergens was utilized. Eligible respondents were condom manufacturers' service staff over 18 years of age. RESULTS: Complete surveys were obtained regarding 36 (85.7%) of the 42 subtypes of condoms. Telephoning was the primary (75%) method of obtaining allergen information. The majority (63.9%) of the information was obtained within minutes to hours of the initial contact. Nearly two-thirds of the interviews evaluated the condom manufacturers' service staff as good and effective in their knowledge base and in providing product information. CONCLUSION: The study determined that the extent of knowledge, helpfulness, and effectiveness of the customer service personnel in relaying product allergen information to clinicians were generally good. The study additionally generated a reference table outlining the common allergens in major manufactured condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | CONDOMS | ALLERGIC REACTION | DERMATITIS | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 341311 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Social Network Influences on Male and Female Condom Use Among Women Attending Family Planning Clinics in the United States. Author: Choi KH; Gregorich SE Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Aug 21; Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Research has shown that social networks play an important role in determining health behaviors. However, little is known about their influence on male and female condom use among women. METHODS:: We analyzed data obtained from 157 sexually-active women who enrolled in the Female Condom Intervention Trial from June 2003 to November 2004 in Northern California and completed an audio computer-assisted self interview at baseline and 3-months. RESULTS:: At the 3-month assessment, the mean number of male and female "conversation" network members (i.e., nonspouse/sex partner people with whom respondents had discussed male and female condoms in the past 3 months) was 1.62 and 1.03, respectively. Results of multiple logistic regression analyses showed that male and female condom use was higher among women with at least 1 network member who encouraged using the male condom (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.52, 7.56) and the female condom (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 1.95, 18.61), respectively. Female condom use was also associated with having "dense" female condom conversation networks (i.e., at least 2 of respondents' network members knew one another; OR, 8.42; 95% CI, 3.05, 23.29). CONCLUSIONS:: The significant association between conversation network characteristics and male and female condom use suggests that more research is needed to better understand the role of conversation networks in affecting condom use among women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 342592 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Is phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use associated with condom breakage? Author: Crosby R; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Sep;85(5):404-5. Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) use would be associated with increased likelihood of condom breakage using an event-specific analysis. A convenience sample of 440 men completed an internet-based questionnaire that assessed variables pertaining to the last time they used condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI). A bivariate (screening) analysis was performed to identify covariates for a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Altogether, 5.9% of the men reported breakage and 9.5% reported PDE5i use during the last time a condom was used for PVI. Among men who had used PDE5i during the last condom-protected occasion of PVI, 11.9% reported breakage compared with 5.3% of those not reporting PDE5i use. Adjusting for men's age, ethnic minority status, marital status, reported duration of PVI and alcohol use at last PVI, those using PDE5i were about four times more likely to also report condom breakage (AOR 4.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 13.48; p = 0.04). Of note, duration of PVI was independently associated with breakage (AOR 1.36; CI 1.02 to 1.83; p = 0.04). Findings suggest that PDE5i use may potentially be associated with increased odds of condom breakage among some men. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | DRUGS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Nuptiality Document Number: 342845 |
| 10. Title: Condom provision and education in Minnesota public schools: a telephone survey of parents. Author: Eisenberg ME; Bernat DH; Bearinger LH; Resnick MD Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Sep;79(9):416-24; quiz 438-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing correct and consistent condom use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a critical public health goal, with schools serving as key agents for achieving this goal through sexuality education and condom use provision. This research aims to describe the views of parents regarding school-based condom distribution and education programs, and examines how these views differ across demographic groups. METHODS: Parents of school-age children in Minnesota were surveyed in telephone interviews (N = 1605; 63% participation) regarding their beliefs about condom availability and education. Chi-square tests of significance were used to detect differences in agreement with each statement for 10 demographic and personal characteristics. RESULTS: A majority of respondents held supportive views about condom availability and education programs. Strongest support centered on statements in the survey about teenagers needing information about condoms (86%) and showing actual condoms during classroom lessons (77%). Approximately two thirds of the parents agreed that school-based instruction about condoms should be "allowed" at the high school level (65%), and one fifth (21%) believed that this type of education should be "required." Support for condom availability and education programs differed significantly according to certain personal characteristics, with less supportive views from self-identified Born Again Christians and politically conservative parents. CONCLUSIONS: Public discourse regarding school-based sexuality education should include the viewpoints of parents of school-aged children as key stakeholders. Parents' perspectives provide unique and critical insights that school administrators and educators should consider as they develop educational and programmatic offerings regarding condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MINNESOTA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | BELIEFS | SEX EDUCATION | CONDOMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342559 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception for adolescents. Author: French RS; Cowan FM Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):233-247. Abstract: Ensuring that sexually active adolescents are using contraception consistently and correctly is an effective means of reducing unplanned pregnancy. Use of highly effective long-acting reversible methods, such as subdermal implants, is low. We need to challenge the perception that the pill and condoms, the most commonly used contraceptive methods, are always the most suitable methods for young people. Changes in adolescent sexual behaviour, including increased number of sexual partners, is consistent with a rise in sexually transmitted infections. No contraceptive methods, with the exception of male or female sterilisation, are contra-indicated solely on the grounds of age. Young people need to be counselled about both the benefits and risks associated with each method so that they can make an informed choice. Most of the clinical evidence on contraceptive use comes from studies of 'older' women, with little research identified that specifically addressed implications for adolescent contraceptive use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONDOMS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Barrier Methods Document Number: 329656 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Condom Access in South African Schools: Law, Policy, and Practice. Author: Han J; Bennish ML Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Jan 20;6(1):e6. Abstract: Summary points of the article are: 1) South Africa's recently adopted Children's Act provides children the right to access reproductive health services as a way of addressing the HIV pandemic, but there remains confusion about how socially divisive rights provided for by the Act, such as condom access for youth, will be achieved; 2) The Children's Act, together with South African government policies, allows individual schools to decide whether to distribute condoms, but most school staff are unaware of South African policy and regulations governing condom provision in schools; 3) Because of confusing and contradictory government policies and public pronouncements regarding provision of condoms in public schools, few schools have undertaken to provide condoms, leaving students, especially in rural areas, with few options for obtaining them; 4) PEPFAR regulations potentially conflict with South African law by prohibiting PEPFAR-funded organizations from distributing condoms in schools or providing condom information to youth aged 14 and under; and 5) The current South African government's policy of leaving the decision of whether to distribute condoms in schools to the School Governing Body of individual schools, rather than enacting a clear national policy, is unlikely to be an effective public health strategy for improving access to condoms for the population of youths at high risk for HIV. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | HEALTH POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | CONDOMS | LEGISLATION | ATTITUDES | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 329660 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Sub-Saharan African university students' beliefs about condoms, condom-use intention, and subsequent condom use: a prospective study. Author: Heeren GA; Jemmott 3d JB; Mandeya A; Tyler JC Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):268-276. Abstract: This study examined whether certain behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs predict the intention to use condoms and subsequent condom use among 320 undergraduates at a university in South Africa. The students completed confidential questionnaires on two occasions separated by three months. Participants' mean age was 23.4 years, 47.8% were women, 48.9% were South Africans, and 51.1% were from other sub-Saharan African countries. Multiple regression revealed that condom-use intention was predicted by hedonistic behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs regarding sexual partners and peers, and control beliefs regarding condom-use technical skill and impulse control. Logistic regression revealed that baseline condom-use intention predicted consistent condom use and condom use during most recent intercourse at three-month follow-up. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | BELIEFS | UNIVERSITIES | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SAFER SEX | PEER PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | Psychosocial Factors Document Number: 340124 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV Incidence Rates and Risk Factors for Urban Women in Zambia: Preparing for a Microbicide Clinical Trial. Author: Kapina M; Reid C; Roman K; Cyrus-Cameron E; Kwiecien A; Weiss S; Vermund SH Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb 9; Abstract: OBJECTIVES:: A preparedness study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of sites and populations following the same study procedures intended for a larger scale microbicide efficacy trial. In the process the study evaluated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence, prevalence, and risk profiles for HIV-acquisition among young women in urban Zambia. METHODS:: Women aged 16 to 49 years were screened for participation in the study that involved HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing and the assessment of sexual behavioral characteristics. Two hundred thirty-nine eligible women were enrolled and followed up for 12 months. RESULTS:: Baseline HIV prevalence at screening was 38.7% (95% CI: 34.2%-43.3%). The highest age-specific prevalence of HIV was 54.1% (95% CI: 46.3%-61.8%) seen in women aged 26 to 34 years. HIV incidence was 2.6% per 100 woman years. Pregnancy rates were high at 17.4 per 100 woman years (95% CI: 12.2-24.1). CONCLUSION:: It was concluded that our general population sample, characterized by high HIV prevalence and ongoing incidence rates despite receiving regular risk reduction counseling and free condoms qualifies for future microbicide studies.A microbicide preparedness study conducted in Lusaka, Zambia found high HIV prevalence and appreciable HIV incidence in a population of women in an urban setting. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL TRIALS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | MICROBICIDES | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | INCIDENCE | CONDOMS | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341501 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Adding the female condom to the public health agenda on prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men and women during anal intercourse. Author: Kelvin EA; Smith RA; Mantell JE; Stein ZA Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jun;99(6):985-7. Abstract: Legal barriers to conducting public health research on methods of protection for anal intercourse were lifted in the United States in 2003 when the US Supreme Court invalidated all state antisodomy laws. Although research funding has been available for the development of rectal microbicides, the female condom, which has already been approved for vaginal use, has not been evaluated for anal use. Although there is no evidence that the female condom is safe for anal intercourse, it has already been taken up for off-label use by some men who have sex with men. This demonstrates the urgent need for more protection options for anal intercourse and, more immediately, the need to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the female condom for anal intercourse. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PUBLIC HEALTH | COURT DECISION | ANAL SEX | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FEMALE CONDOMS | SAFETY | MICROBICIDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Litigation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341644 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Critical next steps for female condom research - report from a workshop. Author: Mauck CK; Weaver MA; Schwartz JL; Walsh T; Joanis C Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):339-44. Abstract: In addition to a standard slippage and breakage study, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) currently requires a contraceptive effectiveness trial to be carried out as part of the pathway to regulatory approval for new female condoms. In an attempt to explore acceptable alternatives to expensive and resource-consuming Phase 3 contraceptive effectiveness trials, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) recently requested that CONRAD organize a 1-day meeting of investigators in the female condom and semen biomarker fields. The charge to the group was to devise a study design that would validate a biomarker against a biological end point, such as pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI), so that the validated marker could be used to augment a slippage and breakage study for approval of new female condoms, eliminating the need for the currently required contraceptive effectiveness trial. The meeting was entitled "Critical Next Steps for Female Condom Research - A Meeting/Workshop" and was convened by CONRAD in Arlington, VA, on July 8, 2008, with USAID support. Afterward, a working group of clinical researchers continued deliberations via teleconference and wrote the following report. After exploring the pros and cons of several biological markers, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was identified as the most promising one to pursue for this application because of the extensive, previous work involving that marker. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVALUATION RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FEMALE CONDOMS | WORKSHOPS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CANCER | ANTIGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Neoplasms | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330937 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Penile dimensions and men's perceptions of condom fit and feel. Author: Reece M; Herbenick D; Dodge B Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(2):127-31. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Sexual health professionals continue to promote correct and consistent condom use among sexually active individuals yet research indicates that some men remain resistant to using condoms because of perceptions that they do not fit properly or feel comfortable. This study empirically assessed relations between men's penile dimensions and their perceptions of condom fit and feel. METHODS: Data related to demographics, a bivariate calculation of erect penile length and circumference, and perceptions of condom fit and feel were analysed from 1661 adult men from 50 US states RESULTS: While many men reported that condoms generally fit fine and feel comfortable, at clearly identifiable intersections of length and circumference relations between penile dimensions and perceptions of condom fit and feel existed, particularly for those men who felt that condoms were "too long" (p<0.004), "too short" (p<0.001), "too loose" (p<0.047) or "too tight" (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These analyses provide empirical insights into the relations between bivariate penile dimensions (the intersection of length and circumference) and men's perceptions of the positive and negative aspects of condom fit and feel. Those men with the most negative perceptions of condom fit and feel may benefit from an assessment of their condom-related concerns as a component of community and clinic based STI prevention interventions in order to help them select from the variety of condoms in the marketplace that they may find to be better fitting or more comfortable. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEN | GENITALIA, MALE | SIZE | CONDOMS | PERCEPTION | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 341849 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The free condom initiative: promoting condom availability and use in New York City. Author: Renaud TC; Bocour A; Irvine MK; Bernstein KT; Begier EM; Sepkowitz KA; Kellerman SE; Weglein D Source: Public Health Reports. 2009 Jul-Aug;124(4):481-9. Abstract: In 2005, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) made free condoms available to organizations through a Web-based ordering system. In 2006, we interviewed managers and patrons about free condom availability, acquisition, and use in venues where people at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus congregate. DOHMH condom distribution increased from 5.8 million in 2004 to 17.3 million in 2006. Overall, managers reported making condoms available at 76% (309/409) of high-priority venues, but only at 40% of gay bars. Among patrons who saw free condoms, 80% (280/351) reported taking them; 73% (205/280) of those who reported taking them also reported using them. A simple, Web-based ordering system dramatically increased condom distribution. In the venues we sampled, the majority of patrons acquired and used free condoms when available and visible, suggesting that increasing free condom availability may increase use. Special efforts are needed to ensure availability at gay bars. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | CONDOMS | PROMOTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | INTERNET | CONDOM USE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Nonclinical Distribution | Information Networks | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 342144 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent gynecology. Author: Sanfilippo JS; Lara-Torre E Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Apr;113(4):935-47. Abstract: Given new developments in the field of adolescent reproductive health, this review focuses on highlighting new guidelines and practice patterns in evaluation and management of adolescent gynecologic problems. First, understanding the proper techniques for the initial examination is key to establishing a long-term relationship with this age group. Reservations about the first gynecologic examination are common, and the practitioner's goal is foremost to make the patient as comfortable as possible. Preventive health in this patient population is key, and practitioners should become comfortable with providing education about topics as diverse as sexuality, eating disorders, and dating violence. Furthermore, the frequency with which teenagers report sexual activity and the high unintended pregnancy rate in this age group makes counseling regarding effective contraception essential. Additionally, practitioners are encouraged to take the opportunity to discuss the availability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine with adolescents. In 2007, adolescents were designated as a special population, given the frequency with which they acquire and clear mild HPV-related cervical dysplasia. More conservative treatment in this population is generally favored. During their transition through puberty, disorders of menstruation become the most common complaint requiring the attention of the gynecologist. Most commonly, anovulation serves as the cause behind such abnormal bleeding. Polycystic ovarian syndrome can develop in early puberty and carry its consequences into adulthood. Infertility, diabetes, and hirsutism mark the most important components of the syndrome and require age-appropriate management. Finally, the consequences of endometriosis on the future fertility of adolescents have brought early intervention to light. Recognition and prompt treatment are advocated to prevent the future implications of this disease. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | GYNECOLOGY | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | HPV | CYTOLOGY | HISTOLOGY | BLEEDING | UTERINE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TREATMENT | IUD | VAGINAL BARRIER METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods Document Number: 341227 |
| 20. Title: Condom failure: examining the objective and cultural meanings expressed in interviews with African American adolescents. Author: Sznitman SR; Horner J; Salazar LF; Romer D; Vanable PA Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2009 Jan 15;:1-10. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning and context of self-reported "condom failure" among sexually active African American adolescents. Semistructured interviews regarding methods of protection from pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease (STD) with 124 youth (ages 14-19 years) were content analyzed. The findings suggested three meanings of condom failure. First, condom failure represents a legitimate and important risk related to sexual activity. Second, it can serve as an excuse repertoire for adolescents who engaged in unprotected sex and later experienced either pregnancy or a STD. Third, it may serve as an explanation for males who deceive their partners into having unprotected sex. The findings are discussed with regard to their implications for HIV or STD prevention and research. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | BLACKS | CONDOM FAILURE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PREGNANCY | CULTURE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329664 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Issues in the design, analysis and interpretation of condom functionality studies. Author: Taylor D Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):237-44. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Male condom functionality studies are typically crossover trials in which enrolled couples use both experimental and latex control condoms for sexual intercourse. Noninferiority of the experimental type is assessed using confidence intervals for differences in breakage and slippage probabilities. Seemingly straightforward, the design, analysis and interpretation of functionality studies are complicated by the choice of noninferiority criterion, study population and the potential for learning effects. METHODS: Power calculations, secondary data analyses and simulations were used to illustrate concerns and make recommendations. RESULTS: The probability of failure can be too low to draw meaningful conclusions in certain population subgroups. Learning effects among inexperienced users can exaggerate differences in performance and undermine power. A product which is, on average, inferior to latex may still be a viable prophylactic for a large percentage of couples. CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneity of failure probabilities, combined with small acceptable differences in performance, requires care when selecting study participants. Pilot data, adequate training on condom use and reasonable expectations regarding performance of a new condom type are essential to maximizing the chance of identifying a noninferior product. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CONDOM USE | CONDOM FAILURE | EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342576 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Author: Trussell J; Lalla AM; Doan QV; Reyes E; Pinto L; Gricar J Source: Contraception. 2009 Jan;79(1):5-14. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to estimate the relative cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States from a payer's perspective. METHODS: A Markov model was constructed to simulate costs for 16 contraceptive methods and no method over a 5-year period. Failure rates, adverse event rates and resource utilization were derived from the literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed on costs and failure rates. RESULTS: Any contraceptive method is superior to "no method". The three least expensive methods were the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) (US$647), vasectomy (US$713) and levonorgestrel (LNG)-20 intrauterine system (IUS) (US$930). Results were sensitive to the cost of contraceptive methods, the cost of an unintended pregnancy and plan disenrollment rates. CONCLUSION: The copper-T IUD, vasectomy and the LNG-20 IUS are the most cost-effective contraceptive methods available in the United States. Differences in method costs, the cost of an unintended pregnancy and time horizon are influential factors that determine the overall value of a contraceptive method. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | MARKOV CHAIN | CONTRACEPTION | VAGINAL BARRIER METHODS | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | FEES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Probability | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | IUD | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 330541 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of adherent use of diaphragms and microbicide gel in a four-arm, randomized pilot study among female sex workers in Madagascar. Author: Turner AN; Van Damme K; Jamieson DJ; Khan MR; Pettifor AE; Swezey TA; Bell AJ; Newman DR; Penman-Aguilar A; Raharinivo MS; Randrianasolo B; Ramiandrisoa FN; Behets FM Author: Mad STI Prevention Group Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):249-57. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Participants' protocol adherence may influence assessments of the effectiveness of new female-controlled methods for sexually transmitted infection prevention. METHODS: In 2005 we conducted a randomized pilot study among female sex workers (FSWs) in Madagascar in preparation for sexually transmitted infection prevention trial of diaphragms and a vaginal microbicide. Participants (n = 192) were randomized into 4 arms: diaphragm plus microbicide (Acidform), diaphragm plus placebo gel hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), Acidform alone, or HEC alone. FSWs were seen weekly for 4 weeks. Using multivariable regression with generalized estimating equations, we assessed predictors of adherent product use during all sex acts in the last week. We collapsed the gel-diaphragm arms together and the gel-only arms together for this analysis. RESULTS: Between 43% and 67% of gel-diaphragm users (varying by visit) reported using study products during all sex acts in the last week, compared with 20% to 45% of gel-only users. Adherence increased with follow-up [visit 4 vs. visit 1 risk ratio (RR) for gel-diaphragm users: 1.55, P <0.01; for gel-only users, RR: 1.58, P = 0.01]. Gel-diaphragm users whose casual partners were never aware of products (RR: 2.02, P = 0.03) and who had experienced partner violence after requesting condom use (RR: 1.45, P <0.01) were more adherent. Gel-only users reporting lower sexual frequency (1-9 weekly acts vs. >or=19 acts, RR: 1.98, P <0.01) and no sex with primary partners in the past week (RR: 1.54, P = 0.02) were more adherent. CONCLUSIONS: Gel-diaphragm users had better adherence than gel-only users, and predictors of adherence differed between groups. Addressing modifiable factors during counseling sessions may improve adherence. Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PILOT PROJECTS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | USER COMPLIANCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341119 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Patterns and predictors of adherence to diaphragm use in a phase III trial in sub-Saharan Africa: a trajectory analysis. Author: van der Straten A; Shiboski S; Montgomery ET; Moore J; Bruyn GD; Ramjee G; Chidanyika A; Kacanek D; Padian N Author: and the MIRA Team Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Apr 1;50(4):419-26. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We examined diaphragm adherence among 2429 women randomized to the intervention arm (diaphragm + gel + condoms) in Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa, a phase III trial of the diaphragm for HIV prevention in Zimbabwe and South Africa. METHODS: Women were followed for a median of 7 quarterly visits (range: 1-8 quarterly visits) during which diaphragm adherence was assessed. We conducted trajectory analyses to identify behavioral groups associated with specific diaphragm adherence patterns. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used to identify baseline characteristics associated with higher probability of being in a particular trajectory group. RESULTS: Diaphragm uptake was very high (3.1% never used diaphragms). However, diaphragm adherence was reported at only 49% of visits. Women were clustered into 4 diaphragm adherence groups based on their highest estimated group membership probability: low adherers (31.0%), decreasing adherers (28.9%), increasing adherers (9.3%), and high adherers (30.8%). Women classified as high adherers (as compared with low adherers) were more likely to be older [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07 to 1.11] and to report baseline condom adherence (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.47 to 2.71). They were less likely to have high-risk behavior (AOR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.71) and to have high-risk partners (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.78). They were most likely to be from the Zimbabwe site (AOR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.89 to 4.20) and least likely to be from the Johannesburg site (AOR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.77). CONCLUSION: This analytic approach could help to identify high compliers for enrollment in future HIV prevention trials or the types of participants who may need intensive adherence counseling during follow-up. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | ZIMBABWE | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | USER COMPLIANCE | VAGINAL GEL | HIV PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | CONDOM USE | SAFER SEX | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Behavior | Vaginal Spermicides | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sex Behavior | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331024 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The use of the diaphragm instead of condoms in a phase III diaphragm trial. Author: van der Straten A; Cheng H; Moore J; Kacanek D; Blanchard K; De Bruyn G; Ramjee G; Chipato T; Montgomery ET; Padian N Author: MIRA Team Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):564-72. Abstract: The MIRA trial assessed whether providing diaphragm, lubricant gel, and condoms (intervention) compared with condoms alone (control) could reduce HIV incidence among 5,039 Southern African women. Compared with the control group, the cumulative proportion of last sex acts protected by any method was higher in the intervention group (OR = 1.33; 95% CI 1.18, 1.49); however, only 36.3% of last sex acts were protected by both a male condom and a diaphragm, whereas 36.6% were protected by a diaphragm only. Product substitution (ever deciding to use a diaphragm instead of a condom in the previous 3 months) was reported at every visit by 22.4%, at some visits by 60.7%, and at none of the visits by 16.8% of these women. Women at greater risk for infection through their own or their partner's behavior or who believed the diaphragm protected against HIV were more likely to report product substitution at every visit. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342105 |
| 26. Title: Use of contraceptive methods among women treated for bipolar disorder. Author: Vieira da Silva Magalhaes P; Kapczinski F; Kauer-Sant'anna M Source: Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2009 Mar 10;12:183-185. Abstract: Contraception has been little investigated in bipolar disorder, an illness associated with impulsive sexual behavior and use of medications that are unsafe during pregnancy. In this cross-sectional survey of 136 women with bipolar disorder, prevalence of contraception use was 58.8%. Use of any method was associated in the multivariable analysis with being married, younger than 40 and having had previous pregnancies. Women diagnosed with bipolar disorder and treated in a tertiary facility use contraceptive methods suboptimally. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENTAL HEALTH | CONDOMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Health | Barrier Methods Document Number: 330575 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Young women and limits to the normalisation of condom use: a qualitative study. Author: Williamson LM; Buston K; Sweeting H Source: AIDS Care. 2009 May;21(5):561-6. Abstract: Encouraging condom use among young women is a major focus of HIV/STI prevention efforts but the degree to which they see themselves as being at risk limits their use of the method. In this paper, we examine the extent to which condom use has become normalised among young women. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 year old women from eastern Scotland (N=20). Purposive sampling was used to select a heterogeneous group with different levels of sexual experience and from different social backgrounds. All of the interviewees had used (male) condoms but only three reported consistent use. The rest had changed to other methods, most often the pill, though they typically went back to using condoms occasionally. Condoms were talked about as the most readily available contraceptive method, and were most often the first contraceptive method used. The young women had ingrained expectations of use, but for most, these norms centred only on their new or casual partners, with whom not using condoms was thought to be irresponsible. Many reported negative experiences with condoms, and condom dislike and failure were common, lessening trust in the method. Although the sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention provided by condoms was important, this was seen as additional, and secondary, to pregnancy prevention. As the perceived risks of STIs lessened in relationships with boyfriends, so did condom use. The promotion of condoms for STI prevention alone fails to consider the wider influences of partners and young women's negative experiences of the method. Focusing on the development of condom negotiation skills alone will not address these issues. Interventions to counter dislike, method failure, and the limits of the normalisation of condom use should be included in STI prevention efforts. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PERCEPTION | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK ASSESSMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Evaluation | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 341100 |
| 28. Title: Correlates of condom use among sexually experienced secondary school male students in Nairobi, Kenya. Author: Yotebieng M; Halpern CT; Mitchell EM; Adimora AA Source: SAHARA J. 2009 Mar;6(1):9-16. Abstract: This study aimed to examine perceptual factors associated with condom use, and the relationship between condom use and the timing of sexual debut among male secondary school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Data are from the TeenWeb study, a school-based project that used the World Wide Web to assess the health needs of secondary school students, and tested the web's utility as a teaching and research modality. Analyses are based on 214 sexually experienced males aged 14 - 20 years who completed web-based questionnaires about their sexual attitudes and behaviour. Results indicate that students did not see themselves as susceptible to HIV/AIDS and believed condom effectiveness in preventing HIV to be low. Consequently, only a marginal association was found between agreeing that buying condoms is embarrassing and condom use at first sexual intercourse. However, contrary to expectation, agreeing that condoms often break (almost half of participants) was associated with a higher likelihood of condom use at first sex. Each year of delay in sexual debut increased the likelihood of using a condom at first sex by 1.44 times. In turn, having used a condom at first sex increased the likelihood of using one at the most recent sex by 4.81 times, and elevated general condom use ('most or all the time') by 8.76 times. Interventions to increase awareness about the role of condoms in preventing HIV, delay sexual initiation, and teach proper condom use among secondary-school students in Nairobi are needed. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | URBAN POPULATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM FAILURE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 331283 |
| 29. Title: Fact Sheet: Comprehensive HIV prevention: condoms and contraceptive count. Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2008. 4 p. (No. 21) Abstract: This fact sheet presents key findings from the 'Comprehensive HIV Prevention: Condoms and Contraceptives Count' which details successful public health strategies and a comprehensive condom programming framework. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POLICYMAKERS | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | FOREIGN AID | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | LOGISTICS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PREVALENCE | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Management | Programs | Measurement Document Number: 329883 |
| 30. Title: The female condom: Still an underused prevention tool. Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jun;8(6):343. Abstract: Over a decade has passed since the polyurethane female condom was launched on the global markets, and it still remains the only female-initiated intervention for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Observational studies to date suggest that the female condom provides a level of protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that is at least equal to that of the male condom - including HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and herpes - and that it is a cost-effective prevention tool. Additionally, it can prevent unwanted pregnancy and offers protection to men. Yet female condoms account for a mere 0.2% of total condom supply and are still not readily accessible in most countries. Why is the female condom still failing to reach those who might benefit from it? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | FEMALE CONDOMS | INTERVENTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | |