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Peer Reviewed

Title: The Validity of Teens' and Young Adults' Self-reported Condom Use.
Author: Rose E; Diclemente RJ; Wingood GM; Sales JM; Latham TP; Crosby RA; Zenilman J; Melendez J; Hardin J
Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2009 Jan;163(1):61-4.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the concordance between teens' and young adults' self-reported condom use, assessed by audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing, and Y-chromosome polymerase chain reaction (Yc-PCR) assay, a nondisease marker for detecting the presence of sperm in vaginal fluid for 14 days after unprotected vaginal sex. DESIGN: Randomized trial of a human immunodeficiency virus prevention program. Only data from baseline (before randomization) were used for this analysis. SETTING: A clinic-based sample in Atlanta, Georgia. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible teens and young adults were African American female teens and young adults 15 to 21 years old who had reported sexual activity in the previous 60 days. Of 1558 teens and young adults screened from March 1, 2002, through August 31, 2004, 847 were eligible and 715 (84.4%) participated at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported consistent condom use in the 14 days before baseline and Yc-PCR results. RESULTS: Of participants who reported vaginal sex in the past 14 days, 186 reported consistent condom use, defined as 100% condom use. Of these, 63 had a positive Yc-PCR result, indicating detection of the Y chromosome in the vaginal fluid. Participants who reported consistent condom use with a self-reported history of sexually transmitted diseases were 2.4 times more likely to have a positive Yc-PCR result (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.8; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: A significant degree of discordance between self-reports of consistent condom use and Yc-PCR positivity was observed. Several rival explanations for the observed discordance exist, including (1) teens and young adults inaccurately reported condom use; (2) teens and young adults used condoms consistently but used them incorrectly, resulting in user error; and (3) teens and young adults responded with socially desirable answers. Using an objective biological measure may provide one strategy for validating teens' and young adults' self-reported condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | VALIDITY | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329639

Peer Reviewed

Title: Addressing social factors of adolescent reproductive health in the Republic of Georgia.
Author: Tavadze M; Bartel D; Rubardt M
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(3):242-52.
Abstract: The influence of social factors on reproductive health has been highlighted by researchers in the last decade, yet programmes to improve adolescent reproductive health (ARH) rarely address social factors such as gender discrimination. Beginning in 2004, CARE International implemented and evaluated a three-year ARH project to address individual behaviour change, institutional capacity and local social norms related to ARH in a rural district of the Republic of Georgia. Community engagement strategies included: promoting community support for ARH by adolescent/adult volunteer change agents; building health providers' capacity to better meet the needs of adolescents; and using 'Theatre for Development' to promote community dialogue about social norms. Project evaluation data demonstrated improved knowledge, attitudes, behaviour about family planning, improved institutional capacity to provide adolescent services and some evidence of shifts in gender norms. Community engagement is critical for successful strategies to influence social norms that promote healthy reproductive health.
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | EVALUATION REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTION | INTERVENTIONS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Programs | Behavior
Document Number: 341395

Title: Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey 2006.
Author: Azerbaijan. State Statistical Committee; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Baku, Azerbaijan, State Statistical Committee, 2008 May. [400] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 8,444 women age 15-49 and 2,558 men age 15-59. Following discussions with USAID and UNICEF regarding support for a new survey to obtain precise data on infant and child mortality, the 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) was carried out from July to November 2006. The survey was implemented by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and UNICEF, with Macro International Inc. providing technical assistance, and participation by the Ministry of Health. The 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey provides recent estimates of infant and child mortality, and these estimates are about half those of the 2000 MICS and the 2001 RHSA. In addition to mortality data, the objectives of the 2006 AzDHS were to collect national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, adult health, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these topics from women of reproductive age and, for certain topics, from men as well. Data are presented by region when sample size permits. The survey findings provide estimates for a variety of demographic indicators. The 2006 AzDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of and health services for the people of Azerbaijan. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AZERBAIJAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | WATER SUPPLY | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD NUTRITION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Fertility Control, Postconception | Health | Mortality | Nutrition | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Women's Status | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 331495 Notification

Title: Fertility behavior in Armenia and Moldova: the decline during the post-Soviet transition and current preferences.
Author: Billingsley S
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 45 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 45)
Abstract: In the context of a fertility decline across the countries of the former Eastern bloc, this paper analyzes the fertility decline in Armenia and Moldova using 2005 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. Easterlin's (1976) hypothesis about the negative impact on fertility of reducing living standards is contrasted with Becker's (1981) theory of opportunity costs. If Easterlin's hypothesis is true, we would expect to see women with lower resources suppress fertility because of the hardships brought on by the economic transition, especially for those with fewer marketable skills. Conversely, if Becker's theory is correct, opportunity costs would lead women with the highest earning potential to suppress their fertility. Specifically, the extent of parity declines is analyzed during the transition from Communism, with special attention given to identifying women for whom parity declines are greater. The conditions under which women currently want children are also analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between economic conditions and the desire for another child or the desired timing of childbirth. Since 1986, parity progression ratios have declined more for women with vocational education than for women with higher education or secondary education only. Logistic analyses of current fertility preferences suggest that women who are employed are more likely to want a second birth in both countries, whereas the wealthiest women in Armenia have higher odds of wanting a third birth. Armenian women have higher odds of wanting to postpone the next birth if their partners are unemployed, whereas Moldovan women who are employed prefer to postpone their next childbirth.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARMENIA | MOLDOVA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STANDARD OF LIVING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | UNEMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329537

Peer Reviewed

Title: POWER for reproductive health: Results from a social marketing campaign promoting female and male condoms.
Author: Bull SS; Posner SF; Ortiz C; Beaty B; Benton K
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Jul;43(1):71-78.
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate effects of a 6-month social marketing campaign on awareness of, attitudes toward and use of female as well as male condoms for 15-25 year-old-women. Methods: Using a time-space sampling methodology, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 3407 women at pre-campaign in 12 western U.S. neighborhoods on female and male condom awareness, attitudes, and use. Six of the 12 study neighborhoods were randomly selected to receive the POWER social marketing campaign designed to impact condom knowledge, attitudes, and use. The campaign was followed with another cross-sectional survey of 3,003 women in all 12 study neighborhoods on condom knowledge, attitudes, use and awareness of POWER materials. We compared pre-and post-campaign surveys to determine the efficacy of POWER and conducted post hoc analyses on post-campaign data to determine if exposure to POWER was related to higher levels of positive condom attitudes and norms and condom use. Results: We found no differences between neighborhoods with and without the POWER campaign with regard to our primary outcomes. To diagnose reasons for this null effect, we examined outcomes post hoc examining the influence of POWER exposure. Post hoc analyses show some evidence that exposure to POWER was associated with condom use. In the context of the nested trial, this raises concerns that post test only evaluations are limited. Conclusions: Establishing the efficacy of a social marketing campaign is challenging. This group randomized trial showed a null effect. Social marketing campaigns may need to have more media channels and saturation before they can show behavioral effects. Using a nested design with randomization at the community level and probability sampling introduces rigor not commonly seen in evaluations of social marketing campaigns. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COLORADO | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONDOMS | CAMPAIGNS | PROMOTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Communication Programs | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327343

Peer Reviewed

Title: Uptake of an HIV voluntary counseling and testing program for pregnant women in Georgia.
Author: Butsashvili M; Preble E; Kamkamidze G; Robinson J; Chubinishvili O; Sukhiashvili R
Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Oct;20(9):1125-7.
Abstract: From 2002 to 2005 the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV project operated in Georgia and was managed by the Maternal and Child Care Union. The project covered Tbilisi, the capital, and included 34 clinics that provide women's healthcare. Out of 35,385 pregnant women starting prenatal care in clinics involved in the project, 91% (32,262) had received HIV counseling and, among those counseled, 94% (30,330) were tested for HIV antibodies; 14 pregnant women (<0.001%) were found to be HIV-infected.
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HIV TESTING | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTENATAL CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care
Document Number: 329415

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Women's sexual and reproductive health in post-socialist Georgia: Does internal displacement matter?
Author: Doliashvili K; Buckley CJ
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008;34(1):21-29.
Abstract: Persons displaced by armed conflicts, natural disasters or other events are at increased risk for health problems. The Republic of Georgia has a substantial population of internally displaced women who may face elevated risks of STIs and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The 1999 Georgia Reproductive Health Survey was used to examined the prevalence of self-reported STI and PID diagnoses among displaced and nondisplaced sexually experienced women. Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine whether displacement is associated with STI and PID risk, and whether the behavior and socioeconomic factors associated with these diagnoses differ between internally displaced women and the general population. In models that controlled for behavior factors only, displacement was associated with elevated odds of PID diagnosis (odds ratio 1.3), but the relationship was only marginally significant when socioeconomic factors were added (1.3). Displacement was not associated with STI diagnosis. The factors associated with STI and PID diagnoses among displaced women generally differed from those in the general population, but access to medical care and previous STI diagnosis were associated with PID diagnosis in both groups. Among nondisplaced women, residing in the capital city was associated with increased odds of STI diagnosis (2.2) but reduced odds of PID diagnosis (.08). These findings highlight the importance of displacement status in determining a woman's reproductive health risks, and underscore the complex relationships between behavioral and socioeconomic variables and the elevation of STI and PID risk. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health | Biology
Document Number: 326246

11.

Title: Attitudes toward using condoms and condom use: difference between sexually abused and nonabused African American female adolescents.
Author: Hall T; Hogben M; Carlton AL; Liddon N; Koumans EH
Source: Behavioral Medicine. 2008 Summer;34(2):45-54.
Abstract: Rates of many sexually transmitted diseases remain higher among adolescents than among any other age group. The associations between abuse experiences and risky sexual behaviors suggest that exploring the relationships between adolescents' abuse history and condom use beliefs and behaviors is warranted. Females (N = 725) attending an adolescent clinic reported demographic characteristics, beliefs about condom use, sexual behaviors, and sexual abuse or molestation history. Those reporting sexual abuse or molestation (23%) were more likely to think condoms interfered with sexual pleasure and less likely to think condoms were important to partners. They also reported more unprotected vaginal sex and more lifetime sex partners. Beliefs were correlated with condom use consistency, number of lifetime partners, and number of unprotected sex experiences. The greater levels of behavioral risk among those reporting abuse suggest greater risk for acquisition and transmission in abused female adolescents. The authors discuss hypotheses to inform future research and intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Culture
Document Number: 329113

12.

Title: Risk factors and algorithms to identify hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV among Georgian tuberculosis patients.
Author: Kuniholm MH; Mark J; Aladashvili M; Shubladze N; Khechinashvili G
Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;12:51-56.
Abstract: The objectives were to determine prevalence, risk factors, and simple identification algorithms for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C co-infection; factors that may predispose for anti-tuberculosis therapy-induced hepatotoxicity. We recruited 300 individuals at in-patient tuberculosis hospitals in three cities in Georgia, administered a behavioral questionnaire, and tested for antibody to HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Of the individuals tested, 0.7% were HIV positive, 4.3% were HBsAg positive, 8.7% were anti-HBc positive, and 12.0% were HCV positive. In multivariable analysis, a history of blood transfusion, injection drug use, and prison were significant independent risk factors for HCV, while a history of blood transfusion, injection drug use, younger age at sexual debut, and a high number of sex partners were significant risk factors for HBV. Three-questionnaire item algorithms predicted HCV serostatus 74.1% of the timeand HBV serostatus 85.2% of the time. Treatment of tuberculosis patients in resource-limited countries with concurrent epidemics of HCV, HBV, and HIV may be associated with significant hepatotoxicity. Serologic screening of tuberculosis patients for HBV, HCV, and HIV or using behavioral algorithms to identify patients in need of intensive monitoring during anti-tuberculosis therapy may reduce this risk. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEPATITIS | RISK FACTORS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Biology | Measurement
Document Number: 323136

13.

Title: Attitudes toward wife beating: A cross-country study in Asia.
Author: Rani M; Bonu S
Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Aug 15;:[27] p.
Abstract: Using demographic and health surveys conducted between 1998 and 2001 from seven countries (Armenia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Kazakhstan, Nepal, and Turkey), the study found that acceptance of wife beating ranged from 29% in Nepal, to 57% in India (women only), and from 26% in Kazakhstan, to 56% in Turkey (men only). Increasing wealth predicted less acceptance of wife beating, except in Cambodia and Nepal. Higher education level was negatively associated with acceptance in Turkey and Bangladesh. Younger respondents justified wife beating more often, with some exceptions, showing persistent intergenerational transmission of gender norms. Working women were equally or more likely to justify wife beating compared to nonworking women. Men were significantly more likely to justify wife beating in Armenia, Nepal, and Turkey. Targeted proactive efforts are needed to change these norms, such as improving female literacy rates and other enabling factors. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ARMENIA | BANGLADESH | CAMBODIA | INDIA | KAZAKHSTAN | NEPAL | TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ADULTS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia, Southeastern | Asia, Central | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 327984

14.

Title: Unmet need and evaluation of programme options to meet unmet need for contraception in Ethiopia, 2000 and 2005.
Author: Westoff C; Serbanescu FI
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Aug. 35 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Further Analysis No. 55)
Abstract: The rate of induced abortion is very high in several countries in eastern Europe and central Asia where the use of modern contraception has lagged. In the Republic of Georgia the rate of 3.1 abortions per woman in 2003-05 may be the highest in the world. The abortion rate had declined from 3.8 in 1996-99. This report is a study of that change based on interview data collected in the Reproductive Health Surveys conducted in 1999 and 2005 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Couples in Georgia are clearly aiming for very small families with a total fertility rate of 1.6 births per woman. Because their desired family size is reached early in marriage, women are exposed to the risk of unintentional pregnancy over a long period of time. The latest survey showed that 62 percent of pregnancies were unintended with almost all (96 percent) of these terminated by abortion. Contraceptive use is relatively low in Georgia with only 27 percent of married women using a modern method, a slight increase from five years earlier. Contraceptive failure rates are particularly high among women using traditional methods, mostly withdrawal. Nonuse of any contraception is the main explanation of the high abortion rate, accounting for nearly two-thirds of all abortions. Several simulations showed the large effect on the reduction of abortion by increases in the use of modern contraceptive methods. For example, if nonusers at high risk of unintended pregnancy and those using a traditional method were to use a modern method, the abortion rate could be expected to drop by 53 percent. There has been a decline in the proportion of women who say they would have an abortion if they became unintentionally pregnant. This change is concentrated among women who are not at risk of an unintended pregnancy. The evidence is overwhelming that the way to reduce abortion in Georgia (and elsewhere) is to increase the proportion using modern methods of contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | ABORTION RATE | ATTITUDES | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Contraception
Document Number: 330108 Notification

15.

Title: The relationship between contraception and abortion in the Republic of Georgia. Further analysis of the 1999 and 2005 Reproductive Health Surveys.
Author: Westoff CF; Serbanescu FI
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. [30] p. (Georgia Further Analysis)
Abstract: The rate of induced abortion is very high in several countries in eastern Europe and central Asia where the use of modern contraception has lagged. In the Republic of Georgia the rate of 3.1 abortions per woman in 2003-05 may be the highest in the world. The abortion rate had declined from 3.8 in 1996-99. This report is a study of that change based on interview data collected in the Reproductive Health Surveys conducted in 1999 and 2005 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Couples in Georgia are clearly aiming for very small families with a total fertility rate of 1.6 births per woman. Because their desired family size is reached early in marriage, women are exposed to the risk of unintentional pregnancy over a long period of time. The latest survey showed that 62 percent of pregnancies were unintended with almost all (96 percent) of these terminated by abortion. Contraceptive use is relatively low in Georgia with only 27 percent of married women using a modern method, a slight increase from five years earlier. Contraceptive failure rates are particularly high among women using traditional methods, mostly withdrawal. Nonuse of any contraception is the main explanation of the high abortion rate, accounting for nearly two-thirds of all abortions. Several simulations showed the large effect on the reduction of abortion by increases in the use of modern contraceptive methods. For example, if nonusers at high risk of unintended pregnancy and those using a traditional method were to use a modern method, the abortion rate could be expected to drop by 53 percent. There has been a decline in the proportion of women who say they would have an abortion if they became unintentionally pregnant. This change is concentrated among women who are not at risk of an unintended pregnancy. The evidence is overwhelming that the way to reduce abortion in Georgia (and elsewhere) is to increase the proportion using modern methods of contraception. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION | ATTITUDES | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 331446

16.

Title: Georgia final report, March-April 2000. USAID's Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) project.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT]
Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, 2007 Jul. [48] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-842)
Abstract: The Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in collaboration with Population Services International (PSI) conducted a technical assessment in 2000 of the potential for an HIV epidemic, programmatic needs and intervention options in Georgia. IMPACT received US$50,000 from USAID/Caucasus/Georgia in field support to conduct the assessment. Managed by Family Health International (FHI), IMPACT worked with PSI on the assessment from March-April 2000 and submitted an assessment report to USAID/Caucasus/Georgia. The report included recommendations for potential prevention and care interventions and an illustrative budget (see Appendix). There were no further activities under IMPACT/Georgia since the USAID mission did not fund the proposed activities. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | EVALUATION REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Health | Education
Document Number: 321929

17.

Title: Reshaping the post-Soviet periphery: the impact of men's labor migration on women's lives and aspirations in rural Armenia.
Author: Agadjanian V; Sevoyan A; Menjivar C
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 21 p.
Abstract: The literature dealing with the social effects of migration disproportionately focuses on changes in relationships between spouses and in women's positions within the household. However, husbands' physical absence combined with women's reliance on remittances may also affect the intensity and content of women's social interactions outside the household-with relatives, in-laws and neighbors. In our analyses, we look at women's social interactions and relationships-both those driven by economic needs and those that do not explicitly involve material exchanges. In general, we hypothesize that, controlling for income, economically-driven interactions will be more prevalent among women with non-migrant husbands than among those with migrant husbands, whereas the opposite will be true for interactions that are not centered on material or financial exchanges. Finally, we look at women's migration intentions. Husband's migration is expected to make their wives more prone to migrate too. Armenia's sociopolitical stabilization and macroeconomic growth of recent years notwithstanding, we expect to find a strong positive association between husband's migration status and woman's intention to move out of the community and especially to migrate internationally. However, we also expect that this association will be mediated by household's material conditions, women's economic and social embededness in the community, and a variety of community characteristics that make life in a given rural community more or less attractive. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
USSR | ARMENIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SPOUSE | LABOR MIGRATION | ASPIRATIONS | GENDER RELATIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOME ECONOMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Gender Issues | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 317842

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Supply and demand challenges to modern contraceptive use in Azerbaijan.
Author: Bradley J; Mursagulova N; Nosa M; Searing H
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Jun;12(2):175-183.
Abstract: We conducted a survey of health facilities and household members to determine supply and demand aspects of contraceptive use in Azerbaijan. In June 2005, we conducted interviews with 758 women and 253 men in a community-based survey in 40 communities in five districts. We also surveyed a sample of health facilities and pharmacies and conducted interviews with key informants. Both men and women in these communities desire small families, yet significant supply and demand impediments exist. Despite community interest, lack of knowledge of contraception is prevalent. Fear of side effects plays a role in non-use and discontinuation of modern methods, although little opportunity exists for counselling on side effects, since few health workers are trained. An obstacle to use is legislation that only allows contraception to be prescribed by gynaecologists, who are mostly concentrated in the hospitals of urban centres. However, the main handicap to increased use of modern contraception, is insufficient contraceptive supply. Not only is there a lack of method choice nationally, but few of the facilities we surveyed had any contraceptives available. This situation threatens to worsen as the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) retracts commodities' funding. The lack of knowledge of modern contraception, lack of trained staff and poor commodity availability signals that much remains to be done for the people of Azerbaijan to achieve their fertility control goals. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AZERBAIJAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ABORTION | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 313597 Notification

19.
Title: Oral sex: Varied behaviors and perceptions in a college population.
Author: Chambers WC
Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2007 Feb;44(1):28-42.
Abstract: Views and behaviors pertaining to oral sex have changed in recent years. This anonymous, online survey posed both old and new questions pertaining to oral sex among a college population. This study not only confirmed previous findings about virgins engaging in oral sex but also found that women reported giving oral sex more often than receiving it from men. Oral sex was not only perceived as less intimate than intercourse but also more likely to be perceived as less intimate by women than men. Participants most frequently endorsed a committed relationship, but not a married relationship, for comfort in engaging in oral sex. Last, college students were more knowledgeable of the sexually transmitted infection risks of oral sex than how to actually protect themselves during oral sex. Additional analyses by gender and virginity were also performed to further understanding of the nuances amongst virgins and women and men. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | ORAL SEX | PERCEPTION | UNIVERSITIES | INTERNET | VIRGINITY | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | EMOTIONS | ATTITUDES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Schools | Information Networks | Communication | Reproduction | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 321337

20.

Title: Characteristics, high-risk behaviors and knowledge of STI / HIV / AIDS, and prevalence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis among injecting drug users in Batumi, Georgia: 2004 - 2006. Report on two behavioral surveillance surveys with a biomarker component for the SHIP Project.
Author: Dershem L; Tabatadze M; Sirbiladze T; Tavzarashvili L; Tsagareli T
Source: [Tbilisi], Georgia, Save the Children, 2007 Sep. [64] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 114-A-00-02-00095-00)
Abstract: This report is the final report on the two behavioral and biomarker surveillance surveys (BSSs) conducted in Batumi, Georgia among injecting drug users (IDUs). The first BSS (here after BSS-1) was conducted in October 2004 and the second BSS (here after BSS-2) was conducted in May 2006. BSS-1 serves as a baseline measurement of different high-risk behaviors of IDUs for the STI/HIV Prevention (SHIP) Project and other HIV/AIDS prevention activities in the Adjara region of Georgia. BSS-2 serves as a follow-up measurement to asses change in knowledge and behaviors from the baseline. Attempting to survey IDUs with traditional survey methods is problematic, since as a "hidden population" no sampling frame exists. Moreover, it is imperative to adhere to strict confidentiality and ensure anonymity. At the same time, to achieve valid and reliable results for the SHIP Project's activities, the methodology had to, as much as possible, provide an unbiased (random) and representative sample. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SYPHILIS | HEPATITIS | KNOWLEDGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 324491

21.

Title: Characteristics, high-risk behaviors and knowledge of STI / HIV / AIDS, and prevalence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis among injecting drug users in Tbilisi, Georgia: 2002 - 2006. Report on three behavioral surveillance surveys with a biomarker component for the SHIP Project.
Author: Dershem L; Tabatadze M; Sirbiladze T; Tavzarashvili L; Todadze K
Source: Tbilisi, Georgia, Save the Children, 2007 Sep. [76] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 114-A-00-02-00095-00)
Abstract: This report presents the findings from three behavioral surveillance surveys (BSSs) conducted in Georgia among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tbilisi. The first BSS (referred to as BSS-1) was conducted in 2002. It served as a baseline measurement of the prevalence of different risk behaviors of IDUs for the STI/HIV Prevention (SHIP) Project and other HIV/AIDS prevention activities in Georgia. The second and third BSSs (referred to as BSS-2 and BSS-3 respectively) were conducted to examine what changes, if any, may have occurred in biomarker and high-risk behavior prevalence rates over time. All three cross-sectional surveys used a chain-referral method of respondent driven sampling (RDS). In BSS-1 the RDS started with 25 "seed" IDUs and resulted in a total of 302 IDUs were interviewed or came in voluntarily. In BSS-2, the RDS was initiated with 14 "seed" IDUs and resulted in a total of 300 IDUs were interviewed. In BSS-3, the RDS began with 12 "seed" IDUs, although 1 "seed" did not recruit, which resulted in a total of 300 IDUs being interviewed. Interviewing for all three BSSs was conducted in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | IV DRUG USERS | HEPATITIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SYPHILIS | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 324492

22.

Title: Characteristics, high-risk behaviors and knowledge of STI / HIV / AIDS, and STI / HIV prevalence of facility-based female sex workers in Batumi, Georgia: 2004 - 2006. Report on two behavioral surveillance surveys with a biomarker component for the SHIP Project.
Author: Dershem L; Tabatadze M; Tsereteli N; Tsagareli T; Tsereteli T
Source: [Tbilisi], Georgia, Save the Children, 2007 Sep. [59] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 114-A-00-02-00095-00)
Abstract: This report presents two behavioral surveillance surveys (BSSs) with a biomarker component conducted in Batumi, Georgia among facility-based female sex workers (FSWs). The first BSS (hereafter BSS-1) was conducted in 2004 and the second BSS (hereafter BSS-2) was conducted in 2006. BSS-1 represents a baseline to measure the prevalence of STIs/HIV as well as different high-risk behaviors contributing to the spread of the infection among FSWs. In addition, it provided a basis for designing and evaluating behavior change interventions implemented within Save the Children's STI/HIV Prevention (SHIP) Project. BSS-2 was a follow-up study to measure if any change has occurred in high-risk behaviors and the prevalence of STIs/HIV since 2004. As a pre-surveillance assessment, formative research with FSWs and key informants took place to learn more about commercial sex work in Batumi. The findings revealed that, unlike Tbilisi, there are few street-based FSWs in Batumi, as they commonly operate from bars, saunas, hotels, and restaurants. Thus, the survey was conducted among facility-based FSWs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | SEX WORKERS | KNOWLEDGE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | CONDOM USE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 324493

23.

Title: Characteristics, high-risk behaviors and knowledge of STI / HIV / AIDS and STI / HIV prevalence of street-based female sex workers in Tbilisi, Georgia: 2002 - 2006. Report on three behavioral surveillance surveys with a biomarker component for the SHIP Project.
Author: Dershem L; Tabatadze M; Tsereteli N; Tsagareli T; Tsereteli T
Source: Tbilisi, Georgia, Save the Children, 2007 Sep. [54] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 114-A-00-02-00095-00)
Abstract: This is the final report that presents the findings from three behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) conducted in Tbilisi, Georgia, among street-based Female Sex Workers (FSWs). The first BSS (referred to as BSS-1) was conducted in the fall of 2002, and it served as a baseline to measure the prevalence of STIs/HIV as well as different high-risk behaviors of this subpopulation. These data provided an understanding of behavioral and biological factors contributing to the spread of the infection among FSWs. In addition, it provided a basis for designing and evaluating behavior change interventions implemented within Save the Children's STI/HIV Prevention (SHIP) Project. The second BSS was conducted in the fall of 2004 (referred to as BSS-2) and third BSS was conducted in the spring of 2006 (referred to as BSS-3). These two BSSs examined what, if any, changes may have occurred in the prevalence of diseases and risk behaviors since BSS-1. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | SEX WORKERS | KNOWLEDGE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | AIDS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | VIOLENCE | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 324494

24.

Title: "Where are they going?": Immigrant inclusion in the Czech Republic (a case study on Ukrainians, Vietnamese, and Armenians in Prague).
Author: Drbohlav D; Dzurova D
Source: International Migration. 2007 Jun;45(2):69-95.
Abstract: This paper is based on research conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Office in Prague and the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague in the fall and winter of 2003-2004. Within the questionnaire survey, 126 first-generation immigrants in Prague (51 Ukrainians, 45 Vietnamese, and 30 Armenians) were successfully contacted via a non-probability sampling method. The main goals of the research were to ascertain what mode of inclusion into Czech society the immigrant groups practiced and to determine their satisfaction level with their new lives. Special attention was paid to finding out important factors that stand behind both the common features and particular patterns of behaviour. Our approach is an attempt to analyse the issue via quantitative statistics (Chi-square Test, the AnswerTree Method). Berry's (1992) acculturation strategies model and Portes and Zhou's (e.g. 2000) segmented assimilation model serve as reference points while discussing conceptual matters. The results indicate that the immigrants' inclusion in Czech society in Prague has developed into specific modes: Ukrainians are typical of their specific transnationalization patterns, Vietnamese represent a "well-off" but separated and segregated community, and Armenians practice a clear assimilation strategy, while approaching the mainstream in terms of socio-economic status. Based on various indications, it seems that successful inclusion in Czech society is connected to the assimilation mode. In sum, the immigrants most satisfied with their quality of life are those for whom it is not important to live close to their compatriots and those whose knowledge of the spoken Czech language is above average. The lowest satisfaction score is tied to those immigrants who prefer to live close to their compatriots, those with university education, and those with a low income. Good knowledge of the Czech language seems to be a gateway to immigrants' satisfaction. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UKRAINE | VIETNAM | ARMENIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | IMMIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | NATIONALITY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | LIFE STYLE | SATISFACTION | FAMILY LIFE | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Asia, Southwestern | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family and Household
Document Number: 313640

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Acceptability of contraceptive-induced amenorrhea in a racially diverse group of US women.
Author: Edelman A; Lew R; Cwiak C; Nichols M; Jensen J
Source: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6):450-453.
Abstract: The study was conducted to determine women's preferences about menstrual bleeding patterns and their willingness to manipulate bleeding with contraception. Women presenting for routine obstetric and gynecologic care at two US locations (Portland, OR, and Atlanta, GA) were offered a self-administered, anonymous survey. A validated survey tool was used. Valid surveys from 292 women were obtained. Mean age was 27 years (SD 8.0). We were unable to separate geographic vs. racial differences in responses because race significantly differed between sites (p < .001). The populations surveyed were predominately black in Georgia (88%, 58/66) and white in Oregon (83%, 142/172). Overall, the majority of women did not like their menstrual period (69%, 190/ 275) and preferred a menstrual frequency of every 3 months or never (58%, 164/281) with no differences between racial groups. When asked if they would consider using a birth control method that stopped their menstrual periods, 40% (111/278) reported yes, 28%(78/278) reported no and 32% (89/278) were undecided. However, significantly fewer black than white women would consider a birth control method to stop their menstrual periods (29% vs. 49%, p = .006). Although the majority of US women surveyed dislike menstruation and prefer less frequent or no menstrual periods, black women were less accepting than white women of contraception that induces amenorrhea. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | AMENORRHEA | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 316849

26.

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A pilot clinical trial of ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of a levonorgestrel intrauterine device.
Author: Hayes JL; Cwiak C; Goedken P; Zieman M
Source: Contraception. 2007 Oct;76(4):292-296.
Abstract: Postplacental intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is a safe, convenient and effective option for postpartum contraception. Few studies involve ultrasound-guided insertion, and none involve the levonorgestrel IUD or take place in the United States. The study was conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD following vaginal delivery in a U.S. residency program. Levonorgestrel IUDs were inserted under ultrasound guidance within 10 min of placental delivery by hand or using ring forceps. Subjects were examined at 4 and 10 weeks postpartum for evidence of expulsion or infection. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled and 20 received an IUD. Follow-up data are available for 19 subjects over the 10-week follow-up period; 16 subjects returned for the 4-week follow-up, and 14 returned at 10 weeks. Two additional subjects could be contacted by telephone only. At 4 and 10 weeks postpartum, no subjects had evidence of infection. There were two expulsions (2/19, 10.5%) by 10 weeks postpartum. None of the subjects examined had a partial expulsion (intracervical location of the IUD). In this pilot study, ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD was feasible and not associated with infection. The risk of expulsion was acceptable. Ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD may be an alternative to delayed insertion but warrants further study. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | IUD | INSERTION | ULTRASONICS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 320548

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Program for fathers helps them talk to young sons about sex and HIV risk.
Author: Hollander D
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2007 Dec;39(4):248-249.
Abstract: Fathers in the Atlanta area who participated in a program designed to improve men's ability to talk to their 11-14-year-old sons about HIV prevention subsequently reported more sexuality-related discussion and greater intention to discuss relevant topics with their sons than did a control group of men who had not taken part in the program. Furthermore, their sons were more likely than sons in the control group to say that they intended to postpone intercourse until they married and, if they were sexually experienced, were less likely to report having had unprotected intercourse. The program was tested in four randomly selected sites of a community-based organization that operates after-school and summer programs for disadvantaged youngsters; another three sites served as controls. At intervention sites, fathers (including nonbiological father figures) of 11-14-year-old males were invited to attend a program that presented information on communicating with adolescents about general topics (e.g., relationships with peers), sexuality-related topics and specific topics related to HIV and AIDS. Seven weekly two-hour group sessions were scheduled, during which information was delivered through lectures, discussions, role-playing exercises, games and videotapes. In addition, participants received a manual that was designed to help them complete weekly take-home activities and set personal goals. At control sites, fathers were invited to participate in seven weekly two-hour group sessions on nutrition and exercise; the format of these sessions was similar to that of the HIV program. At both the intervention and the control sites, youth were invited to accompany their fathers to the last session. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FATHERS | SONS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Communication
Document Number: 323077

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrheae strains in three regions of Armenia.
Author: Hovhannisyan G; von Schoen-Angerer T; Babayan K; Fenichiu O; Gaboulaud V
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Sep;34(9):686-688.
Abstract: There are no data available on gonococcal susceptibility in the Caucasus region. We aimed to determine in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrheae in Armenia in order to update the national treatment protocol. Isolates from men with urethral discharge presenting at 3 STI clinics in 3 different sites of Armenia were used to determine susceptibility of N. gonorrheae strains for 11 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion technique. Among the 101 isolates tested the susceptibility rate for penicillin, doxycycline, and kanamycin were 37.6, 25.7, and 80.2%, respectively. Sensitivity to quinolones was 95% for both ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All strains were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins and to spectinomycin. Only 11% of strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Third-generation cephalosporines and spectinomycin are suitable first-line regimens. Quinolones are not advisable as first-line treatment given current borderline susceptibility, known tendency for rapid resistance development in this class, and frequent over-the-counter use of this antibiotic in Armenia. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ARMENIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | GONORRHEA | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIBIOTICS | PREVALENCE | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Measurement
Document Number: 319669

30.

Title: Domestic violence politics in post-Soviet states.
Author: Johnson JE
Source: Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. 2007 Fall;14(3):380-405.
Abstract: This article, drawing upon three approaches from comparative political science, compares domestic violence politics in Russia with Ukraine, Moldova, and Armenia. It suggests that foreign assistance, not without unintended consequences, holds the best promise for initiating reform. It also shows that there is nothing particular about Russian culture that limits reform, especially, as activists can manipulate gender neo-traditionalism. Finally, the study suggests that institutionalized political channels for considering women's issues can facilitate feminist policy-making when pushed by an autonomous women's movement. In conclusion, the article suggests that studying gender politics in non-Western contexts requires integrating comparative with international theories. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | UKRAINE | MOLDOVA | ARMENIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES |