1.  Title: Listening to the women of Darfur. Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):42-43. Abstract: The following is extracted by the FMR editors from a recent UNFPA/UNICEF report on The Effects of Conflict on Health and Well-Being of Women and Girls in Darfur: Conversations with the Community. How do the women and girls of Darfur assess the risks they face? UNFPA and UNICEF interviewed conflict-affected women and their male household members in order to better understand priority actions needed to improve women and girls' health and well-being. The counter-insurgency strategy employed by the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed militia appears to have been one of asset stripping and population displacement. Indiscriminate attacks on villages have not only killed and injured civilians but also destroyed or looted housing, infrastructure, community services, wells and irrigation systems, fruit trees and other property such as cattle. The result has been the large-scale movement of a highly vulnerable, traumatised population of 2.75 million people, rendered almost completely dependent on humanitarian aid for survival. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | PROGRESS REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | RAPE | WAR | VIOLENCE | UNFPA | UNICEF | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Diseases Document Number: 313187 |
| 2. Title: Providing new opportunities to adolescent girls in socially conservative settings: the Ishraq program in rural Upper Egypt. Author: Population Council Source: New York, New York, Population Council, [2007]. [20] p. Abstract: The years of transition from childhood to adulthood ideally bring expanding opportunities, growing self-awareness, and increased knowledge about the world. For girls in rural Egypt, these prospects often never arrive. Puberty, rather than opening doors to new opportunities, consolidates girls' disadvantage. Apart from their lesser access to schooling, Upper Egyptian girls are at risk for early marriage, female genital cutting, and violence within the household. Rural girls work long hours in the home and in the fields. Fears for their social reputation restrict mobility and community participation. Girls have little access to or time for "recreation": only 5 percent of rural girls reported having played sports in the previous day compared to 56 percent of boys. Added to this is a climate in which civic engagement is not encouraged for young people, and fewer than 5 percent join clubs or other organizations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | EDUCATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior Document Number: 308334 |
3.  Title: Influence of parity on bone mineral density and peripheral fracture risk in Moroccan postmenopausal women. Author: Allali F; Maaroufi H; El Aichaoui S; Khazani H; Saoud B Source: Maturitas. 2007 Aug 20;57(4):392-398. Abstract: The aims of the study were to determine: (1) the relationship between parity and bone mineral density (BMD); (2) the relationship between parity and osteoporotic peripheral fractures. The group studied included 730 postmenopausal women. Patients were separated into four groups according to the number of full-term pregnancies, group 1: nulliparae, group 2: one to three pregnancies, group 3: four to five pregnancies, and group 4: six and more pregnancies. Additionally, patients were separated into three groups according to their ages, as < 50 years, 50-59 years and >/= 60 years. The median parity was 4 [0-20]. All the patients with parity greater than six had spine and hip BMD values significantly lower than values in the other groups (p < 0.001). After adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI), decreased lumbar and total hip BMD were still associated to increased parity (analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), p = 0.04 and 0.023, respectively). The relation between parity and lumbar BMD was highly significant among women aged < 50 years (age-adjusted p = 0.022), while there was no parity-spine BMD association in the other age groups. The relation between parity and hip BMD was seen only in the group 50-59 years (age-adjusted p = 0.042). A positive history for peripheral fractures was present in 170 (23%) patients. There was relationship between parity and peripheral fractures neither in the whole population nor in the sub-groups according to age. The present study suggests that the BMD of the spine and hip decreases with an increasing number of pregnancies, and this situation shows variations in different age groups. However, there was no correlation between parity level and peripheral fractures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | MENOPAUSE | PARITY | SKELETAL EFFECTS | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | OSTEOPOROSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 318718 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: The proximate determinants of fertility and birth intervals in Egypt:An application of calendar data. Author: Baschieri A; Hinde A Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Jan 30;16(3):59-96. Abstract: In this paper we use calendar data from the 2000 Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to assess the determinants of birth interval length among women who are in union. We make use of the well-known model of the proximate determinants of fertility, and take advantage of the fact that the DHS calendar data provide month-by-month data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea, which are the most important proximate determinants among women in union. One aim of the analysis is to see whether the calendar data are sufficiently detailed to account for all non-random variation among individual women in birth interval duration, in that once they are controlled, the effect of background social, economic and cultural variables is not statistically significant. The results suggest that this is indeed the case, especially after a random effect term to account for the unobserved proximate determinants is included in the model. Birth intervals are determined mainly by the use of modern methods of contraception (the IUD being more effective than the pill). Breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea both inhibit conception, and the effect of breastfeeding remains even after the period of amenorrhoea has ended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BREASTFEEDING | AMENORRHEA | POSTPARTUM | BIRTH SPACING | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Puerperium | Reproduction Document Number: 312084 |
| 5. Title: Economics, geography, family planning, and rapidity of change in the demographic transition: The case of the Egyptian Muhafazas 1960-1996. Author: Bonneuil N; Dassouki C Source: Journal of Developing Areas. 2007 Spring;40(2):185-210. Abstract: The Egyptian demographic transition from 1960 to 1996 is analyzed at the Muhafaza level. A reconstruction of demographic patterns highlights variation in the under-recording of infants across time, space, and rural/urban status. The quality of registration is worse for girls, producing an abnormal sex ratio that also varies across space and time. The analysis of fertility shows that the fertility upsurge of 1974-85 was not spatially uniform. Multi-level regression shows that fertility fluctuations are associated with the distribution of women's time between work and family, women's education, mortality decline, population density, and men's migration. After accounting for these variables and family planning, there remains a north-south gradient which wanes over the period, and a time factor interpretable as the rapidity of change and responsible for a brief fertility increase during the opening phase of the transition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | INFANT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY PLANNING | GENDER ISSUES | FERTILITY CHANGES | BIRTH RECORDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics Document Number: 313461 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Why the silence on population? Author: Campbell M Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):237-246. Abstract: The tripling of the world's population growth since 1960 has received little public attention the past decade. Six reasons for the silence around this subject constitute a "perfect storm". The first five are: visibility of actual fertility decline in the developed countries as well as a number of the developing ones; well justified attention to the impact of high levels of consumption on the environment; an implicit welcome by conservative political and religious forces to reduced needs for family planning; the tragedy of AIDS dominating international health concerns; and the 1994 Cairo conference's focus on examples of coercive family planning while nearly ignoring the coercion of women forced into unwanted childbearing. These five relatively new developments have been supported by standard demographic theory containing an assumption that couples naturally want many children, making it difficult to see the many barriers blocking women's options to manage their own childbearing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | OBSTACLES | FERTILITY | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 313727 |
| 7. Title: The path to replacement fertility in Egypt: acceptance, preference, and achievement. Author: El-Zeini LO Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: This paper uses data from the 2004 Stalled Fertility Transition survey; a follow-up to the 2003 Egypt Interim DHS, to investigate obstacles to achieving replacement fertility. The analysis adopts a framework with the acronym APA: Acceptance of a two-child ideal, Preference for that ideal, and Achievement of preference, positing a hierarchy among the three and hypothesizing that each depends on a set of factors, including gender stratification, economic expectations, perception of children's costs and benefits, and the costs of fertility regulation. The results indicate that son preference, discriminative gender attitudes, and perceived low cost of childrearing compared to benefit of children are major obstacles to the acceptance of the two-child family. Given acceptance, son preference, optimistic economic expectations, and fear of contraceptive side effects are associated with low preference for two children and with ambivalence. Given a decisive preference, women from better socioeconomic strata, women who perceive themselves to be in control of their reproduction and women with weaker son preference are more likely to achieve the ideal of two children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | GENDER ISSUES | CHILD WORTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 317263 |
| 8. Title: Fighting gender-based violence in South Sudan. Author: Elia L Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):39. Abstract: Decades of under-development and conflict have left South Sudanese women - in the words of the late John Garang - "the poorest of the poor and the marginalised of the marginalised." It is in this context that violence against women and girls breeds. Almost all southern Sudan's key development indicators are the lowest in the world. Severe gender disparity is manifest in access to education and health and differential life expectancy. Only 5% of births are attended by skilled health staff and maternal mortality is high. In contrast to common demographic patterns around the world, and in spite of the impact of war on the male population, there are more elderly men than women. Few reputable gender-based violence (GBV) studies have been carried out in southern Sudan. Studies may have been limited in terms of sample size and statistical analysis but, nevertheless, have produced evidence of extensive domestic violence, early/forced marriages, wife inheritance, property ownership, child custody, arbitrary incarceration, female genital mutilation and sexual harassment and assault. Prolonged conflict has exacerbated and created new security risks, especially for women and children. These include disruption of community and family structures, breakdown in conflict resolution mechanisms, presence of arms and vigilantes, prevalent trauma, increased alcohol consumption, weak security institutions, poor law and order and tensions between those who have been displaced and those who have stayed put. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REFUGEES | RAPE | GENDER RELATIONS | WAR | VIOLENCE | UN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues | Political Factors | Behavior | International Agencies | Organizations | Diseases Document Number: 313185 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of female genital cutting on health of newly married women. Author: Elnashar A; Abdelhady R Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Jun;97(3):238-244. Abstract: The objective was to detect the rate of female genital cutting among a sample of newly married women in Benha city, and make a comparison between circumcised and non-circumcised women regarding long-term health problems. Randomly selected (264) newly married women were the subjects of this work. Circumcised group constitutes 75.8% of the sample. All non-circumcised women were living in an urban area. Dysmenorrhea was more common among circumcised rather than non-circumcised, with statistically significant difference (P less than 0.01). Marital problems (dyspareunia, loss of libido, failure of orgasm and husband's unsatisfaction) had statistically different levels of significance among circumcised women. Obstetric problems such as tears, episiotomy and consequently distressed babies were more events among circumcised mothers with statistical significance. Circumcised females had significant mental problems such as somatization, anxiety and phobia (P less than 0.001). Female genital cutting remains a widely practiced custom in our society. Grave complications of circumcision may last throughout women's life particularly the time of consummation of marriage and the time of childbirth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | MENSTRUATION | DYSMENORRHEA | CHILDBIRTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Reproduction | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 313526 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Female sexual dysfunction in lower Egypt. Author: Elnashar AM; El-Dien Ibrahim M; El-Desoky MM; Ali OM; El-Sayd Mohamed Hassan M Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2007 Feb;114(2):201-206. Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in Lower Egypt. Design: A cross-sectional clinic-/hospital-based survey. Setting: Five district medical centres in Dakahlia Governorate: Shirbin, Bilquas, Samblawen, Dekrinis and Mansoura City. Population: One thousand married women aged between 16 and 49 years. Methods: Data were collected by personal interview in a questionnaire format in addition to physical examination (when allowed). Main outcome measures: FSD and associated risk factors. The response rate was 93.6%. 68.9% of women had one or more sexual problems; however, 23% of the women with sexual problems were not distressed by these issues. 31.5% of women suffered from dyspareunia. 49.6% of the women had decreased sexual desire, 36% had difficult arousal and 16.9% had anorgasmia (primary and secondary). Marital disharmony, 'hate' and unfavourable socio-economic circumstances were the most common aggravating factors (28.1%) for sexual dysfunction among the participants, followed by pregnancy-related events (15.7%). Most women (84.5%) received no help for their sexual problems. 90.3% of the women were circumcised. Only 7.1% (46 of 645) of women with sexual problems had received treatment, with no real improvement reported in 58.7% (27 of the 46 women). FSD is a highly prevalent problem within the scope of this study. Low reporting rates and very low treatment rates were identified in the sample from Lower Egypt. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Reproduction | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 313035 |
| 11. Title: Sudanese women acting to end sexual violence. Author: Hashim FA Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):44. Abstract: The UN and the African Union must do more to insist that the Government of Sudan create an enabling environment to report, investigate and prosecute cases of violence against women. Militarisation and long-standing armed conflicts in many regions have deeply affected the daily lives of Sudanese women, most recently and tragically in Darfur. Fundamentalist interpretations of sharia law are used to control women and are given as reason for not ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). When it was established in May 2004 the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) - the only external military force in Darfur - was charged with monitoring the cease-fire agreement signed between parties at conflict to deter uncontrolled armed groups from committing hostile acts against civilians. AMIS public reporting has focused on breaches of the cease-fire, including attacks on civilians, but has failed to integrate gender issues. AMIS has conspicuously failed toprevent widespread rape and sexual violence. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WAR | RAPE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | WOMEN'S GROUPS | LEGISLATION | REFUGEE CAMPS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Interest Groups | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 313189 |
| 12. Title: Oxytocin in the third stage of labor. Author: Jerbi M; Hidar S; Elmoueddeb S; Chaieb A; Khairi H Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Mar;96(3):198-199. Abstract: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the most common serious maternal complication of childbirth, and the prophylactic use of uterotonic drugs is generally recommended to prevent this complication. Between February and March 2005, a prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Gynecologic and Obstetric Department of F. Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia, to determine whether the use of oxytocin in the third stage of labor significantly reduced the postpartum blood loss. All women with singleton pregnancies at term who were expected to be delivered vaginally were included. Patients with placenta praevia, antepartum hemorrhage, noncephalic presentation, intrauterine death, parity greater than five, uterine fibroids, anticoagulation therapy, and a history of PPH or cesarean delivery were excluded. The women were randomly allocated to an active management or an expectant management group. In the active management group the women received an intravenous flash injection of 5 I of oxytocin at the time of delivery of the anterior shoulder. The third stage of labor was managed in the same way for all women: immediate clamping and cutting of the cord, and delivery of the placenta by controlled cord traction with gentle fundal pressure when signs of placental separation appeared. Manual removal of placenta was used if hemorrhaging occurred and/or if the placenta was not delivered within 30 min of birth. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | BLEEDING | CHILDBIRTH | OXYTOCIN | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 312668 |
| 13. Title: Introduction. Author: Obaid TA Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):5-6. Abstract: Throughout history, violence against women has been accepted as an inevitable if unfortunate feature of conflict. This is now changing. While such violence continues to be inflicted on a massive scale, it is now recognised as a threat to development, peace and security; a violation of human rights; and a crime under international law. The challenge confronting the international community is whether all parties can make the prevention, treatment and prosecution of sexual violence a priority. Our current inability to protect women and girls in conflict and postconflict settings represents a human rights failure of massive proportions. Some 40,000 cases of war-related rape were reported during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Between 23,000 and 45,000 Kosovar Albanian women were reportedly raped in 1998 to 1999 at the height of the conflict with Serbia. In Rwanda, 39% of women surveyed reported being raped during the genocide and, in one study, two in three women who were raped were HIV-positive. In Burundi, 19% of a sample of women reported being raped. Unfortunately, these cases are not the exception. Similar horrific data are reported wherever there is conflict. And behind each statistic is a human being - a woman who needs support to heal and reintegrate into her family and community. Yet all too often survivors are subjected to discrimination and stigma, which only compound the suffering they have already endured. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | RAPE | WAR | VIOLENCE | UNFPA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Africa, Northern | Africa | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Diseases Document Number: 313164 |
| 14. Title: Sexual violence and firewood collection in Darfur. Author: Patrick E Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):40-41. Abstract: In hundreds of refugee and IDP settings throughout the world, women and girls are made more vulnerable to sexual violence because of the almost daily need to leave camps in search of firewood. More can and must be done to reduce this risk. Perhaps nowhere is the danger of assault whilst gathering firewood more evident than in Darfur. Women and girls trek for hours a day in the hope of finding a few branches or roots to burn. To avoid the midday sun, many leave in the darkness. To lessen competition, they travel alone or in very small groups. To find increasingly scarce combustible material, they may have to walk several kilometres away from the camps. In doing so, they become prime targets for the Janjaweed militia, local government or police forces and other men who act in a climate of almost total impunity. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | POLICE | RAPE | REFUGEE CAMPS | WAR | VIOLENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | IMPROVED COOKING EQUIPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 313186 |
| 15. Title: Radical cystectomy with preservation of sexual function and fertility in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: New technique. Author: Salem HK Source: International Journal of Urology. 2007 Apr;14(4):294-298. Abstract: Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma. Preservation of sexual function and fertility are important for surgery acceptance in young patients with this disease, and part of the prostate is generally preserved for this reason; however, this may compromise the radical nature of the surgery. Herein a novel technique of radical cystectomy with preservation of the vas deferens only is described aimed at preservation of sexual function and better cancer control. Between March 2002 and February 2004, four potent male patients with muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent nerve-sparing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. The bladder, prostate with prostatic urethra, regional lymph nodes and seminal vesicles were removed while the vas deferens was preserved until its terminal end and anastomosed (in the perineum) to the bulbar urethra (end to side). The diversion was ureterocolic in three patients and ileal conduit in one patient. The median age of the patients was 45.0 years (range 35-55). The mean follow-up was 35.5 months (range 23-46 months). There was no mortality. All patients were free of the disease (no local or distant recurrence) at the last follow-up. All patients reported adequate sexual function with normal erections and satisfactory intercourse similar to that reported before surgery. Two patients maintained antegrade ejaculation allowing procreation in one case. This technique allows preservation of sexual function in nearly all cases with better oncological outcome than any other techniques of radical cystectomy aimed at preservation of sexual function. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | UROGENITAL SURGERY | CANCER | PROSTATE | SEXUALITY | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Population Dynamics Document Number: 313451 |
| 16. Title: Is gender bias in education mediated by sibling configuration?: Evidence from Egypt. Author: Salem R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 16 p. Abstract: In this paper, the Resource Dilution model of parental investments in children is tested using nationally representative survey data on Egyptian adolescents. I investigate the statistical associations between adolescent educational attainment and three characteristics of the sibling group (size, ordinal position, and gender composition), and their interactions with the respondent's gender. Findings show that sibship size has a net negative association with school enrolment, continuation, and completed years of education. Contrary to Resource Dilution evidence from Western settings, first-born children in Egypt are disadvantaged relative to their later-born peers. The presence of older sisters in one's sibling group has a particularly strong positive effect on schooling, indicating that girls may be withheld from school to free up or generate resources for their younger siblings' education. While gender remains among the strongest determinants of education, sibling configuration plays a large role in mediating its impact. Revisions to the Resource Dilution mechanisms linking family structure to adolescents' gendered outcomes are offered in conclusion. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | SIBLINGS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY SIZE | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | HOME ECONOMICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Child Rearing | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 317832 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Operational implications of using 2006 World Health Organization growth standards in nutrition programmes: Secondary data analysis. Author: Seal A; Kerac M Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2007 Feb 23;334(7596):733-738. Abstract: The objective was to assess the implications of adopting the World Health Organization 2006 growth standards in combination with current diagnostic criteria in emergency and non-emergency child feeding programmes. Secondary analysis of data from three standardised nutrition surveys (n=2555) for prevalence of acute malnutrition, using weight for height z score (<-2 and <-3) and percentage of the median (<80% and <70%) cut-offs for moderate and severe acute malnutrition from the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO growth reference (NCHS reference) and the new WHO 2006 growth standards (WHO standards). Setting: Refugee camps in Algeria, Kenya, and Bangladesh. Population: Children aged 6-59 months. Important differences exist in the weight for height cut-offs used for defining acute malnutrition obtained from the WHO standards and NCHS reference data. These vary according to a child's height and according to whether z score or percentage of the median cut-offs are used. If applied and used according to current practice in nutrition programmes, the WHO standards will result in a higher measured prevalence of severe acute malnutrition during surveys but, paradoxically, a decrease in the admission of children to emergency feeding programmes and earlier discharge of recovering patients. The expected impact on case fatality rates of applying the new standards in conjunction with current diagnostic criteria is unknown. A full assessment of the appropriate use of the new WHO standards in the diagnosis of acute malnutrition is urgently needed. This should be completed before the standards are adopted by organisations that run nutrition programmes targeting acute malnutrition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALGERIA | KENYA | BANGLADESH | DATA ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | CHILD | REFUGEE CAMPS | REFUGEES | MALNUTRITION | STANDARDS | WHO | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 313353 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Routine postpartum ultrasonography in the prediction of puerperal uterine complications. Author: Shaamash AH; Ahmed AG; Abdel Latef MM; Abdullah SA Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Aug;98(2):93-99. Abstract: The objectives were to determine whether there is a relationship between the findings of routine postpartum ultrasonographic scanning and puerperal uterine complications such as heavy delayed postpartum hemorrhage, retained products of conception, and need for uterine curettage; and to estimate the value of both routine ultrasonographic scanning and clinical data in the prediction of these complications. In this cohort study 265 women were examined ultrasonographically on postpartum Days 1, 14, 42 following uncomplicated vaginal or cesarean deliveries. They were divided into a low-risk (n=149) and a high-risk (n=116) group according to predefined risk factors for puerperal uterine complications. The ultrasonographic findings were dichotomized into no masses (endometrial strip, endometrial fluid, or hyperechoic foci) or a definite intrauterine echogenic/heterogeneous mass (IUM, N15 mm in diameter). The presence of risk factor(s) was significantly associated with uterine subinvolution, IUM, heavy delayed postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and a need for uterine curettage. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the risk factor(s) that can predict the occurrence of heavy delayed PPH showed that the presence of an IUM was the most predictive variable. The presence of an IUM and heavy delayed PPH predicted uterine curettage in 61.3% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. Routine uterine scanning on Day 1 and Day 14 postpartum is an easy, inexpensive, valuable method that can be offered to women at high risk for delayed PPH due to subinvolution or the presence of an IUM. Accordingly, it may be predicted which women will benefit from uterine curettage in up to two-thirds of cases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ULTRASONICS | UTERINE EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Puerperium | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 318805 |
| 19. Title: Reconstruction of the female urethra: Versatility, complexity and aptness. Author: Wadie BS; El Hifnawy A; Khair AA Source: Journal of Urology. 2007 Jun;177(6):2205-2210. Abstract: Female urethral anomalies, whether congenital or acquired, are rare. Urethral defects are usually if not always associated with variable degrees of incontinence. In this case series we demonstrate the approach in management and surgical outcome of congenital and traumatic urethral anomalies. The study was conducted on 13 patients with an age range of 2 to 38 years (median 20). Of these patients 4 had female epispadias, 1 had hypospadias, 3 had traumatic urethral loss and 2 had iatrogenic trauma involving the urethra. There were 2 patients with urogenital sinus syndrome and 1 patient had urethral prolapse. After the first stage of repair 4 patients were dry and socially satisfied, and no further intervention was needed. However, in 9 patients a second intervention was necessary to achieve continence. Notably 3 patients empty the bladder through clean intermittent catheterization. Female urethral defects are usually complex. Congenital causes are associated with severe incontinence. Repair of such defects is challenging, yet 1-stage reconstruction is feasible and potentially successful. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | GENITALIA, FEMALE | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | UROGENITAL SURGERY | TREATMENT | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Surgery | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313533 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessing the quality of reproductive health services in Egypt via exit interviews. Author: Zaky HH; Khattab HA; Galal D Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2007 May;11(3):301-306. Abstract: This study assesses the quality of reproductive health services using client satisfaction exit interviews among three groups of primary health care units run by the Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt. Each group applied a different model of intervention. The Ministry will use the results in assessing its reproductive health component in the health sector reform program, and benefits from the strengths of other models of intervention. The sample was selected in two stages. First, a stratified random sampling procedure was used to select the health units. Then the sample of female clients in each health unit was selected using the systematic random approach, whereby one in every two women visiting the unit was approached. All women in the sample coming for reproductive health services were included in the analysis. The results showed that reproductive health beneficiaries at the units implementing the new health sector reform program were more satisfied with the quality of services. Still there were various areas where clients showed significant dissatisfaction, such as waiting time, interior furnishings, cleanliness of the units and consultation time. The study showed that the staff of these units did not provide a conductive social environment as other interventions did. A significant proportion of women expressed their intention to go to private physicians owing to their flexible working hours and variety specializations. Beneficiaries were generally more satisfied with the quality of health services after attending the reformed units than the other types of units, but the generalization did not fully apply. Areas of weakness are identified. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SATISFACTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317201 |
| 21. Title: Empowering grassroots Egyptian women through advocacy networks. Author: Centre for Development and Population Activities [CEDPA] Source: Washington, D.C., CEDPA, 2006 Jun. [2] p. Abstract: CEDPA has been implementing the Empowering Grassroots Egyptian Women through Advocacy Networks project in Egypt since 2004. Designed to identify and address the specific needs of women and girls by enabling women and their supporters to advocate for and influence policy changes at the governorate level, the project delivers training and technical assistance to governorate level non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local branches of the National Council for Women (NCW) to form advocacy networks. Implemented in six governorates where CEDPA has longstanding partners and had previously invested extensively in capacity building of local NGOs (including Beni Suef, Qena, Fayoum, Minya, Aswan and North Sinai), the program evolved from a long process of joint planning and collaboration with NGO partners and the National Council for Women. The media and religious leaders are additional longstanding, important CEDPA partners and have been fully integrated into the project. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | WOMEN'S GROUPS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ADVOCACY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | MASS MEDIA | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Interest Groups | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Communication | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Document Number: 318284 |
| 22. Title: Mobilizing communities for girls' education in Egypt: the New Horizons and New Visions programs. Author: Centre for Development and Population Activities [CEDPA] Source: Washington, D.C., CEDPA, 2006 Mar. [2] p. Abstract: Since 1994, the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA) has developed and implemented the Towards New Horizons and New Visions programs in Egypt. New Horizons, an innovative, non-formal education programs for girls, was developed to reach the underserved population of girls and young women who had limited access to education, little knowledge of reproductive health, few life skills to make healthy choices for themselves and their families, and limited options to fully develop their own abilities and shape their futures. The New Visions program for boys was added to increase gender sensitivity and reproductive health knowledge of young men and to encourage the development of important life skills. The project's initial focus on individual change evolved over time to a broader emphasis on organizational and, ultimately, community change. The program was funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development from 1994-2004, and during this time it was implemented in 21 governorates and provided education and training to 125,000. Work continues through CEDPA's local partners and with support from foundations and other organizations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | COMMUNITY | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | EDUCATION | LITERACY PROGRAMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | TRAINING PROGRAMS | CAPACITY BUILDING | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Program Sustainability | Programs | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture Document Number: 318296 |
| 23. Title: Frequently asked questions arising from the introduction of the new diarrhea treatment guidelines. Author: International Science and Technology Institute [ISTI]. MOST Source: Arlington, Virginia, ISTI, MOST, [2006]. 7 p. Abstract: Can I give zinc and ORS at the same time? Yes, zinc and ORS can be give at the same time while your child has diarrhea. Zinc is given once a day and can be given with ORS. Give the zinc at a time of day that is easy for you to remember and repeat every day until all zinc tablets are gone. ORS needs to be given throughout the day while your child has loose stools. Can zinc be added directly to the ORS? Will this work as well? The zinc tablet will not be harmed by the ORS and can easily be dispersed in a small amount of ORS after it has been prepared. This is an option for infants in lieu of dispersing the tablet in breastmilk. This is also an option for a child who does not like the taste of zinc or is resistant to tablets and medicines. Zinc should not be added to a large amount of ORS because it is then uncertain if the child will be able to finish the desired quantity to get the full zinc dose per day. 2-3 spoonfuls of prepared ORS are sufficient. In countries like Egypt, zinc is added to some locally produced ORS. But using the ORS containing zinc does not result in a dose of zinc that is adequate to achieve the benefits observed with daily 20 mg zinc supplements given for 10 to 14 days. Indeed, ORS is usually consumed for an average of two days; and the average quantity consumed by a child with diarrhea is about 400 to 500 ml per day. Therefore, if ORS contains 40 mg of zinc per liter, this means that a child will only consume 16 to 20 mg of zinc per day for two days. Should I give less ORS since I am giving zinc? No, you should continue to give plenty of ORS, as recommended, even though you are giving zinc. ORS will help to replace fluids lost during diarrhea. Zinc will speed up recovery, and will help the child fight off new episodes of diarrhea in the 2-3 months following treatment. Zinc will also improve appetite and growth. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | MANUAL | STANDARDS | CHILD | DIARRHEA | TREATMENT | ZINC | SIDE EFFECTS | SAFETY | VOMITING | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Nausea | Signs and Symptoms Document Number: 312340 |
| 24. Title: Transitions to adulthood: Ishraq expands horizons for girls in rural Upper Egypt. Author: Population Council Source: Population Briefs. 2006 Jun;12(2):[4] p.. Abstract: The transition from childhood to adulthood is often considered a time of growth in self-awareness, opportunities, and knowledge about the world. For girls in rural Egypt, however, this growth often does not occur. As girls reach adolescence, their lives become increasingly confined to the home, their opportunities limited to household chores, and their future prospects restricted to early marriage and childbearing. A comprehensive program in rural Upper Egypt, known as Ishraq (meaning "enlightenment"), has succeeded in expanding the horizons of adolescent girls, increasing their self-confidence and general knowledge as well as promoting their civic engagement. Ishraq is a collaboration between the Population Council, Caritas, CEDPA (the Center for Development and Population Activities), Save the Children, and two Egyptian government agencies, the Ministry of Youth and the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood. Out-of-school girls are among the most disadvantaged adolescents in rural Egypt. Compared with girls attending school, they are more likely to be engaged in poorly paid farm work, more likely to be married early, and at greater risk for malnutrition, early childbearing, and poor pregnancy outcomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | PROGRESS REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LITERACY | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors Document Number: 309763 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone and in combination with chloroquine for malaria treatment in rural Eastern Sudan: the interrelation between resistance, age and gametocytogenesis. Author: A-Elbasit IE; Elbashir MI; Khalil IF; Alifrangis M; Giha HA Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006 May;11(5):604-612. Abstract: The objective was to compare the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyremethamine (SP) + chloroquine (CQ) combination treatment against falciparum malaria with SP treatment alone. In-vivo study of 254 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in rural eastern Sudan, where the population is semi-immune. Sulfadoxine-pyremethamine treatment alone cured 68.3% (41/60) and SP + CQ cured 63.4% (123/194). Early and late treatment failures occurred in both treatment groups. Host age (as a marker for immunity) and parasite gametocytogenesis (as a marker for transmissibility) were significantly associated with SP resistance. Patients who were cured were significantly older (median age 21 years) than patients whose treatment failed (median age 12 years). Gametocyte production was significantly higher in patients with treatment failure (0.72 vs 0.45) and associated with younger age. Gametocyte counts were comparable between both groups until day 7 of follow up; thereafter, they were significantly higher in patients with treatment failure. However, the longevity of gametocytes was comparable in both treatment groups. Chloroquine did not improve the parasite response to SP. Age was strongly associated with clearance of SP-resistant parasites. The fast rise of SP resistance may partially be due to selection of SP resistant parasites and expansion of the resistant population through the gametocytogenic effect of SP. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | CLIENTS | AGE FACTORS | MALARIA PREVENTION | TREATMENT | DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 299660 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Screening for cervical carcinoma using visual inspection with acetic acid. Author: Abdel-Hady ES; Emam M; Al-Gohary A; Hassan M; Farag MK Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 May;93(2):118-122. Abstract: The objective was to assess the performance of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) as a screening test for early detection of cervical carcinoma in the Dakahlia Governorate in Egypt. Diluted acetic acid (5%) was applied to the cervix during routine gynecologic examination. Women with positive results were referred for colposcopy. Those with negative results were referred for colposcopy only when they had clinical indications. Among the 5000 women who were screened using VIA, 409 were referred for colposcopy. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was diagnosed in 151 (60%) of the 253 women with positive screening results and in 4 of the 156 women with negative screening results. There were 39 women with high-grade and 116 with low-grade CIN. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the VIA screening test was 97%. Its positive predictive value was 60% for all grades of CIN and 90% for high-grade CIN. Visual inspection with acetic acid, although associated with a relatively high rate of false-positive results, is a valuable test for the screening of cervical carcinoma. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SCREENING | CERVICAL CANCER | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 299919 |
| 27. Title: Living transnationally: Somali diasporic women in Cairo. Author: Al-Sharmani M Source: International Migration. 2006;44(1):55-77. Abstract: Since the Somali Civil War in 1991, there have been a large number of Somalis living in the Middle East, Europe, North America, and Australia. An increasing number of these Somalis are living in transnational households where family members live and sometimes move back and forth in different nation-states, yet these families maintain strong ties, share resources, and make decisions collectively about the well-being of different members. In this paper, I argue that women play central roles in establishing and managing these transnational households. I examine these roles and their significance through an analysis of the activities and experiences of two groups of Somali women in Cairo within the domains of their transnational families and communities. These groups of women are: (1) refugees who have been granted or are seeking asylum from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office in Egypt, and (2) naturalized citizens of Western countries who have relocated to Egypt, and whomI will refer to as émigrés. I argue that many of these women become active members of transnational households and communities to (1) resist legal, economic, and/or cultural "othering" of host societies, and (2) renegotiate past and present identity discourses that marginalize these individuals on multiple levels that are determined by clan affiliations, socio-economic conditions, and gender inequalities. By using complex transnational strategies, these women are engaging in new forms of activism to establish lives with more security, better future opportunities, and more dignity for their families and themselves. Yet their transnational family and community lives have benefits and challenges, which the women experience differently because of their varied diasporic histories and their uneven access to legal and social capital. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOMALIA | EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | EMIGRANTS | REFUGEES | FEMALE ROLE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Northern | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 314581 |
| 28. Title: Fertility decline and reproductive health in Morocco: new DHS figures. Author: Ayad M; Roudi F Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2006 May. 4 p. Abstract: The "fertility transition"--the shift from large to small families that demographers have observed throughout much of the world--has been remarkably rapid in Morocco, according to a recently released demographic and health survey on that country. The 2003-2004 Demographic and Health Survey found that Moroccan women were having 2.5 children on average--three fewer births than the average recorded in 1980. The change has been particularly dramatic among women living in rural areas, whose fertility declined from 6.6 births in 1980 to 3.0 births on average in 2004. But while these and other health indicators for women and children have improved substantially in Morocco, the country still faces many challenges regarding women and reproductive health, including limited contraceptive options, disparities between rich and poor in access to contraception, and a need to translate revised family laws into practical legal progress for women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | FERTILITY DECLINE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Health Document Number: 310069 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's education and diffusion of the fertility transition: the case of Egypt 1960-1996 in 4905 administrative subdivisions. Author: Bonneuil N; Dassouki C Source: Journal of Population Research. 2006;23(1):27-39. Abstract: Egypt comprises thousands of small geographic units. Total fertility rates are reconstructed for the 4905 qism, qarya, medina, markaz and shiyakhat covering non-desert Egypt at the 1960, 1976, 1986 and 1996 censuses. This fine spatial scale reveals that heterogeneity across subdivisions increased during the fertility transition, illustrating the rapidity of change. Spatial patterns appear in the fertility upsurge of 1974-85, which is accompanied by a large but temporary reduction in heterogeneity. Fertility varies greatly between subdivisions and geographic differentials underlie the expected and observed association between fertility, literacy, family transfers and industrialization. Cairo led the decline of fertility, but that decline is counterbalanced by rapid economic growth and persistently high levels of illiteracy. A similar pattern of fertility change is observed for the chief city of the Muhafaza and its surrounding area. Egypt presents an archetype of demographic transition as improved economic and educational status diffuses across the country, moderated by its specific geography. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | RURAL AREAS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | CENSUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INDUSTRY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 315464 |
| 30. Title: Social inequalities and health inequity in Morocco. [Inégalités sociales et inégalité au niveau de la santé au Maroc] Author: Boutayeb A Source: International Journal of Equity in Health. 2006;5:[15] p.. Abstract: Background: According to the last census, Morocco has a population approaching 30 million people. The country has made good progress in the control of preventable childhood disease but social inequalities and health inequities remain major problems for the third millennium. Despite the progress achieved during the last decade, the country still ranks at the 125th place according to the Human Development Index. This unpleasant position is mainly explained by illiteracy, education and health indicators. Method: Our study was based mainly on annual reports and regular publications released by the United Nationals (UN), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO), The Moroccan Health Ministry and related papers published in international journals. Results and Discussion: As indicated by the last Arab Human Development Reports (AHDR 2002, AHDR 2003, AHDR 2004) and implicitly confirmed by the "National Initiative for Human Development" (NIHD) launched in May 2005 by the King of Morocco, many districts and shanty towns, urban or peri-urban, and a multitude of rural communes live in situations characterized by difficult access to basic social services of which education and health are examples. Conclusion: Recent evidence showed that improved health is more than a consequence of development. It is a central input into economic and social development and poverty reduction. Serious initiatives for human development should consider the reduction of social inequalities and health inequities as a first priority. Otherwise, the eventual development achieved cannot be sustained. (author's) French Abstract: Historique : Au dernier recensement, le Maroc avait une population de près de 30 millions. Le pays a fait des progrès remarquables dans le contrôle des maladies de l'enfance évitables mais les inégalités sociales et d'accès à la santé demeurent des problèmes majeurs pour le troisième millénaire. En dépit des progrès accomplis au cours de la dernière décennie, le Maroc est toujours à la 125e place de l'Indice du développement humain. Cette position peu enviable s'explique surtout par les indicateurs d'analphabétisme, d'éducation et de santé. Méthodes : Notre étude était basée principalement sur des rapports annuels et des publications régulières émises par United Nationals (UN), par le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD), par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et par le ministère de la Santé du Maroc, ainsi que sur des articles connexes publiés dans des revues internationales. Résultats et discussion : Comme l'ont indiqué les Rapports arabes sur le développement humain et comme l'a implicitement confirmé l'initiative nationale de développement humain (INDH), lancée en mai 2005 par le Roi du Maroc, de nombreux districts et quartiers pauvres, urbains ou périurbains, ainsi qu'une multitude de communes connaissent des situations caractérisées par un accès difficile aux services sociaux, notamment l'éducation et la santé. Conclusion : Les données les plus récentes indiquent que l'amélioration de la santé est plus qu'une simple conséquence du développement. C'est un élément essentiel qui doit être intégré au développement économique et social ainsi qu'à la réduction de la pauvreté. Toute initiative pour le développement humain qui vise à avoir une grande portée doit tenir compte des inégalités sociales et de la santé et en faire la priorité principale. Sinon, le développement qui aurait été accompli ne pourrait pas être durable. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | SLUMS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | PUBLIC HEALTH | NEEDS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Document Number: 299357 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |