1.  Title: The long wait: reproductive health care in Haiti. Author: John Snow [JSI]. Research and Training Institute, Inc. Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, Research and Training Institute, Inc., 2009. 22 p. Abstract: The reproductive health status of Haiti's communities contributes to a life expectancy of 62.8 years for women in comparison to 75.5 years in neighboring Dominican Republic or 80.8 years for women in the U.S. According to Haiti's 2005-2006 Demography Health Survey, 37.5% of women have unmet family planning needs. Additionally, youth and rural area residents report greater unmet needs for family planning than the national average. Unmet family planning contributes to a high total fertility rate of 4.79 (5 in rural versus 2.8 in urban areas), a high infant morality (57 deaths per 1000 live births) and the highest maternal mortality rate in the western world-630 deaths per 100,000 live births. These alarming RH indicators prompted a team from JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI) to visit Haiti in January 2009. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify gaps in the availability and accessibility of comprehensive RH services including: Safer motherhood and emergency obstetric care (EmOC), Family planning, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention, care and support, Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, care and support, and Adolescent-focused RH programming for each of the above RH components. 2) to identify community-level responses and opportunities for strengthening the quality and availability of comprehensive RH services. This report presents the findings of this assessment. Language: English Keywords: HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341307 |
| 3. Title: Celebrating life: The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. 2009 Annual Report to Congress. Author: United States. Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator Source: Washington, D.C., Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator, 2009. 64 p. Abstract: The fifth Annual Report celebrates life. In countless communities around the world, through partnerships with the American people, courageous individuals in nations devastated by HIV/AIDS are choosing life, saving the lives of their fellow countrymen and women, and creating hope for a future free of HIV/AIDS. Through the power of these partnerships, the American people and the dedicated men and women in nations devastated by HIV/ AIDS have proven that the seemingly impossible is possible. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | TREATMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INTERVENTIONS | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Programs | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328418 |
| 4. Title: Integrating gender into HIV / AIDS programmes in the health sector: Tool to improve responsiveness to women’s needs. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Gender, Women and Health Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2009. [130] p. Abstract: This hands-on WHO tool helps programme managers and health-care providers in the public and private sectors integrate gender into HIV / AIDS programmes they wish to set up, implement and evaluate so they are more responsive to women's needs. In addition to describing basic steps in gender-responsive programming, which can be applied to all HIV / AIDS programmes, the tool suggests practical actions to address key gender issues in four service delivery areas: HIV testing and counseling; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; HIV / AIDS treatment and care; Home-based care and support for people living with HIV. The tool also provides examples of gender-responsive interventions from the field, and resources such as: counseling role plays for risk reduction and HIV treatment adherence; examples of gender-sensitive communication messages; and protocols for addressing the risk of violence among women as a result of HIV status disclosure. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HOME CARE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | HIV | Care and Support | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331798 |
5.  Peer Reviewed Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe. Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17. Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy Document Number: 341476 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Mortality and loss-to-follow-up during the pre-treatment period in an antiretroviral therapy programme under normal health service conditions in Uganda. Author: Amuron B; Namara G; Birungi J; Nabiryo C; Levin J; Grosskurth H; Coutinho A; Jaffar S Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Aug 11;9(1):290. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In many HIV programmes in Africa, patients are assessed clinically and prepared for antiretroviral treatment over a period of 4-12 weeks. Mortality rates following initiation of ART are very high largely because patients present late with advanced disease. The rates of mortality and retention during the pre-treatment period are not well understood. We conducted an observational study to determine these rates. METHODS: HIV-infected subjects presenting at The AIDS Support Clinic in Jinja, SE Uganda, were assessed for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Eligible subjects were given information and counselling in 3 visits done over 4-6 weeks in preparation for treatment. Those who did not complete screening were followed-up at home. Survival analysis was done using poisson regression. RESULTS: 4321 HIV-infected subjects were screened of whom 2483 were eligible for ART on clinical or immunological grounds. Of these, 637 (26%) did not complete screening and did not start ART. Male sex and low CD4 count were associated independently with not completing screening. At follow-up at a median 351 days, 181 (28%) had died, 189 (30%) reported that they were on ART with a different provider, 158 (25%) were alive but said they were not on ART and 109 (17%) were lost to follow-up. Death rates (95% CI) per 100 person-years were 34 (22, 55) (n.18) within one month and 37 (29, 48) (n.33) within 3 months. 70/158 (44%) subjects seen at follow-up said they had not started ART because they could not afford transport. CONCLUSIONS: About a quarter of subjects eligible for ART did not complete screening and pre-treatment mortality was very high even though patients in this setting were well informed. For many families, the high cost of transport is a major barrier preventing access to ART. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SCREENING | AIDS PREVENTION | DEATH RATE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation Document Number: 342534 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia: successes and system-wide effects. Author: Assefa Y; Jerene D; Lulseged S; Ooms G; Van Damme W Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Apr 28;6(4):e1000056. Abstract: There has been substantial expansion of access to ART and HIV counseling and testing in Ethiopia, whilst maintaining the performance of other health programs such as tuberculosis and maternal and child health services. Task shifting to the health officers, nurses, and health extension workers is thought to be responsible for these successes. However, HIV prevention interventions and management of chronic care patients are lagging behind. This may be due to lack of attention to these health care areas and to physicians leaving the public sector for NGOs, including AIDS-related NGOs. Prevention of HIV infection, retention of patients in chronic care, and retention of physicians in the public sector need urgent attention for effective and sustainable HIV/AIDS and health systems responses in the long term. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | EVALUATION REPORT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PUBLIC HEALTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DECENTRALIZATION | HIV TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | AIDS Document Number: 341678 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of an Internet-based intervention for HIV prevention: the Youthnet trials. Author: Bull S; Pratte K; Whitesell N; Rietmeijer C; McFarlane M Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):474-87. Abstract: Youth use the Internet and computers in unprecedented numbers. We have yet to identify interventions that can reach and retain large numbers of diverse youth online and demonstrate HIV prevention efficacy. We tested a single session condom promotion Internet intervention for 18-24 year olds in two RCTs: one sample recruited online and one recruited in clinics. All study elements were carried out on the Internet. Using repeated measures structural equation models we analyzed change in proportion of sex acts protected by condoms (PPA) over time. Among sexually active youth in the Internet sample, persons exposed to the intervention had very slight increases in condom norms, and this was the only factor impacting PPA. We saw no intervention effects in the clinic sample. Internet-based interventions need to be more intensive to see greater effects. We need to do more to reach high risk youth online and keep their attention for multiple sessions. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RANDOMIZED RESPONSE TECHNIC | RESPONDENTS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | INTERNET | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Questionnaire Design | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Networks | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Education | Educational Activities Document Number: 342107 |
| 9. Title: Conflicting policies in China's fight against HIV/AIDS. Author: Burki T Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb;9(2):84. Abstract: The police and security forces are hampering Chinese efforts to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, according to a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report published on Dec 9. "The government has expanded prevention and treatment programmes for drug users" said Joe Amon, HIV/AIDS programme director at HRW, "but at the same time, police are detaining drug users trying to access these services, and putting drug users in so-called drug rehabilitation centres where they are provided no drug dependency treatment". The report focuses on Guangxi province in southern China, but noted that the issues with which it dealt "stem from national laws and policies". HRW claim that police routinely wait outside methadone clinics and pharmacies to arrest suspected drug users. By placing them in mandatory confinement, the report says, the Chinese authorities were discouraging intravenous drug users from engaging with voluntary drug treatment programmes. HRW commented that the rehabilitation centres-which have a country wide population of over 340 000-"subject drug users to abusive, inhuman, and degrading treatment. They not only fail to provide HIV prevention and treatment to drug users, but facilitate its spread". The report added that HIV-positive detainees do not have their CD4 count monitored. According to official figures, there are roughly 700 000 cases of HIV/AIDS in China, and between 3 and 6 million drug users. Unsafe injection practices are a major source of HIV transmission, accounting for nearly half of new cases. "China has been very open-minded in rolling out drug substitution policies" Joseph Schumacher (University of Alabama, USA) told TLID. Since 2000, over 500 methadone clinics have been established in the country. Several nongovernmental organisations run needle exchange programmes. "More NGOs are opening and making voluntary HIV testing and counselling available", Schumacher pointed out. In China, drug addiction is widely regarded as an offence against society. The rehabilitation centres-some of which are known as "re-education through labour" centres-are emblematic of this. Schumacher suggests adjusting their function. "Instead of using these camps or re-education programmes as punishment", he says "integrate evidence-based therapies into the programmes. Use them more as treatment than as incarceration". In a related story, researchers report that improper care and the overuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs, throughout the country, have propelled Chinese rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis to almost twice the global average. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICE | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330595 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Improvement of the patient flow in a large urban clinic with high HIV seroprevalence in Kampala, Uganda. Author: Castelnuovo B; Babigumira J; Lamorde M; Muwanga A; Kambugu A; Colebunders R Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):123-4. Abstract: Antiretroviral treatment roll-out programmes in Africa often have difficulties to cope with the increasing number of clients. Based on the findings of a survey carried out in 2005 that showed long waiting times, innovative organizational changes (nurse visits and pharmacy-only refill visits) were introduced in our clinic. In August 2007, the survey was repeated to evaluate the impact of these changes. During both surveys we used the same standardized questionnaire. In 2007, 400 patients visited the clinic on the study day compared to 250 in 2005. The median time spent at the clinic decreased from 157 minutes in 2005 (range 22-426) to 124 minutes (15-314). All the waiting times for different services decreased except the time between the visit to the triage nurse and the doctors' visit. A similar methodology could be used by other health services to evaluate and compare different models of care. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | CLINIC VISITS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | TIME FACTORS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | WAITING AREAS AND QUEUES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | HIV | AIDS | Program Sustainability | Population Dynamics | Workplace | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331091 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: A cluster randomized controlled trial of an adolescent HIV prevention program among Bahamian youth: effect at 12 months post-intervention. Author: Chen X; Lunn S; Deveaux L; Li X; Brathwaite N; Cottrell L; Stanton B Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):499-508. Abstract: Behavioral interventions based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) have been demonstrated to reduce HIV risk behavior among mid- and older adolescents in different settings across the globe but have not been evaluated among Caribbean nations and have received limited evaluation among pre-adolescents. To determine (1) the effectiveness among pre-adolescents in The Bahamas of a PMT-based HIV prevention program "Focus on Youth in the Caribbean" (FOYC) and (2) the role of the targeted PMT constructs in intervention effect. 1,360 sixth grade youth (10-11 years of age) from 15 urban schools in New Providence, The Bahamas were randomized by school to receive either FOYC or a control condition. Data collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months post intervention were analyzed. A five-step scheme was used to assess sexual behavior progression, ranging from "1" = "a virgin without intention to have sex" to "5" = "having sex without a condom". Group-based trajectory analysis was utilized in assessing the program effect. Two sexual behavior progression patterns were detected: slow progressors and quick progressors. Receiving FOYC reduced the likelihood for adolescents to become quick progressors (adjusted OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-1.00). The observed effectiveness was especially impacted by a subset of the targeted PMT constructs. FOYC effectively delays sexual risk among Bahamian pre-adolescents. The group-based trajectory analysis provides an analytical approach for assessing interventions among adolescents with low rates and diverse progression patterns of sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PRE-POST TESTS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Americas | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Behavior Document Number: 342104 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention and acceptance of HIV testing among residents in Likoma Island, northern Malawi. Author: Chiang HC; Yu KL; Yap SF; Goh KK; Mo MH; Yang TW; Ngo YG; Hsu SJ; Wu YC; Lai CS; Ko YC; Chang PY Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jul 21; Abstract: To evaluate the awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention education, and the acceptance of HIV testing among residents on Likoma Island, Malawi, a cross-sectional, population-based study of 579 residents aged >/=15 years from seven villages on Likoma Island was conducted during July and August 2007. Most of the subjects studied could correctly answer questions about their awareness of AIDS and knowledge of the ways to reduce HIV transmission. Moreover, the proportion of respondents (65.8%) who possessed complete knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention was greater than the national average. By contrast, condom utilization was slightly lower. Our results also showed that a high proportion of respondents (70.3%) had been HIV tested at any time, 93.5% of them voluntarily. Among correlated factors, females [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.7, 95% CI 1.1-1.6] and polygamous individuals (AOR=3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.0) were more likely to receive an HIV test. Past experience of being HIV tested was a strong predictor of possessing good knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS prevention. We conclude that antiretroviral treatment provided by Likoma District Hospital has led to the successful scale-up of HIV testing in Likoma Island and consequently improved the awareness of HIV/AIDS. However, the use of condoms remains largely unsupported, and there is therefore still a need to intensify general HIV/AIDS education on the island. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | AWARENESS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 342226 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Achieving the health Millennium Development Goals for South Africa: challenges and priorities. Author: Chopra M; Lawn JE; Sanders D; Barron P; Abdool Karim SS; Bradshaw D; Jewkes R; Abdool Karim Q; Flisher AJ; Mayosi BM; Tollman SM; Churchyard GJ; Coovadia H Author: Lancet South Africa team Source: Lancet. 2009 Sep 19;374(9694):1023-31. Abstract: 15 years after liberation from apartheid, South Africans are facing new challenges for which the highest calibre of leadership, vision, and commitment is needed. The effect of the unprecedented HIV/AIDS epidemic has been immense. Substantial increases in mortality and morbidity are threatening to overwhelm the health system and undermine the potential of South Africa to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However The Lancet's Series on South Africa has identified several examples of leadership and innovation that point towards a different future scenario. We discuss the type of vision, leadership, and priority actions needed to achieve such a change. We still have time to change the health trajectory of the country, and even meet the MDGs. The South African Government, installed in April, 2009, has the mandate and potential to address the public health emergencies facing the country--will they do so or will another opportunity and many more lives be lost? Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POLITICAL FACTORS | LEADERSHIP | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH SERVICES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Planning | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs Document Number: 342958 |
| 14. Title: Measuring progress towards millennium development goals by province in populous countries [editorial] Author: Clements AJ; Clements CJ Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Feb;27(1):1-3. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | AIDS PREVENTION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | FOOD SECURITY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 331130 |
| 15. Title: Money into health. Author: Eichler R; Levine R Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls, [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :3-9. Abstract: This book addresses one set of approaches to using money and other material goods to affect the actions of those who are delivering and receiving health services. More specifically, it is about how to use particular types of incentives -- those that reward or penalize specific types of results -- to motivate health-related behaviors. Performance incentives are defined as the transfer of money or material goods conditional on taking a measurable action or achieving a predetermined performance target. In the conceptualization we use, performance incentives include those that operate at the level of the health facilities (or networks of facilities), the individual provider, the household decisionmakers, and the patients. In other words, we look at incentives on both the demand and the supply sides, at both individual and collective levels. In our framework, we do not include the conditional payments that donor agencies offer to national governments, such as additional grant monies if and when particularpolicy decisions are made. We look solely at the interface between provider and patient. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALARIA PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Economic Factors | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331460 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Challenge and co-operation: civil society activism for access to HIV treatment in Thailand. Author: Ford N; Wilson D; Cawthorne P; Kumphitak A; Kasi-Sedapan S; Kaetkaew S; Teemanka S; Donmon B; Preuanbuapan C Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Mar;14(3):258-66. Abstract: Civil society has been a driving force behind efforts to increase access to treatment in Thailand. A focus on HIV medicines brought civil society and non-governmental and government actors together to fight for a single cause, creating a platform for joint action on practical issues to improve care for people with HIV/AIDS (PHA) within the public health system. The Thai Network of People with HIV/AIDS, in partnership with other actors, has provided concrete support for patients and for the health system as a whole; its efforts have contributed significantly to the availability of affordable generic medicines, early treatment for opportunistic infections, and an informed and responsible approach towards antiretroviral treatment that is critical to good adherence and treatment success. This change in perception of PHA from 'passive receiver' to 'co-provider' of health care has led to improved acceptance and support within the healthcare system. Today, most PHA in Thailand can access treatment, and efforts have shifted to supporting care for excluded populations. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ADVOCACY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USER COMPLIANCE | PERCEPTION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Health | HIV | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Decision Making Document Number: 330957 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Successful integration of tuberculosis and HIV treatment in rural South Africa: the Sizonq'oba study. Author: Gandhi NR; Moll AP; Lalloo U; Pawinski R; Zeller K; Moodley P; Meyer E; Friedland G Author: Tugela Ferry Care and Research (TFCaRes) Collaboration Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jan 1;50(1):37-43. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among HIV-infected patients worldwide. In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 80% of TB patients are HIV coinfected, with high treatment default and mortality rates. Integrating TB and HIV care may be an effective strategy for improving outcomes for both diseases. METHODS: Prospective operational research study treating TB/HIV-coinfected patients in rural KwaZulu-Natal with once-daily antiretroviral (ARV) therapy concurrently with TB therapy by home-based, modified directly observed therapy. Patients were followed for 12 months after ARV initiation. RESULTS: Of 119 TB/HIV-coinfected patients enrolled, 67 (56%) were female, mean age was 34.0 years, and median CD4 count was 78.5 cells per cubic millimeter. After 12 months on ARVs, mean CD4 count increase was 211 cells per cubic millimeter, and 88% had an undetectable viral load; 84% completed TB treatment. Thirteen patients (11%) died; 10 (77%) with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant TB. There were few severe adverse events or immune reconstitution events. Adherence was high with 93% of study visits attended and 99% of ARV doses taken. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of TB and HIV treatment in a rural setting using concurrent home-based therapy resulted in excellent adherence and TB and HIV outcomes. This model may result in successful management of both diseases in other rural resource-poor settings. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | EVALUATION REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RURAL POPULATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | TUBERCULOSIS | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | COMPLICATIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HOME VISITS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Communication Document Number: 330981 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects through 24 months of an HIV/AIDS prevention intervention program based on protection motivation theory among preadolescents in the Bahamas. Author: Gong J; Stanton B; Lunn S; Deveaux L; Li X; Marshall S; Brathwaite NV; Cottrell L; Harris C; Chen X Source: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):e917-28. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to report the intervention effects of Focus on Youth in the Caribbean (youth HIV intervention), an HIV prevention intervention based on protection motivation theory, through 24 months of follow-up on sexual risk and protection knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and behavior among Bahamian sixth-grade youth. METHODS: We randomly assigned 1360 sixth-grade youth (and their parents) attending 15 government elementary schools in the Bahamas to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) youth HIV intervention plus a parental monitoring/communication/HIV education intervention; (2) youth HIV intervention plus a parental goal-setting intervention; or (3) an environmental protection intervention plus the parental goal-setting intervention. Baseline and 4 follow-up surveys at 6-month intervals were conducted. Intervention effects were assessed using the mixed model for continuous outcome variables and the generalized linear mixed model for dichotomous outcome variables. RESULTS: Through 24 months of follow-up, youth HIV intervention, in combination with the parent interventions, significantly increased youths' HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions of their ability to use condoms, perception of the effectiveness of condoms and abstinence, and condom use intention and significantly lowered perceived costs to remaining abstinent. There was a trend for higher condom use among youth in the Focus on Youth in the Caribbean groups at each follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, in combination with 1 of 2 parent interventions administered to preadolescents and their parents in the Bahamas, resulted in and sustained protective changes on HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual perceptions, and condom use intention. Although rates of sexual experience remained low, the consistent trend at all of the follow-up periods for higher condom use among youth who received youth intervention reached marginal significance at 24 months. Additional follow-up is necessary to determine whether the apparent protective effect is statistically significant as more youth initiate sex and whether it endures over time. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341344 |
| 19. Title: Appreciative inquiry into lifeskills-based HIV/AIDS education in South African schools. Author: Govender S; Edwards S Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):115-121. Abstract: With a steady rise in the prevalence of HIV and AIDS throughout the world it has become vital for programme implementers at all levels to ensure that all HIV intervention programmes are effectively put into practice. The present research used qualitative and quantitative data to evaluate the lifeskills-based HIV/AIDS education programme being implemented in primary and secondary schools in South Africa, with special reference to KwaZulu-Natal. A qualitative questionnaire gathered information from nine respondents at three levels: Department of Education district officials, educators and learners. Six key themes were consequently identified to guide the evaluation: communication, empowerment, resources, networking, motivation, and evaluation and feedback. A quantitative questionnaire completed by 30 educators revealed an overall positive attitude towards the programme, regardless of the educator's gender, age or level of formal education. The results are discussed with special reference to continuation and improvement of the lifeskills-based HIV/AIDS education programme. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | SCHOOLS | COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341293 |
| 20. Title: Technological profile assessment of voluntary HIV counseling and testing centers in Brazil. Author: Grangeiro A; Escuder MM; Wolffenbuttel K; Pupo LR; Nemes MI; Monteiro PH Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;43(3):427-36. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize and analyze technological profiles of voluntary HIV counseling and testing centers in Brazil. METHODS: A structured self-completion questionnaire with 78 questions was used. This questionnaire was answered by 320 (83.6%) of the 383 Brazilian centers, in 2006. Responses that characterized the services' technological profile were analyzed using K-means clustering technique. Associations between the profiles described and the municipal contexts were analyzed using the chi-square and residue analysis for proportions, and ANOVA and Bonferroni for means. RESULTS: Centers showed significant deficiencies to guarantee adequate services. A total of four technological profiles were identified. The 'care' profile (21.6%) predominated among the services instituted before 1993, in areas with high AIDS incidence and in large cities. The 'prevention' profile (30.0%), prevalent between 1994 and 1998, was the type that best complies with the Ministry of Health's norms, with better readiness and productivity indicators. The 'care and prevention' profile (26.9%), included in the AIDS services, predominated between 1999 and 2002, and developed the most comprehensive set of activities, including STD treatment. The 'testing' profile (21.6%) was the most precarious, found where the epidemic is most recent and with a lower number of people tested. CONCLUSIONS: Counseling and testing centers constitute a set of heterogeneous services. In addition, service implementation guidelines have not been completely incorporated in Brazil, thus having and influence on low resolution and productivity indicators and also the inadequate development of prevention activities. Language: EnglishPortuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 342658 |
| 21. Title: Evaluating the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: time to scale it up [editorial] Author: Gross R; Bisson G Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009 May 19;150(10):727-8. Abstract: This editorial examines the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and measures the effects of the program by comparing trends in AIDS-related death rates and HIV prevalence rates. It also discusses PEPFAR's achievement of some of its goals but will have to meet a higher standard and document impact by gathering credible evidence in the future and note which aspects of the program are working and which are not. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341603 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Interaction of contraceptive antimicrobial peptide nisin with target cell membranes: implications for use as vaginal microbicide. Author: Gupta SM; Aranha CC; Bellare JR; Reddy KV Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):299-307. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nisin, a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is currently the focus of clinical trials as an intravaginal microbicide. Therefore its mechanism of interaction with various cell membranes was studied. STUDY DESIGN: Flow cytometry was used for quantitative estimation of membrane damage by nisin which was further determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Affinity of nisin for different unilamellar liposome vesicles was determined spectroflurometrically and confirmed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). RESULTS: Propidium iodide (PI) staining by flow cytometry exhibited selective membrane permeabilizing effect of nisin on sperm and bacterial membranes which correlated with ultrastructural changes. In vitro interaction of nisin with liposome model vesicles revealed significant leakage of calcein from liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol (POPC/POPG) (e.g., bacteria) and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (POPC/POPS) (e.g., spermatozoa) as compared to phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (POPC/POPE) vesicles (e.g., red blood corpuscles). LSCM results were in complete agreement with cell membrane affinity studies. CONCLUSION: This unique property of nisin can be exploited in the development of a safe and effective vaginal microbicide for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STIs/AIDS) and unplanned pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOZOA | IN VITRO | MICROBICIDES | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342572 |
| 23. Title: HIV behavioural surveillance among refugees and surrounding host communities in Uganda, 2006. Author: Harrison KM; Claass J; Spiegel PB; Bamuturaki J; Patterson N; Muyonga M; Tatwebwa L Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):29-41. Abstract: We used a standardised behavioural surveillance survey (BSS), modified to be directly relevant to populations in conflict and post-conflict settings as well as to their surrounding host populations, to survey the populations of a refugee settlement in south-western Uganda and its surrounding area. Two-stage probability sampling was used to conduct 800 interviews in each population. The BSS questionnaire adapted for displaced populations was administered to adults aged 15-59 years. It collected information on HIV knowledge, attitudes and practices; issues before, during and after displacement; level of interaction and sexual exploitation among the refugees and host communities (i.e., nationals). Population parameters were compared and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for core HIV indicators. The demographic characteristics were similar (except for educational achievement), and HIV awareness was very high (>95%) in both populations. The refugees reported more-accepting attitudes towards persons with HIV than did nationals (19% versus 13%; p < 0.01). More refugees than nationals reported ever having had transactional sex (10% versus 6%; p < 0.01), which mostly occurred post-displacement. Five percent of females among both the refugees and nationals reported experiencing forced sex, which mostly occurred post-displacement and after the arrival of refugees, respectively. Nationals reported more frequent travel to refugee settlements than reported by refugees to national villages (22% versus 11%; p < 0.01). The high mobility and frequent interactions of these two populations suggest that integrated HIV programmes should be developed and would be an efficient use of resources. Evidence suggesting that female refugees may be at elevated risk for HIV infection, due to forced sex, transactional sex and other vulnerabilities, warrants further examination through qualitative research. The findings indicate a need for additional, focused HIV-prevention programmes, such as youth education, for both refugees and Ugandan nationals. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | REFUGEE CAMPS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | REFUGEES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341285 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Milking the cow: young women's construction of identity and risk in age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo, Mozambique. Author: Hawkins K; Price N; Mussa F Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar;4(2):169-82. Abstract: This study employed peer ethnography to explore young women's construction of social identity and risk within age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo, Mozambique. Peer ethnography is a rapid approach based upon training members of the target group to carry out in-depth qualitative interviews with their peers. The study highlighted young women's perception of agency and power in these relationships. Through a strategy of using their sexuality to extract financial and material resources from men, young women construct a positive identity and esteem linked to perceptions of modernity and consumption and their ability to access consumer goods. Current behavior change HIV prevention messages have little meaning in relation to young women's perceived goals, in a context in which conditions offer few opportunities and limited hope for a secure economic future. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | YOUTH | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | POWER | RISK BEHAVIOR | INTERVIEWS | GENDER RELATIONS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Gender Issues Document Number: 341396 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Enhancing HIV prevention requires addressing the complex relationship between prevention and treatment. Author: Henderson K; Worth H; Aggleton P; Kippax S Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(2):117-30. Abstract: Globally each year, HIV continues to infect millions of people, and the number of people living with HIV and AIDS grows. While there has been an increase in funding for HIV and AIDS, there is a growing gap between the funds available and the funds needed for both prevention and treatment. Yet, one of the means of closing that gap - preventing new infections - has slipped down the agenda. In arguing for a significant intensification of the HIV prevention response, and the relevance of a strong social stance within this response, this paper addresses the need to manage finding a balance between prevention and treatment and care. Not only is there not enough being spent on HIV prevention, but also in some instances, the prevention agenda has been hijacked by those who favour morally conservative, but ineffective, HIV prevention strategies. We argue that effective prevention needs to be firmly located within the everyday realities affecting communities and societies, and needs to focus on what is known to work. In particular, we need to move beyond a public health underpinned by neo-liberal notions of agency and individual responsibility to a public health that recognises the collective nature of epidemics, and works with communities and networks to transform social relations. This latter, more 'social' public health, is concerned with the social, political and economic factors that produce HIV risk and responses to it. Contrary to what some might suggest, HIV prevention has not failed, rather, governments and donors have failed HIV prevention. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | FUNDS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PUBLIC HEALTH | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | HIV Document Number: 341398 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS behavioral interventions in China: a literature review and recommendation for future research. Author: Hong Y; Li X Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):603-13. Abstract: In the past two decades, China has witnessed an alarming increase of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Meanwhile, a number of HIV prevention interventions have been conducted. This study reviews existing studies in literature on behavioral interventions on HIV/AIDS in China. Of 25 studies we identified, most have been concentrated in South and South-West China, mainly targeting injection drug users and female sex workers. The most commonly used intervention strategy was individual-oriented HIV-related knowledge education and behavioral skill training. All studies reported positive intervention effects including improved HIV-related knowledge, increased condom use, reduced needle sharing, and reduced STI. Literature also suggests a lack of intervention among other at-risk populations such as MSM, migrant workers, and non-injecting drug users, lack of studies with rigorous evaluation design, inadequate follow-up, limited outcome measurement, and lack of multi-faceted structural interventions. The existing intervention studies document strong evidence of controlling HIV/AIDS epidemic through effective behavioral intervention. More efforts are needed to control the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Future studies need to employ more rigorous methodology and incorporate environmental or structural factors for different populations at risk of HIV infection in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | EPIDEMICS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342110 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: A public policy approach to local models of HIV/AIDS control in Brazil. Author: Le Loup G; de Assis A; Costa-Couto MH; Thoenig JC; Fleury S; de Camargo K Jr; Larouze B Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jun;99(6):1108-15. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated involvement and cooperation patterns of local Brazilian AIDS program actors and the consequences of these patterns for program implementation and sustainability. METHODS: We performed a public policy analysis (documentary analysis, direct observation, semistructured interviews of health service and nongovernmental organization [NGO] actors) in 5 towns in 2 states, Sao Paulo and Para. RESULTS: Patterns suggested 3 models. In model 1, local government, NGOs, and primary health care services were involved in AIDS programs with satisfactory response to new epidemiological trends but a risk that HIV/AIDS would become low priority. In model 2, mainly because of NGO activism, HIV/AIDS remained an exceptional issue, with limited responses to new epidemiological trends and program sustainability undermined by political instability. In model 3, involvement of public agencies and NGOs was limited, with inadequate response to epidemiological trends and poor mobilization threatening program sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: Within a common national AIDS policy framework, the degree of involvement and cooperation between public and NGO actors deeply impacts population coverage and program sustainability. Specific processes are required to maintain actor mobilization without isolating AIDS programs. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | DECENTRALIZATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | COORDINATION | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341684 |
| 28. Title: Curricula review of emergency plan centrally-funded HIV prevention programs for youth. Author: Lopez C; Speizer I Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 May. 32 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series No. WP-09-112USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: This paper reports on an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of curricula used by centrally-funded President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief programs that focus on abstinence and be faithful messages for youth. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | AIDS PREVENTION | CURRICULUM | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331373 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: The burden of non-communicable diseases in South Africa. Author: Mayosi BM; Flisher AJ; Lalloo UG; Sitas F; Tollman SM; Bradshaw D Source: Lancet. 2009 Sep 12;374(9693):934-47. Abstract: 15 years after its first democratic election, South Africa is in the midst of a profound health transition that is characterised by a quadruple burden of communicable, non-communicable, perinatal and maternal, and injury-related disorders. Non-communicable diseases are emerging in both rural and urban areas, most prominently in poor people living in urban settings, and are resulting in increasing pressure on acute and chronic health-care services. Major factors include demographic change leading to a rise in the proportion of people older than 60 years, despite the negative effect of HIV/AIDS on life expectancy. The burden of these diseases will probably increase as the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy takes effect and reduces mortality from HIV/AIDS. The scale of the challenge posed by the combined and growing burden of HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases demands an extraordinary response that South Africa is well able to provide. Concerted action is needed to strengthen the district-based primary health-care system, to integrate the care of chronic diseases and management of risk factors, to develop a national surveillance system, and to apply interventions of proven cost-effectiveness in the primary and secondary prevention of such diseases within populations and health services. We urge the launching of a national initiative to establish sites of service excellence in urban and rural settings throughout South Africa to trial, assess, and implement integrated care interventions for chronic infectious and non-communicable diseases. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | DISEASES | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | AIDS Document Number: 342869 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking Africa: a review of the recent literature in the social sciences and health. Author: Monteiro S Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):680-6. Abstract: The article reviews academic literature in the social sciences and health on the problems and challenges of STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking African countries. Based on a bibliographic survey of the SciELO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts databases between 1997 and 2007, the research under review was organized into two groups, according to content. The first group of studies sought to understand STD/AIDS vulnerability among social groups by examining local cultural and socioeconomic factors as related to gender dynamics, sexuality, color/race, religion and health care. The second group encompassed critical assessments of shortcomings in the STD/AIDS educational messages delivered by governments and international agencies. Attention is called to the way in which the presence of traditional medicine systems and the occurrence of civil wars in the post-colonial period impact the STD/AIDS epidemic in the African countries under study. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | ANGOLA | GUINEA-BISSAU | CAPE VERDE | SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEXUALITY | ETHNIC GROUPS | RELIGION | HEALTH SERVICES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | GENDER RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa, Western | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Gender Issues Document Number: 342665 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |