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Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

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Title: HIV testing among adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: how individual, relational, and environmental factors relate to demand.
Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Aug;21(4):314-24.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey among randomly selected 16- to 19-year-olds in Ndola, Zambia, covered individual (e.g., HIV knowledge), environmental (e.g., distance), and relational factors (e.g., discussed voluntary counseling and testing [VCT] with family) that relate to demand for HIV testing. Multivariate regression analysis compared 98 respondents who planned to test for HIV within the year with 341 respondents who did not. Discussing HIV testing with family members was strongly associated with planning to test. Discussions with sex partners and friends about VCT were also associated with HIV testing plans. Significant individual factors were having ever had sex and HIV risk perception. Relational and individual factors strongly correlated with VCT demand, supporting the need to examine these factors when implementing and evaluating adolescent VCT strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | IMPLEMENTATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342726

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects through 24 months of an HIV/AIDS prevention intervention program based on protection motivation theory among preadolescents in the Bahamas.
Author: Gong J; Stanton B; Lunn S; Deveaux L; Li X; Marshall S; Brathwaite NV; Cottrell L; Harris C; Chen X
Source: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):e917-28.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to report the intervention effects of Focus on Youth in the Caribbean (youth HIV intervention), an HIV prevention intervention based on protection motivation theory, through 24 months of follow-up on sexual risk and protection knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and behavior among Bahamian sixth-grade youth. METHODS: We randomly assigned 1360 sixth-grade youth (and their parents) attending 15 government elementary schools in the Bahamas to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) youth HIV intervention plus a parental monitoring/communication/HIV education intervention; (2) youth HIV intervention plus a parental goal-setting intervention; or (3) an environmental protection intervention plus the parental goal-setting intervention. Baseline and 4 follow-up surveys at 6-month intervals were conducted. Intervention effects were assessed using the mixed model for continuous outcome variables and the generalized linear mixed model for dichotomous outcome variables. RESULTS: Through 24 months of follow-up, youth HIV intervention, in combination with the parent interventions, significantly increased youths' HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions of their ability to use condoms, perception of the effectiveness of condoms and abstinence, and condom use intention and significantly lowered perceived costs to remaining abstinent. There was a trend for higher condom use among youth in the Focus on Youth in the Caribbean groups at each follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, in combination with 1 of 2 parent interventions administered to preadolescents and their parents in the Bahamas, resulted in and sustained protective changes on HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual perceptions, and condom use intention. Although rates of sexual experience remained low, the consistent trend at all of the follow-up periods for higher condom use among youth who received youth intervention reached marginal significance at 24 months. Additional follow-up is necessary to determine whether the apparent protective effect is statistically significant as more youth initiate sex and whether it endures over time.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341344

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with HIV testing among sexually active South African youth aged 15-24 years.
Author: MacPhail C; Pettifor A; Moyo W; Rees H
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):456-467.
Abstract: The authors explored the correlates of HIV testing using data from youth aged 15-24 years old who reported being sexually experienced during a national survey conducted in South Africa in 2003 (N=7,665). Among sexually experienced youth, 32.7% of females and 17.7% of males reported having been tested for HIV. In multivariable analysis, ever being pregnant, ever starting a conversation about HIV/AIDS, and urban residence were independent correlates of HIV testing among sexually experienced females. Among sexually experienced males, HIV-positive status, personally knowing someone that died of AIDS, being aged 20-24 years, and having completed high school were independent correlates of HIV testing. The following factors were significantly associated with HIV testing among both men and women: ever talking to parents about HIV/AIDS, ever participating in a loveLife program, a higher frequency of visits to a clinic in the past 12 months, and non-black race (p<0.05).
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340179

Title: Facilitating health-enabling social contexts for youth: qualitative evaluation of a family-based HIV-prevention pilot programme.
Author: Paruk Z; Petersen I; Bhana A
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):61-68.
Abstract: This paper reports on a post-intervention qualitative evaluation of the pilot intervention of the AmaQhawe Family Project, in South Africa, which is a cartoon-based, manualised intervention delivered to multiple family groups over 10 sessions, aimed at preventing HIV in adolescents through strengthening the adult protective shield. Semi-structured interviews with nine women who had participated in the pilot intervention were used to understand participants' perceptions of how the family-based HIV-prevention programme had assisted in addressing the issues identified in a pre-intervention exploratory study. Analysis of the data was informed by community health psychology and social capital theory. The findings indicate that at an individual level, the women interviewed had experienced an improved sense of empowerment, both as parents and as women. They also reported increased social support for effective parenting. At a collective level, the women reported that the programme had helped them to exert better informal social controls within the community, as well as to increase their social leverage and participation in community organisations. The findings suggest that HIV interventions involving families can strengthen the adult protective shield to facilitate health-enabling social contexts for youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | PILOT PROJECTS | PARENTS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMIC BOOKS | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Child Rearing | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Data Collection
Document Number: 341288

Title: Socio-demographic analysis of youth in the Caribbean: a three country case study.
Author: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC]
Source: Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC], 2008 Nov. 20 p.
Abstract: The study provides an analysis of 2000 census data from Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and Saint Lucia, with a focus on children, youth, and young families. Special attention is given to the description of their living arrangements and household composition, religion, health, well-being, migration, education and profession, economic activities, civil status, and reproductive patterns.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MIGRATION | HEALTH | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339991

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Title: Training guide for HIV Counseling and Testing for Youth: a Manual for Providers.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]; International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF]. Western Hemisphere Region [WHR]; Population Services International [PSI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. 140 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: This guide was developed to train providers to use HIV Counseling and Testing for Youth: A Manual for Providers. The training guide emphasizes an integrated approach to counseling youth during HIV testing. It features interactive exercises, participant practice sessions, PowerPoint slides, and other training tools. Among topics covered are an introduction to integrated counseling and testing services, clinical and nonclinical models of counseling and testing, major steps in providing integrated counseling and testing, an overview of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy prevention methods, social marketing, and community support for integrated youth services.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | COUNSELORS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | WORKSHOPS | ROLE PLAYING | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SEXUALITY | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331692

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Title: Promoting adolescent friendly reproductive and sexual health services.
Author: Agarwal RK
Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;45(11):881-2.
Abstract: In the National Rural Health Mission, a national strategy for Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) has been approved as part of Reproductive and Child Health Program Phase II (RCH II). This strategy should address the sexual and reproductive health needs of 230 million adolescents (10-19 years) in India. The strategy highlights the need to generate awareness, create an enabling and supportive social environment for improving the health seeking behavior of adolescents and also to build the capacity of the health system and service providers for ensuring effective delivery mechanisms and quality of services. Addressing adolescent health, especially, sexual and reproductive health issues would contribute to reduction of TFR, MMR and IMR in the country and thus contribute in achieving the national RCH targets. States have responded by including components of ARSH in the State Program Implementation Plans. The main focus is on training, orientation workshops, providing information and counseling services in selected districts and health facilities. Varied approaches like strengthening of school health services, peer led approach have been proposed by some States for mobilizing youth for optimal utilization of services and improving their health seeking behavior. However, efforts to create and sustain demand for adolescent health services are not adequately reflected in the Program Implementation Plans (PIPs). The author suggests several ways in which health care professionals across the country can provide impetus to friendly services for adolescent sexual reproductive health.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PROMOTION | IMPLEMENTATION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330750

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Title: Youth and injecting drug users. Most injecting drug users start the practice before age 25, yet few HIV prevention programs targeting injecting drug use focus on youth.
Author: Dallao M
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2008 Jun. 4 p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 26)
Abstract: A recent World Health Organization (WHO) analysis of HIV prevention programs among youth found few programs focusing on young injecting drug users (IDUs). A review of current intervention projects among IDUs also found few that targeted youth - either to prevent the initiation of injecting (primary prevention) or to reduce risks of HIV associated with injecting drugs (i.e., harm reduction). Yet, sobering statistics indicate the importance of reaching youth before they start injecting or using drugs that lead to injecting, and if they have started, finding ways to relate harm reduction strategies to youth circumstances. Outside of sub-Saharan Africa, injecting drug use (IDU) accounts for one in three new cases of HIV. In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, some 80 percent of all new HIV infections come from IDU, with high rates also reported throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Youth under age 25 make up about seven of every 10 injecting drug users in Russia, Central Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe, with youth also a high percentage in Bangladesh and Indonesia. IDU is also surfacing as a problem in Africa. A 2005 study among 51 youth injecting heroin in the capital of Tanzania found that a central reason was the "growing importance of youth culture." Of the estimated 13 million people injecting drugs worldwide, about three to four million live with HIV. Those who inject drugs contract HIV by sharing contaminated injecting equipment and drug preparations, as well as through sexual intercourse. In 2008, the United Nations found rates of HIV infection among IDUs ranging from 31 percent to 61 percent in Vietnam, Ukraine, Thailand, Nepal, Belarus, Brazil, and Indonesia. This brief discusses youth's vulnerability to drug use along with primary prevention and harm reduction programs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | YOUTH | YOUTH PROGRAMS | IV DRUG USERS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior
Document Number: 328072

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Title: Multisectoral youth RH interventions: The scale-up process in Kenya and Senegal.
Author: Joyce S; Askew I; Diagne AF; Diop N; Evelia H
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health Program, 2008 Oct. 15 p. (FRONTIERS Program Brief No. 13USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00)
Abstract: Beginning in 1999, the Population Council's Frontiers in Reproductive Health Program (FRONTIERS) conducted operations research (OR) studies that tested the feasibility, acceptability, and cost of a public-sector, multisectoral intervention to enhance young people's reproductive health knowledge and behavior. Study findings showed improvement in young people's reproductive health behavior and knowledge, successful engagement of government ministries, and increased understanding of the reproductive health needs among communities. Communities and the participating ministries in both Kenya and Senegal expressed interest in incorporating elements from these interventions into their routine operations. FRONTIERS and its local partners launched follow-on projects in both countries to adapt, expand, institutionalize, and scale up the activities. This Program Brief describes the processes involved in institutionalizing and scaling up the multisectoral interventions. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Education | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331365

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Title: Family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Indian married youth: Preliminary findings from a household survey in Lucknow and Kanpur Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.
Author: Kohler-Banke K; Yam E; O'Sullivan G
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One], 2008. 10 p. (Country Research BriefUSAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00)
Abstract: In October 2007, with funding and support from USAID/India, PSPOne launched a Youth Friendly Initiative (YFI) in Lucknow, India known as "Saathiya", or "trusted partner" in Hindi. The Saathiya campaign includes messages and materials disseminated to young, low-income, married couples through channels such as billboards, radio, community theater and a helpline. The Saathiya Campaign aims to motivate young, married couples to seek family planning (FP) information and products at medical shops, through Indigenous Systems of Medical Providers (ISMPs), and from physicians such as obstetrician-gynecologists (OB/ GYNs) and family doctors. Through Saathiya these providers have been trained to strengthen their capacity to provide youth with high quality FP information and counseling, along with products, in an environment conducive to these interactions. USAID's Global Leadership Program for Youth provided funding to conduct a baseline survey on young Indian married couples' FP knowledge, attitudes, and practices to (1) inform program development by better understanding the existing situation and needs of married youth in Lucknow, and (2) serve as a baseline against which to compare changes over time and evaluate elements of the program, with a follow-on survey planned for early 2009. In order to assess the impact of the YFI in Lucknow, the same survey will also be conducted among a comparison group of married youth in the city of Kanpur Nagar, in which no intervention is taking place. This report presents a preliminary analysis of the baseline data collected in both cities in summer 2007. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | MARRIAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | USAID | PROGRAM EVALUATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 323733

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Title: Reducing adolescent girls' vulnerability to HIV infection: Examining microfinance and sustainable livelihood approaches. A literature and program review.
Author: Lukas T
Source: Washington, D.C., Constella Futures, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Jul. [60] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: Increasing women's access to income and productive resources is one of the five priority gender strategies of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Emergency Plan) (PL 108-25). In late 2007, the Gender Technical Working Group (GTWG) of the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator met with staff of the USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, to discuss ways to advance this strategy in Emergency Plan country programs in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the GTWG's wanted to examine the applicability of microfinance programs in preventing HIV infection among adolescent girls, ages 10-19 years old. The discussions resulted in a scope of work that included the following deliverables: (1) a literature and program review of microfinance programs and an assessment of their contribution to reducing adolescent girls' susceptibility to HIV infection; (2) based on the review findings, the development of a framework or informal reference tool to assist U.S. government (USG) country teams with identifying what kind of USG investment is warranted in microfinance projects and related economic strengthening efforts-to help prevent HIV infection within the target group; (3) a pilot assessment of the framework with implementing partners in two African countries; and (4) a final framework or tool for use by all USG country teams and implementing partners, as warranted. Part 1 of this literature and program review focuses on youth-centered programs to prevent HIV infection among vulnerable female adolescents-including microfinance (MF) and sustainable livelihood programs. Part 2 analyzes the relationship between microfinance and HIV prevention in the general population, with a focus on women and the oldest adolescents in the target group. Adapting the traditional microfinance model to meet the needs of this sub-group could prove to benefit not only these adolescents but also the microfinance industry. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PROGRESS REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HIV PREVENTION | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | Africa | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 327996

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Title: Addressing the needs of young adolescents. Although programs are beginning to pay attention to the needs of young adolescents, more evaluations of these efforts are needed.
Author: Parket C; Finger W
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2008 Jun. 4 p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 27)
Abstract: Most research and interventions addressing youth reproductive health (RH) and HIV issues have focused on older adolescents (ages 15 to 19) or young adults (ages 20 to 24). Recently, a growing number of projects are focusing on the needs of young adolescents (ages 10 to 14). Few of these projects have been evaluated, however, and more rigorous research is needed to identify the most promising aspects of the new projects for replication and expansion. Worldwide, nearly 10 percent of people are ages 10 to 14, and in developing countries, the percentage is often higher (e.g., Uganda, 16 percent). Early adolescence marks a critical time of physical, developmental, and social changes. Interventions during early adolescence may be more effective in shaping healthy attitudes and behaviors than in late adolescence, when attitudes and behaviors are more established. Young adolescents are also more likely to still be in school and less likely to have begun sexual activity. This brief discusses the important reproductive health risks facing young adolescents along with community-based approaches and school-based efforts. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Primary Health Care
Document Number: 328073

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Title: Impact of youth peer education programs: Final results from an FHI / YouthNet study in Zambia.
Author: Svenson G; Burke H; Johnson L
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], YouthNet, 2008. 55 p. (Youth Research Working Paper No. 9FHI Working Paper Series No. WP08-02USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPH-A-00-01-00013-00USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: Youth peer education (YPE) is a widely used approach for promoting sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and preventing HIV. This study sought to determine the effect of YPE programs on SRH behaviors among youth. Phase 1 of this study focused on identifying core components of YPE programs. In Phase 1, conducted March 2003 - December 2004, four successful YPE programs in Zambia and the Dominican Republic were followed, using a descriptive, process evaluation approach. Phase 1 identified core elements believed to be important for sustainability and peer educator retention. Phase 2 focused on programs in Zambia and was designed to assess the interrelationships among program inputs, outputs, exposure and outcomes. Phase 2 was conducted February 2005 - August 2006 and sought to link the quality of YPE programming to SRH behaviors. In conclusion, this study found a chain of associations indicating that YPE in Zambia promotes HIV prevention behaviors. Overall, a significant number of young people in Zambia were exposed to YPE. Exposure to YPE programs was associated with some SRH risk-reduction behaviors, appropriate referrals, and use of SRH services by highly vulnerable youth. The core components of YPE programming, as measured by eight checklists, appear to be equally important in terms of program quality � useful information when designing and implementing effective YPE programs. The higher quality YPE programs were clearly making a difference for Zambian youth. The remaining challenge is to raise the standards of all YPE programs so that they all make a difference in the lives of vulnerable youth. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | EVALUATION REPORT | SURVEYS | PEER EDUCATORS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | COUNSELING | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Program Evaluation | Program Activities | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331613

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Title: Peer education: a viable approach for reaching youth.
Author: Truong J
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health [INFO], 2008 May 27. [2] p. (Global Health Technical BriefsUSAID Grant No. GPH-A-00-02-00003-00)
Abstract: Peer education is a strategy, tool, or communication channel used by people who share similar ages, backgrounds, and interests, to communicate messages. While it can be used for a variety of age groups and populations for various goals, peer education has been widely used as one approach in behavior change communication components of pregnancy, STI, and HIV prevention programs for youth worldwide. Youth peer education programs educate and train motivated young people about reproductive health and HIV issues to become "peer educators" so that they are able to communicate these messages to their peers. Such programs sometimes occur in conjunction with other approaches such as mass media campaigns, youth-friendly services, and school-based programs. The overall objective is to help youth develop the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and skills required to engage in healthy behaviors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
TECHNICAL REPORT | PEER EDUCATORS | RECOMMENDATIONS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | CRITIQUE | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327612

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Title: Scaling up: a technical paper on the AYA experience.
Author: African Youth Alliance
Source: New York, New York, African Youth Alliance, [2007]. 13 p. (AYA Technical Paper)
Abstract: The African Youth Alliance (AYA) is a partnership among the United Nations Population Fund, the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, and Pathfinder International to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH), including the prevention of HIV/AIDS among young people aged 10-24. The AYA programme has been implemented in four countries - Botswana, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda - in partnership with their governments and in collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based groups (CBOs), key stakeholders and influential sectors such as parents, religious leaders, youth, the media and policy makers. Each country has adapted the AYA approach and objectives to meet its specific needs and context, with all country programmes pursuing six major strategies to address ASRH: fostering a supportive policy environment; strengthening knowledge, skills and attitudes to adopt safer sexual practices increasing the use of quality, youth-friendly reproductive health services(YFS); integrating ASRH into existing livelihood programs; enhancing organizational capacity to sustain ASRH programs and results; improving coordination and dissemination mechanisms to strengthen ASRH partnerships. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | SEXUALITY | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | CAPACITY BUILDING | AWARENESS | POLICY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability | Political Factors
Document Number: 321133

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Title: Health and Child Survival Fellows Program, 1985-2007. Final report.
Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Department of International Health. Institute for International Programs. Health and Child Survival Fellows Program. National Secretariat
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Health and Child Survival Fellows Program, National Secretariat, 2007 Jun. [140] p. (USAID Agreement No. HRN-A-00-01-00001-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-729)
Abstract: The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ended more than 20 years of collaboration when the Health and Child Survival Fellows Program (HCSFP) ended on March 31, 2007. This report reviews the highlights of those twenty years and reports on the Activities of the most recent Cooperative Agreement (HRN-A-00-01-00001-00) and the Seventy-six Fellows, six interns and three Urban Child Survival Fellows that were supported during the time period of that agreement. The Urban Child Survival Fellows were fully funded under a contract with the Baltimore City Health but was a response to a USAID initiative regarding reverse technology that began in the late 1990's. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | CHILD | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD HEALTH | EVALUATION | MONITORING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health
Document Number: 318677

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Title: Evaluation of the African Youth Alliance program in Ghana. Impact on sexual and reproductive health behavior among young people.
Author: JSI Research and Training Institute
Source: Rosslyn, Virginia, JSI Research and Training Institute, 2007. [85] p.
Abstract: The main objective of the evaluation was to determine whether exposure to AYA's comprehensive, integrated program resulted in improved ASRH knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among youth age 17-22 in areas where AYA worked. The evaluation focused on youth exposure to three program components-YFS, BCC/LPS, and livelihood skills training. The evaluation studied localities where all six program components were implemented simultaneously (including policy and advocacy coordination, institutional capacity building, and coordination and dissemination). Using a post-test-only evaluation design, the evaluation compared knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral outcomes in the following: between intervention sites and control sites and between youths who were exposed to AYA programs and those who were not exposed to AYA. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | HEALTH POLICY | CAPACITY BUILDING | ENTER-EDUCATE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Behavior | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Education
Document Number: 324516

26.

Title: Evaluation of the African Youth Alliance program in Tanzania. Impact on sexual and reproductive health behavior among young people.
Author: JSI Research and Training Institute
Source: Rosslyn, Virginia, JSI Research and Training Institute, 2007. [95] p.
Abstract: The first two sections of this report describe the country setting and the AYA program. The third section presents the evaluation design, analysis plan, sampling approach, fieldwork, and data collection instruments. The fourth section summarizes AYA's impact on knowledge, attitude, and behavioral outcomes among both female and male youths age 17-22. Finally, the report concludes with a discussion of the results and their implications for ASRH programming. The evaluation tests the hypothesis that unmarried and recently married youths who are age 17-22 and who were previously exposed to AYA interventions were more likely than unexposed youth to report the desired ASRH outcomes targeted by the program. The evaluation design combined an intervention-control group strategy with a strategy that assessed the relationship between self-reported exposure to AYA and ASRH outcomes. The strategy of the intervention-control group compared responses between youths in the AYA program areas to youths in control areas, where no AYA activities took place other than a mass media campaign. In the self-reported exposure strategy, attention focused on program efficacy or the extent to which program interventions influenced outcomes among participants. The design also used two different analytical techniques to determine the impact: propensity score matching (PSM) and instrumental variable (IV) regression. A one-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to obtain the required sample of 1,900. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | ENTER-EDUCATE | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Behavior | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Education | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 324518

27.

Title: Evaluation of the African Youth Alliance program in Uganda. Impact on sexual and reproductive health behavior among young people.
Author: JSI Research and Training Institute
Source: Rosslyn, Virginia, JSI Research and Training Institute, 2007. [96] p.
Abstract: The first section of this report describes the country setting and the AYA program. The second section presents the evaluation design, analysis plan, sampling approach, data collection instruments, and fieldwork. The third section summarizes AYA's impact on knowledge, attitude, and behavioral outcomes among both female and male youth age 17-22. Finally, the report concludes with a discussion of the results and their implications for ASRH programming. The modus operandi of Uganda's AYA was to scale up existing ASRH programs, thereby expanding the scope and coverage of projects among 10- to 24-year-old youths. AYA IPs included a range of agencies, charities, community-based organizations, and government entities representing multiple sectors. In consultation with central and regional governments and the IPs, the AYA in Uganda (AYA/Uganda) targeted 20 of Uganda's districts, each selected according to "need, strategic importance, and the opportunity to make an impact in AYA program areas" (African Youth Alliance 2003) and respective of the decentralized district systems. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | ENTER-EDUCATE | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Behavior | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Education | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 324519

28.

Title: Providing new opportunities to adolescent girls in socially conservative settings: the Ishraq program in rural Upper Egypt.
Author: Population Council
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, [2007]. [20] p.
Abstract: The years of transition from childhood to adulthood ideally bring expanding opportunities, growing self-awareness, and increased knowledge about the world. For girls in rural Egypt, these prospects often never arrive. Puberty, rather than opening doors to new opportunities, consolidates girls' disadvantage. Apart from their lesser access to schooling, Upper Egyptian girls are at risk for early marriage, female genital cutting, and violence within the household. Rural girls work long hours in the home and in the fields. Fears for their social reputation restrict mobility and community participation. Girls have little access to or time for "recreation": only 5 percent of rural girls reported having played sports in the previous day compared to 56 percent of boys. Added to this is a climate in which civic engagement is not encouraged for young people, and fewer than 5 percent join clubs or other organizations. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | EDUCATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior
Document Number: 308334

29.

Title: Antigua and Barbuda, Caribbean Region, HIV and AIDS Service Provision Assessment Survey 2005.
Author: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center [CPC]. MEASURE Evaluation; Macro International; St. George's University
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Aug. [265] p. (TR-07-50USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates the HIV and AIDS prevalence rate to be 2 percent in Antigua and Barbuda. From the first case of HIV diagnosed in 1985 through the end of 2002, 411 cases of HIV and 142 cases of AIDS were reported to the National Surveillance Unit at the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Antigua and Barbuda. Males represent 59 percent of diagnosed HIV cases in Antigua and Barbuda. Except for the 15- to 19-year-old age group, males are diagnosed with HIV and AIDS at higher rates than females are in all of the age groups of sexually active Antiguans. By the end of 2004 the recorded male to female ratio for reported cases of HIV and AIDS was 1:1. Most of the notified cases of HIV were among the 30- to 34-year-old age group. Less than one percent occurred in persons under 15 years of age. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | EVALUATION REPORT | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | COUNSELING | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CARE AND SUPPORT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PUBLIC HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Evaluation | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 322398

30.

Title: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Tobago, Caribbean Region, HIV and AIDS Service Provision Assessment Survey 2006.
Author: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center [CPC]. MEASURE Evaluation; Macro International; St. George's University
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Aug. [260] p. (TR-07-49USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate to be 3.2 percent in Trinidad and Tobago. From the first case of HIV diagnosed in 1983 through December 2005, a cumulative total of 15,940 HIV-positive cases, a total of 5,603 AIDS cases and 3,383 deaths due to AIDS were reported to the National Surveillance Unit of the Ministry of Health. These numbers, however, may be underestimates of the actual number of cases and deaths. A 1997 evaluation of the surveillance system demonstrated that only 50 percent of the AIDS cases in Trinidad and Tobago had been reported in the surveillance system. The most heavily populated administrative districts of Trinidad and Tobago (St. George West, Central, and East) accounted for 46 percent of reported cases of HIV in 2005. In addition, cases from other (unspecified) areas accounted for 32 percent of reported cases of HIV in 2005, which had increased from 19 percent in 2003. According to a 2006 HIV/AIDS report, this may be because of"patients desiring to seek care outside of their catchment area, persons seeking testing and treatment from other Caribbean islands, and migration from rural to urban areas." (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | EVALUATION REPORT | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | COUNSELING | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CARE AND SUPPORT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PUBLIC HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Evaluation | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 322558


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