1.  Title: Fertility changes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Garenne MM Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Sep. 43 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Comparative Reports No. 18) Abstract: This report provides an overview of major fertility trends in sub-Saharan Africa in the second half of the 20th century. It also presents the proximate determinants (factors that have a direct mechanical effect on fertility levels) and the socioeconomic correlates of these trends. Cohort and period fertility trends were constructed using World Fertility Survey (WFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data sets for 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Cohort trends were derived from WFS and DHS data for some of the factors that affected fertility change: infertility, age at first marriage, education level, proportion Muslim, proportion Christian, proportion living in a polygynous union, and nutritional status. Period trends were derived for urbanization and income per capita from other sources. Cohort fertility was higher among women born in 1950 than in those born in 1930 but tended to decline in women born in later years. Changes in cohort fertility levels were small, on average. The mean number of children ever born to a woman by age 40 increased from 5.9 in women born in 1930 to 6.2 in women born in 1950 and decreased to 5.6 in women born in 1970. In most cases, the increase in cohort fertility was apparently due to a decline in infertility and, to a lesser extent, decreasing age at first marriage, which was associated with the spread of monotheist religions in the first half of the 20th century. Nutritional status did not have any identifiable impact on cohort fertility. Like cohort fertility, period fertility tended to rise from 1950 to 1975 and then fall until 2000 or later. On average, for the countries investigated, the total fertility rate at age 40 increased from 5.3 children per woman in 1950 to 6.2 in 1975, then declined to 4.9 in 2000. The decline in period fertility appeared to be due primarily to increasing contraceptive use and, to a lesser extent, rising age at first marriage and increasing urbanization. A regression model of the explanatory variables indicated that 37 percent of the decline was attributable to increased contraceptive use, 24 percent to decreased age at first marriage, and 16 percent to increased urbanization. These three variables correlated with level of education and, to a lesser extent, income per capita. The dynamics of the fertility decline were different in urban and rural areas. On average for the countries investigated, the trends in urban and rural areas started to split in approximately 1960. The date of onset of the fertility decline varied greatly by region and country, ranging from the early 1960s in the first urban areas to the late 1990s in the last rural areas. A few rural communities had not started the transition at the time covered by the last available survey. The speed of the fertility decline, approximately 1 child per decade, also varied markedly among countries, from 1.5 children per decade to less than 0.5 children per decade. In addition, a stall in fertility decline occurred in six of the countries investigated (Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar [urban areas], Nigeria, Rwanda-rural, Tanzania [rural areas]); in five of these countries, this stall occurred in 1995-2005. The pattern of the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa did not appear to be very different from that of many other countries in the world. However, the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa seems to have been somewhat more influenced by changing nuptiality patterns than elsewhere, and its relationship with socioeconomic correlates was somewhat less influenced by income levels and trends than other countries. The appendices present a detailed analysis of fertility trends by country, with information on trends in urban and rural areas, premarital and marital fertility, and periods of monotonic changes. Key Words: Fertility transition, fertility decline, fertility increase, fertility stall, infertility, contraception, age at marriage, proximate determinants, socioeconomic correlates, sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY CHANGES | INFERTILITY | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGION | POLYGYNY | NUTRITION INDEXES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Comparative Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 329999 |
| 2. Title: Investigation of a unit non-response adjustment procedure: the case of the urban fertility survey, Italy, 2001-2002. Author: Giraldo A; Zuanna GD Source: Popualtion-E. 2006 May-Jun;61(3):295-307. Abstract: The aim of this short paper is to present a two-stage procedure to correct unit non-response selection problems. At the first stage, a simple self-compiled questionnaire is administered to a sample of students attending school. They are then asked to hand their mothers a more complex questionnaire which they must bring back to school. By linking the two questionnaires, we manage to solve nonresponse selection problems by means of the same statistical techniques used to control attrition in panel surveys. In order to implement this procedure, most of the boys and girls at the eligible age must attend school regularly and be able to fill in the questionnaire at school with some elementary but correct information about their parents or relatives (i.e., the people who should fill in the questionnaire at home). The merit of our proposal is to solve the unit nonresponse problem by collecting, in an indirect way, more information on nonrespondents. Moreover the statistical techniques used in panel surveys enhance the efficient use of additional information on non-respondents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | SUMMARY REPORT | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ERROR SOURCES | SAMPLING ERRORS | NONRESPONDENTS | MOTHERS | STUDENTS | URBAN POPULATION | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | STANDARDS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Surveys | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Population Characteristics Document Number: 308393 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Cultural and socioeconomic influences on divorce during modernization: southeast Asia, 1940s to 1960s. Author: Hirschman C; Teerawichitchainan B Source: Population and Development Review. 2003 Jun;29(2):215-253. Abstract: During the decades covered by this study, significant changes occurred in the social and economic characteristics of women as modernization began to spread across the region. As we show below, growing proportions of women received primary education, participated in the modern labor force before their marriage, and married at older ages. Our analysis shows that higher educational attainment and the sharp rise in age at first marriage are important causes of the decrease in the likelihood of marital disruption, whereas participation in the modern labor force preceding marriage did not show a consistent relationship with divorce in the three countries for the time period covered here. Ethnicity, as a proxy for culture, is a pervasive and persistent influence on levels of marital disruption in Southeast Asia. We argue that these ethnic variations are related to the social and economic support available from the wife’s family after divorce. Our research builds and extends upon prior work (Guest 1992; Heaton et al. 2001; Jones 1994, 1997; Smith 1981) by using comparable data across countries and presenting life tables and proportional hazards models to estimate trends and correlates of the likelihood of marital disruption over the period of incipient modernization in the decades following World War II. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | MALAYSIA | SINGAPORE | THAILAND | CHINA | INDIA | JAPAN | TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MARRIAGE DURATION | DIVORCE | SEPARATION | PROBABILITY | MODERNIZATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT | EDUCATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | RURAL POPULATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia, Southern | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Data Analysis | Family and Household | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Statistical Studies | Studies | Social Change | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 182044 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Policy responses to low fertility and its consequences: a global survey. Author: Caldwell JC; Caldwell P; McDonald P Source: Journal of Population Research. 2002 May;19(1):1-24. Abstract: Fertility at or below replacement level now characterizes 64 countries with populations totaling 44 per cent of that of the world. Many of these countries have total fertility rates below 1.5 and some have recorded below-replacement fertility for decades. It appears likely that some countries will eventually adopt policies aimed at raising fertility. Accordingly, the paper examines the effect of past policies of this type, and briefly looks to the future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | POPULATION POLICY | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DECREASE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | CHANGES | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Social Policy | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Social Change Document Number: 178012 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility preferences and contraceptive change in developing countries. Author: Feyisetan B; Casterline JB Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2000 Sep;26(3):100-9. Abstract: Contraceptive prevalence data from the World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys for 26 countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa from the 1970s to the 1990s are analyzed through regression decomposition. The aim is to determine how much of the change in prevalence can be attributed to changes in fertility preferences (referred to as "composition") and how much is due to changes in rates of contraceptive use within preference categories ("rates"). The substantial increases in contraceptive prevalence in the period since the 1970s in Latin America, Asia and Africa were less the result of increased demand for smaller families and more the result of the satisfaction of existing demand. The rates component dominated in all 26 countries, representing more than 70% of the increase in contraceptive prevalence in 24 countries and exceeding 80% in 2 out of 3. Only in Ghana and Ecuador did the composition component account or one-third or more of the increase in prevalence, while at the other extreme, changes in preferences constituted less than 10% of the increase in prevalence in Colombia, Peru, Thailand, and Zambia. This implies that most of the observed increase in contraceptive prevalence would have occurred even if there had been no change in couples' fertility preferences. In Sub-Saharan Africa, changes in fertility preferences accounted for more of the increase in contraceptive prevalence than in other regions. The findings are consistent with the premise that has justified the investment in family planning programs in many countries during the past 3 decades. Moreover, they undercut arguments that dismiss the potential for producing substantial increases in prevalence by satisfying existing demand for fertility regulation. Possible reasons for the increased implementation of preferences include improved access to contraceptive supplies or the reduction of costs not directly related to contraceptive access (such as cultural, social and health concerns). (author's, modified) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CHANGES | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change Document Number: 151501 |
| 6. Title: Education as policy: the impact of education on marriage, contraception, and fertility in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Author: Heaton TB; Forste R Source: SOCIAL BIOLOGY. 1998 Fall-Winter;45(3-4):194-213. Abstract: This study examined the effects of educational attainment on the timing of first union, contraceptive use, and fertility in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia over the past 50 years. Data were obtained from World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys for Colombia (1976, 1986, and 1990); Peru (1977-78, 1986, and 1991-92); and Bolivia (1989 and 1993-94). Individual level data were used to examine the effects using various multivariate techniques: Cox proportional hazards models for age at first union; logistic models with controls for socioeconomic status for contraceptive use; and log linear techniques for fertility. Findings indicate a strong relationship between each demographic outcome: marriage age, contraceptive use, and fertility. In all countries, education influenced women's individual decisions about family formation. The strongest impact occurs between primary and secondary schooling, especially for marriage age. Increased educational attainment accounted for most of the decline in marriage rates over time. Increased education contributed to an increase in contraceptive use mostly in Peru. In Bolivia and Colombia, contraceptive availability was probably more important in the expansion of contraceptive use over time. Educational attainment over time only accounted for fertility decline in Peru and Colombia, and the effects were smaller than in other studies. Changes within educational categories appear to have contributed more to fertility decline than the expansion of educational opportunities. As countries progress through their transitions, there is a corresponding increase in contraceptive use and a later decline in actual fertility. Language: English Keywords: COLOMBIA | PERU | BOLIVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE AGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY CHANGES | TIME FACTORS | CHANGES | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America, Central | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change Document Number: 140650 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of changes in population characteristics on breastfeeding trends in fifteen developing countries. Author: Grummer-Strawn LM Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 1996 Feb;25(1):94-102. Abstract: Extended breast feeding is known to benefit the health of children in developing countries, and despite widespread expectations of a decline in breast feeding in these countries, it has been demonstrated that the incidence and duration of breast feeding are in fact increasing in many countries. In this paper, trends in breast feeding duration are examined in 15 developing countries, using data from two comparable surveys for each country, the World Fertility Survey (conducted in the late 1970s) and the Demographic and Health Survey (conducted in the late 1980s). Multivariate regression models are used to examine differentials in breast feeding behavior across population subgroups in these countries for each time period, and these differentials are used to determine the extent to which the observed trends are due to changes in population characteristics and to what extent behavior has changed within population subgroups. Results show that changes in the characteristics of the population have almost universally pushed breast feeding durations in a downward direction. On the other hand, trends within population subgroups have been positive in all but two of the 15 countries examined. Changes in population characteristics can be expected to continue for most developing countries, exerting a downward pressure on breast feeding. Policies that promote breast feeding are needed to counter these changes, especially in the most vulnerable population subgroups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | BREASTFEEDING | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CHANGES | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Economic Factors | Social Change Document Number: 112268 |
| 8. Title: The process of family formation during the fertility transition. Author: Juarez F; Llera S Source: In: The fertility transition in Latin America, edited by Jose Miguel Guzman, Susheela Singh, German Rodriguez, Edith A. Pantelides. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1996. :48-73. (International Studies in Demography) Abstract: This book chapter summarizes parity progression ratios (PPRs) at different life stages during the mid-1970s to mid-1980s and rates of change in first and higher order births in Latin America. Data were obtained from World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys. Examples are given of different rates of change in births. The examples range from Colombia, which has a prominent pattern of change, to the Dominican Republic with significant declines in some birth intervals (BIs), to Peru and Ecuador with smaller changes. Although Brazil and Colombia are in more advanced stages of fertility transition, less advanced fertility countries, such as Ecuador, are experiencing recent rapid fertility change, while Peru, which was in the first stage of transition in the 1970s, is at the same stage as Ecuador. Colombia has been in a fairly advanced stage of the fertility transition since 1977 and has the most rapid changes over time. In all countries, the number of women proceeding from union to first birth increased. This shift is attributed to reduced biological sterility. In all phases of the life cycle, there were changes at almost all BIs. BI changes usually are associated with patterns of contraception and educational level. However, in each Latin American country, high educational levels appear unrelated to small family size, and contraceptive use patterns are increasingly becoming independent of women's educational level. Patterns of decline have been different in each country depending upon historical and socioeconomic backgrounds. Published analysis of PPRs indicate that countries may be in early, intermediate, or advanced stages of transition. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | BRAZIL | COLOMBIA | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | PERU | ECUADOR | SUMMARY REPORT | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY SIZE | FIRST BIRTH | COHORT ANALYSIS | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | Developing Countries | Americas | South America, Eastern | South America | South America, Northern | Caribbean | South America, Western | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Pregnancy History | Research Methodology | Parity Document Number: 136368 |
| 9. Title: Reproductive intentions and fertility in Latin America. Author: Westoff CF; Moreno L Source: In: The fertility transition in Latin America, edited by Jose Miguel Guzman, Susheela Singh, German Rodriguez, Edith A. Pantelides. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1996. :242-51. (International Studies in Demography) Abstract: This book chapter reviews fertility preferences in the Latin American countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. Data were obtained from Demographic and Health Surveys and World Fertility Surveys. Ideal family size ranged from 3-4 children. Declines in the total fertility rate (TFR) were mostly stimulated by desires, but 20-40% of births were unwanted. About 45-75% did not want any more children. Fertility is likely to decline by nearly 10% to 30%, based on intentions. The percentage of women wanting no more children is displayed in a bar graph by country by educational status, age, and urban-rural residence. The proportion who desire no more increased with age and parity. Peruvian and Bolivian women in the teenage years and with no children showed strong desires for no children. In all countries except Guatemala, most women with 2 children desired no more. Residence appears unrelated to fertility desires in almost all countries. The largest proportion desiring no more, except Guatemala, had little or no schooling. There are considerable gaps between intentions and fertility. Intentions and contraceptive behavior are inconsistent in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Guatemala. TFRs in Colombia, Dominican Republic, and Mexico are similar, based on intentions or both intentions and contraceptive prevalence. In Brazil, fertility was 3.4 in the mid-1980s, and prevalence was 66%. TFR would be 3.0, if predicted on intentions alone, and 2.4, if predicted on both. Predictions for six countries, compared to actual TFRs 5 years later, showed predicted and observed differences of 8%. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | BOLIVIA | BRAZIL | COLOMBIA | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | ECUADOR | GUATEMALA | MEXICO | PERU | SUMMARY REPORT | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | South America, Central | South America | South America, Eastern | South America, Northern | Caribbean | South America, Western | Central America | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproductive Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Birth Rate Document Number: 136371 |
| 10. Title: Household composition in Latin America. Author: De Vos SM Source: New York, New York, Plenum Press, 1995. xiii, 251 p. (Plenum Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis) Abstract: This book on household demography provides a comparative analysis of household complexity, extended families, nonfamily household residents, life cycle stage and household characteristics, the social welfare of children as it is related to household type, young adults and type of family system, middle aged persons and living arrangements, and marriage patterns, and elderly housing arrangements. The final chapter formulates a tentative framework for understanding the Latin American family system. This book reflects a comparative and family life-course perspective that the author hopes will form the basis for more research. A proposed framework for measuring household complexity is provided and justified. The classic stem family is distinguished from other extended households. Latin American households are extended both laterally within a generation and vertically over generations. In the mid-1970s about 25-33% of households in the six study countries (Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Peru, and Colombia) were complex households. How much of between- country differences in types of complex households can be explained by demographic factors or urban living or educational attainment factors is discussed. This study is based on a micro level measure adapted from a typology developed by Hammel and Laslett for historical and cross-sectional studies. Findings indicate that the stem household was not the main type of complex family household. Extended families did not have one intact marital unit. Complex households that were vertically and laterally extended did have an intact marital unit. Mexico had the lowest level of complexity, while the Dominican Republic had the highest level. Controls for demographic characteristics showed that Peruvian women had a higher likelihood of living in a complex family household. Subregional differences could be as great at times as national differences. The likelihood of living in a complex family household was highest among persons aged 65 and older. It is suggested that the use of marital unit was appropriate for forming a typology of Latin American family structure. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | COLOMBIA | COSTA RICA | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | MEXICO | PANAMA | PERU | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | THEORETICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | SOCIAL CHANGE | LIFE CYCLE | Developing Countries | Americas | South America, Northern | South America | Central America | Caribbean | South America, Western | Studies | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality | Family Research Document Number: 113648 |
| 11. Title: Trends in infertility in Cameroon and Nigeria. Author: Larsen U Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 1995 Dec;21(4):138-42, 166. Abstract: Data from the 1978 World Fertility Survey (WFS) and the 1991 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for Cameroon and the 1981-82 WFS and 1990 DHS for Nigeria are used to examine infertility by age, region, and sexually transmitted diseases. The analysis includes only women who entered their first marriage at least five years before the survey. Data are weighted. The proportions childless are based on all women who were married at least seven years before the survey and weighted data. Findings indicate that infertility declined from 43% to 39% in Cameroon and from 36% to 33% in Nigeria. Age patterns of infertility were similar for both countries. It is ruled out that biases in level of infertility resulted from contraceptive use and sexual abstinence or lack of sexual activity or misrecording. In Cameroon, prevalence of infertility was highest in the North. Infertility declined at all ages up to the age of 35 years in the Center-South, Littoral and Southwest, and West Regions. It remained the same or increased at older ages. Western Cameroon had the lowest infertility. Infertility declined regionally and by age in Nigeria. Infertility was lowest in the Southwest and highest in the Northeast and Northwest Regions. Infertility was the same in northeastern Nigeria and bordering northern Cameroon. Childlessness declined from 12% to 6% in Cameroon and from 6% to 4% in Nigeria. None of the infertile women had used contraception. Childlessness declined from 18% to 7% in the North Region of Cameroon and remained stable at 5% in the Littoral and Southwest Region. Childlessness in the Southeast and Southwest Regions of Nigeria was 1% or less. The Hausa in Nigeria were found to have higher levels of infertility than among other groups. Infertility was highest among women who initiated intercourse under the age of 13 years, but even this population had declining fertility during the survey years. Desired number of children was higher than women's parity in both countries. Infertility prior to marriage or childbirth was higher in Cameroon. Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | NIGERIA | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | INFERTILITY | AGE FACTORS | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | CULTURE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 112906 |
| 12. Title: [Infant and child mortality and maternal education in the Dominican Republic in the seventies and eighties] Mortalidad infantil y educacion materna en Republica Dominicana: decadas de los 70 y los 80. Author: Mejia JC Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 1995 Jun. 58 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 17) Abstract: The 1986 and 1991 Demographic and Health Surveys and the 1975 and 1980 Dominican Republic Fertility Surveys were the main sources of data for this exploration of the relationship between maternal education and infant mortality over the past two decades in the Dominican Republic. Neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality occurring since 1971 was the dependent variable. Independent variables were the maternal educational level; household socioeconomic conditions according to an indicator assessing possession of basic household equipment, access to potable water, and other goods and services; reproductive variables including maternal age at the birth, birth interval, and birth order; and use of health services. The three maternal education categories were none, incomplete primary, and complete primary or higher. Regression models for neonatal and postneonatal mortality were separately applied for rural and urban areas. The results demonstrate that, despite changes in the relative risks of neonatal and postneonatal mortality for poorly educated mothers and in the structure of births by educational level in the past two decades, having primary or higher education continues to represent an appreciable advantage for mothers in terms of the probability that their infants will survive the first year, especially in urban areas. During the 1980s, declines in neonatal and postneonatal mortality in urban areas were accompanied by reductions in the strength of the association between education and mortality risks. The 1986 and 1991 Demographic and Health Surveys indicated that the greatest mortality declines in the 1970s and 1980s were in the children of mothers with no or little education. In overall terms, the effect of education on the risks of postneonatal mortality in rural areas was weak. It may be that differential access to health and other basic services is the fundamental problem. The effect of education on mortality risks is partially mediated by use of health services, especially in urban areas, and this role tends to be greater in the neonatal period. Language: Spanish Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | NEONATAL MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | MOTHERS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Mortality | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 107262 |
| 13. Title: Has a fertility transition begun in West Africa? Author: Onuoha NC; Timaeus IM Source: JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 1995;7(1):93-116. Abstract: Data from 4 World Fertility Surveys (WFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Senegal and Ghana are used to examine whether fertility decline has occurred and whether a decline is consistent with changes in proximate determinants of fertility. The 1980s were a period marked by initiation of fertility decline throughout southern Africa and in most of eastern Africa where war or civil strife were absent. In Senegal evidence suggests a slight decline in fertility by age 40 years from 6.5 to 5.7 children during 1975-77 and 1986. In Ghana separate analysis of each survey suggests a slight decline in fertility, however, between survey periods there appears to be a slight increase in fertility. Senegal experienced a period of stability in fertility rates in the 15 years prior to 1978 and a change in rates in only the 5 years prior to 1986. Fertility decline was apparent among older age groups. In Ghana the reported cohort-period fertility rates were fairly constant in the 5-30 years prior to 1979-80 and showed a slight decline in the 5 years just before the survey in 1979-80, particularly among older women. Prior to 1988 rates declined steadily over time, except for rates among women around 30 years old. Findings support a decline in Senegal appearing around 1980 and an earlier decline in Ghana that suggests a fertility rate of about 6.4 by the mid-1980s. Parity progression ratios suggest limitation of births among women in their 30s with 6 children. Gaps between urban and rural fertility are apparent. Declines occurred among urban women and better educated women. Mean age at marriage increased, particularly among middle school educated women. Educated Ghanian women married earlier than Senegalese educated women. Contraceptive use was low in both countries, and use of traditional methods was high. Proximate determinants predicted a decline of 1 child in Senegal and confirmed the importance of secondary education and the rise in marriage age, and predicted a decline of 0.44 child in Ghana. Sustained fertility decline was not supported, and evidence was equivocal about the impact of economic conditions on fertility decline. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | GHANA | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 108866 |
| 14. Title: A decade of change in contraceptive behaviour in Latin America: a multivariate decomposition analysis. Author: Castro Martin T; Njogu W Source: POPULATION BULLETIN OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1994;(36):81-109. Abstract: This study relies heavily on World Fertility Survey and Demographic and Health Surveys data to examine recent trends and determinants of contraceptive use in five Latin American countries: Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. These countries experienced a substantial increase in contraceptive prevalence in the inter-survey period. Within countries, however, the increase was not equally shared by all social and demographic groups. The study found that relatively disadvantaged groups experienced greater gains in contraceptive use. Despite the prevailing tendency towards convergence, wide differentials in contraceptive behavior among social sectors still persist. A decomposition analysis based on logistic regression revealed that certain shifts in the population composition--i.e., increased proportion of urban and better educated women and a growing proportion of mothers who want to discontinue child-bearing--contributed substantially to the aggregate increase in contraceptive prevalence in most countries. Structural changes, understood as changes in the relations between the explanatory variables and the likelihood of using contraception, were also found to play a significant role in contraceptive use trends, particularly in Colombia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Americas | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change Document Number: 100783 |
| 15. Title: Family building in Kenya: new findings from period measures of marriage and fertility. Author: Ng TS Source: [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the 1994 Southern Demographic Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, October 20-22, 1994. [3], 40, 10 p. Abstract: This analysis uses two different measures of the parity progression ratio (PPR) in a period analysis of fertility and the impact of the family planning program on fertility in Kenya. The study is part of a UNFPA project including 14 other developing countries. Survey data from the 1978 World Fertility Survey and the 1989 Demographic and Health Survey provide data for the analysis. PPR is calculated first by a life table technique using birth probabilities specific for parity and birth interval in a period. PPR in the second calculation is an age-parity-adjusted progression based on schedules produced by Feeney. Results are presented for marital unions, first birth, birth intervals, parity progression, the impact of the family planning program, and socioeconomic differences. The results show an increase in age at first birth during the 1970s and 1980s. There is also a decrease in first births among adolescents between the 1960s and the late 1980s. A new finding is a reverse trend; a 1 year decrease in median age at first marriage occurred in urban areas between 1981-85 and 1985-89. The decrease is attributed to an increase in adolescent marriage in the late 1980s. By the 1980s families were being built at older ages, and births were being spaced farther apart. Adolescent first births and high parity births declined between the 1960s and 1980s. The trends reflect a clear and consistent pattern of modernization and better health with decreased population growth. Fertility is expected to reach replacement level soon. The family planning program contributed to the decline in progression to 6th and higher parities by 5% over 30 years. Higher marriage age and later age at first birth were related to higher educational status, although rural marriage age was higher by 0.7 years than urban marriage age. There was a high rate of adolescent marital unions, particularly informal unions, in urban areas. Teenage births were higher in rural areas. Urban women had a lower PPR in all birth orders than rural women. Median birth interval did not vary with educational level. A shorter than 24 month birth interval for 2nd and low order births occurred among the most educated and those in urban areas. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | FERTILITY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | TIME FACTORS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | FIRST BIRTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | URBAN POPULATION | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | BIRTH INTERVALS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | UN | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Demographic Surveys | Research Methodology | Pregnancy History | Reproductive Behavior | Population Characteristics | Parity | Economic Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 099630 |
| 16. Title: The advance of the contraceptive revolution. Author: Shah IH Source: WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS QUARTERLY. RAPPORT TRIMESTRIEL DE STATISTIQUES SANITAIRES MONDIALES. 1994;47(1):9-15. Abstract: Prior to 1965, the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) had been estimated at below 10% for the less developed regions. In contrast, over 50% of couples were using a contraceptive method in 1990. The data from the Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys and the World Fertility Survey during the 1970s provided a global overview of current patterns of contraceptive practice during 1980-81 for 76 countries, with further updates covering 97 countries around 1983, 105 countries around 1987, and 117 countries around 1990. The 105 countries covered by the 1987 update included 85% of the world's population. In China CPR was reported at 70.6% in 1982 and 72.1% in 1988. There was great variation within the subregions: while on average 17% of couples in Africa used any contraceptive method around 1987, such use was reported as 31% in northern Africa and 13% in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa CPR is expected to rise to 26% by the year 2000, corresponding to a projected total fertility rate (TFR) of 5.33 births per woman. In Asia and Oceania 53% of couples were using contraceptives around 1987. However, the CPR was 72% in eastern Asia and 40% in other countries. In Latin America, CPR was estimated at 57% in 1987. Female sterilization (tubectomy) accounted for 38% of all use in the less developed regions in 1990. Nearly 1/2 of all couples using a contraceptive method in the less developed regions undergoes female or male sterilization, as compared to about 1/6 in the more developed regions. The most commonly used methods in the more developed regions in 1990 were the pill (16%), condom (14%), and withdrawal (13%). In the less developed regions, the main methods used in 1990 were tubectomy (20%), IUD (13%), pill (6%), and vasectomy (5%). The trends in family planning will be characterized by rapid growth in the number of contraceptive users in the developing world, from 381 million in 1990 to 567 million in the year 2000. However, to meet the potential requirements of 120 million women in developing countries, the provision of services will remain a priority for policy makers and agencies. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CHANGES | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Surveys | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change Document Number: 098474 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Using parity-progression ratios to estimate the effect of female sterilization on fertility. Author: Stupp PW; Samara R Source: STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING. 1994 Nov-Dec;25(6 Pt 1):332-41. Abstract: Two methods are used to show the impact on fertility of sterilization: births averted in a single five-year period before the survey and the parity progression ratio approach for 1979-84 and 1984-89 used to estimate births averted by birth order and duration since first union. The births averted analysis revealed that fertility among nonsterilized women declined from 5.93 in 1979-84 to 5.01 in 1984-89. The births averted approach showed almost no change in total births averted and a shift in the distribution of births averted by marital duration. Births averted were greater during 1984-89 among marital durations under 15 years and during 1979-84 at marital durations of 15-24 years. The actual percentage of ever married women who were sterilized increased over the decade, but the hypothetical proportions being sterilized in a given duration remained almost unchanged. This approach underestimated births averted, because it did not account for future declines in fertility among nonsterilized women. The parity progression ratio (PPR) approach indicated a nonsterilized fertility decline of 1.28 births per woman and a marital fertility decline of 1.04 births. Between the two periods, sterilization contributed to a reduction of 0.24 births. The preferred PPR approach accounted for the effects of sterilization on individual PPRs and proportions of ever-married women. This method offered consideration of increased sterilization prevalence, but declining births averted by sterilization. A comparison of both methods shows that the parity progression approach yielded higher estimates of the average number of births averted by sterilization and higher total nonsterilized marital fertility rates (total marital fertility rates in the absence of sterilization). Marital fertility rates remained similar. Data are obtained from the 1989 Ecuador Demographic and Health Survey and the World Fertility Surveys of 1979 and 1989. Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | BIRTHS AVERTED | FERTILITY RATE | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Fertility Surveys | Family Planning | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Birth Rate Document Number: 101749 |
| 18. Title: Population and the environment: polls, policies, and public opinion. Author: Stycos JM Source: Ithaca, New York, Cornell University, Department of Rural Sociology, Population and Development Program, 1994. 21 p. (Population and Development Program Working Paper Series No. 94.13) Abstract: The study of population has declined over time, and the focus on the environment has increased over time. The knowledge base on the links between population and the environment has received very little scholarly attention. More research on decision makers and their lack of attention to the linkages is necessary. Population policy requires better data and analyses of public and elite opinion polls on linkages. Survey instruments should address both environmental and population issues and be applied in a large number of less and more developed countries. Information is needed on people's attitudes toward demographic measures, such as population growth, population size, population distribution, and migration at world, national, and community levels. Research needs to address behavior that is motivated by demographic norms and attitudes. Descriptive statistics are not enough. Thorough multivariate analysis is needed. Deficiencies occur in evaluations of statistical methods such as content analysis, direct inquiries, and expert assessments. A world opinion poll on population and the environment could be based on the World Fertility Survey and improved upon from the lessons learned in other polls. The 1992 Gallop survey conducted internationally was superior to the Harris survey but too difficult for illiterate or semi-literate populations. This analysis considers articles abstracted in Sociofile and POPLINE, systematic expert assessments, direct inquiries among nations, and content analysis of government documents. Surveys analyzed include the World Fertility Survey, Roper surveys in the US, the Index to International Public Opinion, population polls by Gallup, and environmental polls by Gallup and Harris. Many recent surveys were lacking in attention to population issues. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | DATA QUALITY | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENT | INFORMATION | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION THEORY | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Demographic Surveys | Demography | Social Sciences Document Number: 108886 |
| 19. Title: Reliability of reported children preference and its attenuation effect on fertility analysis. Author: Wang J; Chen J; Yu P Source: [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Miami, Florida, May 5-7, 1994. 22 p. Abstract: Data from China's 1985 Fertility Survey for Shanghai on 4143 married women under the age of 50 years were used to analyze the reliability of child preference reporting on children ever born (CEB). The results indicated that the effect of child preference on CEB was weak when correction for measurement error was not undertaken. With correction for measurement in the regression models, R2s increased and goodness of fit improved. Measurement error mediated the impact of women's education, husband's education, and women's age on CEB. The implication was that analysis of child preference and fertility and motivation for birth control may yield misleading interpretations. Measurement error of a nonrandom nature was assumed to be constant for all respondents and, thus, would not affect the relationship between variables. Measurement error of a random nature according to Alwin and Krosnick changed the variation in the corresponding variable. This analysis was concerned with random measurement error of child preference reports. The analysis estimated the reliability of measurement for reports of children desired and examined the effect of this bias in measurement error of reported children desired on fertility analysis in structural equation models with and without measurement errors. In ordinary least squares analysis, measurement errors in the dependent variable biased standardized, but not unstandardized, coefficients. Measurement error in the independent variable in simple regression analysis biased the estimate toward zero. Lower reliability resulted in larger bias in the regression coefficient. Where two or more independent variables had measurement error, the bias could be upwards or downwards or could change sign. The analysis of Chinese data showed that 70% of the variance in reported desired number of children was due to error. The regression coefficients were much smaller than the corresponding structural coefficients. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | RELIABILITY | DATA REPORTING | DATA QUALITY | ERROR SOURCES | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Measurement | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics Document Number: 095427 |
| 20. Title: [The nature of the preceding birth technique] La naturaleza del metodo del hijo previo. Author: Aguirre A Source: Notas de Poblacion. 1993 Jun;21(57):9-57. Abstract: The author applies the preceding birth technique of infant mortality estimation to World Fertility Survey birth history data from a number of developing countries. (SUMMARY IN ENG) (ANNOTATION) Language: Spanish Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INFANT MORTALITY | BIRTH HISTORY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Pregnancy History | Research Methodology Document Number: 239813 |
| 21. Title: Household surveys and the assessment of program effects. Author: Casterline JB Source: [Unpublished] 1993. Presented at the Expert Meeting on Information Systems and Measurement for Assessing Program Effects, Washington, D.C., September 9-10, 1993. Sponsored by National Academy of Sciences Committee on Population. 6 p. Abstract: The potential contribution of household surveys to the assessment of the impact of family planning programs is examined. Household surveys, structured interviews at places of residence, with probability samples of the population permit inference to a larger population. The samples may be drawn from national or sub-national populations. Structured interviews permit straightforward transfer of the information obtained from respondents to numerical machine-readable files that can be analyzed by conventional statistical software packages. The prime current examples of the household-survey approach are the surveys in the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program, the successor to the World Fertility Survey (WFS) and Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS) programs. Household surveys provide the most important information for the evaluation of the impact of family planning programs; the prevalence of contraception use by method and estimates of the prevalence of behaviors. The surveys in the DHS and the WFS programs have probably not generated prevalence data that might assist family planning program assessment, as opposed to the KAP surveys of the 1960s and the CPS surveys of the 1970s and 1980s. The analysis of WFS, CPS, and DHS data of the past 2 decades might indicate the household survey data are of limited value for research on the causes of changes in contraceptive attitudes and behaviors. So long as the analysis is fundamentally cross-sectional in design, the threats to validity loom large. For the household survey to become a more versatile tool in the assessment of program effects, it is essential that sequences of surveys be linked with each other and with time series of aggregate data on the family planning service environment and on social and economic opportunity structures. Therefore, the quality and quantity of program data that can be appended to household survey data must be improved. Language: English Keywords: HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | VALIDITY | Family and Household | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family Planning Programs | Measurement Document Number: 092732 |
| 22. Title: Contraception and women's health. Author: Fathalla MF Source: BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN. 1993 Jan;49(1):245-51. Abstract: Currently, more than 50% of married women of childbearing age are using a form of contraception. Between 1960-65 and 1985-90, the number of contraceptive users in all developing countries increased from 31 to 381 million, in East Asia from 18 to 217 million, in Latin America from 4 to 44 million, in South Asia from 8 to 94 million, and in Africa from 2 to 18 million. WHO has recently estimated that over 500,000 women die each year from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. With a worldwide estimate of 36-53 million induced abortions performed each year, between 125,000 and 170,000 women die each year because of unsafe abortions. According to data from the World Fertility Survey, short spacing between births raises the average chances of offspring dying in infancy by 60-70% and the chances of dying before the age of 5 years by about 50%. WHO's minimal estimate for yearly incidence of bacterial and viral STDs (excluding HIV infection) is 130 million. Most STDs have more serious sequelae in women than in men and lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), permanent infertility, and the risk of ectopic pregnancy. African countries with high incidence of STDs have the lowest prevalences of contraceptive use. A recent examination of the WHO international data base of 22,908 IUD insertions and 51,399 woman-years of follow-up indicates that the occurrence of PID in IUD users is most strongly related to the insertion process and to background STD risk and suggests that PID is an infrequent occurrence after the insertion period. A WHO Scientific Working Group review confirmed the beneficial effects of oral contraceptives in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and biopsy-proven benign breast diseases. A WHO collaborative study in 5 centers in Kenya, Mexico, and Thailand provided assurance that women who used DMPA for a long time and who initiated use many years previously are not at increased risk of breast cancer. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | WHO | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | WOMEN'S STATUS | ABORTION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | IUD COMPLICATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CHANGES | COMPLICATIONS | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Mortality | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Social Change Document Number: 082857 Notification |
| 23. Title: Institutional linkages and population policy. Author: Finkle JF Source: In: Population policies and programmes. Proceedings of the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Policies and Programmes, Cairo, Egypt, 12-16 April 1992. New York, New York, United Nations, 1993. :186-90. (ST/ESA/SER.R/128) Abstract: Since the mid-1960s, Third World countries have experienced rapid population growth resulting in a growing awareness of the socioeconomic implications. The majority of states have adopted family planning (FP) programs as an integral part of national policy to reduce fertility. Responsibility for FP is vested in bureaucratic institutions (usually the Ministry of Health) which may constitute major barriers to program effectiveness. For many years, WHO resisted assuming responsibility for FP because of institutional rigidities. FP and fertility behavior is heavily researched owing to a consensus from the mid-1960s that the best method of reducing high fertility is through FP programs. As a consequence, private foundations, bilateral donors, and international agencies have encouraged FP research. The European country studies conducted at Princeton University have investigated the possible causes of fertility decline. Governments and agencies supported the World Fertility Surveys for finding ways to reduce fertility. Egypt, India, and Pakistan were among the first countries to adopt FP programs in the early 1950s, yet they have not fared too well. The programs were unable to effectively reach out to remote areas in the country, to diverse religious and linguistic groups, to local leaders, and to women's groups. After 40 years of FP programs, a major problem is administrative overload; internal management, field and client relations, and maintenance of linkages with foreign agencies. The domestic system becomes overburdened with reports, field trips, and accounting of funds. 30 American organizations work with Egyptian agencies. In India, health is guided by 22 separate bureaucracies located in the various states. It is recommended that scholars and family planners should be welcomed to conduct research on Fp organizations; that more attention be given to program leadership; and that attention be given to the inter-organizational relations. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Research Methodology Document Number: 090458 |
| 24. Title: Women's education, child welfare and child survival: a review of the evidence. Author: Hobcraft J Source: HEALTH TRANSITION REVIEW. 1993 Oct;3(2):159-75. Abstract: J. C. Caldwell's 1979 paper on Nigeria suggested several pathways whereby the mother's education might enhance child survival. The World Fertility Survey (WFS) program considerably increased knowledge about the links between maternal education and child survival during the 1980's. Some of the areas improved by maternal education included cleanliness, health services utilization, child quality, and the empowerment of women. Life events of the mother also exerted child survival effects: e.g., prenatal care, vaccination for tetanus, and type of assistance at delivery. Large differences according to maternal education were found for prenatal care in Bolivia and Egypt, but there was much less difference in Kenya, according to Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data. Educated women were much more likely to be attended by a trained person at delivery. Tetanus immunization differentials were small for Egypt and Kenya but substantial for Bolivia. Several multivariate analyses for 25 DHS surveys indicated that the odds of dying before age 2 for a child born to a mother with 7 or more years of education were only 42.5% compared with the children of uneducated mothers. The association of child survival with maternal education was weaker in sub-Saharan African countries, possibly attributable to greater female autonomy, child fostering, and extreme hardship. Another analysis, covering 17 DHS surveys and ages 1-24 months, found that neonatal mortality was less sensitive to maternal education than mortality in the next 23 months. Stunting in early life was strongly related to maternal education but not as strongly as mortality at age 1-24 months. Maternal education was also strongly associated with immunization coverage, and children of uneducated mothers were far less likely to be immunized. In addition, diarrhea was at least 20% higher among children of uneducated mothers, while more educated mothers were more likely to utilize health services for childhood diseases. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD HEALTH | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | Africa | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Demographic Surveys | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 092214 |
| 25. Title: Fertility decline and child survival. Overview. Author: Juarez F Source: In: International Population Conference / Congres International de la Population, Montreal 1993, 24 August - 1st September. Volume 1, [compiled by] International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]. Liege, Belgium, IUSSP, 1993. :55-64. Abstract: The dynamic interaction between fertility and mortality is discussed from a scientific perspective: demographic transition theory, different family or community level mechanisms, and the testing of hypotheses in relations to volitional or non volitional effects. Large population growth rates induced by the dramatic reduction of mortality in the 1960s prompted international study of the empirically substantiated claim that low mortality was necessary for reducing fertility. Among the non volitional effects in the responses of the individual couples is the impact of an infant death on the postpartum infecundability period. The volitional effects may be derived from the individual experience or pertain to the community, as couples recognize that if child mortality falls, fewer births would be needed for children to survive. The types of child mortality effects include: 1) the physiological effect (increase in child survival would widen the average interbirth interval and result in a decline in period and cohort fertility rates); 2) the replacement effect (couples continue to produce children, replacing those who die young); 3) the insurance effect (couples have some awareness of the community level of child mortality and adjust their fertility with these in mind); 4) the transitional effect improvement in child survival increases the predictability of the family building process thus making the concept of family planning meaningful); and 5) the extrafamilial effects (social customs). Fertility influences child survival as a longer birth interval reduces the risk of infant mortality. Among contributions to this theme, Loyola's paper links the individual and macro level) to understand the fertility and mortality changes. Brass focuses on fertility decline as initiated or stimulated by preceding declines in child mortality. Wong and Agarwal's paper explores the relationship between child survival and fertility including the impact of government intervention. Govindasamy and Rutstein's paper presents findings on the impact of fertility on child mortality. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD MORTALITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BIRTH INTERVALS | KNOWLEDGE | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 084929 |
| 26. Title: Estimates of birth intervals in Pakistan, with and without the WFS restrictions. Author: Khan Z; Soomro GY Source: PAKISTAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW. 1993 Autumn;32(3):269-84. Abstract: This exercise in examining the proximate determinants of birth intervals in Pakistan showed that significant bias in estimates was introduced when data of births were restricted to the last closed and open birth intervals. The reason for the bias was a sample restricted to a small number of births in the past 40 months. Analysis of socioeconomic determinants would be most greatly affected by the selection bias. Intermediate variables may be less biased due to a closer association with fertility. Data were obtained from the fertility portion of the 1979-80 Population, Labor Force, and Migration Survey in Pakistan and the Pakistan World Fertility Survey (WFS), which had half the number of reproductive histories. The data reflected a pattern whereby the proportions of births were smaller the farther away from the survey date. Logit regression methodology was adopted as modeled by Rindfuss, Bumpass, and Palmore and pertained to three durations of birth intervals spanning 2-12 years before the survey: 2-6 years, 2-5 years, and 2-4 years preceding the survey and 2, 3, and 4-8 birth orders. Models estimates were obtained for 96 logistic regressions for 3 sets of birth order intervals, 4 sets of birth segments (17-22, 23-28, 29-34, and 35-40 months), 4 sets of time periods, and 2 sets of restrictions (imposing WFS restrictions or not). The 96 estimates were compared to estimates based on two birth intervals 2-12 years prior to the survey without WFS restrictions. A higher proportion of unbiased results was obtained with the longer period preceding the interview and an unrestricted sample. For example, 95% of the betas are within the confidence interval for the period 2-6 years preceding the survey compared to 87% for 2-5 years and 80% for 2-4 years. Restrictions to the last closed and open birth intervals yielded 26-52% of betas falling in the confidence intervals. 57% of the betas for proximate intervals fell within confidence intervals, compared to only 48% for socioeconomic factors. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | BIAS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | BIRTH INTERVALS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LOGISTIC MODEL | BREASTFEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Error Sources | Measurement | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors Document Number: 098248 |
| 27. Title: [Fertility as the outcome of the length of exposure. Methodology and application to Sudan, Syria, and Tunisia] La fecondite comme resultat de durees d'exposition. Methodologie et application au Soudan, a la Syrie et a la Tunisie. Author: Kouaouci A Source: GENUS. 1993 Jul-Dec;49(3-4):71-86. Abstract: A graduate student applied World Fertility Survey data from Syria, Sudan, and Tunisia to a fertility model that takes into account duration of exposure to risk of pregnancy. The 11 variables of this model have been grouped into three categories: nuptiality, maternal period, and birth spacing variables. Syria had the youngest age at first birth. The interval between marriage and first birth was only 11 months in Syria, but 16 months in Tunisia and 24 months in Sudan. The researcher thought that it was relatively improbable that new brides used contraception in Sudan, so it appears that involuntary subfecundity occurred in Sudan. After 15 years of marriage, marriage stability was much lower for Sudan. Fertility was the lowest in Sudan (6.23 vs. 6.81 for Tunisia and 7.7 for Syria). Remarried Sudanese women had lower fertility than those in a first union, while this was the opposite in Tunisia and Syria. Women from Syria had a longer maternal period (by about two years) and a shorter birth interval (by 6 months compared to Sudan and by 9 months compared to Tunisia), so they had the highest total fertility (7.03 vs. 5.17 for Tunisia and 5.7 for Sudan). Fertility levels determined by the model corresponded with those of national reports. Tunisia had the lowest breast feeding levels (33% vs. 47% in Syria and 62% in Sudan) and contraceptive use was rather high (37% vs. 16% for Sudan and 34% for Syria). The sterilization level was highest in Tunisia (8.1% vs. 0.3% in Sudan and 0.4% in Syria). Subfecundity was more or less the same in Syria and Tunisia (18% and 20%, respectively) while it was 64% in Sudan. This high rate of subfecundity was probably due to female genital mutilation practices. True infertility was 20% for Sudan and Tunisia and 15% for Syria. Language: French Keywords: SUDAN | TUNISIA | SYRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | FERTILITY | TIME FACTORS | BREASTFEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SUBFECUNDITY | INFERTILITY | ISLAM | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Middle East | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Fecundity | Reproduction | Religion Document Number: 106363 |
| 28. Title: Anthropological demography and the limits of diffusionism. Author: Kreager P Source: In: International Population Conference / Congres International de la Population, Montreal 1993, 24 August - 1st September. Volume 4, [compiled by] International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]. Liege, Belgium, IUSSP, 1993. :313-26. Abstract: Recent work in anthropological demography is related to diffusion research in order to ascertain whether anthropological demography offers ways of surmounting the weaknesses of diffusion or whether it supplants diffusion hypotheses. At a macro-level, socioeconomic premises of classic demographic transition theory were unable to account for wide differentials in fertility declines and the persistence of regional and cultural factors. At the micro-level, the reproductive behavior models based on individual choice had difficulty in reconciling observed responses, thus more attention was accorded to community institutions and values. Coale named 3 preconditions for sustained fertility decline 1) effective techniques of birth limitation; 2) social and economical recognition of their practice by potential reproductive partners; and 3) the use of such practices in the partner's everyday decision making. 2 recent seminars conducted under the auspices of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population Committee for Anthropological Demography, devoted largely to the demography of sub-Saharan Africa, addressed the issues of changes in nuptiality and HIV transmission, a widely discussed recent diffusion phenomenon. In societies traditionally practicing polygyny, between 15% and 50% of men currently have more than 1 wife. In Yaounde and Douala, Cameroon, polygyny is most frequent among educated people and civil servants. The complexities of African nuptiality are not merely of local concern, as the widening of plural marriage or the spread of AIDS provides evidence about the mutability of ideas and practices in the choice of dissemination. There is a need to formulate systematically the diversity of conjugal alternatives, the supraindividual models which guide current behavior. In Africa, these identities are in conflict exacerbated by Western technology and culture. Diffusionist approaches isolate outcomes in a historical process and constrain the comprehension of ongoing transformations. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ANTHROPOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHY | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | NUPTIALITY | POLYGAMY | POLYGYNY | Developing Countries | Social Sciences | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Marriage Patterns | Marriage Document Number: 090111 |
| 29. Title: Religious homogamy and voluntary childlessness in Canada. Author: Krishnan V Source: SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES. 1993 Spring;36(1):83-93. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of religious affiliation, religious homogamy, religiosity, and religious marriage on voluntary and temporary childlessness and to compare childlessness patterns among Canadian-born and foreign-born women. Data were obtained from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey of 2863 women aged 18-49 years who were married to their first husband or living in consensual unions. The sample included 216 childless women, of whom 98 were voluntarily childless and 91 were temporarily childless. Analysis performed with probit maximum likelihood techniques and bivariate forms revealed that homogamous Catholics were less likely to remain temporarily childless but more likely to be voluntarily childless than non-Catholics. Multivariate analysis found that age, marriage age, education, and husband's income were statistically significantly related to voluntary childlessness. The likelihood of childlessness was also influenced by young age, later marriage, higher education, employment, women with husbands with lower income, and women who attend church services less frequently. Religious homogamous marriage was unrelated to childlessness. Frequent church attendance decreased the odds of deciding not to have children. Neither Catholic homogamy nor non-Catholic homogamy had an important effect after interaction terms for both religiosity and homogamy were included. Childlessness among foreign-born women was significantly more likely among those whose husbands had lower income, nonreligious women, and non-Catholic women who married heterogamously. Canadian women's childlessness was significantly related to education, husband's income, religiosity, and non-Catholic homogamy. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LOGISTIC MODEL | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | FOREIGNERS | RELIGION | CATHOLICISM | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Christianity | Economic Factors | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 092325 |
| 30. Title: Levels, age patterns and trends of sterility in selected countries South of the Sahara. Author: Larsen U Source: In: International Population Conference / Congres International de la Population, Montreal 1993, 24 August - 1st September. Volume 1, [compiled by] International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP]. Liege, Belgium, IUSSP, 1993. :593-603. Abstract: Using data collected in cooperation with the World Fertility Surveys (WFS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) the aim was to determine the levels, age patterns, and trends of sterility in benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. In sub-Saharan Africa, 10 countries completed a WFS survey from 1977 to 1982. From 1986 to 1991 a DHS survey was carried out in 13 countries. In Sudan, Lesotho and Mauritania only ever married women were eligible for interview. All women (generally age 15-49) were eligible in the rest of the sub-Saharan countries. The selected samples included women who had been sexually active at least 5 years. Subsequently the levels and range patterns of sterility were estimated for each country and by produce within each country. The inhibiting effect of sterility on fertility was also assessed. Age-specific rates of sterility were estimated by the subsequently infertile estimator. At age 34, the proportions sterile reached .41 in Cameroon, .11 in Burundi, and intermediate levels in the rest of the countries. Burundi had the lowest prevalence of sterility at all ages, Cameroon had the highest up to about age 42, and at older ages Sudan and Lesotho ranked highest. In general, sterility rose moderately up to age 35 and then more rapidly after age 40. Sterility was particularly prevalent along major rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. Sterility was relatively high around Lake Victoria as well as in the Coast region of Kenya in 1977-78. Primary sterility was less than 3% in Burundi, Ghana, Kenya, Togo, and in Ondo state, Nigeria; 3-5% in Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, and Nigeria (1990), Senegal, Sudan (1989-90) and Uganda; and 5% or more in Cameroon, Nigeria (1981-82), and Sudan (1978-79). Differential disease patterns caused the most variation in age-specific rates of sterility. Under the hypothesis of Burundi levels of age specific sterility and unchanged fertility, and African woman in the age range from 20 to 44 would have an additional .5 to 2 children. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INFERTILITY | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | AIDS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WHO | WOMEN | CHANGES | Africa | Developing Countries | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Surveys | Reproduction | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Changes | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Social Change Document Number: 084970 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |