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1.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Maternal health: a case study of Rajasthan.
Author: Iyengar SD; Iyengar K; Gupta V
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):271-92.
Abstract: This case study has used the results of a review of literature to understand the persistence of poor maternal health in Rajasthan, a large state of north India, and to make some conclusions on reasons for the same. The rate of reduction in Rajasthan's maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has been slow, and it has remained at 445 per 1000 livebirths in 2003. The government system provides the bulk of maternal health services. Although the service infrastructure has improved in stages, the availability of maternal health services in rural areas remains poor because of low availability of human resources, especially midwives and clinical specialists, and their non-residence in rural areas. Various national programmes, such as the Family Planning, Child Survival and Safe Motherhood and Reproductive and Child Health (phase 1 and 2), have attempted to improve maternal health; however, they have not made the desired impact either because of an earlier emphasis on ineffective strategies, slow implementation as reflected in the poor use of available resources, or lack of effective ground-level governance, as exemplified by the widespread practice of informally charging users for free services. Thirty-two percent of women delivered in institutions in 2005-2006. A 2006 government scheme to give financial incentives for delivering in government institutions has led to substantial increase in the proportion of institutional deliveries. The availability of safe abortion services is limited, resulting in a large number of informal abortion service providers and unsafe abortions, especially in rural areas. The recent scheme of Janani Suraksha Yojana provides an opportunity to improve maternal and neonatal health, provided the quality issues can be adequately addressed.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MATERNAL HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | HUMAN RESOURCES | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 341929 Notification

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Title: A rock in a weary land: AIDS, South Africa, and the church.
Author: Miller RL Jr
Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):22-38.
Abstract: This article explores the contributing factors to the endemic problems exacerbating the AIDS crisis in South Africa. The legacy of Apartheid, including the attendant problems of poverty, illiteracy, and disparate health statuses between the beneficiaries and victims of Apartheid, is explored. Because women are bearing the brunt of the infection, their experience of AIDS is also considered. A brief case study illuminating an AIDS-sensitive church is offered as an exemplar of self-determination and social networks used to sustain a South African township riddled by HIV disease. The article concludes by suggesting that the benefits of communal religious participation as a coping response to HIV disease requires further examination by social work and public health workers in South African communities of color with minimal resources to combat HIV disease.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | POVERTY | CHRISTIANITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | STIGMA | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion
Document Number: 341956

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ethical and social issues facing obstetricians in low-income countries.
Author: Ogwuegbu CC; Eze OH
Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):237-49.
Abstract: A review of publications on ethical and social issues from low-income countries was done with the aim of highlighting the major ethical and social issues facing obstetricians in these countries. Low-income countries were identified using the World Health Organization income group classification of member nations. Obstetricians in low-income countries face a wide range of special social and ethical issues that reflect the peculiarities of their practice environment characterized by poverty, low education, deep attachment to tradition and culture, low social status of women, and high levels of physician's paternalism.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | PHYSICIANS | OBSTETRICS | ETHICS | POVERTY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | DECISION MAKING | INFORMED CONSENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Traditional Health Practices | Culture
Document Number: 342174

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Innovations and challenges in reducing maternal mortality in Tamil Nadu, India.
Author: Padmanaban P; Raman PS; Mavalankar DV
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):202-19.
Abstract: Although India has made slow progress in reducing maternal mortality, progress in Tamil Nadu has been rapid. This case study documents how Tamil Nadu has taken initiatives to improve maternal health services leading to reduction in maternal morality from 380 in 1993 to 90 in 2007. Various initiatives include establishment of maternal death registration and audit, establishment and certification of comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn-care centres, 24-hour x 7-day delivery services through posting of three staff nurses at the primary health centre level, and attracting medical officers to rural areas through incentives in terms of reserved seats in postgraduate studies and others. This is supported by the better management capacity at the state and district levels through dedicated public-health officers. Despite substantial progress, there is some scope for further improvement of quality of infrastructure and services. The paper draws out lessons for other states and countries in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTETRICS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | HUMAN RESOURCES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ABORTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medicine | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 341934 Notification

6.
Title: Gender differences in educational attainments and occupational status in Thailand: a study based on Kanchanaburi DSS data.
Author: Viswanathan PK; Thongthai V
Source: Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2009 Jan;17(2):83-122.
Abstract: This paper examines the gender differences in educational attainments and occupational roles in Thailand based on the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (hereafter referred as the KDSS) data. The important objectives of the study are: a) to examine the gender composition in educational attainments and delineate the magnitude and extent of inter-generational disparity in educational attainments across gender and strata over time; b) to dissect the gender wise occupational composition of the economically productive age groups and thereby to bring out the occupational dynamism among women across strata over the KDSS rounds; c) to examine the influence of demographic and socio-economic variables including education on occupational status of the households; and d) to reflect upon the important policy imperatives emerging from the study.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | INEQUALITIES | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 339864

Title: Picking up the pieces: Women's experience of urban violence in Brazil.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 80 p. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/fr/eec038ff-0a02-11dd-badf-1352a91852c5/amr190012008fra.pdf (French)
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/es/6b8bf868-11de-11dd-a257-bd451c5f5cc0/amr190012008spa.pdf (Spanish)
Abstract: These stories provide a glimpse of what life is like for women in many parts of Brazil today. In socially excluded communities women live out their lives against a backdrop of constant criminal and police violence. The impact of this violence on their lives is complex and profound, yet their stories are rarely heard. In a debate that has traditionally centred on gun violence, the focus has invariably been on young men - the overwhelming majority of those involved in gun crime, both as perpetrators and victims. This report focuses on the largely untold stories of women struggling to live their lives, to bring up their children and to fight for justice amid police and criminal violence. Amnesty International has addressed the question of criminal gangs in previous publications, consistently condemning their actions and highlighting how the failure of the state to combat criminal violence has effectively condemned millions of people to lives of fear and misery. This report highlights some of the patterns of human rights violations against women in particular. Building on Amnesty International's past work on public security, it looks at how women deal with high levels of criminal violence in the absence of state protection; how increasing numbers of women have become directly or indirectly involved in the drug trade; and how women's contact with the criminal justice system often makes already traumatic situations worse. Most worryingly, it identifies how for decades the state has been directly responsible for the fact that women are suffering attacks and violence at the hands of criminal gangs and law enforcement officials. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICE | PRISONERS | URBAN POPULATION | CRIME | VIOLENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHILD CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | HOUSING | WOMEN'S HEALTH | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health
Document Number: 326743

Peer Reviewed

Title: Deaths among young, single women in 2000 - 2001 in the West Bank, Palestinian occupied territories.
Author: Al-Adili N; Shaheen M; Bergstrom S; Johansson A
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):112-121.
Abstract: A study in 2000-2001 of causes of death of women of reproductive age (15-49) in the West Bank, Palestinian Occupied Territories, found that 154 of the 411 deceased women aged 15-49 with known marital status were single. Death notification forms for reported deaths were analysed and verbal autopsies carried out, where possible, with relatives of the deceased women. We found important differences in the age at death and causes of death among the single and married women, which can be attributed to the disadvantaged social status of single women in Palestinian society, exacerbated by the current unstable political situation. 41% of the deceased single women were under 25 years of age at death compared to 8% of the married women. The proportion of violent deaths and suicides among the single women was almost twice as high as among the married women, mainly in those below age 25. The single women were also more likely to die from medical conditions which indicated that they faced barriers to accessing health care. The fieldwork was conducted at the height of the Intifada and the Israeli military response, with heavy restrictions on mobility, limiting the possibility of probing deeper into the circumstances surrounding sensitive deaths. More research into the socio-cultural context of single women in Palestine society is needed as a basis for intervention. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST BANK | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | MARITAL STATUS | CAUSES OF DEATH | AGE FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327196

Title: Early marriage in Ethiopia: Causes and health consequences.
Author: Alemu B
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):4-6.
Abstract: Advocates for gender equality and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) argue that early marriage is one of the most harmful practices as it usually denies girls educational opportunities, leads to poverty and economic insecurity and has a serious negative impact on their health and decision-making capacities. It also reinforces other forms of gender-based violence and problems. Early marriage is mostly common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It is rampant in Ethiopia, although prevalence varies from one region to another. At the national level, 62% of Ethiopian women aged 20-49 get married before the age of 18. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325822

10.

Title: The implications of objectification theory for women's health: Menstrual suppression and "maternal request" cesarean delivery.
Author: Andrist LC
Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 May;29(5):551-565.
Abstract: Menstrual suppression with oral contraceptives and cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) are relatively new options for women and increasingly are available, particularly in developed countries, around the world. In this article, I explore these issues using objectification theory as a framework for deconstruction. I offer a provocative hypothesis: Women who objectify their bodies are not only interested in menstrual suppression, but also in surgicalized childbirth at their request. I argue that because patriarchal societies have aligned women's reproductive functions with nature, disinterest in menstruation and vaginal childbirth has become another way for women to separate themselves from their "earthly" nature and transform or maintain their bodies as idealized cultural symbols (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | CESAREAN SECTION | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | WOMEN'S STATUS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CULTURE | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326447

11.
Title: Prospects for feminism in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Author: Barlow R; Akbarzadeh S
Source: Human Rights Quarterly. 2008;30:21-40.
Abstract: There is a stark contrast between the level of Iranian women's social and political engagement and what the conservative regime prescribes. The gap between the reality of women's participation in public life and their restricted legal status has emboldened women's groups to campaign for legal reforms. But the Iranian regime has adopted an uncompromising position in relation to such demands. This is seen as an existential matter for the state. As a result, the Islamic regime has adopted a highly intolerant and repressive approach to women's groups. This is most evident in relation to secular-oriented feminists, such as the Nobel Prize Laureate Shirin Ebadi, driving a wedge between the latter and the more religiously-oriented feminists. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | GOVERNMENT | ISLAM | FEMINISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LEGISLATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights
Document Number: 324454

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Social costs of skilled attendance at birth in rural Ghana.
Author: Bazzano AN; Kirkwood B; Tawiah-Agyemang C; Owusu-Agyei S; Adongo P
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):91-94.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the social costs to women of skilled attendance at birth in rural Ghana. Ethnographic data were obtained through participant observation, interviews, case histories, and focus groups and were analyzed alongside data from a birth cohort of 2878 singletons born in the Kintampo study district between July 2003 and June 2004. Most women delivered at home. Home delivery raises a woman's status in her community, while seeking skilled attendance lowers it.Women feel that seeking assistance in childbirth wastes other people's timeand they value secrecy in labor. Negative treatment by health providers and expensive supplies needed for delivery also act as barriers. The social costs of obtaining skilled attendance at birth must be offset by community level strategies such as mobilization of older women and husbands, and ensuring health providers extend professional, humane care to laboring women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | CASE HISTORIES | WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327055

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Being and feeling like a woman: respectability, responsibility, desirability and safe sex among women of Afro-Surinamese and Dutch Antillean descent in the Netherlands.
Author: Bertens MG; Krumeich A; van den Borne B; Schaalma HP
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Aug;10(6):547-61.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe and understand gender roles and the relational context of sexual decision-making and safe sex negotiation among Afro-Surinamese and Dutch Antillean women in the Netherlands. Twenty-eight individual in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions were conducted. In negotiating safe sex with a partner, women reported encountering ambiguity between being respectable and being responsible. Their independence, autonomy, authority and pride inherent to the matrifocal household give them ample opportunity to negotiate safe sex and power to stand firm in executing their decisions. The need to be respectable burdens negotiation practices, because as respectable, virtuous women there would not be the need to use condoms. Respectable women will only participate in serious monogamous relationships, which are inherently safe. Women's desire to feel like a woman, 'to tame the macho-man' and constrain him into a steady relationship, limits negotiation space because of emotional dependency. Respectability seems to enforce not questioning men's sexual infidelity. In developing STI/HIV prevention programmes this ambiguity due to cultural values related to gender roles should be considered. Raising awareness of power differences and conflicting roles and values may support women in safe-sex decision-making.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | NETHERLANDS ANTILLES | SURINAME | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | IMMIGRANTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | DECISION MAKING | SAFER SEX | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | GENDER RELATIONS | CONDOM USE | EMOTIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Caribbean | Americas | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 329244

14.

Title: The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa region.
Author: Chamlou N
Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, [2008]. [90] p.
Abstract: The objective of the report is to provide a better understanding of barriers to investment and doing business that may be common to all investors and those that affect women entrepreneurs disproportionately. The report examines newly available data from over 5,100 surveyed firms in the formal sector in eight Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Gaza and the West Bank, and Yemen). These surveys detail firm characteristics and the responses of male- and female-owned firms to questions about perceived barriers along 18 categories of the investment climate. The purpose of the report is threefold: 1) To provide an overview of the characteristics of female-owned firms in the region; 2) To analyze gender-specific barriers that exist across the region or within countries; and 3) To identify other factors outside the business environment that might affect women's entrepreneurship. The report finishes with policy recommendations on how to reduce the identified barriers and create a level playing field for women entrepreneurs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | INVESTMENTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 327307

15.

Title: Whispers to voices: Gender and social transformation in Bangladesh.
Author: Das MB; Amin S; Das Gupta M; Johnson K; Hossain A
Source: Dhaka, Bangladesh, World Bank, South Asia Region, South Asia Sustainable Development Department, 2008 Mar. [162] p. (Bangladesh Development Series Paper No. 22)
Abstract: Bangladesh stands out as the shining new example in South Asia of a poor country achieving impressive gains in gender equality. After Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala, here is a country that had been famously written off by Henry Kissinger as a "basket case," which now dwarfs India and Pakistan in many areas. Between 1971 and 2004, Bangladesh halved its fertility rates. In much of the country today, girls' secondary school attendance exceeds that of boys. The gender gap in infant mortality has been closed. The micro-credit revolution continues to boost women's solidarity groups and earning potential, and vast numbers of young women are leaving their villages to work in garment factories where, in earlier generations, young women were rarely seen outside their homes. Bangladesh's success has been widely celebrated and analyzed - even posed as a puzzle. For how could a country with such low per capita income achieve such heights? All this achieved, moreover, in a cultural context widely believed to be repressive to women. While there remains more to be done in terms of increasing women's labor force participation, reducing and punishing violence, increasing political participation and visibility in leadership positions, we also need to understand how these gains came about. In particular, we need to appreciate how policies and opportunities can change behaviors and norms widely perceived to emphasize seclusion and to relegate women to the home. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | DECISION MAKING | PARTICIPATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 326309

16.

17.

Title: Gender violence and HIV: reversing twin epidemics.
Author: Eghtessadi R
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(3):1-4.
Abstract: The situation of women and girls in the context of the HIV and AIDS epidemic in many parts of the world and particularly sub-Saharan Africa continues to be a cause of major concern. Statistics remain highly disturbing, with women accounting for almost 60% of adults (aged 15-49) living with HIV in the region, and 75% of all young people living with HIV being female. HIV prevalence among young women aged 15-24 is three times higher than HIV among their male counterparts. Three quarters of all adult women living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, with more than 30% of women in some countries reporting their first sexual encounter as forced, and the continued feminisation of the HIV epidemic, violence remains both a cause and consequence of HIV infection. Once infected with HIV, women often face varied forms of violence, particularly driven by stigma and discrimination, within their homes and from their communities. Limited access and control over resources; poor access to education and information; limited access to services (legal, health and social); and subordination due to harmful cultural practices and gender inequalities, only serve to fuel this vicious cycle of the twin epidemics-gender-based violence (GBV) and HIV and AIDS. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | WAR | WOMEN'S STATUS | SEXUAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Discrimination
Document Number: 323154

18.

Title: Sexual behaviour and inheritance rights among HIV-positive women in Abia State, Nigeria.
Author: Enwereji EE
Source: Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2008 Aug;10(2):73-78.
Abstract: In developing countries, culture favours males for economic ventures more than females. There is evidence that allowing HIV positive women inheritance rights will mitigate negative economic consequences of HIV/AIDS and other related risks. This study aimed to examine the extent to which HIV positive women have access to family resources in Abia State, Nigeria. Data collection instruments were questionnaire, focus group discussion and interview guides using 98 HIV positive women in network of people living with HIV/AIDS. Five key informants were also interviewed to authenticate women's responses. Results showed that 85 (86.7%) of the women were denied rights to family resources. Thirty-eight (64.4%) of them had negative relationship with their family members for demanding their husbands' property. Because of limited financial assistance, the women took two types of risks in order to survive in the communities. Twenty-five women (25.5%) earned their livelihood by acting as hired labourers to others in the farm. More that half (55.1%) of the HIV positive women were practicing unprotected sex. Although as high as 79.6% of women were aware of risks of unprotected sex, 54 (55%) of them practised it. The commonest reason for taking the risk was sex partners' dislike for condom use. The high proportion of HIV positive women who were denied access to family resources, could suggest lack of care and support. If this denial continues, Government's efforts to reduce HIV prevalence would yield no significant result. There is therefore need for organized community education programme that emphasizes the benefits of empowering women living positively with HIV/AIDS economically. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SEX BEHAVIOR | INHERITANCE | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GENDER ISSUES | RISK BEHAVIOR | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 328005

19.

Title: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk. Addendum: Mission to Algeria. Advance edited version.
Author: Erturk Y
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], Human Rights Council, 2008 Feb 13. 30 p. (A/HRC/7/6/Add.2) Human Rights Council, Seventh Session, Agenda item 3.
Abstract: Since independence, Algerian women have made remarkable advances in education, although gender gaps continue at various levels and among certain professions, including judges, teachers and medical doctors. At the same time, marginalization and feminized poverty remain areas of great concern. Women, who are socially stigmatized, including divorced, separated and deserted women, single mothers and street women, are particularly vulnerable and urgently need more State support. While women enjoy formal legal equality in the public sphere, they lack equal access to the labour market and decision-making positions, as evidenced by their low representation in these areas. Moreover, many women are still subject to oppression and discrimination in the community and family circle. The Family Code has been considerably improved but retains institutions that disadvantaged women, most significantly with regard to inheritance and the material consequences of divorce. Violence against women in the private sphere is pervasive and yet largely invisible. The ejection of women and girls into the street is a particularly egregious form of such violence. Sexual harassment and abuse in public institutions is an emerging issue with diverse consequences for women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALGERIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CULTURE | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 326334

20.

Title: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk. Addendum: Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Advance edited version.
Author: Erturk Y
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], Human Rights Council, 2008 Feb 28. 26 p. (A/HRC/7/6/Add.4) Human Rights Council, Seventh Session, Agenda item 3.
Abstract: Sexual violence has been a defining feature of the Democratic Republic of the Congo's recent armed conflicts. Women, in areas of armed conflict, still suffer sexual violence committed by the Forces armees de la Republique democratique du Congo (FARDC), the Police nationale congolaise (PNC), armed groups and, increasingly, civilians. The situation is particularly dramatic in South Kivu, where non-State armed groups, including foreign militia, commit sexual atrocities that aim at the complete physical and psychological destruction of women with implications for the entire society. Given the multitude of actors involved in the conflict and the continuation of these crimes, the international community, in cooperation with the Congolese authorities, has a responsibility to take all necessary measures to ensure that women in South Kivu are protected. Sexual violence extends beyond eastern Congo. In Equateur Province, PNC and FARDC have carried out systematic reprisals against the civilian population, including mass rape. Soldiers and police who commit these acts amounting to crimes against humanity are rarely held accountable by the commanding officers. Some of the perpetrators have been given commanding positions in the State security forces, which further aggravates the situation. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RAPE | WAR | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases
Document Number: 326335

21.

Title: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk. Addendum: Mission to Ghana. Advance edited version.
Author: Erturk Y
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], Human Rights Council, 2008 Feb 21. 27 p. (A/HRC/7/6/Add.3) Human Rights Council, Seventh Session, Agenda item 3.
Abstract: This report contains my findings as Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, following my official mission to Ghana from 7 to 14 July 2007. It addresses specific forms of violence encountered by women and girls within the context of the dual normative system in the country and women's subordinate status in the society at large. The formal State institutions coexist with a customary system of traditional authorities. While traditional authorities are also fully bound by Ghana's international commitments to gender equality to the extent that they exercise public power, they tend to favour respect for local custom over gender equality. Customary law, which is constitutionally recognized as a source of law, discriminates against women, especially in relation to questions of inheritance and property. Violence against women remains widespread and some groups of women are particularly vulnerable. The girl child may be sexually abused in the family, subjected to early or child marriage or exploited as a kayaye (porter) or domestic worker. Female genital mutilation and the ritual servitude of trokosi also remain prevalent in some parts of the country, even though these practices have been criminalized and are on the decrease. Women accused of witchcraft are often violently driven from their communities and forced to take refuge in "witch camps". Many widows are subjected to violent evictions from their homes and loss of inheritance, leaving them destitute. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RAPE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | LEGISLATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases
Document Number: 326336

22.

Title: Economic violence to women and girls: Is it receiving the necessary attention?
Author: Fawole OI
Source: Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 2008 Jul;9(3):167-177.
Abstract: Most studies on gender-based violence (GBV) have focused on its physical, sexual, and psychological manifestations. This paper seeks to draw attention to the types of economic violence experienced by women, and describes its consequences on health and development. Economic violence experienced included limited access to funds and credit; controlling access to health care, employment, education, including agricultural resources; excluding from financial decision making; and discriminatory traditional laws on inheritance, property rights, and use of communal land. At work women experienced receiving unequal remuneration for work done equal in value to the men's, were overworked and underpaid, and used for unpaid work outside the contractual agreement. Some experienced fraud and theft from some men, illegal confiscation of goods for sale, and unlawful closing down of worksites. At home, some were barred from working by partners; while other men totally abandoned family maintenance to the women. Unfortunately, economic violence results in deepening poverty and compromises educational attainment and developmental opportunities for women. It leads to physical violence, promotes sexual exploitation and the risk of contracting HIV infection, maternal morbidity and mortality, and trafficking of women and girls. Economic abuse may continue even after the woman has left the abusive relationship. There is need for further large-scale studies on economic violence to women. Multi-strategy interventions that promote equity between women and men, provide economic opportunities for women, inform them of their rights, reach out to men and change societal beliefs and attitudes that permit exploitative behavior are urgently required. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327029

23.

Title: Female feticide in India: Issues and concerns.
Author: Garg S; Nath A
Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2008 Oct;54(4):276-279.
Abstract: The preference for a son continues to be a prevalent norm in the traditional Indian household. This is evident from the declining sex ratio which has dropped to alarming levels, especially in the northern states according to Census 2001 reports. The proliferation and abuse of advanced technologies coupled with social factors contributing to the low status of women such as dowry, concerns with family name and looking up to the son as a breadwinner has made the evil practice of female feticide to become common in the middle and higher socioeconomic households, especially in the northern states. Despite the existence of the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, there is a dire need to strengthen this law since the number of convictions is despairingly low as compared to the burden posed by this crime. Moreover, it is necessary to gear efforts against the cultural, economic and religious roots of this social malady by woman empowerment and intensive Information, Education and Communication campaigns. The medical colleges and professional bodies have a vital role to play by sensitizing medical students who are the doctors of tomorrow.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FETUS | SEX PREFERENCE | ABORTION | WOMEN'S STATUS | CULTURE | DOWRY | SEX DETERMINATION | CRIME | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Diseases
Document Number: 328513 Notification

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender and AIDS: Time to act.
Author: Greig A; Peacock D; Jewkes R; Msimang S
Source: AIDS. 2008;22 Suppl 2:S35-S43.
Abstract: Gender has long been recognized as being key to understanding and addressing HIV and AIDS. Gender roles and relations that structure and legitimate women's subordination and simultaneously foster models of masculinity that justify and reproduce men's dominance over women exacerbate the spread and impact of the epidemic. Notions of masculinity prevalent in many parts of the world that equate being a man with dominance over women, sexual conquest and risk-taking are associated with less condom use, more sexually transmitted infections, more partners, including more casual partners, more frequent sex, more abuse of alcohol and more transactional sex. They also contribute to men accessing treatment later than women and at greater cost to public health systems. The imperative of addressing the gender dimensions of AIDS has been clearly and repeatedly articulated. Many interventions have been shown to be effective in addressing gender-related risks and vulnerabilities including programmes designed to reach and engage men, improve women's legal and economic position, integrate gender-based violence prevention into HIV services, and increase girls' access to secondary and tertiary education. Despite this, the political will to act has been sorely lacking and not nearly enough has been done to hold governments and multilateral institutions to account. This paper argues that we can no longer simply pay lip service to the urgent need to act on what we know about gender and AIDS. Simply put, it is time to act. (Author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | INTERVENTIONS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 327861

25.
Title: Contraception in India: exploring met and unmet demand.
Author: Gulati SC; Chaurasia AR; Singh RM
Source: World Health and Population. 2008;10(2):25-39.
Abstract: Our study examines factors influencing demand for contraception for spacing as well as for limiting births in India. Data on socio-economic, demographic and program factors affecting demand for contraception in India are from the National Family Health Survey, 1998--99. The recent document from the National Rural Health Mission has completely ignored the use of contraception in controlling fertility in India. Empirical results of our study suggest giving priority to and focusing attention on supply-side factors such as a regular and sustained supply of quality contraceptive methods to improve accessibility and affordability. Further, strengthening the information, education and communication (IEC) component of the reproductive and child health (RCH) package would allay misapprehensions about the side effects and health risks of contraception. Focusing attention on demand-side factors such as women's empowerment through education, gainful employment and exposure to mass-media would help reduce the unmet demand for family planning. The resulting reduction in fertility would hasten the process of demographic transition and population stabilization in India.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | TUBERCULOSIS | UN | GOALS | HEALTH POLICY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | DIARRHEA | WOMEN'S STATUS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329490

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Young women's perceived ability to refuse sex in urban Cameroon.
Author: Hattori MK; DeRose L
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):309-320.
Abstract: In many sub-Saharan African countries, young women face decreasing educational opportunities, age asymmetries between sexual partners, and high prevalence of HIV infection. This study draws upon data from the 2002 Cameroon Adolescent Reproductive Health Survey to analyze the determinants of young women's perceived ability to refuse sex in urban Cameroon. Our findings are consistent with predictions of social exchange theory: young women's status characteristics predict their vulnerability differently under different circumstances, and, overall, young women report having a lower ability to refuse sex in their relationships with men who offer to pay their school fees than in their relationships with men in positions of power over them. The costs and benefits of sexual exchanges made in order to continue one's education increase simultaneously in a context of declining enrollments and spreading HIV infection. When educational aspirations exceed opportunities, policy supporting access to education could reduce young women's need to employ their sexual resources in order to invest in their future.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | PERCEPTION | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S STATUS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 328193

27.

Title: Ethiopian women's perspectives on reproductive health. Results from a PEER study in the Guraghe zone.
Author: Hemmings J; Wubshet T; Lemma S; Antoni T; Cherinet T
Source: London, United Kingdom, Options, 2008 May. 56 p.
Abstract: This study was conducted to learn about the social context in which reproductive health decisions are made among women of childbearing age in rural and peri-urban areas of the Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia. Results will inform MSI-E's advocacy programme, communications design, and development of social marketing tools. Using the PEER approach, local women developed their own research questions, interviewed their friends, and fed back findings to the research team. They collected detailed qualitative data on gender dynamics, socioeconomic conditions, attitudes to family planning, and experience of health services and communications. The study was conducted in and around Wolkite, a town 150km south west of Addis Ababa on the main road to Jinna. The women recruited were broadly typical of the area's population: of reproductive age, a mixture of Christian and Muslim, engaged in farming and trading in local markets, and busy with young families and domestic work. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FORMATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | PEER GROUPS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | AWARENESS | BELIEFS | DECISION MAKING | GENDER RELATIONS | WOMEN'S STATUS | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Gender Issues | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328160

28.

Title: Adolescent maternity in a low income community: Experiences revealed by oral history.
Author: Hoga LA
Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2008 Mar-Apr;16(2):280-286.
Abstract: Adolescent maternity involves relevant factors associated with each family, culture and society. This research aimed to describe the experiences in the trajectory of adolescent maternity. The oral history method was used, obtaining the narratives of 21 adolescent mothers living in a low income community located in S�o Paulo City, Brazil. The following descriptive categories emerged from the narratives: Pregnancy: an event in the initial phase of the relationship; Insufficient knowledge and access to contraceptives, gender inferiority and God's will: the ways to look at pregnancy; To escape from family problems and define the life course: the personal meanings attributed to pregnancy; More gain than pain: the balance of adolescent maternity. Adolescent maternity in low income contexts involves very complex factors and requires an integral, integrated, personal and family centered care. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S STATUS | INEQUALITIES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Knowledge | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion | Behavior | Health
Document Number: 327508

29.

Title: Women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effect on reproductive health.
Author: Hussain R; Khan A
Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 May;29(5):468-483.
Abstract: In this article we explore women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effects on reproductive health. We conducted a qualitative study composed of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews in two low- to middle-income areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Results show sexual coercion and nonconsensual sex were common and not limited to abusive relationships. Difficulties in negotiating safe sex resulted in unwanted pregnancies, some leading to unsafe abortions. The women reported escalation of violence during pregnancy to be common. Social norms prevented disclosure of sexual violence leading to limited support or intervention or both. The link between women's social status, marital violence, and reproductive health is discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 326376

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Who owns the body? Indigenous African discourses of the body and contemporary sexual rights rhetoric.
Author: Izugbara CO; Undie CC
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):159-167.
Abstract: The realisation of sexual rights remains a daunting challenge in most of sub-Saharan Africa despite the articulation of these rights in several international documents and national laws. In this paper, we highlight a possible but neglected reason why this is so. Current sexual rights declarations derive from the notion that the body, as a physical entity, belongs to the individual. However, our work in two southeastern Nigerian cultures, the Ngwa-Igbo and the Ubang, shows that there is at least one alternative view of the body, which constructs it as the property of the wider community, rather than that of the individual. In the two cultures in question, rights are embodied in the community, which also lays powerful claims on all its members, including the claim of body ownership. Individuals are thus more likely to seek and realise their rights within the communal space, rather than by standing alone. The assumption that individuals always hold the ultimate right to their bodies is problematic and may constrain the effectiveness of rights-based programmes and interventions in general, and of work around sexual rights in particular. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | SEXUALITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | OWNERSHIP | CULTURE | BELIEFS | WOMEN'S STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Africa | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 327199


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