1.  Title: Coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method: Turkish women's perceptions and experiences. Author: Ciftcioglu S; Erci B Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009 Jun 1; Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to determine the perceptions and experiences of coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method used by married women in Turkey. Background. Various factors affect women's choice of contraceptive methods. One of these factors is socioeconomic status, which may have an effect on the practice of coitus interruptus by women. Socioeconomic status refers to the relative position of a family or individual in a hierarchical social structure based on their access to or control over wealth, prestige and power. Methods. The study population consisted of married Turkish women from two different socioeconomic status groups in Turkey who were currently using coitus interruptus. Structured interviews on their demographic characteristics and perceptions and experiences of coitus interruptus were carried out between August 2004 and August 2005 with a convenience sample of 422 women (response rate 97.2%). Findings. Most participants were satisfied with the practice of coitus interruptus. Conception was the most common reason for discontinuing practice of the method. Age and educational level of participants did not affect failure in coitus interruptus practice in women of either socioeconomic status. The majority of the women of both socioeconomic statuses began practising coitus interruptus again after having stopped. Conclusions. Women generally favoured coitus interruptus, believing in its efficacy and safety, and stated that both women and their husbands preferred to use it. Nurses and midwives should promote knowledge of all effective methods for fertility regulation while women are in the fertile ages. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | COUPLES | WITHDRAWAL | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception Document Number: 341567 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence, correlates, and sexually transmitted infection risk related to coitus interruptus among African-American adolescents. Author: Sznitman SR; Romer D; Brown LK; DiClemente RJ; Valois RF; Vanable PA; Carey MP; Stanton B Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):218-20. Abstract: "Coitus interruptus" or withdrawal that involves the male partner "pulling out" before ejaculation, has received relatively little research attention, particularly in adolescents. The limited data that exist suggest that it is practiced among adolescents, yet its prevalence remains unclear. In a research trial developed to test the efficacy of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV prevention program among black adolescents, we were surprised to see extensive use of withdrawal (60% prevalence). Because black adolescents are disproportionately affected by the intersecting epidemics of HIV and other STIs, the practice of withdrawal may pose a particular risk practice for this population. Therefore, we examined 3 questions: (1) what are the correlates of withdrawal use among black adolescents, (2) how widespread is the combined use of withdrawal and condoms, and (3) what is the contribution of withdrawal to STI acquisition? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | WITHDRAWAL | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341120 |
| 3. Title: Contraceptive withdrawal in adolescents: a complex picture of usage. Author: Woods JL; Hensel DJ; Fortenberry JD Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Aug;22(4):233-7. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Contraceptive withdrawal, or coitus interruptus, is a widespread method in adolescents, but factors affecting usage have not been longitudinally investigated. Study objectives were to examine usage numbers of withdrawal among a group of sexually active adolescent females and to investigate the influence of personal, partner, and family factors on usage patterns. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (N=387; 14 to 17 years at enrollment; 92% African American) were recruited from primary care adolescent health clinics in areas with high rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. As part of a larger longitudinal study, subjects contributed face-to-face quarterly and annual questionnaires assessing contraceptive behavior, recent sexual behaviors, as well as partner- and family-based attitudes/beliefs. INTERVENTIONS, MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variable was: withdrawal use during the previous 12 weeks (no/yes); predictor variables included 19 individual, family and partner variables. All models additionally controlled for any current hormonal use (no/yes; any method), current condom use (no/yes) and past withdrawal use (past 30 days; no/yes). Logistic regression, with GEE estimation to adjust for repeated within-subject observations, was performed in SUDAAN, 9.0. RESULTS: Subjects supplied 1632 quarterly interviews; withdrawal was mentioned in about 25% of the interviews (392/1632). Controlling for primary contraceptive method, withdrawal was mentioned in 13.2% (51/307) of interviews with hormonal methods, in 32.4% (255/787) of the interviews with condoms and in 4.7% (78/1632) of interviews with no method. Current hormonal use was associated with a decreased likelihood of also using withdrawal (OR=0.34), whereas past withdrawal use increased the likelihood of current withdrawal by about 4-fold (OR=4.18). Condom use was not associated with withdrawal use. Current withdrawal use was more likely with a more diverse sexual repertoire (OR=1.65), more sexual partners in the past 3 months (OR=1.46), higher sexual control (OR=1.15), lower perceived STI risk (OR=0.46), higher sexual self-efficacy (OR=1.24), lower sexual coercion (OR=0.56) higher condom negativity (OR=1.16), living with a boyfriend (OR=2.17) and lower family sexual health support (OR=0.88). CONCLUSION: Contraceptive withdrawal in adolescents should not be considered 'rare.' Careful clinical consideration of usage within the context of other contraceptive behaviors, sexual behaviors/attitudes, and relationship issues could better inform effective contraceptive counseling efforts. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WITHDRAWAL | INTERVIEWS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Data Collection | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception Document Number: 342400 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Socio-demographic profile of women undergoing abortion in a tertiary centre. Author: Bahadur A; Mittal S; Sharma JB; Sehgal R Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Oct;278(4):329-332. Abstract: Introduction: Induced abortion is the most controversial area of family planning and it is often the most important method of fertility regulation by a community to control family size. Although abortion has been greatly liberalized, the annual number of legal abortions performed in India is 0.5 million of the annual estimated 6 million abortions. Material and methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive, population based study of the socio-demographic profile of women was conducted between March and August 2007 in the Family Planning Clinic at AIIMS, New Delhi. An ethical clearance was obtained and informed written consent taken from both the partners. Hundred and eighty women requesting an abortion were eligible for inclusion. Results: Mean age of the participants was 29.2 years (range SD § 3.5) and mean parity was 2.8 (range 1-6, SD § 0.9). Thirty-four percentage of women reported a previous abortion in the preceding 2 years. 52.5% of women whose present pregnancy was unintended had used a highly effective form of contraception 6 months before the event, like oral contraceptive pill (18.2%), condoms (36.8%), withdrawal method (32.5%) or periodic abstinence (12.1%). The reasons cited for termination of pregnancy were unplanned pregnancy 32.8% women, inadequate income 24.6%, family complete 20.3% and contraceptive failure 22.3%. The vast majority of women were uneducated (34.8%) with 31.4% having passed high school and above while 33.8% had left their education before completing high school. Conclusion: In a country like India with its vast population women in their reproductive age-group face a set of problems not only because of low literacy, low socio-economic status but also because they have lack of control over their reproductive intentions and are ignorant as to how to fulfill them. Abortion is a vulnerable time for all women and is a good opportunity for intervention for the ones belonging to the lower socio-economic strata of society who have less contact with health professionals. Thus there is a need to provide fertility regulation services keeping the users perspective in mind. The current study highlights the need for population based contraception and greater awareness of the use of contraception. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | ABSTINENCE | MOTIVATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328063 Notification |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of choosing withdrawal over modern contraceptive methods in Turkey. Author: Cindoglu D; Sirkeci I; Sirkeci RF Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):412-21. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The determinants of the use of withdrawal in Turkey are examined using a multinomial logistic model. METHODS: Data were drawn from a nation-wide population-based cross-sectional study, the Turkish Demographic Health Surveys that took place in 1998 and 2003. Detailed interviews were conducted with 8576 women aged 15-49 and analysed using SPSS. RESULTS: Contextual, cultural and demographic characteristics define women's choice of withdrawal over modern methods. Socio-economic status, education, employment status, and past fertility behaviour are among key determinants. First-ever used contraception method has a very strong impact on later choices. Urban women, the more educated, those with better socioeconomic status, and those living in less crowded households resort less to withdrawal. Experience and empowerment positively linked to modern contraceptive use among women in Turkey. CONCLUSIONS: The use of contraceptive methods in Turkey differs greatly. Empowerment of women in terms of better socioeconomic status, better education, modern and liberal attitudes towards women and family planning seem to reduce withdrawal use as the main method of contraception. The results suggest the need for education (particularly targeting young women and couples), information and provision of modern contraceptive services particularly for disadvantaged groups. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | CROWDING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Density Document Number: 331098 |
| 6. Title: Contraceptive methods with male participation: A perspective of Brazilian couples. Author: Marchi NM; de Alvarenga AT; Bahamondes L Source: International Nursing Review. 2008 Mar;55(1):103-109. Abstract: The objective was to assess the perspectives of couples who requested vasectomy in a public health service on the use of male participation contraceptive methods available in Brazil: male condoms, natural family planning/calendar, coitus interruptus and vasectomy. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was held with 20 couples who had requested vasectomy at the Human Reproduction Unit of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. Data analysis was carried out through thematic content analysis. The couples did not, in general, know any effective contraceptive options for use by men and/or participating in their use, except for vasectomy. The few methods with male participation that they knew of were perceived to interfere in spontaneity and in pleasure of intercourse. Men accepted that condom use in extraconjugal relations offered them protection from sexually transmitted diseases; that their wives might also participate in extra-marital relationships was not considered. The few contraceptive options with male participation lead to difficulty in sharing responsibilities between men and women. On the basis of perceived gender roles, women took the responsibility for contraception until the moment when the situation became untenable, and they faced the unavoidable necessity of sterilization. Specific actions are necessary for men to achieve integral participation in relation to reproductive sexual health. These include education and discussions on gender roles, leading to greater awareness in men of the realities of sexual and reproductive health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | COUPLES | VASECTOMY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | CONDOM USE | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | WITHDRAWAL | MALE ROLE | GENDER RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Social Behavior | Gender Issues Document Number: 325018 |
7.  Peer Reviewed Title: Perimenopausal contraception in Turkish women: A cross-sectional study. Author: Sahin NH; Kharbouch SB Source: BMC Nursing. 2008;6:1. Abstract: Epidemiologic research has shown that perimenopausal contraception is an important medical issue, because women during the perimenopause still need effective contraception. The objective of the study was to assess the contraceptive choices of perimenopausal Turkish women. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that in a non-random fashion recruited 202 perimenopausal and naturally menopausal women who lived in a suburban area of Istanbul. Women who took part were aged between 45-59 years old. Chief database used to identify the suitable participants in the district. Subjects who voluntarily participated in the study were interviewed in their homes by the researcher. The analysis of the data was evaluated using percentages. The percentage of sexually active women among the participants was 87.6%. A large majority - 80.2% - of the participants did not have any idea of when they should bring contraception to an end. The method most commonly used was withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus), represented by 38.8%. In regard to the participants' choices of medical contraception, those being utilized were the IUD (24.3%), tubal sterilization (8.9%), condom (5.9%) and COC (6.4%). Additionally, 18% of women used other traditional methods including vaginal lavage, vaginal aspirin, and even inserting a small sponge presoaked with fresh lemon juice or cola deep into the vagina. Among the perimenopausal women who participated, the IUD was the most popular and appropriate contraceptive method. Most perimenopausal Turkish women are still using traditional methods and women's knowledge about contraception in the menopausal stages is very limited. Health professionals should provide information about perimenopausal contraception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | WITHDRAWAL | NEEDS | KNOWLEDGE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323641 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Associations between low-income women's relationship characteristics and their contraceptive use. Author: Wilson EK; Koo HP Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Sep;40(3):171-9. Abstract: CONTEXT: Women's relationship context likely influences both their ability and their motivation to use contraceptives. No recent studies, however, have examined associations between women's relationship characteristics and use of different methods. METHODS: Data were collected in a longitudinal study of 839 low-income women at risk of unintended pregnancy who visited public family planning and postpartum clinics and maternity wards in two Southeastern cities. Simulated probabilities calculated from multivariate analyses assessed associations between a wide range of relationship characteristics and the use of no method, condoms, withdrawal, female methods or dual methods. RESULTS: Women who had had a child with their partner had an increased likelihood of contraceptive nonuse and use of withdrawal, and a decreased likelihood of using any female method. Respondents who were in a relationship for a relatively long time had an elevated likelihood of nonuse and use of female methods, but a lowered likelihood of condom use. Furthermore, married or cohabiting women were less likely than others to use dual methods. Respondents who had good communication with their partner had an elevated likelihood of using condoms. In addition, women who expected to receive a lot of emotional support from their partner if they became pregnant were more likely than others to report any condom use or dual method use, and less likely to report contraceptive nonuse. CONCLUSIONS: When counseling family planning clients, providers should consider women in the context of their relationships. Future research exploring factors associated with contraceptive method use should examine variables related to the establishment, quality and expectations of their relationships. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | COUPLES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 329166 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Author: Coffee AL; Sulak PJ; Kuehl TJ Source: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6):444-449. Abstract: The study was conducted to assess hormone withdrawal symptoms, patient acceptance and occurrence and management of bleeding with an extended oral contraceptive (OC) regimen. Subjects were placed on an OC containing 3 mg drosperinone (DRSP) and 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (EE), in the standard 21/7 fashion for two cycles, before converting to an extended pattern of OC for women who indicated they had menstrually related symptoms such as headaches, cramping and mood swings (52 weeks with phone-call follow-up 6 months later). Daily assessments of bleeding, headache, pelvic pain, mood and number of pain pills were recorded. Results are reported as means with S.E., and values were compared using analysis of variance with Dunnett's post hoc test for comparison with 21/7 cycle, Duncan's post hoc test for comparison of changes during the course of the extended regimen and Pearson's chi-square for comparison of proportions. Of the 111 women who began the extended OC regimen, 80 completed 1 year of use.Mood scores, headache scores and pelvic pain were all improved in the extended OC intervals, compared to the 21/7 cycle (p less than .001 for all comparisons). Improvement in symptoms persisted throughout the 1 year extended regimen. The findings indicated that 53.7% of subjects had no breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spotting (BTB/BTS) during any given 28-day interval of the extended regimen. BTB/BTS decreased in the second half compared to the first half of the extended regimen. To manage BTB/BTS, instituting a 3-day hormone-free interval (HFI) was significantly more effective than continuing OCs (p less than .001). At the 6-month follow-up, most subjects had continued the extended regimen on their own with a high level of satisfaction. An extended OC regimen containing DRSP/EE significantly improved mood, headaches and pelvic pain scores throughout the 1 year of use, compared to a 21/7 cycle. Sustained BTB/BTS episodes occurred in 45 subjects (56%), decreasing in the second half of the study and effectively managed with a 3-day HFI. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | SATISFACTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | WITHDRAWAL | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | HEADACHE | PELVIS | PAIN | ANALGESIA | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Anatomy | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 313555 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive discontinuation and failure and subsequent abortion in Romania: 1994-99. Author: Creanga AA; Acharya R; Ahmed S; Tsui AO Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2007 Mar;38(1):23-24. Abstract: This study examines the levels and correlates of contraceptive failure and discontinuation in Romania, together with the consequences of contraceptive method failure in terms of induced abortion. Of special interest are women who rely on the traditional method of withdrawal and the proportion of withdrawal failures resulting in abortion. Our analysis is based on multi-year calendar data concerning women's contraceptive use and monthly reproductive behaviors collected in the 1999 Romanian Reproductive Health Survey. Weibull regression models are estimated to analyze the determinants of discontinuation and failure for all methods combined and for withdrawal. Overall, 19 and 28 percent of women became pregnant within the first year of using any contraceptive method and of practicing withdrawal, respectively. About 57 and 59 percent of failures from use of all methods and from withdrawal ended in abortion, accounting for 30 percent and 22 percent, respectively, of all abortions reported between 1994 and 1999. These findings suggest that high rates of contraceptive discontinuation and failure contributed significantly to the widespread reliance on induced abortion among Romanian women during this period. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ROMANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ABORTION RATE | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 308429 Notification |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence and correlates of ambivalence towards pregnancy among nonpregnant women. Author: Schwarz EB; Lohr PA; Gold MA; Gerbert B Source: Contraception. 2007 Apr;75(4):305-310. Abstract: Ambivalence towards pregnancy is rarely acknowledged in policy discussions. We surveyed 441 nonpregnant women who consecutively presented to two urgent care clinics in California about their current intentions to conceive using a five-point scale. We examined the association between ambivalence towards pregnancy, sociodemographic characteristics and use of contraception. Almost one third of women (29.0%; 95% CI = 25-33%) expressed ambivalence about their intentions to become pregnant. In multivariable modeling, being older than 30, being nonwhite and having a personal or religious objection to abortion were significantly associated with ambivalence towards pregnancy. Compared with women who stated they were trying to avoid pregnancy, women who expressed ambivalence were significantly less likely to have used a barrier or hormonal form of contraception at last intercourse (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.23-0.57) and more likely to use the natural family planning (NFP) method (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.39-7.90) or withdrawal (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 0.98-2.65). Ambivalence towards pregnancy is common and is associated with use of less effective contraceptive methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ATTITUDES | PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 308439 |
| 12. Title: Frequently asked questions on contraception. Natural family planning. Natural methods of family planning FAQ. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2006]. [2] p. Abstract: What are natural methods of family planning? Periodic abstinence: A group of methods that are based on avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile time (time when a woman can conceive.) A woman's fertile time is identified through observing, recording and interpreting natural signs and symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. These methods include the calendar (rhythm) method, cervical mucus (or ovulation) method, and basal body temperature method. Withdrawal (coitus interruptus): A method where sexual intercourse is interrupted and the penis is withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation. How do natural methods of family planning work? (mechanism of action) They prevent sperm from uniting with an egg by avoiding intercourse around the time of ovulation or by withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | COUPLES | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | ABSTINENCE | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | COUNSELING | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 301781 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in adolescent contraceptive use, unprotected and poorly protected sex, 1991-2003. Author: Anderson JE; Santelli JS; Morrow B Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Jun;38(6):734-739. Abstract: The purpose was to estimate trends in use and nonuse of effective protection among adolescents 1991-- 2003, and to assess factors associated with poorly protected sex in 2003. We analyzed seven Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBSs) of 9th--12th graders conducted from 1991 through 2003. We estimated trends in use of condoms, effective contraception, withdrawal, and no method, using linear logistic regression models, and evaluated correlates of the use of no method or withdrawal in 2003. Throughout 1991--2003, about one third of students reported that they had been sexually active in the previous 3 months. Condom use increased significantly throughout 1991--2003, from 46.2% (ħ 3.3%) in 1991 to 63.0% (ħ 2.5%) in 2003, and the percentage reporting use of either withdrawal or no method steadily declined, from 32.6% (ħ 2.7%) to 18.8% (ħ 2.1%). In 2003, use of withdrawal or no method was greater among females, Hispanics, those who had been pregnant or had caused a pregnancy, and those who reported feeling sad or hopeless or had considered suicide. Reported unprotected sex decreased, while use of condoms increased. A high-risk group engaging in poorly protected sex was identified, accounting for 6.4% of students. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | SEX FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 301524 |
| 14. Title: Emergency contraception and fertility awareness among university students in Kampala, Uganda. Author: Byamugisha JK; Mirembe FM; Faxelid E; Gemzell-Danielsson K Source: African Health Sciences. 2006 Dec;6(4):194-200. Abstract: Uganda has a high maternal mortality ratio with unsafe abortions being one of the major causes. Young people are particularly vulnerable to unsafe induced abortion with its sequelae. Emergency contraception (EC) may reduce unsafe abortions if easily accessible and acceptable. The objective was to determine knowledge about, ever use and attitudes towards EC among resident and non-resident female first year university students in Kampala. This Cross sectional study was carried out at Makerere University from January to March 2005. Out of 5971 females admitted in the academic year 2004/2005,379 answered a self administered questionnaire. The students were approached individually and given the questionnaire if they consented. The mean age of the participants was 21 years. Less than half (45.1%) had ever heard about emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs).The most common sources of information about EC were friends (34%),media (24.8%) and schools (19.4%) .The ever pregnancy rate was 3.4 percent and 42 percent were in a steady relationship of three or more months. The contraceptive ever-use rate was 14.5 percent. Among the users the most common methods were condoms (48.9%) and withdrawal (23.4%). Emergency contraceptive pills had been used by seven students. Forty two percent did not know the time interval within which ECPs can work and one third thought it would interrupt an ongoing pregnancy. Thirty five percent did not know when in the menstrual cycle they were likely to conceive. The majority of the students were against over the counter (OTC) availability of EC because of fear of misuse. Knowledge about Emergency contraception and fertility awareness is low among the female first year university students. Friends and the media are an important source of EC information. Awareness and knowledge of EC should be increased. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY AWARENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | WITHDRAWAL | INFORMATION SOURCES | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Information | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 319512 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Alterations of sexual desire and satisfaction in male partners of infertile couples. Author: Ramezanzadeh F; Aghssa MM; Jafarabadi M; Zayeri F Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Jan;85(1):139-143. Abstract: Objective: To clarify the state of sexual desire and satisfaction, with relevant parameters in men, of couples with infertility. Design: Cross- sectional study. Setting: University outpatient clinic. Patient(s): Two hundred infertile couples referred to a reproductive health research clinic. Intervention(s): Patients were investigated by a self-administered structured questionnaire about demographic data, infertility history, and several relevant psychological variables. In addition, clinical and andrological examinations were completed to find predictors for sexual state. Main Outcome Measurement(s): Sexual desire and satisfaction status were scaled, and the relative factors were analyzed statistically. Result(s): Subjects reported a reduction in sexual desire in 41.5% of cases and reduction of satisfaction in 52.5% compared with recalled sexual satisfaction before diagnosis of infertility. No relationship was found between andrological findings and the present status of sexual desire (P>.05). Education level, mutual understanding between couples, and recalled state of sexual satisfaction had a direct influence, but the duration of infertility and duration of desire for a child showed a significant inverse impact on sexual satisfaction (P<.05). Conclusion(s): Less than 50.0% of patients mentioned a reduction in sexual desire and satisfaction after infertility diagnosis, and the frequency of coitus could be regarded as an acceptable indicator of sexual satisfaction in male partners of infertile couples. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | QUESTIONNAIRES | COUPLES | INFERTILITY | WITHDRAWAL | SATISFACTION | COITAL FREQUENCY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Behavior Document Number: 296876 |
| 16. Title: Withdrawal users' perceptions of and experience with contraceptive methods in Manisa, Turkey. Author: Yanikkerem E; Acar H; Elem E Source: Midwifery. 2006 Sep;22(3):274-284. Abstract: The objective was to gain an understanding of the knowledge, perceptions and experiences of using contraceptive methods among Turkish withdrawal users. Design: population-based, cross-sectional and descriptive study using a questionnaire conducted face to face. Setting: women who live in the Number 6 primary health unit area in Manisa, Turkey. Participants: 276 women who used the 'withdrawal' method for contraception. Measurements and findings: almost all women were aware of modern contraceptive. The condom, intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) and oral contraceptives were the most known methods. The most common reasons for using 'withdrawal' were that this method was reliable, husbands preferred it, it was healthier, easier to use or more convenient than other methods. It is important for midwives and nurses to recognise the effects of cultural beliefs on women's contraceptive use. Educational programmes should be individualised to meet the specific needs of women and their partners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTION | WITHDRAWAL | PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 307527 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception usage over the age of 40 in Polish female population aged 45 - 54. Author: Binkowska M; Debski R; Dynowski K Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2005 Jun;10(2):79-86. Abstract: Analysis of particular contraception method usage over the age of 40 as declared by Polish women aged 4554 according to their education level and place of residence. The research was conducted with help of a standardized questionnaire in a Polish nationwide representative sample of women aged 4554 years (n = 1083) in April 2004. 28% of sexually active women over 40 years old did not use any contraception methods. Most of them were country dwellers (41%), a lower proportion lived in small/ moderate towns (27%), and a significantly lower percentage was made by big city dwellers (14%). Among the most popular contraception methods the respondents indicated coitus interruptus (32%), condoms (30%) and the calendar method (26%). Oral contraception was used by 12% of women. A considerable percentage of sexually active women aged more than 40 years do not use any contraception method at all or use unreliable methods. Highly reliable methods (condoms, contraception pills) are much more popular among city dwellers. Contraception pills are used by twice as many city dwellers as rural dwellers (16% versus 8%) and by 12% of women from small/moderate towns. Rates of condom usage are also differentiated and vary from 42% in big cities to 2627% in rural areas and small/moderate towns. Although poor availability of the contraception pill might explain some differences in its usage, it is difficult to quote this factor in the case of condoms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WITHDRAWAL | CONDOMS | RHYTHM METHOD, CALENDAR | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Natural Family Planning Document Number: 290042 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Why withdrawal? Why not withdrawal? Men's perspectives. Author: Ortayli N; Bulut A; Ozugurlu M; Çokar M Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2005;13(25):164-173. Abstract: Withdrawal is an ancient and prevalent form of male contraception which has largely been ignored by family planning programme managers all over the world. The objective of this study was to understand mens perspectives on withdrawal use, both users and non-users. In-depth interviews with 62 male factory workers in western Turkey are reported, on use of withdrawal, attitudes to family planning, information on contraception, marital and sexual experience, and gender values and attitudes. Advantages reported both by users and non-users of withdrawal were being free from side effects, ease of access and having no cost. While current users said withdrawal was easy to use and practical, non-users complained about the difficulties of using withdrawal, that it was coitus-dependent, caused anxiety and decreased pleasure during sexual intercourse. Current users emphasised taking responsibility as husbands for family planning and protecting their wives from possible adverse effects of contraceptives. Withdrawal should be seen as a valuable choice in a world where increasing method choice, male participation and responsibility taking in reproductive health are all desirable. With its cited advantages withdrawal is likely to fill an important niche among current contraceptive practices and deserves more attention and support. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MEN | WITHDRAWAL | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | MARRIAGE | HOUSEWORK | DECISION MAKING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Nuptiality | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 286961 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual myths. Author: Quilliam S Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2005;31(2):158-159. Abstract: In the 18 months that I've been the Journals Consumer Correspondent Ive rarely referred to my day job! But right now I think its relevant to mention that Im an agony aunt, because the starting point for this feature is my postbag. My readers problems include all the usual suspects: unwanted pregnancy, sexual difficulties, fading libido in short, a full spectrum of the tricky issues that Journal readers also face with their patients. And whats spurred me on to write this feature is that Ive realised that beneath a surprising number of these problems is a very simple root cause: sexual myths. The readers who need my help ranging from 13- year-old schoolgirls through to 81-year-old male pensioners are all too often suffering from a belief in one or more of the numerous fallacies that abound in the world of sexual health. Their problems, whether practical or emotional, are regularly underpinned by the fact that they not only dont have the right information, but are also buying into emotionally undermining beliefs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | TABOO | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MASTURBATION | WITHDRAWAL | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Behavior | Culture | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 286978 |
| 20. Title: Coitus interruptus. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: In: Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 3rd ed., [by] World Health Organization [WHO]. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2004. [2] p Abstract: The document provides recommendations for appropriate medical eligibility criteria for coitus interruptus based on the latest clinical and epidemiological data and is intended to be used by policy-makers, family planning program managers and the scientific community. It aims to provide guidance to national family planning / reproductive health programs in the preparation of guidelines for service delivery of contraceptives. Coitus interruptus does not protect against STI / HIV. If there is a risk of STI / HIV (including during pregnancy or postpartum), the correct and consistent use of condoms should be recommended, either alone or with another contraceptive method. Male latex condoms are proven to protect against STI / HIV. Women with conditions that make pregnancy an unacceptable risk should be advised that coitus interruptus may not be appropriate for them because of its relatively-higher typical-use failure rates. Coitus interruptus (CI), also known as withdrawal, is a traditional family planning method in which the man completely removes his penis from the vagina, and away from the external genitalia of the female partner, before he ejaculates. CI prevents sperm from entering the woman's vagina, thereby preventing contact between spermatozoa and the ovum. This method may be appropriate for couples: who are highly motivated and able to use this method effectively; with religious or philosophical reasons for not using other methods of contraception; who need contraception immediately and have entered into a sexual act without alternative methods available; who need a temporary method while awaiting the start of another method; who have intercourse infrequently. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WITHDRAWAL | RISK FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 331395 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Delayed application of condoms, withdrawal and negotiation of safer sex among heterosexual young adults. Author: De Visser R Source: AIDS Care. 2004 Apr;16(3):315-322. Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine delayed application of condoms and withdrawal among heterosexual young adults. Seven focus group discussions were conducted with heterosexual men and women aged 18-25 in Melbourne, Australia. The data revealed that delayed application of condoms and withdrawal are widespread. Delayed application of condoms can be divided into two categories--condom use after limited unprotected penetration and condom use for ejaculation only. The data reveal parallels between withdrawal and condom use for ejaculation only. These two behaviours share the goal of avoiding unprotected ejaculation inside a partner, while allowing some unprotected intercourse. They are both more likely to occur in regular relationships than casual encounters, both are likely to be negotiated and both occur when there is no perceived risk of STI infection. In contrast, condom use after limited unprotected penetration was likely to occur in casual encounters, and was likely to be unplanned and not negotiated. There is a need to ensure that heterosexual young adults use condoms and use them correctly. There is also a need to ensure that heterosexual young adults have the required skills to negotiate sexual activity and to negotiate condom use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | SAFER SEX | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | Oceania | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 191517 |
| 22. Title: Young Latinas recall contraceptive use before and after pregnancy: a focus group study. Author: Gilliam ML; Warden MM; Tapia B Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2004;17:279-287. Abstract: Study Objective: To understand factors influencing use and nonuse of contraception in young, low-income Latina adolescents through focus group conversations. Design: We conducted seven focus group discussions with Latino females in an outpatient clinic and community setting. Qualitative data analyses techniques were used. Setting: Participants were recruited from the outpatient gynecology clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and from the Easter Seals Day Care Center. Participants: Women were recruited if they were Latina and between the ages of 1826 (n = 40). Results: Due to lack of information and family beliefs prohibiting birth control use and sexual activity, sexually active teenagers had high rates of contraceptive non-use and relied on irregular use of condoms and withdrawal for pregnancy prevention. Following pregnancy, participants had greater access to contraception and more determination to use it. Yet, persistent use of withdrawal and irregular use of hormonal contraception may place Latina mothers at risk for repeat pregnancy. Conclusions: Different approaches are needed for prevention of the first pregnancy compared to subsequent ones among Latino adolescents and young adults. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | HISPANICS | YOUTH | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 275608 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Confidential reproductive health services for minors: the potential impact of mandated parental involvement for contraception. Author: Jones RK; Boonstra H Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004;36(5):182-191. Abstract: Context: Recent legislative efforts to implement mandated parental involvement for minor adolescents seeking family planning services threaten the rights of adolescents younger than 18 to access reproductive health care. Methods: State and federal laws and policies pertaining to minor adolescents' rights to access services for contraception and sexually transmitted diseases are reviewed, and research examining issues of parental involvement among adolescents using clinic-based reproductive health service is synthesized. Results: Attempts to mandate parental involvement for reproductive health care often focus on contraceptive services and are typically linked to federal or state funding. Studies of teenagers using clinic-based family planning services suggest that slightly more than one-half would obtain contraceptives at family planning clinics even if parental notification were required. Mandated parental involvement for contraception would discourage few teenagers from having sex, but would likely result in more teenagers' using the least effective methods, such as withdrawal, or no method at all. Family planning clinics encourage teenagers to voluntarily talk to their parents, but relatively little information is available about the extent to which activities to promote parent- child communication have been adopted. Conclusions: Mandated parental involvement for teenagers seeking contraceptive care would likely contribute to increases in rates of teenage pregnancy. Research that will help clinics implement and improve efforts to encourage voluntary parental involvement is urgently needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MINORS | PARENTS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | LEGISLATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | WITHDRAWAL | INFORMED CONSENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Ethics | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 276055 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: The determinants of withdrawal use in Turkey: a husband's imposition or a woman's choice? Author: Kulczycki A Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2004 Sep;59(5-6):1019-1033. Abstract: This paper seeks to understand why Turkey has one of the highest rates of withdrawal (coitus interruptus) use in the world. Despite a pronounced fertility decline, a marked increase in contraceptive prevalence, and expansion of family planning activities, in 1998 one in four Turkish couples relied on withdrawal, and this fraction has remained stable since 1983. In contrast to previous research that has focused on womens reports, here we use the husbands module of the 1998 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey to examine user characteristics and attitudes, as well as the determinants of withdrawal use among a representative sample of 1950 currently married men in Turkey. Multivariate methods are employed to estimate these effects and the likelihood of using withdrawal rather than other methods. Among other findings, less egalitarian-minded husbands were more likely to select withdrawal over other contraceptive methods, but measures of male authority had only partial predictive power after controlling for other variables. Although withdrawal use typically reflects husbands preferences, it is widely practiced as it satisfies user requirements and simplifies womens lives. The results of this study are discussed in a broader historical and cultural context and used to provide insight into how Turkeys family planning and reproductive health programs might be improved. In contrast to neighboring countries, there is little sign of withdrawal being displaced in Turkey any time soon by modern methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | GENDER RELATIONS | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Gender Issues | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 193917 |
| 25. Title: Correlates for consistency of contraceptive use among sexually active female adolescents. Author: Wang RH; Jian SY; Hsu HY Source: Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2004 Apr;20(4):174-182. Abstract: This study explored the correlates for consistency of contraceptive use among sexually active female adolescents in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. Overall, 164 female adolescents who had engaged in sexual behavior within the last 6 months and were not pregnant at the time of the study were selected from two vocational high schools in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. An anonymous questionnaire was used to measure demographic data, contraceptive attitudes, contraceptive knowledge, contraceptive self-efficacy, perception of peers' use of contraceptives, sexual history, and contraceptive use. The results showed that 45.7% of subjects had sex once or more per week, and that 39.6% of subjects always used contraceptives while 15.2% never used contraceptives. Condoms were the most popular contraceptives (51.2%) and the withdrawal method was the second most popular (23.8%). Stepwise logistic regression showed that higher contraceptive attitudes (odds ratio, OR, 1.148) and previous contraceptive education in school (OR, 3.394) increased the probability of consistently using contraceptives, correctly classifying 67.2% of the sample. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | LOGISTIC MODEL | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOMS | WITHDRAWAL | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 277627 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethnic Chinese women's perceptions about condoms, withdrawal and rhythm methods of birth control. Author: Wiebe ER; Janssen PA; Henderson A; Fung I Source: Contraception. 2004 Jun;69(6):493-496. Abstract: Objective: To gain a better understanding of ethnic Chinese womens perceptions and experiences of using barrier and rhythm methods of contraception in order to improve contraceptive counseling at abortion clinics. Design: Qualitative descriptive study. Setting: Urban abortion clinic. Participants: Forty ethnic Chinese women presenting for abortion. Data were collected in semi-structured interviews by one interviewer who is fluent in English, Mandarin and Cantonese. Transcribed interviews were systematically analyzed to identify salient themes. All of the women interviewed had used condoms (none with spermicide), 20 had used rhythm and 17 withdrawal, usually a combination of two or three of these methods. Many women noted that these methods are under male control and talked about the difficulty negotiating their use with partners. The majority of women using rhythm were unable to correctly identify safe periods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ABORTION | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | CONDOM USE | WITHDRAWAL | RHYTHM METHOD, CALENDAR | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Migration | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 192737 Notification |
| 27. Title: Withdrawal: historical, cultural and current perspectives on its use. Author: Bissell M Source: Sieccan Newsletter. 2003;:191-192. Abstract: Withdrawal is a centuries-old form of birth control practised, to some extent, in most societies and cultures around the world. A 2001 survey of world contraceptive use undertaken by the United Nations Population Division reported that 6% of married women worldwide used withdrawal and the rhythm. The Canadian Contraception Study (Fisher, Boroditsky, & Bridges, 1999) notes that 9% of sexually active women surveyed reported withdrawal use, with rates varying according to age and marital status. Unmarried women reported using withdrawal at rates of 22% for 15- to 17-year-old women, 11% of 18- to 34-year-old women and 15% of 35- to 44-year-old women. Married women reported withdrawal usage at rates of 10% for 18- to 34-year-olds, and 5% for 35- to 44-year-olds. A survey (McCreary Centre, 1993) of sexually active British Columbia youth reported that 8% of respondents used withdrawal as their primary method of contraception at the time of last intercourse. The recent Canadian Youth, Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Study (Council of Ministers of Education, 2003) includes withdrawal in the "other" category of contraception and thus does not give precise statistics for rates of use. However, the researchers state that 7% of grade nine respondents and 11% of grade 11 respondents rely on withdrawal, "at least in part," as a contraceptive method. Data from four national surveys of sexually active adolescents in the United States revealed a slight decrease in the use of withdrawal (18% to 13%) over the years 1991 to 1997 (Everett et al., 2000). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CRITIQUE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 304021 |
| 28. Title: What constitutes 'unprotected sex'? [letter] Author: Lee DJ Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2003 Jan;29(1):39. Abstract: My own view differs from this. I believe that withdrawal is indeed a form of contraception, albeit not a particularly good one, and that this is not a reason to withhold EHC (emergency hormonal contraception). Indeed, many countries in the world use withdrawal as a prime method of contraception. Failure rates per 100 women years for coitus interruptus are quoted as 6-17, and do not differ markedly from male condom (2-15), female condom (5-15), or even Persona (6). If we will not accept withdrawal as sex having been protected then, by rights, we should not accept less than optimal condom use or Persona used correctly but 'jumped the red light' yesterday. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | NURSES AND NURSING | COUNSELORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | WITHDRAWAL | SAFER SEX | SEX EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Education Document Number: 181212 |
| 29. Title: Withdrawal: A very great deal better than nothing. Author: Miller R Source: Sieccan Newsletter. 2003 Fall-Winter;38(1-2):189-190. Abstract: One day some years ago, at the Sexual Health Clinic where I worked, a woman, recently arrived from Poland, came in asking for the contraceptive sponge. After some discussion about efficacy, and gentle urging on my part to consider combining sponge and condom, or even to consider methods with lower failure rates, she assured me that this one was perfect for her. The main method she and her partner were using was withdrawal and the sponge was, in fact, her backup. My eyes widened (imperceptibly, of course). Wouldn't she rather consider a method where he could actually ejaculate inside her--such as the pill, for example? "Not at all!" was her reply. "Withdrawal is our method. A man has to know how to pull out. That's part of being a man. The sponge is just in case he doesn't. He won't know I'm using it. When it comes time to make a baby, he can stay inside!" (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CRITIQUE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 304022 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: The comparison of reproductive health data in a rural district in Turkey (1981-2001). Author: Aytekin NT; Pala K; Akis N; Nacarkücük S; Aytekin H Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2002;7(4):234-237. Abstract: The main objective was to compare new reproductive and family planning data with data from the 1981 survey. All 1549-year-old married women living in seven villages of Gemlik were interviewed and the data were compared with the 1981 data of the same villages. In 1981, 66.8% used a family planning method, 6.8% used an intrauterine device, 10.2% used oral contraceptives and 10.0% used condoms. In 2001, these values were 93.0%, 36.5%, 6.0% and 14.8%, respectively. In 1981, 51.5% and in 2001 35.5% used coitus interruptus. In 20 years, users of both current family planning methods and modern methods have increased; users of traditional methods have decreased. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CURRENTLY MARRIED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | WITHDRAWAL | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods Document Number: 192226 |
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