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Title: "Everything I know I learned from my mother...Or not": perspectives of African-American and white women on decisions about tubal sterilization.
Author: Borrero S; Nikolajski C; Rodriguez KL; Creinin MD; Arnold RM; Ibrahim SA
Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2009 Mar;24(3):312-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: African-American women have had higher rates of female sterilization compared to white women since its emergence as a contraceptive method. The reasons underlying this observed racial difference are unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to (1) explore what factors shape black and white women's decisions about tubal sterilization as a contraceptive method and (2) generate hypotheses about the relationship of race to the decision-making process. DESIGN: We conducted six focus groups stratified by tubal sterilization status and race. During each of the audio-recorded sessions, participants were asked to discuss reasons that women choose sterilization as a contraceptive method. PARTICIPANTS: The participants of the study were 24 African-American women and 14 white women. APPROACH: Transcripts of the sessions were qualitatively analyzed with particular attention to factors that might be unique to each of the two racial groups. RESULTS: Personal factors shaped black and white women's decisions regarding tubal sterilization. Preference for a convenient, highly effective contraceptive method was the main reason to get a tubal sterilization for women of both racial groups. We also identified socio-cultural differences that might explain why black women are more likely than white women to choose tubal sterilization over other contraceptive methods. An unanticipated, but clinically important, finding was that women often reported feeling that their doctors and the health-care system served as barriers to obtaining the desired procedure. CONCLUSION: Socio-cultural differences may help explain why black and white women choose different contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | BLACKS | WHITES | WOMEN | TUBAL LIGATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | DECISION MAKING | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Behavior
Document Number: 341434

Peer Reviewed

Title: Infidelity, Trust, and Condom Use Among Latino Youth in Dating Relationships.
Author: Brady SS; Tschann JM; Ellen JM; Flores E
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):227-231.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Latino youth in the United States are at greater risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in comparison with non-Hispanic white youth. METHODS:: Sexually active heterosexual Latino youth aged 16 to 22 years (N = 647) were recruited for interviews through a large health maintenance organization or community clinics. RESULTS:: Adjusting for gender, age, ethnic heritage, and recruitment method, woman's consistent use of hormonal contraceptives, ambivalence about avoiding pregnancy, longer length of sexual relationship, and greater overall trust in main partner were independently associated with inconsistent condom use and engagement in a greater number of sexual intercourse acts that were unprotected by condom use. Perception that one's main partner had potentially been unfaithful, but not one's own sexual concurrency, was associated with consistent condom use and fewer acts of unprotected sexual intercourse. Sexually concurrent youth who engaged in inconsistent condomuse with other partners were more likely to engage in inconsistent condom use and a greater number of unprotected sexual intercourse acts with main partners. CONCLUSIONS:: Increasing attachment between youth may be a risk factor for the transmission of STIs via normative declines in condom use. Perception that one's partner has potentially been unfaithful may result in greater condom use. However, many Latino adolescents and young adults who engage in sexual concurrency may not take adequate steps to protect their partners from contracting STIs. Some youth may be more focused on the emotional and social repercussions of potentially revealing infidelity by advocating condom use than the physical repercussions of unsafe sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | WHITES | YOUTH | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 330495

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American and white women.
Author: Moorman PG; Palmieri RT; Akushevich L; Berchuck A; Schildkraut JM
Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Sep 1;170(5):598-606.
Abstract: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in both African-American and white women. Although prevalences of many ovarian cancer risk factors differ markedly between African Americans and whites, there has been little research on how the relative contributions of risk factors may vary between racial/ethnic groups. Using data from a North Carolina case-control study (1999-2008), the authors conducted unconditional logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American (143 cases, 189 controls) and white (943 cases, 868 controls) women and to test for interactions by race/ethnicity. They also calculated attributable fractions within each racial/ethnic group for the modifiable factors of pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and body mass index. Many risk factors showed similar relations across racial/ethnic groups, but tubal ligation and family history of breast or ovarian cancer showed stronger associations among African Americans. Younger age at menarche was associated with risk only in white women. Attributable fractions associated with tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use, and obesity were markedly higher for African Americans. The relative importance of ovarian cancer risk factors may differ for African-American women, but conclusions were limited by the small sample. There is a clear need for further research on etiologic factors for ovarian cancer in African-American women.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TUBAL LIGATION | OBESITY | BREASTFEEDING | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition
Document Number: 342784

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility effects of abortion and birth control pill access for minors.
Author: Guldi M
Source: Demography. 2008 Nov;45(4):817-27.
Abstract: This article empirically assesses whether age-restricted access to abortion and the birth control pill influence minors' fertility in the United States. There is not a strong consensus in previous literature regarding the relationship between laws restricting minors' access to abortion and minors' birth rates. This is the first study to recognize that state laws in place prior to the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision enabled minors to legally consent to surgical treatment-including abortion-in some states but not in others, and to construct abortion access variables reflecting this. In this article, age-specific policy variables measure either a minor's legal ability to obtain an abortion or to obtain the birth control pill without parental involvement. I find fairly strong evidence that young women's birth rates dropped as a result of abortion access as well as evidence that birth control pill access led to a drop in birth rates among whites.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | WHITES | BIRTH RATE | ABORTION RATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FERTILITY RATE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 330141 Notification

6.
Title: Effects of an oral contraceptive containing chlormadinone and ethinylestradiol on acne-prone skin of women of different age groups: an open-label, single-centre, phase IV study.
Author: Kerscher M; Reuther T; Bayrhammer J; Schramm G
Source: Clinical Drug Investigation. 2008;28(11):703-11.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acne-prone skin, a common skin condition not only in adolescents but also in adults, can significantly influence the affected individual's quality of life. The aim of this open-label, prospective, single-centre, phase IV study was to investigate the effects of an oral contraceptive containing chlormadinone 2 mg and ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg (Belara) on the physiology of acne-prone facial skin in healthy women aged 18-37 years. METHODS: Forty-four Caucasian women requesting hormonal contraception divided into two age groups (group A: 18-27 years; group B: 28-37 years) were treated with chlormadinone/ethinylestradiol for six menstrual cycles. During each treatment phase, each subject took one tablet per day for 21 consecutive days, followed by a 7-day pill-free interval. Medication was commenced on the first day of menses. Changes in skin parameters were evaluated in terms of the clinical sum score (the primary outcome variable, calculated from the number of comedones, the number of papules/papulopustules, and the sebum secretion state), the evaluation of the pore size using standardized photography, and a range of biophysical in vivo measurements, assessed at baseline, after 12 weeks and after 24 weeks. RESULTS: In both age groups, facial skin condition as quantified by the clinical sum score improved significantly after three and six treatment cycles, with reduced numbers of acne lesions (comedones and papules/papulopustules) and a reduction in seborrhoea. Moreover, there was a statistically significant decrease in pore size. Biophysical evaluations confirmed favourable effects of the medication on diverse skin parameters. Skin surface pH remained within the normal physiological range and there was an improvement in epidermal barrier function (as manifested by decreased transepidermal water loss from the skin of the forehead). Stratum corneum hydration increased in both age groups and the lipid content of the skin surface on the forehead decreased significantly after three treatment cycles in subjects aged 28-37 years. Ultrasound measurements verified that there was no retention of water within the dermis. There was no difference between the two age groups. CONCLUSION: For the first time, improvements in several facial skin parameters during treatment with a combined oral contraceptive (chlormadinone/ethinyl-estradiol) were quantified by biophysical methods and a clinical sum score. The highly statistically significant improvements in clinical findings and various biophysical skin parameters observed in this study suggest that the antiandrogenic oral contraceptive chlormadinone/ethinylestradiol may be a major therapy option in women with acne-prone skin who request hormonal contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | WHITES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ACNE | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | TREATMENT | AGE FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Dermatitis | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 329816

Title: Mortality risk of small infants varies with their mother's birthweight and race.
Author: Owusu-Ansah AK; David RJ
Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;22(2):145-154.
Abstract: We analysed a transgenerational linked birth file to investigate the relationship between maternal birthweight and infant birthweight-specific mortality risk for white and African American infants. Birth records of 267 303 infants born between 1989 and 1991 were linked to records of their mothers, born between 1956 and 1976, and to their own death certificates for those dying in the first year. The means, standard deviations and z-scores were calculated for each race- and generation-specific birthweight distribution. Investigators then analysed the mortality of very small infants (birthweight at least two standard deviations below their mean) for three maternal birthweight categories. Over half of the infant deaths involved births with weights more than two standard deviations below the relevant population mean birthweight (comprising 4.2% of white and 6.9% of African American births respectively). African American infants experienced higher mortality rates at all levels of standardised birthweight, from z-scores of -3 to +3. The relative risk of mortality associated with very small infant size was less for infants delivered to smaller birthweight mothers when compared with those whose mothers were average sized or large at birth. This differential effect was confined to neonatal deaths and was more prominent in the white subpopulation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INFANT | MOTHERS | BLACKS | WHITES | ETHNIC GROUPS | BIRTH WEIGHT | NEONATAL MORTALITY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 324777

8.
Title: Recent decline in nonpaternity rates: a cross-temporal meta-analysis.
Author: Voracek M; Haubner T; Fisher ML
Source: Psychological Reports. 2008 Dec;103(3):799-811.
Abstract: Nonpaternity (i.e., discrepant biological versus social fatherhood) affects many issues of interests to psychologists, including familial dynamics, interpersonal relationships, sexuality, and fertility, and therefore represents an important topic for psychological research. The advent of modern contraceptive methods, particularly the market launch of the birth-control pill in the early 1960s and its increased use ever since, should have affected rates of nonpaternity (i.e., discrepant genetic and social fatherhood). This cross-temporal meta-analysis investigated whether there has been a recent decline in nonpaternity rates in the western industrialized nations. The eligible database comprised 32 published samples unbiased towards nonpaternity for which nonoverlapping data from more than 24,000 subjects from nine (mostly Anglo-Saxon heritage) countries with primarily Caucasian populations are reported. Publication years ranged from 1932 to 1999, and estimated years of the reported nonpaternity events (i.e., the temporal occurrence of nonpaternity) ranged from 1895 to 1993. In support of the hypothesis, weighted meta-regression models showed a significant decrease (r = -.41) of log-transformed nonpaternity rates with publication years and also a decrease, albeit not significant (r = -.17), with estimated years of nonpaternity events. These results transform into an estimated absolute decline in untransformed nonpaternity rates of 0.83% and 0.91% per decade, respectively. Across studies, the mean (and median) nonpaternity rate was 3.1% (2.1%). This estimate is consistent with estimates of 2 to 3% from recent reviews on the topic that were based on fewer primary studies. This estimate also rebuts the beliefs and hearsay data widespread among both the public and researchers which contend nonpaternity rates in modern populations might be as high as about 10%.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WHITES | FATHERS | CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 341115

Peer Reviewed

Title: Comparing continuation rates and side effects of hormonal contraceptives in East Asian and Caucasian women after abortion.
Author: Wiebe ER; Trouton K; Fang ZA
Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):405-8.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether East Asian women had more side effects and a higher discontinuation rate than Caucasian women when choosing to use hormonal contraceptives. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational cohort study of usual care using questionnaires for 2 months after being given hormonal contraceptives following an abortion in Vancouver, Canada. RESULTS: In the first month, 73 (64.4%) of the 110 East Asian and 86 (80.4%) of the 107 Caucasian women took any of the sample provided (p=.020). In the second month, 52 (47.3%) of the East Asian and 62 (57%) of the Caucasian women used the prescription to buy and take their hormonal contraception (p=.12). Total side effects were similar, but there was more nausea in the East Asian women (23.3% vs. 8.1%) (p=.03) and more acne in the Caucasian women (8.2% vs. 20.9%) (p=.05). CONCLUSIONS: There may be both physiological and cultural differences leading East Asian women to use less hormonal contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, EASTERN | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ASIANS | WHITES | IMMIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | NAUSEA | PREVALENCE | Asia | Developing Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 329148

10.

Title: Sex-specific suicide mortality in the South African urban context: The role of age, race, and geographical location.
Author: Burrows S; Vaez M; La Flamme L
Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2007;35(2):133-139.
Abstract: This study investigates the importance of sociodemographic and geographical characteristics for suicide risks in the South African urban context. Suicide epidemiology is under-researched in low- and middle-income countries, and such knowledge is important not only for local and national policy, but also for a global understanding of the phenomenon. Sex-specific crude and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for suicide by age, race, and city are assessed using logistic regression. Cases aged 45+ years, classified as "Coloured" (a category denoting mixed racial origin), and living in Cape Town are used as reference groups. Additionally, the proportion of leading suicide methods within groups was estimated (95% confidence intervals). For males, compared with each reference group, the odds of suicide are significantly higher during middle adulthood, among Asians and particularly among Whites, and among residents of all but one city. Patterns for women differ in magnitude and distribution. Suicide odds are significantly higher in all age groups, particularly 15-24 years, among Whites, and among residents of all other cities, particularly Nelson Mandela or Buffalo City. Males living in Tshwane and Black females have lower odds of suicide. The distribution of methods across age, race, and city groups varies little for males but substantially for females. Age, race, and city play independent roles in sex-specific suicide rates. As for high-income settings, age, race, method and city are important in sex-specific suicide in the urban South African context. Possible underlying mechanisms deserve greater attention for context-relevant preventive efforts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | URBAN AREAS | MEN | BLACKS | WHITES | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SUICIDE | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population | Demographic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors
Document Number: 313484

11.
Title: Competing or co-existing? Representations of HIV / AIDS by white women teachers in post-apartheid South Africa.
Author: de Kock L; Wills J
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2007;6(3):229-237.
Abstract: This study explores the social representations of HIV and AIDS that circulate among white women teachers in South Africa, a group whose personal risk of the disease is low but who have a major role to play in shaping attitudes to HIV/AIDS among children and young people. The study examines how white women talk about the origin and causes of the spread of HIV in South Africa and their personal and community risk. This was explored through 25 semi-structured interviews and two focus groups with white female teachers in Johannesburg. A thematic analysis of the in-depth interviews revealed a shared private understanding of the disease, wherein the women distanced themselves by anchoring it in the context of racist cultural stereotypes of black sexuality and vulnerability. In contrast, the focus group discussions revealed a type of public talk in which HIV/AIDS is anchored in the contemporary cultural images of the new South Africa and the spirit of ubuntu or togetherness. These contradictory views reflect the racial tensions and social contexts of South Africa and which shape HIV/AIDS discourses. The findings suggest that more needs to be done to create a genuine understanding of HIV and AIDS within contemporary South African contexts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WHITES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TEACHERS | BLACKS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RACE RELATIONS | PERCEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | CULTURE | SEXUALITY | RISK ASSESSMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Education | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Personality | Evaluation
Document Number: 323310

12.

Title: Helping the "neediest of the needy": An intersectional analysis of moral-identity construction at a community health clinic.
Author: Deeb-Sossa N
Source: Gender and Society. 2007 Oct;21(5):749-772.
Abstract: Drawing on data from 18 months of participant observation and interviews at a community health clinic in North Carolina, the author illustrates how an intersectional perspective deepens our understanding of the construction of a moral identity. In this case, the author examines the moral identity of health care providers-all women-who provide family planning and contraceptive counseling for women clients. The author analyzes how maternity care coordinators-two whites and two Latinas-craft a moral identity by drawing on the cultural toolkit available to them, using gendered frames but also racial, class, and nationalist frames. An intersectional lens helps us better understand how maternity care coordinators' moral identities are shaped by their different locations within racism, classism, and nationalism. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | WOMEN | WHITES | HISPANICS | HEALTH FACILITIES | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | CULTURE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 322423

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Acceptability of contraceptive-induced amenorrhea in a racially diverse group of US women.
Author: Edelman A; Lew R; Cwiak C; Nichols M; Jensen J
Source: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6):450-453.
Abstract: The study was conducted to determine women's preferences about menstrual bleeding patterns and their willingness to manipulate bleeding with contraception. Women presenting for routine obstetric and gynecologic care at two US locations (Portland, OR, and Atlanta, GA) were offered a self-administered, anonymous survey. A validated survey tool was used. Valid surveys from 292 women were obtained. Mean age was 27 years (SD 8.0). We were unable to separate geographic vs. racial differences in responses because race significantly differed between sites (p < .001). The populations surveyed were predominately black in Georgia (88%, 58/66) and white in Oregon (83%, 142/172). Overall, the majority of women did not like their menstrual period (69%, 190/ 275) and preferred a menstrual frequency of every 3 months or never (58%, 164/281) with no differences between racial groups. When asked if they would consider using a birth control method that stopped their menstrual periods, 40% (111/278) reported yes, 28%(78/278) reported no and 32% (89/278) were undecided. However, significantly fewer black than white women would consider a birth control method to stop their menstrual periods (29% vs. 49%, p = .006). Although the majority of US women surveyed dislike menstruation and prefer less frequent or no menstrual periods, black women were less accepting than white women of contraception that induces amenorrhea. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | AMENORRHEA | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 316849

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual and drug behavior patterns and HIV and STD racial disparities: The need for new directions.
Author: Hallfors DD; Iritani BJ; Miller WC; Bauer DJ
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Jan 1;97(1):125-132.
Abstract: We used nationally representative data to examine whether individuals' sexual and drug behavior patterns account for racial disparities in sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV prevalence. Data were derived from wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Participants were aged 18 to 26 years old; analyses were limited to non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites. Theory and cluster analyses yielded 16 unique behavior patterns. Bivariate analyses compared STD and HIV prevalences for each behavior pattern, by race. Logistic regression analyses examined within-pattern race effects before and after control for covariates. Unadjusted odds of STD and HIV infection were significantly higher among Blacks than among Whites for 11 of the risk behavior patterns assessed. Across behavior patterns, covariates had little effect on reducing race odds ratios. White young adults in the United States are at elevated STD and HIV risk when they engage in high-risk behaviors. Black young adults, however, are at high risk even when their behaviors are normative. Factors other than individual risk behaviors and covariates appear to account for racial disparities, indicating the need for population-level interventions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | YOUTH | BLACKS | WHITES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement
Document Number: 310707

15.

Title: Age at menopause and cause-specific mortality in South Korean women: Kangwha Cohort Study.
Author: Hong JS; Yi SW; Kang HC; Jee SH; Kang HG
Source: Maturitas. 2007 Apr 20;56(4):411-419.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between age at natural menopause and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among women. This study used the data of the Kangwha Cohort that was followed up from 1985 to 2001, in particular, for the group of 55 years or older women (n = 2658). We calculated the hazard ratio of mortality by the group of age at menopause using the Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for age, alcohol consumption, education, age at first birth, self-cognitive health level, chronic disease, marital partner, parity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use and hypertension. The mean (standard deviation) age at menopause was 46.9 (4.9) years, and the median age was 48 years. After adjusting for the relevant variables, the risk of total death in the early menopause group (< 40 years at menopause) was 1.32 times higher than that of the reference group (45-49 years at menopause) (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.66, p = 0.02). For the early menopause group,relative to the reference group, the adjusted hazard ratios of death due to cardiovascular disease and cancer were 1.53 (95% CI, 1.00-2.39, p = 0.04) and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.06-3.82, p = 0.03), respectively. Through this study, the age at menopause was found to be different between Asian and Caucasian women and the association of age at menopause with death, particularly caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer, was validated. Our study is one of rare studies regarding the age at menopause of Asian women and their risk of mortality, which could be considered to be meaningful. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ASIANS | WHITES | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | CANCER | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases
Document Number: 313253

16.

Title: Levels and correlates of alpha-fetoprotein in normal pregnancies among Caucasian and Chinese women.
Author: Lagiou P; Samoli E; Lagiou A; Lambe M; Trichopoulos D
Source: Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2007 Jun;16(3):178-183.
Abstract: Alpha-fetoprotein has been suggested to have anti breast cancer properties both in adult life and in utero. We studied correlates of maternal serum a-fetoprotein levels in normal singleton pregnancies. This was a prospective study relying on women attending maternal units in major teaching hospitals in Boston, USA and Shanghai, China. Specifically, 212 Caucasian women in Boston, and 196 Asian women in Shanghai provided blood samples at the 16th and 27th gestational week. Maternal serum a-fetoprotein levels were measured and correlated with maternal and newborn parameters through multiple regression procedures, controlling for a set of potential confounders, including maternal levels of measured hormones. Alpha-fetoprotein was strongly inversely associated with maternal prepregnancy body mass index ( -4.73 ng/l at the 27th week per 1 kg/m2 of body mass index, with 95% confidence intervals -7.09 to -2.36), whereas it was not related to parity, gender of offspring or birth weight. Duration of gestation was inversely associated with maternal a-fetoprotein levels, particularly among Caucasian women ( -0.22 weeks per 60 ng/l of a-fetoprotein at the 27th week, with 95% confidence intervals -0.39 to -0.05). In normal pregnancies, maternal a-fetoprotein is inversely related to prepregnancy body mass index and appears to have a physiologic role on duration of gestation rather than on birth weight. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | WHITES | ASIANS | BREAST CANCER | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROTEINS | BODY WEIGHT | BIRTH WEIGHT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 317541

17.

Title: The dynamics of adolescent childbearing and schooling in urban South Africa.
Author: Marteleto L; Lam D; Ranchhod V
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 10 p.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the intersections of childbearing and educational attainment in urban South Africa. We compare the pathways of adolescent fertility according to race and how they impact educational attainment. Although racial apartheid ended, our preliminary results show that today's adolescents experience different pathways to adulthood associated with race. Different childbearing experiences may lead to very different educational careers. Insufficient panel data in developing countries has hindered studies examining childbearing and schooling. We use data from the Cape Area Panel Study, a panel of 4,800 young people in Cape Town, to answer: How adolescents experience childbearing in post-Apartheid South Africa? How these pathways drive adolescents' educational attainment for different racial groups? For adolescents enrolled in school in wave 1, we examine the factors leading to a birth between waves. We then look at the factors driving educational attainment after birth, including test scores implemented in wave 1. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | WHITES | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SEX EDUCATION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Biology | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 317714

18.

Title: South Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome exhibit greater sensitivity to gonadotropin stimulation with reduced fertilization and ongoing pregnancy rates than their Caucasian counterparts.
Author: Palep-Singh M; Picton HM; Vrotsou K; Maruthini D; Balen AH
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007 Oct;134(2):202-207.
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome. In vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is required for PCOS cases that are refractory to standard ovulation induction or have co-existing infertility factors in women with PCOS and Tubal factor subfertility. The objective was to assess ethnic variations in response to IVF/ICSI treatment. The study design was an Observational Comparative study in a University hospital fertility clinic in women with PCOS and Tubal factor subfertility. Women with PCOS (Asians: AP = 104; Caucasians: CP = 220) and those with tubal factor infertility seeking fertility treatment were assessed (Asians: AC = 84; Caucasians: CC = 200). Six hundred and eight fresh IVF or ICSI cycles using long protocol of GnRHa suppression and resulting in a fresh embryo transfer were compared. The primary endpoint was to assess the dose of gonadotropins used in the cycles. The secondary outcomes were: total number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization and ongoing clinical pregnancy rates. We found that the South Asian women presented at a younger age for the management of sub-fertility. An extended stimulation phase and Caucasian ethnicity showed an inverse correlation with the number of oocytes retrieved in the PCOS subgroup. Caucasian ethnicity was associated with a higher fertilization rate however increase in body mass index (BMI) and the laboratory technique of IVF appeared to have a negative impact on fertilization rates in the PCOS subgroup. Commencing down regulation on day 1 of the cycles was negatively associated with fertilization rates in the tubal group. In terms of clinical pregnancy rates, the Caucasian PCOS had a 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.25-5) higher chance of an ongoing clinical pregnancy as compared with their Asian counterpart. Also, a unit increase in the basal FSH concentration reduced the odds of pregnancy by 18.6% (95% CI: 1.8-32.6%) in the PCOS group. The Asian PCOS have a greater sensitivity to gonadotropin stimulation with lower fertilization and ongoing clinical pregnancy rates as compared with their Caucasian counterparts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ASIANS | WHITES | OVARIAN CYSTS | INFERTILITY | TREATMENT | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | GONADOTROPINS | FERTILIZATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 320782

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Social ecological predictors of repeat adolescent pregnancy.
Author: Raneri LG; Wiemann CM
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2007 Mar;39(1):39-47.
Abstract: Women with multiple pregnancies in adolescence may experience medical, psychological and social complications. Improved understanding of the individual-, dyad-, family-, peer/community- and social system-level risk factors for repeat pregnancy may lead to the development of more effective prevention strategies for adolescent mothers in a variety of settings. Between 1993 and 1996, white, black and Mexican American adolescent mothers at a labor and delivery unit in Texas were interviewed after delivery and completed written surveys prospectively for up to 48 months. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of repeat pregnancy within 24 months, using social ecological theory as a guide. Forty-two percent of adolescent mothers experienced a repeat pregnancy within 24 months; 73% of these delivered a second child. Individual-level predictors were planning to have another baby within five-years (odds ratio, 1.6) and not using long-acting contraceptives within three months of delivery (2.4). Dyad-level predictors were not being in a relationship with the father of the first child three months after delivery (2.0), being more than three years younger than the first child's father (1.6) and experiencing intimate partner violence within three months after delivery (1.9). Peer/community-level predictors were not being in school three months postpartum (1.8) and having many friends who were adolescent parents (1.5). Adolescent mothers are at high risk for a rapid subsequent pregnancy. Interventions that address the complex and multifaceted aspects of the lives of adolescent mothers are needed to prevent repeat pregnancy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WHITES | BLACKS | HISPANICS | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | BIRTH HISTORY | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Biology
Document Number: 314235

20.

Title: Infant programming of bone size and bone mass in 10-year-old black and white South African children.
Author: Vidulich L; Norris SA; Cameron N; Pettifor JM
Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2007 Jul;21(4):354-362.
Abstract: In developed countries, the earliest of factors shown to identify those at a high risk of having low bone mass and so be prone to osteoporosis in later life is that of quality of early life reflected by low birthweight (BW) and size in infancy. It is unclear whether such relationships exist in developing countries and in black populations. Associations were studied between BW, weight (WT1) and length (LT1) at 1 year and bone size and bone mass in 476 children (boys: 182 black, 72 white; girls: 158 black, 64 white) aged 10 years, who formed part of a longitudinal cohort of children born in Johannesburg, South Africa, during 1990. Bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) measurements were made of the whole body, femoral neck and lumbar spine (L1-L4) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). After adjusting BA and BMC for race, gender, age, socio-economic status, bone age, height and weight at 10 years, on which BA and BMC in children are so dependent, WT1, LT1 and BW were significant predictors of whole body BA (WT1, P less than 0.0001; LT1, P less than 0.01; BW, P less than 0.05) and BMC (WT1, P less than 0.01; LT1, P less than 0.05; BW, P less than 0.05) and of BMC of the femoral neck (WT1, P less than 0.01; LT1, P less than 0.05). When BMC was in addition corrected for BA, then BW, WT1 and LT1 were predictive of femoral neck BMC (BW, P less than 0.05; WT1, P less than 0.05; LT1, P less than 0.01) but not whole body BMC. Thus, BMC at 10 years appears to be independently associated with weight and length at 1 year, which is not completely mediated by the tracking of skeletal growth. Low BW and small size at 1 year resulted in smaller bones and/or bones of lower BMC at the femoral neck. The findings support the hypothesis that growth and development, both intrauterine and in the first year, which are measures of genetic, intrauterine and postnatal environmental factors, may have long-term consequences when compromised, and may be associated with the risk of osteoporosis in later life. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CHILD | INFANT | WHITES | BLACKS | BIRTH WEIGHT | SKELETAL EFFECTS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 313593

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with diabetes varies by women's race and ethnicity.
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Mar;38(1):[2] p.
Abstract: Women with diabetes have an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the level of risk associated with the condition varies by racial and ethnic group, according to an analysis of births in New York City. Among white, black, Hispanic and Asian groups alike, women with chronic or gestational diabetes had higher odds than their nondiabetic counterparts of having a first cesarean delivery (odds ratios, 1.2-2.9) or a preterm birth (1.2-3.4). Chronic diabetes was positively associated with the likelihood of having a low-birth-weight infant among white, Hispanic and Asian women (1.6-2.3), and gestational diabetes was negatively associated with this outcome among black and Hispanic women (0.7-0.8). Using data from birth certificates, researchers studied births during 1999-2001. They conducted logistic regression analyses to test associations between two maternal risk factors--obesity and diabetes--and three adverse pregnancy outcomes--a first cesarean delivery, preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks of gestation) and birth of an infant with a low birth weight (less than 2,500 g). The regression models were adjusted for social and demographic factors potentially affecting pregnancy outcomes (maternal age, marital status, birthplace and education; parity; payer for prenatal care; trimester in which prenatal care began; smoking and use of alcohol and drugs; and, in parts of the analysis, preeclampsia). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PREGNANT WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | WHITES | ASIANS | DIABETES | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 297450

22.
Title: Racial differences in sexual and fertility attitudes in an urban setting.
Author: Browning CR; Burrington LA
Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2006 Feb;68:236-251.
Abstract: Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (neighborhood N = 77; individual N = 951), we consider the extent to which African American youth maintain sexual and fertility-related norms that support early sexual activity and childbearing and examine the robustness of racial differences in sexual attitudes to controls for neighborhood, family, and individual characteristics. At a minimum, neighborhood economic disadvantage accounts for 26% of the baseline increased likelihood of holding attitudes that encourage early sexual activity among African American youth when compared with Whites. Neighborhood-, family-, and individual-level factors account for 67% of the race difference in sexual attitudes. Implications for contextual and race-based theories of sexual and fertility norms are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | WHITES | SEXUALITY | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 295442

23.
Title: Within and between race differences in lymphocyte, CD4+, CD8+ and neutrophil levels in HIV-uninfected children with or without HIV exposure in Europe and Uganda.
Author: Bunders M; Lugada E; Mermin J; Downing R; Were W
Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2006 Sep;26(3):169-179.
Abstract: Racial immuno-haematological differences have been reported in children but to date have not been well quantified. The aim was to investigate differences in haemato-immunological markers over age between children born and living in Europe and Uganda. HIV-uninfected children living in Uganda (n = 1633) with cross-sectional data. Black (n = 604) and white children (n = 1355) living in Europe, both with prospective data. The children born in Europe were HIV-uninfected but born to HIV-infected mothers and were included in the European Collaborative Study (ECS). Patterns and levels of total lymphocyte (TLC), CD4+, CD8+ counts and CD4% were visualised by smoothers (a line representing the weighted average of all measurements over age by study group). Differences between groups were quantified using age-standardised Z-scores for individual TLC, CD4+ and CD8+ counts in uni- and multivariate regression models. In infancy, TLC, CD4+ and CD8+ counts were lower in Ugandan than black European children; neutrophil counts were similar. Thereafter, only neutrophil counts were lower in Ugandan children. To assess within-race differences, we compared Z-scores of ECS children born to Ugandan mothers with those of Ugandan children. Levels of all four markers were lower in Ugandan children at all ages. In Ugandan children, CD4+ counts were 0.5985 Z-score (p < 0.001) and neutrophil counts 0.3872 Z-score (p < 0.001) lower than in European children born to Ugandan mothers. There are differences in levels of haemato-immunological markers in children with comparable genetic backgrounds, suggesting that environmental factors such as nutrition and exposure to micro-organisms might have important effects on the developing immune system. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILD | BLACKS | WHITES | GENETICS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 309060

24.

Title: Stages of sexual readiness and six-month stage progression among African American pre-teens.
Author: Butler TH; Miller KS; Holtgrave DR; Forehand R; Long N
Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2006 Nov;43(4):378-386.
Abstract: We examined the range of sexual intentions and behaviors preceding sexual initiation among 211 African American preteens assigned to the control arm of a longitudinal community-based intervention trial. Stage of sexual readiness was assessed using the stage of change construct from the Transtheoretical Model, and patterns of stage movement during a 6-month period were examined. Overall, 90% of participants were in precontemplation at baseline, with the proportion of participants in this stage declining with each year of age. There was substantial stability in stage of sexual readiness during the 6-month period (87% stable). While definitive conclusions regarding exact patterns of movement are not yet possible, stage movement does not appear to be linear for all pre-teens, and there is evidence of both stage progression and regression. We present emerging patterns of stage movement, which suggest potential variation by age, gender, and baseline stage, and discuss potential implications. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | STUDENTS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | WHITES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Education | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 314292

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Immigration and ethnic change in low-fertility countries: A third demographic transition.
Author: Coleman D
Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Sep;32(3):401-446.
Abstract: This article proposes that a third demographic transition is underway in Europe and the United States. The ancestry of some national populations is being radically and permanently altered by high levels of immigration of persons from remote geographic origins or with distinctive ethnic and racial ancestry, in combination with persistent sub-replacement fertility and accelerated levels of emigration of the domestic population. The estimates and projections on which these statements are based relate to seven European countries with a 2005 total population of 183 million--about half the population of Western Europe. Most of the other Western European countries, however, share the same essential features of low fertility and high immigration. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | IMMIGRANTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | WHITES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | POPULATION GROWTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Fertility | Population Decrease
Document Number: 310801

26.

Title: Vasectomy: an update.
Author: Dassow P; Bennett JM
Source: American Family Physician. 2006 Dec 15;74(12):2069-2074.
Abstract: Vasectomy remains an important option for contraception. Research findings have clarified many questions regarding patient selection, optimal technique, postsurgical follow-up, and risk of long-term complications. Men who receive vasectomies tend to be non-Hispanic whites, well educated, married or cohabitating, relatively affluent, and have private health insurance. The strongest predictor for wanting a vasectomy reversal is age younger than 30 years at the time of the procedure. Evidence supports the use of the no-scalpel technique to access the vasa, because it is associated with the fewest complications. The technique with the lowest failure rate is cauterization of the vasa with or without fascial interposition. The ligation techniques should be used cautiously, if at all, and only in combination with fascial interposition or cautery. A single postvasectomy semen sample at 12 weeks that shows rare, nonmotile sperm or azoospermia is acceptable to confirm sterility. No data show that vasectomy increases the risk of prostate or testicular cancer. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KENTUCKY | SUMMARY REPORT | MEN | WHITES | VASECTOMY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SAFETY | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Public Health | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 314500

27.

Title: [Intrapartum and interval tubal sterilization: characteristics correlated with the procedure and regret in a sample of women from a public hospital] Laqueadura intraparto e de intervalo.
Author: Fernandes AM; Bedone AJ; Leme LC; Yamada EM
Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2006 Sep-Oct;52(5):323-327.
Abstract: Brazil is a country with a high prevalence of tubal ligation, which is frequently performed at the time of delivery. In recent years, an increase in tubal reversal has been noticed, primarily among young women. The objectives were to study characteristics correlated with the procedure, determine frequency of intrapartum tubal ligation, measure patient satisfaction rates and tubal sterilization regret, in a sample of post-tubal patients. Three hundred and thirty-five women underwent tubal ligation. The variables studied were related to the procedure: age at tubal ligation, whether ligation was performed intrapartum (vaginal or cesarean section) or after an interval (other than the intrapartum and puerperal period), health service performing the sterilization, medical expenses paid for the procedure, reason stated for choosing the method and causes related to satisfaction/regret: desire to become pregnant after sterilization, search for treatment and performance of tubal ligation reversal. The womenwere divided into two groups, a group undergoing ligation in the intrapartum period and a second group ligated after an interval, to evaluate the association between variables by using Fisher's exact test and chi-squared calculation with Yates' correction. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution. There was a predominance of Caucasian women over 35 years of age, married, and with a low level of education of which 43.5% had undergone sterilization before 30 years of age. Two hundred and forty-five women underwent intrapartum tubal ligation, 91.2% of them had cesarean delivery and 44.6% vaginal delivery. In both groups undergoing intrapartum tubal ligation and ligation after an interval, 82.0% and 80.8% reported satisfaction with the method. Although 14.6% expressed a desire to become pregnant at some time after sterilization, consultation regarding sterility occurred in 3.4% and 2.3%, respectively, and one woman underwent tubal reversal. The most frequent reasons for choosing the method were satisfaction with the number of offspring (35.5% and 46.7%) and medical indication (41.6% and 32.2%), respectively. The incidence of intrapartum tubal ligation was higher when the last delivery had been a cesarean section. No difference was detected among the groups regarding rates of satisfaction and regret after performance of the sterilization procedure. (author's)
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WHITES | TUBAL LIGATION | SATISFACTION | REGRET | PREVALENCE | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Reversible Sterilization | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 316299

28.
Title: Is limited access to care the new morbidity for Latino young adults? [editorial]
Author: Fuentes-Afflick E
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Nov;39(5):623-624.
Abstract: Ethnic disparities in health outcomes have been identified as an important problem in the United States. In this issue of the Journal of Adolescent Health, Callahan and colleagues analyze access to care, a critical issue in which ethnic disparities have consistently been documented. The present study focused on young adults, a population that has received relatively little attention from researchers or policymakers. Among Latino and White young adults who participated in the 1999--2002 National Health Interview Survey, Callahan et al reported striking ethnic and national origin subgroup differences in access to care. For example, the proportion of uninsured respondents ranged from 20% of White young adults to 28% of Puerto Ricans, 30% of Central/South American-origin citizens, and 38% of Mexican-origin citizens. Another commonly used measure of access to care is having a usual source of care. In the same dataset, approximately one-fourth of Central/ South American citizens, Puerto Ricans, and Whites, as well as one-third of Mexican-origin citizens, had no usual source of care. These results demonstrate that uninsurance and lack of a usual source of health care are common among young adults in the United States, even among Whites. The challenge for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers is to identify and reduce the structural, individual, and/or policy barriers that contribute to lack of access to care for young adults. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS | IMMIGRANTS | HISPANICS | WHITES | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HEALTH INSURANCE | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 309299

29.

Title: Pubertal effects on adjustment in girls: Moving from demonstrating effects to identifying pathways.
Author: Graber JA; Brooks-Gunn J; Warren MP
Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2006 Jun;35(3):413-423.
Abstract: The present investigation examines mediated pathways from pubertal development to changes in depressive affect and aggression. Participants were 100 white girls who were between the ages of 10 and 14 (M = 12.13, SD = .80); girls were from well-educated, middle- to upper-middle class families, and attended private schools in a major northeastern urban area. Three aspects of pubertal development were examined: (a) estradiol categories tapping gonadal maturation; (b) dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels indicating adrenal maturation; and (c) pubertal timing (early vs. other). Three potential mediators were also examined: emotional arousal, attention difficulties, and negative life events. Tests of mediated models indicated that early pubertal timing predicted higher emotional arousal which subsequently predicted increased depressive affect. Negative life events, and possibly attention difficulties, mediated the associations of both estradiol category and DHEAS with aggression. These findings highlight the potential for more intensive investigation of gonadal and adrenal processes in explaining affective changes at puberty. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WHITES | PUBERTY | AGE FACTORS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | DEPRESSION | AGGRESSION | ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES | ESTRADIOL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Reproduction | Social Behavior | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Estrogens
Document Number: 312623

30.

Title: Implementation of the revised OMB race and ethnicity standards in U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Births: results and data.
Author: Hamilton BE
Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. [2] p.
Abstract: In 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity" which revised the "1977 Statistical Policy Directive 15, Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting." These documents specify guidelines for collection, tabulation, and presentation of race and ethnicity data within the Federal statistical system. The 1997 revised standards incorporated two major changes: first, the revised standards increased the minimum set of race categories to be used by Federal agencies (White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), Asian, and Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI)); and, second, the revised standards also require Federal data collection programs to allow respondents to select one or more race categories. These standards have been implemented in the 2003 Revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth. Beginning with 2003 data year, multiple-race data (i.e., more than one race) was reported by Pennsylvania and Washington, which used the 2003 Revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth, as well as California, Hawaii, Ohio (for births occurring in December only), and Utah, which used the 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth. Maternal reporting of more than one race has impacted the reporting and analysis of birth certificate data. This paper will present the differences between mothers who report multiple-race and mothers who report single-race for selected demographic and health items. Birth certificate data from California, Hawaii, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington, which reported multiple-race data for 2003 (the full year), data on selected demographic and health items (e.g., fertility, age at first birth, marital status, country of birth, preterm birth and low birthweight) were analyzed comparing multiple-race mothers to single-race mothers. Univariate and bivariate analysis were performed to explore similarities and differences on selected items. In 2003, 2.5 percent of births in California, Hawaii, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington were to women who reported more than one race (i.e., were multiracial), with levels varying from 1 (Utah) to 33 percent (Hawaii). In terms of demographic characteristics, total fertility rate (TFR) was significantly lower for most single race women (White, Black or African American, AIAN, Asian, and NHOPI) than for women reporting these races in multiple-race combinations. Age at first birth was significantly higher for single race women than multiple race women. The percentage of births to unmarried women for single race Black and AIAN women was also higher than women reporting Black and AIAN in multiple-race combinations. A greater percentage of women reporting multiple-race combinations were foreign born than women reporting one race. In terms of health characteristics, the preterm birth rate was significantly lower for single race White and Asian women than women reporting White or Asian in multiple-race combinations. The rates for single race Black and American Indian women were higher than women reporting these races in multiple-race combinations. The low birthweight rate was also significantly lower for single race White, Asian, and Pacific Islander women than women reporting those races in multiple-race combinations. The rate for single race Black women were higher than for women reporting this race in combination. The challenges in analyzing and reporting multiple-race data will be also discussed. Single and multiple-race mothers differ in demographic and health characteristics. This adds to the importance of reporting and analysis of these and other items by race and ethnicity. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | STANDARDS | ETHNIC GROUPS | WHITES | BLACKS | ASIANS | BIRTH RECORDS | FERTILITY | FIRST BIRTH | MARITAL STATUS | BIRTH WEIGHT | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Demographic Factors | Population | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Nuptiality | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 316752


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