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1.
Title: Gene knockouts that affect male fertility: novel targets for contraception.
Author: Naz RK; Engle A; None R
Source: Frontiers In Bioscience. 2009;14:3994-4007.
Abstract: There is an urgent need for a better method of contraception that is accepted, effective, and available, due the population explosion and unintended pregnancy. Various targets are being investigated that can be used for contraception. The ideal target should be non-steroidal, intercourse-independent, non-surgical, reversible, and non-barrier with no side effects. The gene knockout technology is a powerful approach to identify such novel targets. We identified at least 93 genes whose deletion demonstrated an effect on fertility in male mice till 2004 (1). In the present article, we found 71 additional gene knockouts in the database since the last report which demonstrated an effect on male fertility. The majority of these knockouts also demonstrated an effect on non-reproductive organs concomitant with an anti-fertility effect or effect on other organs was not examined. The knockouts of only a few genes/proteins induced a specific effect on fertility without a serious side effect. These genes/proteins may provide novel targets for contraception/contraceptive vaccine development.
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | GENETICS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | MALE STERILIZATION | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | PROTEINS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Physiology | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception
Document Number: 330601

2.
Title: Update on male contraception.
Author: Naz RK; Rowan S
Source: Current Opinion In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;21(3):265-9.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review current options of contraception available for men and the recent developments in the field of male contraception. RECENT FINDINGS: Current options for male contraception are the barrier methods such as condoms and the surgical methods such as vasectomy. Condoms are coital-dependent and not always reliable as they are prone to slippage and breakage. Vasectomy has the advantage of being coital-independent but is permanent. Recent surveys have shown that men want to be more involved in contraception decisions, and women trust their male partners to take an active role in this area. Nonsurgical steroidal methods comprising various derivatives of the androgens and their receptors are in various phases of clinical trials in men. The ideal male contraceptive should be coitalin-dependent, nonsurgical, reversible, effective, and should not alter androgen levels or libido. Several nonsteroidal molecules and vaccines are being investigated in animal models for male contraception. SUMMARY: Male hormonal contraception may become a reality in the near future. Nonsteroidal methods including contraceptive vaccines targeting various molecules are an exciting proposition and are under investigation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | BARRIER METHODS | CONDOMS | VASECTOMY | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | TESTOSTERONE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Contraception, Immunological | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341313

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Isolation of human single chain variable fragment antibodies against specific sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development.
Author: Samuel AS; Naz RK
Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1324-1337.
Abstract: Contraceptive vaccines can provide valuable alternatives to current methods of contraception. We describe here the development of sperm-reactive human single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies of defined sperm specificity for immunocontraception. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from antisperm antibody-positive immunoinfertile and vasectomized men were activated with human sperm antigens in vitro, and the complementary DNA prepared and PCR-amplified using primers based on all the variable regions of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. The scFv repertoire was cloned into pCANTAB5E vector to create a human scFv antibody library. Panning of the library against specific sperm antigens yielded several clones, and the four strongest reactive were selected for further analysis. These clones had novel sequences with unique complementarity-determining regions. ScFv antibodies were expressed, purified and analyzed for human sperm reactivity and effect on human sperm function. AFA-1 and FAB-7 scFv antibodies both reacted with fertilization antigen-1 antigen, but against different epitopes. YLP20 antibody reacted with the expected human sperm protein of 48 plus or minus 5 kDa. The fourth antibody, AS16, reacted with an 18 kDa sperm protein and seems to be a human homologue of the mouse monoclonal recombinant antisperm antibody that causes sperm agglutination. All these antibodies inhibited human sperm function. This is the first study to report the use of phage display technology to obtain antisperm scFv antibodies of defined antigen specificity. These antibodies will find clinical applications in the development of novel immunocontraceptives, and specific diagnostics for immunoinfertility. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IN VITRO | INFERTILITY | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | VACCINES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 326617

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in West Virginia.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307007

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The complex business of adapting effective interventions to new populations: an urban to rural transfer.
Author: Stanton B; Guo J; Cottrell L; Galbraith J; Li X
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2005 Aug;37(2):163.
Abstract: The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of a relatively unaltered version of a sexual risk reduction intervention previously shown to be effective among urban youth, �Original Focus on Kids� (OFOK), compared with a version modified for West Virginia (WVFOK) and a control condition (training in environmental conservation), in altering protective sexual behaviors and perceptions among rural, Appalachian youth. Nine hundred ninety-nine youth aged 12 to 16 years from 12 rural counties in West Virginia. Randomized, controlled, longitudinal trial of a theory-based prevention intervention. Outcomes were self-reported sexual behaviors and perceptions assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months postintervention. Both WVFOK and OFOK positively affected perceptions of abstinence but not behaviors. OFOK significantly enhanced some perceptions of condom use compared with both control youth and WVFOK youth, but again, not behaviors. Overall, neither version was as effective as FOK had been in the original urban setting. The less altered version (OFOK) was more effective, especially with regard to condom-use perceptions, in this new population and cultural setting than the more culturally altered version (WVFOK). In several of the implementation settings, neither version was delivered as intended by the researchers because of logistic issues. Although many of these changes were seemingly minor, such deviations may have significant impact on intervention effect. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | DIFFUSION | ABSTINENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Communication | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 288871

8.
Title: Live births resulting from unintended pregnancies: is there variation among states?
Author: Dietz PM; Adams MM; Spitz AM; Morris L; Johnson CH
Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 May-Jun;31(3):132-6.
Abstract: Assessment of the unmet need for family planning services requires data on live births resulting from unintended pregnancies; however, many states do not collect this information. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data for 1993-95 were used to explore the feasibility of extrapolating data on the percentage of live births resulting from unintended pregnancies from eight states that collect such data (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and West Virginia) to those that do not. The percentage of live births resulting from unintended pregnancy ranged from 33% in New York (excluding New York City) to 49% in Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. Compared with women in Alabama, women in Oklahoma were more likely to deliver a live birth resulting from an unintended pregnancy (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.3) and women in New York State were less likely (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.8) to do so. After adjustment for the effects of maternal race, marital status, age, education, previous live births, and receipt of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children services, state of birth was significantly associated with unintended pregnancy. Unmarried White women in New York State had a lower likelihood and Black women in Michigan had a higher likelihood of having a live birth resulting from unintended pregnancy than their counterparts in Alabama. In all eight states, women who were Black, were unmarried, were younger than 20 years of age, had less than 12 years of education, and had more than one child had higher rates of live births resulting from unintended pregnancy than women with other demographic attributes. These findings indicate that, while data on which women have the greatest risk of delivering a live birth resulting from unintended pregnancy may be extrapolated from one state to another, the problem may be overestimated or underestimated from one state to the other.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | FLORIDA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | MICHIGAN | NEW YORK | OKLAHOMA | SOUTH CAROLINA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Pregnancy Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Measurement | Biology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 143060

9.
Title: Opportunity, community, and teen pregnancy in an Appalachian state.
Author: Bickel R; Weaver S; Williams T; Lange L
Source: JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH. 1997 Jan-Feb;90(3):175-81.
Abstract: This study examines female adolescents' responses to opportunities, costs, and community in West Virginia. It is posited that adolescent women's responses to structurally determined contextual factors will be the most important determinant of the teen birth rate. It is posited that girls avoid becoming pregnant and work to stay in school as a wise investment in their future. The variation in males' participation in contributing to teen pregnancy is not considered due to data limitations. West Virginia is a state with low teen abortion rates and limited teen mobility out of state. Community is construed as having a positive sense of affiliation and value for adolescents. Community is measured by school size and a range of 7 measures of community social organization: percentage of urban population in the district, percentage Black, percentage neither Black nor White, level of educational attainment, percentage of college preparatory students, percentage of college students, and percentage of service employees. The 7 factors were reduced with principal component analysis to a measure of modernity. Findings indicate that the birth rate increased by 8% for every increase of 100 students in average school size. The modern variable, which indicates departures from traditional patterns of community organization, was positively, statistically significantly related to the teenage birth rate. The college degree variable was related to increased teen pregnancy as a departure from traditional norms and decreased teen pregnancy as a measure of opportunity. Findings contrast with traditional interpretations of teen pregnancy. Findings indicate that teen pregnancy reflects a lack of opportunity, a decline in traditional community patterns, and the replacement of traditional social relations by shifting labor market relations. Teen births are consequences of disadvantage and disruption as context-driven factors.
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 129380

11.
Title: Violence, pregnancy and birth outcome in Appalachia.
Author: Dye TD; Tolliver NJ; Lee RV; Kenney CJ
Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 1995;9:35-47.
Abstract: Few studies have followed pregnant women prospectively to examine the impact of violence on birth outcome. The authors included such an assessment in a prospective study of pregnancy among low-income women. Nurses and social workers interviewed pregnant women (n = 364) and asked if they had been the object of violence since they became pregnant. These prenatal interviews were linked with information from perinatal records and with birth and death information. In total, 15.9% of women in the study indicated they had been abused since they became pregnant. Abused women were more likely to be teenagers and to have partners who were teenagers. Abused women were more likely to be primiparous, to smoke during pregnancy, and to have physical problems related to stress. Women battered during pregnancy were more likely to suffer fetal distress or fetal death [odds ratio (OR): 3.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36, 9.94], even after adjusting for maternal age and smoking status. Finally, the infants of abused women were more likely to remain in the hospital after their mother's discharge (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 1.38, 10.23). The findings suggest that fetuses may be compromised in utero, as shown by higher rates of fetal distress and fetal death found among women physically abused during pregnancy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | VIOLENCE | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 149135

12.
Title: The relationship between pregnancy intendedness and physical violence in mothers of newborns.
Author: Gazmararian JA; Adams MM; Saltzman LE; Johnson CH; Bruce FC; Marks JS; Zahniser SC
Source: OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY.. 1995 Jun;85(6):1031-8.
Abstract: The association between physical violence and unintended pregnancy was assessed in a questionnaire completed by 12,612 mothers of infants born during 1990-91 in Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia (US). Respondents were asked if their husbands or partners hurt them during the 12 months preceding delivery. State-specific prevalence of physical violence ranged from 3.8 to 6.9%. In each state, higher rates of physical violence were reported by women who had less than 12 years of education, lived in crowded conditions, participated in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, received no or delayed prenatal care, were non-White, were under 20 years of age, and were unmarried. The prevalence of unwanted or mistimed pregnancies ranged from 36.9 to 46.3%. Regardless of these attributes, women with mistimed or unwanted pregnancies reported higher rates of physical violence than their counterparts with intended pregnancies and accounted for 70% of physical abuse cases. Overall, women with unwanted pregnancies had 4.1 times the risk (95% confidence interval, 2.7-6.2) of experiencing physical violence than women with intended pregnancies. The odds for violence were greater among women with unwanted pregnancies who had greater social advantages (e.g., more education). Unintended pregnancies and domestic violence may be parts of the same problem of social disruption.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MAINE | ALASKA | OKLAHOMA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 142321

13.
Title: Demographic influences on the number of children at school entry ages, with examples from three states.
Author: Schmertmann CP; Mathews TJ; Nam CB
Source: REVIEW OF REGIONAL STUDIES. 1994 Fall;24(2):177-94.
Abstract: "This paper analyzes the effects of changes in fertility, mortality, and net migration patterns on the growth of school entry-age populations in three states (Florida, South Carolina, and West Virginia) over the period 1950-1990. Fertility changes have had the largest influence on growth of these young populations, as common sense suggests. Changing migration patterns have been quite important, however, in explaining intertemporal and interspatial variations in growth rates." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
FLORIDA | SOUTH CAROLINA | WEST VIRGINIA | AGE DISTRIBUTION | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | MORTALITY CHANGES | MIGRATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Fertility | Mortality | Social Change
Document Number: 241610

14.
Title: Community based primary health care: integrating public health, clinical care, and community needs.
Author: Taylor H
Source: [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association [APHA], Washington, D.C.,October 30 - November 3, 1994. [13] p.
Abstract: Community Based Primary Health Care (CBPHC) brings public health, clinical care, and community needs together. CBPHC principles are population based, problem focused, capacity building, create effective partnerships, and monitor for equity of outcomes. Universal health coverage in the US is needed to make these principles happen. Pendleton Community Care has operated 6-7 community oriented primary care (COPC) projects in West Virginia. COPC defines the target population, identifies and prioritizes needs, develops interventions, monitors outcomes, and changes either the intervention, the defined need, or the target population. Pendleton sponsors a 5-county worksite health promoter program. The workers decide on the interventions: seat belt usage, blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol. The Mercy County Health Department used the assessment protocol for excellence in public health (APEX/PH) to conduct its internal assessment. Staff learned that they needed to involve individuals and groups in the planning, delivery, and evaluation of services. APEX/PH includes organizational capacity, community partnership, and monitoring and reassessment. Policy development, operating authority, community assessment, community relations, and internal management fall under organizational capacity. An advisory board and setting priorities and goals fall under community partnership. The Mercer County community advisory group is working with a community college to address domestic violence. A community coalition enables the planned approach to community health (PATH). In Kanawha County, it brought together hospitals, police, the United Way, and the health department to examine health issues. They agreed to provide free infant care seats and education on their use. The West Virginia Bureau of Public Health nurtures vertical targeted programs and grass-roots processes. It monitors the epidemiology, sponsors a regional network of community health promotion specialists, and provides financial assistance.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | NEEDS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COORDINATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 102059

15.
Title: Physical violence during the 12 months preceding childbirth --Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, 1990-1991.
Author: VandeCastle M; Danna J; DeCoster E; Thomas T
Source: MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT.. 1994 Mar 4;43(8):132-7.
Abstract: This study examined the prevalence of physical violence against women during the 12 months preceding childbirth and its relation to maternal characteristics in Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. Using the 1990 and the 1991 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, varied percentages of women reporting physical abuse among the four states were noted: from 3.8% in Maine to 6.9% in Oklahoma. Overall, the report indicated that in each state, higher rates of physical violence were associated with low educational attainment, race, marital status, age, living conditions, participation in prenatal care, and unintended pregnancy. In addition, this article cites recommendations for health care providers to be aware of the risk among all pregnant women; for efforts to effectively identify victims; for evaluations of intervention programs; and for further examinations of the patterns of violence during pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALASKA | MAINE | OKLAHOMA | WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | VIOLENCE | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 142790

16.
Title: Welcome to Panel on Community-Based Public Health Care.
Author: Wyon JB
Source: [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association [APHA], Washington, D.C.,October 30 - November 3, 1994. [5] p.
Abstract: The International Health Section of the American Public Health Association hosted a panel on community-based public health care in November 1994 in Washington, D.C. A community base and regular home visiting define this approach which facilitates the identification of current health problems in the community. Staff yield numerators and denominators which permit them to measure the frequencies of serious events and to investigate determinants. These community-based data allow for the accurate design, management, and evaluation and re-evaluation of subsequent programs. This approach fosters high level of coverage, equity, and community involvement in diagnosis, preventive and curative care, and program evaluation. The primary health care programs of Andean Rural Health Care in Bolivia operate at different altitudes, yet all serve similar people. Trained local people perform an initial census and revise it annually. They visit each family on a regular basis. They are able to obtain quality data. Overall, the risk of death among children less than 2 years is essentially the same in all 3 altitude zones. Children at a high altitude (cold zone) die mainly during the first 3 months of life, particularly the first month. Respiratory disease is the main cause of death. Children in the temperate zone face a significant risk of death throughout most of their first 3 years of life, except during the second year. Their major causes of death are respiratory and enteric infections, exasperated by malnutrition. In the tropical region, most mothers deliver at a hospital, so neonatal deaths are relatively infrequent. Yet death is common during the remaining first 2 years, with peaks at the second, fifth, and sixth trimesters. Diarrhea and malnutrition are the main causes of death. The field staff value the home visits because they can see the results of their work. The panel addresses the project from Bolivia and projects from West Virginia, sub-Saharan Africa, Nepal, and Pakistan.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | BOLIVIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | CRITIQUE | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | HOME VISITS | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | ALTITUDE | CHILD MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Communication | Environment | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 102057

17.
Title: Pregnancy planning and pre-conception counseling.
Author: Adams MM; Bruce FC; Shulman HB; Kendrick JS; Brogan DJ
Source: OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1993 Dec;82(6):955-9.
Abstract: The use of data collected by the US Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) on 12,452 new mothers from Maine, Michigan, Oklahoma, and West Virginia who gave birth in 1988-90 enabled estimations of the need for preconception counseling. 60% of the study subjects indicated their pregnancy was planned, 30% had mistimed pregnancies, and 10% had unwanted pregnancies. A planned pregnancy was positively associated with more than 12 years of education and maternal age over 29 years. Also revealed was a significant association between unwanted pregnancy and each of the major prenatal risk factors--maternal smoking in the 3-month period preceding conception, consumption of 3 or more alcoholic drinks/week in the 3 months before conception, maternal body mass index under 20 kg/sq.m, and delayed initiation of prenatal care beyond the 1st trimester. Overall, 32% of mothers had none of these risk factors; another 30% had 1 or more of these behaviors but did not plan their pregnancies. Thus, 62% of study subjects either had no indicator necessitating preconception counseling or could not use this service due to the unplanned nature of the pregnancy. This results in a figure of 38% of women who could have benefitted from such a service. Needed are studies that investigate the association between preconception counseling and pregnancy outcome.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MAINE | MICHIGAN | OKLAHOMA | WEST VIRGINIA | SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | PREGNANCY, PLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | RISK FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | BODY WEIGHT | ANTENATAL CARE | NEEDS | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Behavior | Physiology | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 091777

18.
Title: Questionable category of nonmaternal death [letter]
Author: Chavkin W; Allen M
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY.. 1993 May;168(5):1640-1.
Abstract: A meticulous effort in the ascertainment of maternal deaths in West Virginia is reported. It is observed that underreporting may have occurred through categorization of some deaths as "nonmaternal". Deaths of pregnant women aged 10-49 years during 1983-84 in New York City accounted for approximately 1% of drug-related women s deaths and 1.5% of women assault and suicide victims. If these deaths are considered to be pregnancy-associated, the maternal mortality ratio increases by almost 8%. 6% of pregnancy-associated deaths from 1980 to 1984 were due to homicide and suicide. More data are required before deaths of pregnant and postpartum women resulting from violence and injury can be dismissed as nonmaternal. Recently, obstetrics and gynecology has begun to appreciate the impact of domestic violence in general and on reproductive health in particular. Several researchers have reported an increase in the rate of battering during pregnancy. Rochet et al. noted that 13% of deaths reviewed by the Maternal Mortality Collaborative were due to injury and that personal, social, and environmental factors may lead to more deaths of pregnant women than pregnancy itself. The data set of Dye et al. substantiates the significant proportion of pregnancy-associated deaths caused by violence and injury. Questioning the classification of "nonmaternal" deaths provides knowledge about the multidimensionality of the interactions between pregnancy and social and physical well-being.
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY | ERROR SOURCES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 142891

19.
Title: Developing and maintaining state-wide adolescent pregnancy prevention coalitions: a preliminary investigation.
Author: Nezlek JB; Galano J
Source: HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH: THEORY AND PRACTICE. 1993 Sep;8(3):433-47.
Abstract: In-depth interviews with leaders of state-wide adolescent pregnancy prevention coalitions in the southern US provided support for the Katz and Kahn model of organizational growth. The coalitions, located in the states of Alabama, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia, differed extensively in terms of their structures, activities, philosophies, and context. None had more than 25 full-time salaried staff members, and many coalition members had a primary organizational allegiance to another organization (e.g., the state). Despite these deviations from the organizations conceptualized by Katz and Kahn, the 5 pregnancy prevention coalitions conformed to the theoretical model in their behavioral cycles. In the Katz and Kahn model, organizational growth proceeds from primitive systems to stable organizations and, finally, to an elaboration of structures. During the primitive stage, there is little formal structure, a lack of definition of goals and agenda, but a loose assemblage of persons united by common beliefs. In this early stage, all 5 coalitions held state-wide conferences, produced newsletters, prepared reports for a wider constituency, and attempted to expand the leadership base. Characteristics of the middle stage in the theoretical model are staff formation, development of an authority hierarchy and committee structure, and the emergence of controversy. In this stage, the pregnancy prevention coalitions worked to become established in the legislative and administrative arenas, introduced communities to scientific needs assessment, and developed program evaluation protocols. Problems at this stage included insufficient resources, leadership burnout, and a lack of experience in community organization. At the time of the survey, no coalition had achieved the 3rd stage; elaboration of structures, characterized by relative independence from state government, permanent staff and financial support, and recognition as the major player in the field. The wide differences between the 2 most influential and advanced coalitions--in Maryland and North Carolina--are illustrative of Katz and Kahn's theory of equifinality (the ability to start in different places and use different means to reach the same end).
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | MARYLAND | NORTH CAROLINA | VIRGINIA | WEST VIRGINIA | CASE STUDIES | ORGANIZATIONS | GOALS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Planning | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs
Document Number: 091783

20.
Title: Coe v. Melahn [2 March 1992].
Author: United States. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
Source: FEDERAL REPORTER. 2D SERIES. 1992;958:223-6.
Abstract: The plaintiff challenged the constitutionality of a law of the state of Missouri that prohibited any insurer from issuing in Missouri insurance covering the performance of elective abortions unless the coverage was provided by an optional rider with a separate premium. She claimed that the law violated a woman's right to obtain an abortion and was not rationally related to a legitimate government purpose. Relying on a standard put forward in the Supreme Court's most recent abortion decision, the Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, reversed a lower court decision, which had granted the plaintiff judgment without a trial on the basis of the pleadings ("summary judgment") and ruled that the plaintiff had not shown that the statute imposed an "undue burden" upon a woman's decision to obtain an abortion. It also held that whether the law was rationally related to a legitimate government purpose was a question of fact that should be tried. It remanded the case for this purpose. In Boley v. Miller, decided on 15 May 1992, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia rejected a challenge to the state's funding, through its public assistance medical services fund, of abortions not qualifying for federal funding under Medicaid--the federal program to provide health care to certain low-income persons. It ruled that provisions of the statute creating the fund stipulating that any payments from the fund must be consistent with applicable federal law and regulations did not preclude such payments. See South Eastern Reporter, Series 2, Vol. 418, p. 352.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | MISSOURI | ABORTION | HEALTH INSURANCE | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 087297 Notification

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Retrospective maternal mortality case ascertainment in West Virginia, 1985 to 1989.
Author: Dye TD; Gordon H; Held B; Tolliver NJ; Holmes AP
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1992 Jul;167(1):72-6.
Abstract: Ways to improve the collection of maternal mortality data are illustrated using statistics for West Virginia for the period 1985-1989. The methods used involved matching live birth records with death records for women of reproductive age to detect deaths occurring within one year of delivery. (ANNOTATION)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DATA COLLECTION | DATA LINKAGE | VITAL STATISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Statistics
Document Number: 236244

22.
Title: Hope v. Perales [15 April 1991].
Author: United States. New York. New York County. Supreme Court
Source: NEW YORK SUPPLEMENT. 2D SERIES. 1991;571:972-83.
Abstract: The plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the New York Prenatal Care Assistance Program that failed to reimburse health care providers for medically necessary abortions performed on low-income women who are otherwise eligible for care under the act. They claimed that the provisions violated various provisions of the New York state constitution. The Supreme Court, New York County, upheld their claim. It ruled that a) under the New York state constitution, a woman has the right to choose to have an abortion, which is one component of the right of privacy; b) the challenged provisions violate this right because they pressure indigent women towards childbirth; c) the provisions violate the affirmative obligation placed on the state by the constitution to aid, care, and support the needy; d) the provisions violate the state constitutional mandate pledging the protection and promotion of the health of the population; and e) the provisions violate the equal protection clause of the state constitution because they endanger the health and lives of eligible women. In Doe vs. Director of D.S.S., decided on 19 February 1991, the Court of Appeals of Michigan ruled that provisions of the state Medicaid funding program that prohibit the use of state funds to pay for abortions except when the pregnant woman's life is endangered violate the equal protection clause of the state constitution (North Western Reporter, Series 2, Vol. 468, p. 862). In Whittington vs. North Carolina Department of Human Resources, decided on 20 November 1990, the Court of Appeals of North Carolina ruled that the state social services commission did not have the authority to issue rules requiring local agencies to report allegations of rape or incest made by women seeking abortion funds or offer such women the opportunity to view a fetal model (South Eastern Reporter, Series 2, Vol. 398, p. 40). On 24 July 1990, the Supreme Court of West Virginia refused to consider a challenge to the decision of the state governor to ignore legislation limiting the Medicaid funding of abortions. See United Press International, 24 July 1990.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | MICHIGAN | WEST VIRGINIA | NEW YORK | ABORTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | RAPE | INCEST | HEALTH INSURANCE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 086719 Notification

23.
Title: Budget [Restrictions on abortion funding, summary. 21 March 1990].
Author: United States. West Virginia
Source: STATE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MONITOR. 1990 Dec;(4):29.
Abstract: The West Virginia Budget for 1990-1991 prohibits the state funding of abortions except in cases of threat to life; threat of permanent, catastrophic physical injuries; fetal defect; rape; and incest.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | LAWS AND STATUTES | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 085164 Notification

24.
Title: Vasectomy complications at a family practice center.
Author: Beavers CH
Source: WEST VIRGINIA MEDICAL JOURNAL. 1989 Sep;85(9):379-80.
Abstract: Vasectomy can be performed in an outpatient setting and its safe, effective, economical, and a convenient form of permanent sterilization for men. There have been 73 vasectomies performed over a 9 year period in a clinic in West Virginia. The complications were epididymitis 5.5%, sperm granuloma 2.7%, wound infection 1.4%, and hematoma 12%. There were no failures in this study group and all the minor complications responded to conservative care. These results are comparable to others reported in medical journals. Family physicians can learn to do this procedure during their residency training. There have been no deaths in the US attributed to vasectomies. Several large studies recently showed that no substantial risk is involved or long term complications from the procedure. Hematoma was the most common complication in this study group and they were small and did not require surgical evacuation. A panel of experts has recommended using local anesthesia alone for vasectomies since other methods are more expensive, less safe, and require the patient to not drive after the procedure. Most doctors prefer local anesthesia as reported in a recent survey. The conclusion of this study is that vasectomies can be preformed safely and taught by trained family practitioners in an outpatient setting.
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VASECTOMY | PHYSICIANS | SPERM COUNT | CASE STUDIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | RISK ASSESSMENT | ANESTHESIA | COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Treatment | Diseases
Document Number: 059522

25.
Title: Cultural factors involved in teaching NFP in Appalachia.
Author: Botkin NJ
Source: International Review of Natural Family Planning. 1986 Spring;10(1):69-88.
Abstract: Experiences in understanding Appalachian culture in West Virginia and in assessing state, federal and missionary efforts to promote contraception and limit the birth rate are described. It is argued that to move into an area with mass media and try to change the people or save them from themselves are not the ways to follow. Instead, with an appreciation of the Appalachian culture, the local natural family planning (NFP) teacher will be more prepared to meet people where they are. 1-to-1 follow-up classes will allow teachers to know their clients better, and that will enable them to gently challenge them to grow. NFP teachers will afford them the human dignity they so rightly deserve, the dignity God intends for all mankind.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING INSTRUCTORS | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Educational Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Personnel
Document Number: 035828

26.
Title: South: 1984 population and 1983 per capita income estimates for counties and incorporated places.
Author: Starsinic DE
Source: CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS. SERIES P-26, LOCAL POPULATION ESTIMATES. 1986 Jun;(84-S-SC):i-iv, 1-117.
Abstract: This report is 1 of 5 regional reports containing current estimates of July 1, 1984, population and calendar year 1983 per capita money income for all general purpose governmental units in each state in the South. Areas included are 1) counties (or county equivalents), 2) incorporated places, and 3) active minor civil divisions. The detailed tables show the July 1, 1984, population estimate and the April 1, 1980, census population for each area, along with the numerical and percent change between 1980 and 1984. In addition, they present the 1983 per capita money income estimates, together with the 1979 per capita money income and the percent change between these 2 figures. These estimates are presented for each state in the region in county order, with all incorporated places in each county listed in alphabetical order, followed by any functioning minor civil divisions also listed in alphabetical order.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALABAMA | ARKANSAS | DELAWARE | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | FLORIDA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | KENTUCKY | LOUISIANA | MARYLAND | MISSISSIPPI | NORTH CAROLINA | OKLAHOMA | SOUTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | TEXAS | VIRGINIA | WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | POPULATION SIZE | INCOME | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | STATISTICS | URBAN POPULATION | TABLES AND CHARTS | Developed Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 206206

27.
Title: Affective and physical changes associated with oral contraceptive use.
Author: Wiener AL; Goetsch VL; Burnette MM; Vanin J; Clements J; Koehn KA
Source: [Unpublished] 1986 Nov. Presented at the 20th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Chicago, Illinois, November 13-16, 1986. Available from ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Computer Microfilm Corporation, 3900 Wheeler Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22304-6409, USA. 7 p. (ERIC Order No. ED 293 033)
Abstract: In the mid 1980s, 30 female university students who used the student health services of West Virginia University and Western Michigan University completed 5 questionnaires assessing emotional and physical health at 1 and 3 month intervals. The researchers wanted to determine if low dose oral contraceptives (OCs) induce physiological and affective behavior changes. 12 students had not used OCs before the study and 1st completed the questionnaires prior to OC use. The remaining 18 had used OCs for at least 6 months. No significant changes in depression, anxiety, or physical symptoms occurred over time for the 1st time OC users. Moreover none of the 1st time OC users stopped taking the OC during the 3 month study which supported the study's results. Studies conducted 10-20 years earlier indicated that OCs did indeed bring about changes in affective behavior and physical make up, but the composition of those OCs differed drastically from the more common low dose OCs used in this study. Some researchers have indicated that OCs may aggravate already existing psychological conditions. Since the scores of the 30 students were well into the normal range, they were maybe less sensitive to side effects of OCs than women who are baseline depressed or anxious. Nevertheless these results do suggest that low dose OCs do not alter the physical health or behavior of 18-24 year old females.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | WEST VIRGINIA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | BEHAVIOR | DEPRESSION | STUDENTS | YOUTH | SIDE EFFECTS | CHANGES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Social Change | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 052670

30.
Title: West Virginia
Author: U.S. Bureau of the Census Washington, D.C., United States
Source: Advance reports. Final population and housing unit counts. In: 1980 census of population and housing. U.S. Bureau of the Census Washington, D.C., United States, 1981. (PHC80-V-50)15 p.
Abstract:
Language: English
Keywords:
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | CENSUS | POPULATION STATISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology
Document Number: 212418


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