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Title: Water safety plan manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers.
Author: Bartram J; Corrales L; Davison A; Deere D; Drury D
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2009. 101 p.
Abstract: The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer. In these Guidelines, such approaches are called water safety plans (WSPs). The aim of this Manual is to provide that practical guidance to facilitate WSP development focusing particularly on organized water supplies managed by a water utility or similar entity. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | WATER SUPPLY | SAFETY | PLANNING | QUALITY CONTROL | RISK ASSESSMENT | STANDARDS | MONITORING | MANAGEMENT | PROCEDURES | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Organization and Administration | Evaluation
Document Number: 331413

Title: Sustainable community management of urban water and sanitation schemes (a training manual).
Author: Castro V; Msuya N; Makoye C
Source: Nairobi, Kenya, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program - Africa, 2009 Jan. 52 p.
Abstract: The aim of this capacity building programme is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The manual was originally developed in collaboration with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority's (DAWASA) Community Water Supply and Sanitation Program (CWSSP); but some of the material is applicable to other urban communities who may need to improve their management practices and increase the likelihood of a sustainable operation. The material included in this manual is intended to provide a trainer with the tools and information to build management capacity in the target communities. Although the manual is geared for trainers, it has also been designed to serve as a reference tool for communities who may wish to review the material on an on-going basis. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | MANUAL | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PROCEDURES | COMMUNICATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Programs | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331414

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Title: Isolation and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria from water and soil in central India.
Author: Narang R; Narang P; Mendiratta DK
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009 Jul-Sep;27(3):247-50.
Abstract: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), important organisms in the Genus Mycobacterium and commonly present in the environment, are known to cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients. In this study, NTM were isolated from environment (soil and water) of the AIDS patients with disseminated NTM disease to know the prevalence of environmental NTM species and their correlation with clinical isolates from patients of the same area. Paraffin baiting technique was used to isolate NTM from environmental samples. Once isolated, subcultures were made on Lowenstein Jensen and Middlebrook 7H10 media and the species were identified using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. A total of 26 NTM isolates belonging to seven different species could be identified. Mycobacterium avium was the only species isolated from both clinical and environmental samples of the same patient; but the isolates did not match using PCR for IS 1311 and IS 1245 spacer sequences.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | AIDS | ENVIRONMENT | WATER SUPPLY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342629

Title: A rights-based approach to accessing health determinants.
Author: Perkins F
Source: Global Health Promotion. 2009 Mar;16(1):61-4.
Abstract: This commentary summarizes the experience and learnings from a site visit in May 2008 to a drop-in centre for vulnerable women in downtown Cairo run by El-Shehab Institution for Comprehensive Development, which provides street outreach for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). The Centre successfully provides services and support for women, many of who are displaced or refugees and are from the most marginalized areas in Cairo. Through a rights-based approach to the work, the Centre helps people living in the slums fight and win the right to access clean water, sewerage and electrical power in their communities. An individual-based approach to human rights is also used. In the last year El-Shehab have helped 67 women go to court and win their marriage rights from husbands who have abandoned them. Their approach is an example of a successful way to achieve access to basic health determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | ADVOCACY | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | COURT DECISION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Energy Supply | Litigation
Document Number: 342373

Title: Purchase of drinking water is associated with increased child morbidity and mortality among urban slum-dwelling families in Indonesia.
Author: Semba RD; de Pee S; Kraemer K; Sun K; Thorne-Lyman A; Moench-Pfanner R; Sari M; Akhter N; Bloem MW
Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2009 Jul;212(4):387-97.
Abstract: In developing countries, poor families in urban slums often do not receive municipal services including water. The objectives of our study were to characterize families who purchased drinking water and to examine the relation between purchasing drinking water and child morbidity and mortality in urban slums of Indonesia, using data collected between 1999 and 2003. Of 143,126 families, 46.8% purchased inexpensive drinking water from street vendors, 47.4% did not purchase water, i.e., had running or spring/well water within household, and 5.8% purchased more expensive water in the previous 7 days. Families that purchased inexpensive drinking water had less educated parents, a more crowded household, a father who smoked, and lower socioeconomic level compared with the other families. Among children of families that purchased inexpensive drinking water, did not purchase drinking water, or purchased more expensive water, the prevalence was, respectively, for diarrhea in last 7 days (11.2%, 8.1%, 7.7%), underweight (28.9%, 24.1%, 24.1%), stunting (35.6%, 30.5%, 30.5%), wasting (12.0%, 10.5%, 10.9%), family history of infant mortality (8.0%, 5.6%, 5.1%), and of under-five child mortality (10.4%, 7.1%, 6.4%) (all P<0.0001). Use of inexpensive drinking water was associated with under-five child mortality (Odds Ratio [O.R.] 1.32, 95% Confidence Interval [C.I.] 1.20-1.45, P<0.0001) and diarrhea (O.R. 1.43, 95% C.I. 1.29-1.60, P<0.0001) in multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. Purchase of inexpensive drinking water was common and associated with greater child malnutrition, diarrhea, and infant and under-five child mortality in the family. Greater efforts must be made to ensure access to safe drinking water, a basic human right and target of the Millennium Development Goals, in urban slums.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | SLUMS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | WATER SUPPLY | EXPENDITURES | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Measurement
Document Number: 342114

Title: Smart finance solutions: Examples of innovative financial mechanisms for water and sanitation.
Author: Singeling M; Claasen F; Casella D; van Daalen T; Fonseca C
Source: Amsterdam, Netherlands, KIT Publishers, 2009. 72 p.
Abstract: This booklet gives examples of how different financial mechanisms are being used to finance water, sanitation projects and small local businesses that contribute to reaching MDG-7. The first chapter describes different financing mechanisms being applied at household / community (micro-) and at intermediate institutional (meso-) level. It gives examples of how these mechanisms are being used to finance water and sanitation projects or small / medium enterprises. It also provides the reader with some useful links for further reading. The second part describes which business models can be used to obtain different financial mechanisms and gives an overview of how to write a successful business plan or project proposal. It also includes a list of organisations that finance water and sanitation projects / businesses. The booklet is designed as a source of inspiration, rather than a manual. It provides links to further, more in-depth information. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | NETHERLANDS | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PLANNING | MANAGEMENT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331418

Title: International child health: state of the art.
Author: Torjesen K; Olness K
Source: Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 2009 Sep;39(8):192-213.
Abstract: Many published articles and policies describe what should be state of the art in global child health, and there are dozens of large initiatives aimed at implementing these policies. We have knowledge of what should work, yet struggle to effectively implement that knowledge and improve child health outcomes in resource-poor settings, even at the most basic level of ensuring sufficient food and clean water for the world's children. This article highlights many smaller programs that are operational in the field, demonstrating excellence in global child health efforts, and may approach state of the art in actual implementation. The examples include a grass roots primary health care program, a home-based neonatal care program, kangaroo mother care, ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), a vitamin A program, point-of-use water purification, disasters and children, a pain management program, and a developmental disabilities program. This article also discusses the importance of strengthening human resources for health by, for example, training child health professionals in low resource countries. These programs show what can be done and could be replicated in other communities to improve child health, given a few committed individuals and modest resources. Ultimately, truly state of the art health care for children must be defined locally and championed by each state or nation. Nevertheless, there are overarching components and supports that are the responsibility of the global community, particularly those needed to assure that the basic human rights of children, including health, are met throughout the world.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | ANTENATAL CARE | HUMAN RIGHTS | VITAMIN A | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOOD SECURITY | MALNUTRITION | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | PAIN | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Public Health | Signs and Symptoms
Document Number: 342519

Title: Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey 2006.
Author: Azerbaijan. State Statistical Committee; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Baku, Azerbaijan, State Statistical Committee, 2008 May. [400] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 8,444 women age 15-49 and 2,558 men age 15-59. Following discussions with USAID and UNICEF regarding support for a new survey to obtain precise data on infant and child mortality, the 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) was carried out from July to November 2006. The survey was implemented by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and UNICEF, with Macro International Inc. providing technical assistance, and participation by the Ministry of Health. The 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey provides recent estimates of infant and child mortality, and these estimates are about half those of the 2000 MICS and the 2001 RHSA. In addition to mortality data, the objectives of the 2006 AzDHS were to collect national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, adult health, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these topics from women of reproductive age and, for certain topics, from men as well. Data are presented by region when sample size permits. The survey findings provide estimates for a variety of demographic indicators. The 2006 AzDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of and health services for the people of Azerbaijan. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AZERBAIJAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | WATER SUPPLY | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD NUTRITION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Fertility Control, Postconception | Health | Mortality | Nutrition | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Women's Status | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 331495 Notification

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Title: Protecting health from climate change: World Health Day 2008. Summary of issues paper.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], WHO, 2008. 2 p.
Abstract: There is now widespread agreement that the earth is warming, due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human activity. It is also clear that current trends in energy use development and population growth will lead to continuing - and more severe - climate change. The changing climate will inevitably affect the basic requirements for maintaining health: clean air and water, sufficient food and adequate shelter. Each year, about 800 000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60 000 in natural disasters. A warmer and more variable climate threatens to lead to higher levels of some air pollutants, increase transmission of diseases through unclean water and through contaminated food, to compromise agricultural production in some of the least developed countries, and increase the hazards of extreme weather. Climate change also brings new challenges to the control of infectious diseases. Many of the major killers are highly climate sensitive as regards to temperature and rainfall, including cholera, and the diarrhoeal diseases, as well as diseases including malaria, dengue and other infections carried by vectors. In sum, climate change threatens to slow, halt or reverse the progress that the global public health community is now making against many of these diseases. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GLOBAL WARMING | WORLD HEALTH DAY | HEALTH | DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | NATURAL DISASTERS | EPIDEMICS | WATER SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | WHO | Climate | Environment | International Cooperation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 325695

13.

Title: Impact of urban agriculture on water reuse and related activities on the rural population of the coastal settlements of Ondo State, Nigeria.
Author: Akegbejo-Samsons Y
Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008 Sep;8(1):48-62.
Abstract: Throughout the globe, agriculture is increasingly a part of city landscapes. Rising demands for water to supply agriculture, industry and cities are leading to competition over the allocation of limited water resources. It has been observed that coastal wetland settlements are usually worse hit by discharge and effluents of upper-stream water uses. This paper discusses the practice of urban agriculture (UA) and fishing, which is a predominant coastal activity in the coastal settlements of Ondo state of Nigeria. It highlights the problems and prospects of urban agriculture on the local economies of the study areas. Results from this study show that UA was a preferred complement to rural agricultural practice. It was observed that UA complemented supplies from rural agriculture, whereby arable crops and regular village menu items are produced along side perennial crops. Products like tomatoes, okra, African garden-eggs and peppers are produced to complement those produced from rural agriculture. Increasing coastal poverty was found to have assumed a staggering phenomenon in over 64% of the visited coastal cities. Community food security at the household level in the study area has forced the community to be involved in the following UA activities: (a) arable farming within open spaces and court yards; (b) vegetable production; (c) paddy rice production especially in cities like Mahin, Idiogba, that are located close to canals and lagoons; (d) cassava and yam production in upland coastal cities such as Igbokoda and Igbekebo. The results show that as successful as urban agriculture seems to be, incomes from fishing and other aquacultural activities was higher than rural and urban agriculture. Successful local water recycling has not been practicable in the study area and as a result the same quality of water is used for human, animal and agricultural purposes. Specifically, over 80% of household water demand is from canals, rivers and streams in these study areas. This was found to have a serious health implication. In monetary terms, incomes from fishing were found to be higher than that from urban agriculture by over 65%, however fishers still prefer to combine UA with fishing for reason of food intake (feeding the family with staple food varieties). Sustainable management of the coastal areas for overall productivity is advocated.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | WATER SUPPLY | RECYCLING | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | FISHING | FOOD SUPPLY | PUBLIC HEALTH | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Waste Management | Macroeconomic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Health | Economic Development
Document Number: 322519

14.

Title: Attitudinal and relational factors predicting the use of solar water disinfection: A field study in Nicaragua.
Author: Altherr AM; Mosler HJ; Tobias R; Butera F
Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Apr;35(2):207-220.
Abstract: Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is an uncomplicated and cheap technology providing individuals with safe drinking water by exposing water-filled plastic bottles to sunlight for 6 hours to kill waterborne pathogens. Two communities were visited, and 81 families (40 SODIS users and 41 nonusers) were interviewed. The relationship between several factors and the intention to use SODIS in the future and actual use were tested. The results showed that intention to use and actual use are mainly related to an overall positive attitude, intention to use is related to the use of SODIS by neighbors, and actual use is related to knowledge about SODIS; SODIS users reported a significantly lower incidence in diarrhea than SODIS nonusers. These results suggest that promotion activities should aim at creating a positive attitude, for example, by choosing a promoter that is able to inspire confidence in the new technology. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | WATER SUPPLY | INFECTION PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | DIARRHEA | PROMOTION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Technology | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing
Document Number: 325585

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Title: Flowing away: Water and health opportunities [editorial]
Author: Bartram J
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):2.
Abstract: Despite long-standing evidence that water sanitation and hygiene are fundamental to health, health institutions have become distanced from water and sanitation since the 1970s. In developing countries, some 2.6 billion people invest a significant proportion of their household time or money in simply securing drinking-water or somewhere private to defecate. In the European Union, planners are preoccupied with the cost of serving the public's preference for bathing in sewage-free seas - as enshrined in the Bathing Water Directive, its most popular legislation. Health practitioners also appreciate the importance of water. In a recent BMJ poll, sanitation was voted the most important medical advance of the past 150 years. Is this correct? Over 9% of the global disease burden could be prevented by better management of water (this umbrella term covers drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene).5 Intervention studies report reductions in diarrhoeal disease incidence averaging 25-37%, and - using the criteria of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health - these interventions are cost effective or very cost effective in developing countries. Even these findings value only health outcomes - analysing all impacts indicates a benefit that can be valued at 3 to 34 dollars per dollar invested. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | DISEASE PREVENTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | DIARRHEA | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases
Document Number: 323377

17.

Title: Multiple dimensions of urban well-being: Evidence from India.
Author: Chandrasekhar S; Mukhopadhyay A
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 23 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 11)
Abstract: This paper addresses differences in outcomes across households residing in slums and non-slum urban areas of India. Using a nationally representative household data set, we undertake a robust multidimensional evaluation of intracity differences in well-being. We first established that if utility is defined as access to public goods such as water and sanitation, then residents in non-slum urban areas are unambiguously better off than slum dwellers. This finding implies that there is justification for slums garnering a sizable portion of the allocation of water and sanitation programs. On the other hand, we found that the distribution of private goods (monthly per capita expenditure and per capita living area) in non-slum areas does not dominate the distribution of these goods in the slums. In fact, at very low levels of MPCE and per capita living area, the distribution of these private goods in slums dominates the distribution in nonslums. This important finding implies that non-slum residents are not unequivocally better off than slum residents. Since slums are on an average poorer than other urban areas, it may be more pragmatic, therefore, to target policies at slum development. However, such policies would fail to reach the poorest residents of non-slum areas in both large and small cities. Our results make the case for a more inclusive policy that targets these groups as well. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | POVERTY | SLUMS | URBANIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 327062

18.

Title: Towards endogenous livestock development: Borana pastoralists� responses to environmental and institutional changes.
Author: Homann S; Rischkowsky B; Steinbach J; Kirk M; Mathias E
Source: Human Ecology. 2008;36:503-520.
Abstract: Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia are faced with the challenge of developing more efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. In past decades poorly adapted development interventions and inadequate land-use policies aggravated by population growth have weakened pastoral rangeland management. Ignoring pastoralists' technical and organizational capacities has contributed to progressive land degradation, the erosion of social structures and poverty. The Endogenous Livestock Development concept recognises pastoralists' indigenous knowledgebased strategies and priorities, and uses them as the bases for further development of their production system and social relations, to be utilized, improved and combined with modern technologies. This paper explores the Borana pastoralists' adaptive strategies for improved utilization of natural resources and the manner in which they respond to environmental risk and external influences such as water development and new formal administration. The adaptive responses include controlled integration of crop production and protection of grazing reserves, as well as changing cattle breeding priorities and the adoption of camel husbandry. The pastoralists have started negotiations with the administration to regain control of land utilization by strengthening directives for settlements, land use pattern and extraction rates. To support these initiatives the study recommends that pastoralists and other stakeholders enter into an institutionalized process of negotiation that builds on indigenous knowledge and organizational structures and facilitates validation and implementation of newly generated knowledge.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development | Environment | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329133

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Global costs of attaining the Millennium Development Goal for water supply and sanitation.
Author: Hutton G; Bartram J
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):13-19.
Abstract: Target 10 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to "halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". Because of its impacts on a range of diseases, it is a health-related MDG target. This study presents cost estimates of attaining MDG target 10. We estimate the population to be covered to attain the MDG target using data on household use of improved water and sanitation for 1990 and 2004, and taking into account population growth. We assume this estimate is achieved in equal annual increments from the base year, 2005, until 2014. Costs per capita for investment and recurrent costs are applied. Country data is aggregated to 11 WHO developing country subregions and globally. Estimated spending required in developing countries on new coverage to meet the MDG target is US$ 42 billion for water and US$ 142 billion for sanitation, a combined annual equivalent of US$ 18 billion. The cost of maintaining existing services totals an additional US$ 322 billion for water supply and US $216 billion for sanitation, a combined annual equivalent of US$ 54 billion. Spending for new coverage is largely rural (64%), while for maintaining existing coverage it is largely urban (73%). Additional programme costs, incurred administratively outside the point of delivery of interventions, of between 10% and 30% are required for effective implementation. In assessing financing requirements, estimates of cost should include the operation, maintenance and replacement of existing coverage as well as new services and programme costs. Country-level costing studies are needed to guide sector financing. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WHO | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC POLICY | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Financial Activities | Policy
Document Number: 323459

21.

Title: Saline contamination of drinking water in Bangladesh [letter]
Author: Khan A; Mojumder SK; Kovats S; Vineis P
Source: Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):385.
Abstract: Water-related crises are not a new problem in Bangladesh. The discovery of arsenic in drinking water was deemed "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history", threatening the lives of millions. Now Bangladesh is facing another environmental and health threat due to man-made and natural factors: increased salinity. Estimates indicate that Bangladesh has about 2.8 million hectares of land that is affected by salinity-ie, a third of the 9 million hectares of total national cultivated area, and about a fifth of the total area of Bangladesh. Saline intrusion from sea water owing to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream (partly owing to the establishment of the Farrakka Barrage on the Ganges near the border of Bangladesh) is expected to be aggravated by climate change and sea-level rises. It has already had adverse effects on crop productivity and grain production. Now it appears to be a threat to the well-being of communities who live in coastal areas of this low-lying nation. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | SOIL DEGRADATION | PREECLAMPSIA | HYPERTENSION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Vascular Diseases
Document Number: 324319

22.

Title: The relationship between rainfall and human density and its implications for future water stress in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: le Blanc D; Perez R
Source: Ecological Economics. 2008 Jun 15;66(2-3):319-336.
Abstract: This paper estimates the relationship between average rainfall and population density in Sub-Saharan Africa in order to assess the consequences of climate and demographic changes in terms of future water stress in that region. Geographic Information System (GIS) data on density and rainfall and climate change scenarios are combined in order to identify areas which will be subject to increased pressures stemming from excessive population, given their precipitation levels. We first describe the empirical relationship existing between average yearly rainfall and density over sub-Saharan Africa. The limit of 900 mm of annual rainfall appears to define the threshold below which water constitutes a binding constraint to higher densities. Above that threshold, density and rainfall are not spatially correlated. In a second stage, we identify areas subject to water stress. In our framework, those are defined as zones belonging to the right end of the distribution of densities conditional on average rainfall. In a last step, localized population projections and changes in rainfall predicted by two mainstream climate change scenarios are utilized to assess the respective impacts of those two factors on the changes in extent and distribution of high-stress zones over the continent between 2000 and 2050. If population growth follows projected trends, density increases across the continent should lead to a significant increase in the extent of such zones, especially around the Sahel belt and in Eastern Africa. The impact of changes in rainfall is more difficult to assess, because climate models differ locally as regards projections of yearly rainfall, especially in intermediate zones such as the Sahel. If, according to the predictions of most climate models, the Sahel were to experience average rainfall increases, these would ease, though not offset totally, the pressure stemming from demographic growth in that region. In contrast, in most of Eastern Africa, predicted drops in average rainfall would work in the same direction as demographic changes to increase the pressure on significant parts of the territory. In Southern Africa, demographic stagnation is likely to mitigate significantly the impact of climate change. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENT | POPULATION DENSITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WATER SUPPLY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity
Document Number: 327066

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Nutrition and public hygiene among children under five years of age in Mukuru slums of Makadara Division, Nairobi.
Author: Muoki MA; Tumuti DS; Rombo GO
Source: East African Medical Journal. 2008 Aug;85(8):386-97.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between sanitation and malnutrition among children below five years. DESIGN: A random sampling followed by an experimental design on microbiological analysis of food and water samples. SETTING: Mukuru slums of Makadara division in Nairobi City. SUBJECTS: Eighty food and thirty water samples from households within the study area were used. RESULTS: Poor food and personal hygiene were observed within the households in the study area. Most of the respondents did not practice hygienic methods during food handling such as washing hands and vegetables before preparation. Food especially the leftovers was served at ambient temperatures. Sneezing and coughing over food during preparation were also a common practice which exposed consumers to contamination, Garbage disposal and proper drainage were also poor deepening on the sanitation problem. Microbiological analysis of water and food revealed that food and water quality were poor due to the high coliform counts and confirmed presence of Escherichia coli (E-coli) and Salmonella spp. pathogens which are known causes of diarrhoea in children under five years of age. CONCLUSION: Poor hygienic and unsanitary practices are major causes of diarrhoea, hence malnutrition in crowded Mukuru slums of Nairobi City.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILDREN | SLUMS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | WATER SUPPLY | FOOD SUPPLY | HYGIENE | WASTE MANAGEMENT | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Nutrition | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Infections
Document Number: 330590

24.

Title: Communication, water, and sanitation in Latin America. The contribution of communication for development in water resource management and service implementation projects.
Author: Obregon R; Amezquita I; Brown L; Schippner B
Source: Lima, Peru, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program, Latin America and the Caribbean, 2008 May. 27 p.
Abstract: This report summarizes the results of a study on the role played by Communication for Development (CfD) in water and sanitation projects and programs in Latin America based on a review of 39 case studies and on documented experiences in this field. The specific objectives were as follows: 1) Distill the lessons learned and identify factors of success, limiting factors and weaknesses, and 2) Provide data and evidence of the added value and relevance of communication for development in the water and sanitation sector. The 39 cases correspond to different types of intervention and levels: local community, national, institutional and regional levels, 72% of which are from Latin America. The cases pertaining to other regions were included due to their relevance to the study. The analysis drew on several variables derived from theoretical elements of CfD as a means of understanding how such variables are reflected in the practice of CfD in programs, projects, and experiences in water and sanitation. Forthe purposes of this publication, the report centered on only three study categories regarded as critical to the strengthening of CfD in the water and sanitation sector: 1) Types of intervention and communication strategies employed; 2) Experiences based on the achievement of results and measurable goals, with an emphasis on monitoring and evaluation processes; and 3) The added value of CfD in sector interventions. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 327306

25.

Title: Addressing diarrhea prevalence in the West African Middle Belt: social and geographic dimensions in a case study for Benin.
Author: Pande S; Keyzer MA; Arouna A; Sonneveld BG
Source: International Journal of Health Geographics. 2008 Apr 23;7(17):[17] p.
Abstract: Background: In West Africa, the Northern Sahelian zone and the coastal areas are densely populated but the Middle Belt in between is in general sparsely settled. Predictions of climate change foresee more frequent drought in the north and more frequent flooding in the coastal areas, while conditions in the Middle Belt will remain moderate. Consequently, the Middle Belt might become a major area for immigration but there may be constraining factors as well, particularly with respect to water availability. As a case study, the paper looks into the capacity of the Middle Belt zone of Benin, known as the Oueme River Basin (ORB), to reduce diarrhea prevalence. In Benin it links to the Millennium Development Goals on child mortality and environmental sustainability that are currently farthest from realization. However, diarrhea prevalence is only in part due to lack of availability of drinking water from a safe source. Social factors such as hygienic practices and poor sanitation are also at play. Furthermore, we consider these factors to possess the properties of a local public good that suffers from under provision and requires collective action, as individual actions to prevent illness are bound to fail as long as others free ride. Methods: Combining data from the Demographic Health Survey with various spatial data sets for Benin, we apply mixed effect logit regression to arrive at a spatially explicit assessment of geographical and social determinants of diarrhea prevalence. Starting from an analysis of these factors separately at national level, we identify relevant proxies at household level, estimate a function with geo-referenced independent variables and apply it to evaluate the costs and impacts of improving access to good water in the basin. Results: First, the study confirms the well established stylized fact on the causes of diarrhea that a household with access to clean water and with good hygienic practices will, irrespective of other conditions, not suffer diarrhea very often. Second, our endogeneity tests show that joint estimation performs better than an instrumental variable regression. Third, our model is stable with respect to its functional form, as competing specifications could not achieve better performance in overall likelihood or significance of parameters. Fourth, it finds that the richer and better educated segments of the population suffer much less from the disease and apparently can secure safe water for their households, irrespective of where they live. Fifth, regarding geographical causes, it indicates that diarrhea prevalence varies with groundwater availability and quality across Benin. Finally, our assessment of costs and benefits reveals that improving physical access to safe water is not expensive but can only marginally improve the overall health situation of the basin, unless the necessary complementary measures are taken in the social sphere. Conclusion: The ORB provides adequate water resources to accommodate future settlers but it lacks appropriate infrastructure to deliver safe water to households. Moreover, hygienic practices are often deficient. Therefore, a multifaceted approach is needed that acknowledges the public good aspects of health situation and consequently combines collective action with investments into water sources with improved management of public wells and further educational efforts to change hygienic practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
BENIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | PREVALENCE | DIARRHEA | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CLIMATE | WATER SUPPLY | HYGIENE | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Diseases | Environment | Natural Resources | Public Health | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 327689

26.

Title: Water stories: Expanding opportunities in small-scale water and sanitation projects. Report from the Navigating Peace Initiative of the Environmental Change and Security Program.
Author: Parker M; Williams A; Youngblood C; Weisshaar R
Source: Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, [2008]. [94] p.
Abstract: The link between clean water and proper sanitation has been widely acknowledged at both the national and international level. The provision of fresh water is vital to meeting basic human needs and should be at the heart of any sustainable development initiative. Unfortunately, efforts to provide these basic services in the developing world are blocked by large funding gaps and often mired in debates over governance, privatization, and large infrastructure projects. However, small-scale and community-based solutions-the focus of this publication-can help bridge these gaps and move beyond the debates. The Woodrow Wilson Center's Navigating Peace Initiative, funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, brings together experts and practitioners to reframe stale debates and generate fresh thinking on critical water problems. The papers collected here seek to shed light on the challenges of improving access to safe water and sanitation, as well as the possibilities afforded by innovation and cooperation. The initiative thus hopes to contribute to the ongoing discussion by examining alternatives to large-scale infrastructure projects in the water and sanitation sectors, including NGO and community-based water and sanitation efforts, and exploring how lessons learned from small-scale projects can be effectively communicated worldwide. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ADVOCACY | HEALTH POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Communication | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 325693

27.

Title: Population growth and natural-resources pressures in the Mekong River Basin.
Author: Pech S; Sunada K
Source: AMBIO. 2008 May 1;37(3):219-224.
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate policy debate over the current national focus on food self-sufficiency and a broader national and regional development agenda in the Mekong River Basin. We provide the context, empirical evidence, and an analysis of the demand (real or perceived) associated with population growth. We also present a comparison of demand forecasts with the sustainable potential of the natural-resources base of the Mekong River Basin in order to contribute to a better understanding of this immense and complex Mekong River Basin environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | MYANMAR | LAOS | THAILAND | CAMBODIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327067

28.

Title: The effects of 3 environmental risks on mortality disparities across Mexican communities.
Author: Stevens GA; Dias RH; Ezzati M
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008 Nov 4;105(44):16860-5.
Abstract: The disparities in the burden of ill health caused by environmental risks should be an important consideration beyond their aggregate population effects. We used comparative risk assessment methods to calculate the mortality effects of unsafe water and sanitation, indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use, and ambient urban particulate matter pollution in Mexico. We also estimated the disparities in mortality caused by each risk factor, across municipios (counties) of residence and by municipio socioeconomic status (SES). Data sources for the analysis were the national census, population-representative health surveys, and air quality monitoring for risk factor exposure; systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies for risk factor effects; and vital statistics for disease-specific mortality. During 2001-2005, unsafe water and sanitation, household solid fuel use, and urban particulate matter pollution were responsible for 3,000, 3,600, and 7,600 annual deaths, respectively. Annual child mortality rates would decrease by 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1 per 1,000 children, and life expectancy would increase by 1.0, 1.2, and 2.4 months, respectively, in the absence of these environmental exposures. Together, these risk factors caused 10.6% of child deaths in the lowest-SES communities (0.9 deaths per 1,000 children), but only 4.0% in communities in the highest-SES ones (0.1 per 1,000). In the 50 most-affected municipios, these 3 exposures were responsible for 3.2 deaths per 1,000 children and a 10-month loss of life expectancy. The large disparities in the mortality effects of these 3 environmental risks should form the basis of interventions and environmental monitoring programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | URBAN POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | DEATH RATE | INEQUALITIES | RISK ASSESSMENT | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | VITAL STATISTICS | CHILD MORTALITY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Natural Resources | Public Health | Health | Population Statistics
Document Number: 330044

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A community-based bacteriological study of quality of drinking-water and its feedback to a rural community in western Maharashtra, India.
Author: Tambe PV; Daswani PG; Mistry NF; Ghadge AA; Antia NH
Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Jun;26(2):139-150.
Abstract: A longitudinal study of the bacteriological quality of rural water supplies was undertaken for a movement towards self-help against diseases, such as diarrhoea, and improved water management through increased community participation. Three hundred and thirteen water samples from different sources, such as well, tank, community standpost, handpumps, percolation lakes, and streams, and from households were collected from six villages in Maharashtra, India, over a one-year period. Overall, 49.8% of the 313 samples were polluted, whereas 45.9% of the samples from piped water supply were polluted. The quality of groundwater was generally good compared to open wells. Irregular and/or inadequate treatment of water, lack of drainage systems, and domestic washing near the wells led to deterioration in the quality of water. No major diarrhoeal epidemics were recorded during the study, although a few sporadic cases were noted during the rainy season. As a result of a continuous feedback of bacteriological findings to the community, perceptions of the people changed with time. An increased awareness was observed through active participation of the people cutting across age-groups and different socioeconomic strata of the society in village activities. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | COMMUNITY | WATER SUPPLY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | FEEDBACK | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | DIARRHEA | EPIDEMICS | PUBLIC OPINION | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Environmental Degradation | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Programs
Document Number: 327781

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Targeting appropriate interventions to minimize deterioration of drinking-water quality in developing countries.
Author: Trevett AF; Carter RC
Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Jun;26(2):125-138.
Abstract: In developing countries, it has been observed that drinking-water frequently becomes recontaminated following its collection and during storage in the home. This paper proposes a semi-quantified 'disease risk index' (DRI) designed to identify communities or households that are 'most at risk' from consuming recontaminated drinking-water. A brief review of appropriate physical and educational intervention measures is presented, and their effective use is discussed. It is concluded that incorporating a simple appraisal tool, such as the proposed DRI, into a community water-supply programme would be useful in shaping the overall strategy requiring only a minimum of organizational learning. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | HOUSEHOLDS | WATER SUPPLY | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | WATER | RISK ASSESSMENT | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | HEALTH EDUCATION | INTERVENTIONS | DIARRHEA | HYGIENE | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Education | Programs | Public Health
Document Number: 327780


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