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Title: Collective violence and attitudes of women toward intimate partner violence: evidence from the Niger Delta.
Author: Antai D; Antai J
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Jun 9;9(12):10 p.
Abstract: Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been undergoing collective violence for over 25 years, which has constituted a major public health problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the predictors of women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence in the Niger Delta in comparison to that of women in other parts of Nigeria. Methods: The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. Respondents were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure through which 3725 women were selected and interviewed. These women contributed 6029 live born children born to the survey. Internal consistency of the measure of the women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against a woman was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (a). Percentage distributions of the relevant characteristics of the respondents were carried out, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and statistical significance was determined at the 95 percent confident interval level (CI). Results: Tolerance for intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger delta (47 percent) was higher than that of women from the rest of the country (42 percent). Rural residence, lower household wealth, lower status occupations, and media access (newspaper and radio) were associated with lower risk of justifying IPV among the women in the Niger Delta. In contrast full or partial autonomy in household decisions regarding food to be cooked, and access to television were associated with a lower risk of justifying violence. Conclusion: The increased justification of intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger Delta could be explained by a combination of factors, among which are cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes that do not fit with other opinions they hold as a means of coping with their situation), ecological theory (behaviour or attitudes being shaped by current factors in their neighbourhood, community or family), and gender-role attitudes. Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand women's attitudes toward violence in areas of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | WAR | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341880

Title: Maternal care under minimal conditions during the war in Croatia.
Author: Habek D
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 22;
Abstract: The Medical Corps Unit (MCU) of the 105th Croatian Army Brigade from Bjelovar, Croatia, provided medical care for military personnel wounded in action and civilians living close to the frontline and some distance from civilian medical facilities. Medical treatment was provided in the conflict areas of Novska, East Slavonia, and Posavlje during the 1991-1992 conflict and in 1995 during the Flash and Storm military actions. The MCU was structured as a mobile surgical unit for primary surgical management with an inpatient clinic and complete surgical and resuscitation facilities. It was attended continuously by a resident in surgical specialties, along with a specialist in conservative medicine, medical technicians, and drivers. The Brigade pharmacy was supplied with adequate equipment, medical supplies, and medicines. This report provides an overview of the patients treated for gynecologic-obstetric problems.
Language: English
Keywords:
CROATIA | SUMMARY REPORT | MILITARY PERSONNEL | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | OBSTETRICS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | WAR | MOBILE HEALTH UNITS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Medicine | Health Facilities
Document Number: 341450

Title: Evaluation of psychological support for victims of sexual violence in a conflict setting: results from Brazzaville, Congo.
Author: Hustache S; Moro MR; Roptin J; Souza R; Gansou GM
Source: International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2009 Apr 1;3(7):1-10.
Abstract: Background: Little is known about the impact of psychological support in war and transcultural contexts and in particular, whether there are lasting benefits. Here, we present an evaluation of the late effect of post-rape psychological support provided to women in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Methods: Women who attended the M�decins Sans Fronti�res program for sexual violence in Brazzaville during the conflict were selected to evaluate the psychological consequences of rape and the late effect of post-rape psychological support. A total of 178 patients met the eligibility criteria: 1) Women aged more than 15 years; 2) raped by unknown person(s) wearing military clothes; 3) admitted to the program between the 1/1/2002 and the 30/4/2003; and 4) living in Brazzaville. Results: The initial diagnosis according to DSM criteria showed a predominance of anxious disorders (54.1%) and acute stress disorders (24.6%). One to two years after the initial psychological care, 64 women were evaluated using the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) and an assessment scale to address medico-psychological care in emergencies (EUMP). Two patients (3.1%) met the needed criteria for PTSD diagnosis from the TSQ. Among the 56 women evaluated using GAF both as pre and post-test, global functioning was significantly improved by initial post-rape support (50 women (89.3%) had extreme or medium impairment at first post-rape evaluation, and 16 (28.6%) after psychological care; p = 0.04). When interviewed one to two years later, the benefit was fully maintained (16 women (28.6%) presenting extreme or medium impairment). Conclusion: We found the benefits of post-rape psychological support to be present and lasting in this conflict situation. However, we were unable to evaluate all women for the long-term impact, underscoring the difficulty of leading evaluation studies in unstable contexts. Future research is needed to validate these findings in other settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | CLIENTS | WOMEN | WAR | RAPE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | SCREENING | EMOTIONS | CARE AND SUPPORT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Aggression | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 340204

Title: Combination antiretroviral therapy in population affected by conflict: outcomes from large cohort in northern Uganda.
Author: Kiboneka A; Nyatia RJ; Nabiryo C; Anema A; Cooper CL; Fernandes KA; Montaner JS; Mills EJ
Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b201.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure the clinical and immunological outcomes of HIV positive adult patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in conflict affected northern Uganda. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Gulu District, northern Uganda. PARTICIPANTS: 1625 adults (aged over 14 years) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome: all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes: impact of covariates (sex, age, CD4 count at start, adherence, tuberculosis at start, duration of treatment, and internally displaced person status) on mortality. RESULTS: Sixty nine (4.2%) patients died during follow-up. The mortality incidence rate was 3.48 (95% confidence interval 2.66 to 4.31) per 100 person years. Patients started treatment with a median CD4 count of 157 (interquartile range 90-220) cells/mul; most (1009; 63%) had World Health Organization stage 2 defined illness. Sixty two patients had pulmonary tuberculosis at the start of treatment. Of the 1521 patients with adherence data, 118 (7.8%) had adherence of less than 95% and 1403 (92.2%) had adherence of 95% or above. CONCLUSION: Patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in conflict affected northern Uganda had a mortality comparable to that of patients in peaceful, low income settings and better adherence than patients in higher income settings. These favourable findings highlight the need to expand access to combination antiretroviral therapy in populations affected by armed conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | WAR | MORTALITY | TREATMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330593

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV infection among internally displaced women and women residing in river populations along the Congo River, Democratic Repubic of Congo.
Author: Kim AA; Malele F; Kaiser R; Mama N; Kinkela T
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Mar 25;:7 p.
Abstract: The author's conducted a reproductive health assessment among women aged 15-49 years residing in an internally displaced persons (IDP) camp and surrounding river populations in the Democratic Republic of Congo. After providing informed consent, participants were administered a behavioral questionnaire on demographics, sexual risk, reproductive health behavior, and a history of gender based violence. Participants provided a blood specimen for HIV and syphilis testing and were referred to HIV counseling and testing services established for this study to learn their HIV status. HIV prevalence was significantly higher among women in the IDP population compared to women in the river population. Sexually transmitted infection symptoms in the past 12 months and a history of sexual violence during the conflict were associated with HIV infection the river and IDP population, respectively. Targeted prevention, care, and treatment services are urgently needed for the IDP population and surrounding host communities during displacement and resettlement.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WAR | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 341519

Title: Silent suffering. The psychosocial impact of war, HIV and other high-risk situations on girls and boys in West and Central Africa. Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cameroon, Burkina Faso and Togo.
Author: Morgan J; Behrendt A
Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan. 2009. 60 p.
Abstract: The regions of West and Central Africa are home to an ever-growing number of children who live on the streets, who are trafficked and exploited as cheap labor, who are neglected or sexually abused, or who are forced into combat in a civil war. To learn more about the impact of these circumstances on children, researchers conducted a study in which they interviewed more than 1,000 children and adolescents in Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Togo, and Cameroon. The study also included an intervention component for children who were determined to be in critical situations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERVIEWS | STUDY DESIGN | YOUTH | CHILDREN | WAR | PHYSICAL ABUSE | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | MENTAL HEALTH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Health | Communication
Document Number: 331378

Peer Reviewed

Title: Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide.
Author: Neugebauer R; Fisher PW; Turner B; Yamabe S; Sarsfield JA
Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;:1-13.
Abstract: Background Epidemiological investigations of post-traumatic stress reactions in Sub-Saharan Africa, where atrocious violence against civilians is endemic, are rare. This article is the first complete report of the key community-based findings of a 1995 psychiatric epidemiological survey of young survivors of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Methods The National Trauma Survey (NTS) of Rwandans aged 8-19 measured traumatic exposures using an inventory of possible war time experiences and post-traumatic stress reactions with a checklist of symptoms of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals meeting assessed PTSD diagnostic criteria are classified as cases of 'probable PTSD'. The NTS interviewed youth residing in the community and others institutionalized in unaccompanied children's centres; the former (n = 1547) are the subject of the present report. Instrument change midway into the study divides respondents into two samples. Results Among respondents, over 90% witnessed killings and had their lives threatened; 35% lost immediate family members; 30% witnessed rape or sexual mutilation; 15% hid under corpses. In Sample 1, 95% of respondents reported one or more re-experiencing symptom, 95% reported three or more avoidance/blunting symptoms and 63% reported two or more arousal symptoms; in Sample 2, these figures were 96%, 95% and 56%, respectively. The overall rate of 'probable PTSD' was 62% and 54% in Samples 1 and 2, respectively, and exhibited a dose-response relationship with exposure. Among the most heavily exposed individuals the rate was 100%. Rates of 'probable PTSD' were higher among females than among males. Results for age were inconsistent. Conclusion In industrialized societies, most survivors of traumatizing violence experience symptoms only transiently. In the Rwanda survey, symptom levels and rates of 'probable PTSD' were exceptionally elevated, suggesting that at the limits of catastrophic man-made violence, psychological resilience among youth is all but extinguished.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | CHILDREN | GENOCIDE | WAR | VIOLENCE | VIOLENT DEATHS | STRESS | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Measurement | Diseases
Document Number: 340215

Peer Reviewed

Title: Tracking official development assistance for reproductive health in conflict-affected countries.
Author: Patel P; Roberts B; Guy S; Lee-Jones L; Conteh L
Source: Plos Medicine. 2009 Jun;6(6):1-13.
Abstract: Background: Reproductive health needs are particularly acute in countries affected by armed conflict. Reliable information on aid investment for reproductive health in these countries is essential for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of aid. The purpose of this study was to analyse official development assistance (ODA) for reproductive health activities in conflict-affected countries from 2003 to 2006. Methods and Findings: The Creditor Reporting System and the Financial Tracking System databases were the chosen data sources for the study. ODA disbursement for reproductive health activities to 18 conflict-affected countries was analysed for 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. An average of US$20.8 billion in total ODA was disbursed annually to the 18 conflict-affected countries between 2003 and 2006, of which US$509.3 million (2.4%) was allocated to reproductive health. This represents an annual average of US$1.30 disbursed per capita in the 18 sampled countries for reproductive health activities. Non-conflict affected least-developed countries received 53.3% more ODA for reproductive health activities than conflict-affected least developed countries, despite the latter generally having greater reproductive health needs. ODA disbursed for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment increased by 119.4% from 2003 to 2006. The ODA disbursed for other direct reproductive health activities declined by 35.9% over the same period. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of inequity in disbursement of reproductive health ODA between conflict-affected countries and non-conflict-affected countries, and between different reproductive health activities. These findings and the study's recommendations seek to support initiatives to make aid financing more responsive to need in the context of armed conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WAR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFORMATION | RELIABILITY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 340201

Title: Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression, and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan.
Author: Roberts B; Damundu EY; Lomoro O; Sondorp E
Source: BioMed Central. 2009 Mar 4;9(7):1-10.
Abstract: Background: The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 marked the end of the civil conflict in Sudan lasting over 20 years. The conflict was characterised by widespread violence and large-scale forced migration. Mental health is recognised as a key public health issue for conflict-affected populations. Studies revealed high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst populations from Southern Sudan during the conflict. However, no studies have been conducted on mental health in post-war Southern Sudan. The objective of this study was to measure PTSD and depression in the population in the town of Juba in Southern Sudan; and to investigate the association of demographic, displacement, and past and recent trauma exposure variables, on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Methods: A cross-sectional, random cluster survey with a sample of 1242 adults (aged over 18 years) was conducted in November 2007 in the town of Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan. Levels of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (original version), and levels of depression measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the association of demographic, displacement and trauma exposure variables on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Multivariate logistic regression was also conducted to investigate which demographic and displacement variables were associated with exposure to traumatic events. Results: Over one third (36%) of respondents met symptom criteria for PTSD and half (50%) of respondents met symptom criteria for depression. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong associations of gender, marital status, forced displacement, and trauma exposure with outcomes of PTSD and depression. Men, IDPs, and refugees and persons displaced more than once were all significantly more likely to have experienced eight or more traumatic events. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of high levels of mental distress in the population of Juba Town, and associated risk-factors. Comprehensive social and psychological assistance is urgently required in Juba.
Language: English
Keywords:
SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | WAR | MENTAL HEALTH | NEEDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Migrants | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 340211

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effects of antiretroviral therapy on HIV prevalence in conflict situations: not yet there [letter]
Author: Spiegel PB
Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):541-2.
Abstract: The spread of HIV in conflict situations has been controversial. The prevailing but counter-intuitive view is that prolonged conflict may be a protective factor in HIV transmission due to a reduction of mobility, accessibility and urbanization of the affected populations. Therefore, the recent article by Shannon et al. suggesting that this view needs to be reconsidered in the era of the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) through a gender lens is welcome. In summary, the data have consistently shown that prolonged conflict appears to be a protective factor with respect to HIV transmission; perhaps the only positive thing one can say about conflict. This does not at all mean that we should not be concerned about HIV transmission in conflict situations. Quite the opposite. A concerted effort from the instant a conflict begins should be made to provide HIV prevention, care and treatment programmes. These programmes will help to further reduce HIV prevention and ensure continuity of care, support and treatment for those already affected by HIV and AIDS. Furthermore, an increase in HIV and AIDS knowledge and positive changes in behaviour will allow for a strong foundation to implement successful HIV programmes in the post conflict stage, when HIV transmission may significantly increase and a concerted effort is needed to address this serious problem. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DEATH RATE | WAR | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | HIV | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341159

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12.

Title: Morbidity and mortality among families in Iraq [editorial]
Source: Lancet. 2008 Jan 19;371(9608):177.
Abstract: How unfortunate that comment on the Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS) Report, released by WHO on Jan 9, has sparked such a heated and distracting debate on estimates of civilian mortality. The shocking figure of 151 000 violent deaths between March, 2003, and June, 2006, is of the same order of magnitude as a previous figure and serves to confirm that far too many civilians have been killed during the US-led occupation. The sooner this fact is accepted, the sooner the crucial issue of rebuilding the shattered lives that lie behind such numbers can begin. The survey, of Iraqis, by Iraqis, and for Iraqis, shows the consequences of years of repression, sanctions, and conflict on the health of over 9000 representative households. Not only does the report provide a moving account of hardship, especially for Iraqi women, but the findings will inform planning for future health-care programmes tailored to the needs of the Iraqi people, rather than the imposed wants of external contractors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | CRITIQUE | HOUSEHOLDS | MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | VIOLENCE | WAR | Middle East | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Behavior | Political Factors
Document Number: 323879

13.

Title: Safe schools: Every girl's right.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 67 p.
Abstract: Certain girls face an increased risk of violence at school because of who they are. Lesbian girls, for example, experience both sexism and homophobia combined. They are more frequently subjected to sexual harassment and threatened with sexual violence than their heterosexual peers. Girls with disabilities face both sexism and disability discrimination, making them targets for teasing, physical abuse and sexual violence. Rates of abuse are higher for girls with disabilities, and the forms of violence they face may be more severe. Other aspects of girls' identity, including whether they are migrants, orphans or refugees, as well as their HIV status, caste, ethnicity and race, also increase their risk of abuse and shape the nature of the violence they experience. Violence at the hands of fellow students is the extreme end of a range of behaviour that often begins with verbal insults and threatening gestures. If less severe abuses are not challenged by those in authority, acts of violence often follow. Violence by teachers or other adults is the extreme end of another range of conduct - abuse of power. Teachers and other adults wield immense power over the lives of children, a power that they sometimes exploit. Violence against girls takes place in and around many educational institutions all over the world. It is inflicted not only by teachers, but also by administrators, other school employees, fellow students and outsiders. The result is that countless girls are kept out of school, drop out of school, or do not fully participate in school. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | SCHOOLS | SAFETY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | SEXUAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | WAR | SEX DISCRIMINATION | STANDARDS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Public Health | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Aggression | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Research Methodology
Document Number: 325465

14.

Title: Saving women's lives in refugee and other crisis situations. Manual vacuum aspiration.
Author: Ipas
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Ipas, 2008. 4 p.
Abstract: The United Nations Population Fund estimates that 25-50 percent of maternal deaths in refugee settings are attributable to unsafe abortions. Making pregnancy safer includes timely and appropriate management of unsafe and spontaneous abortion for all women, and the provision of or referral for safe abortion services to the full extent allowed by law. Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) has been used worldwide for more than three decades, enabling millions of women in developed and developing countries to undergo safe and effective uterine evacuation for treatment of incomplete abortion and first-trimester abortion, as well as endometrial biopsy. This brochure highlights how MVA is an important part of safe, effective abortion and postabortion care in conflict settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN | REFUGEES | ABORTION | SAFETY | POSTABORTION CARE | WHO | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | WAR | NATURAL DISASTERS | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Training Programs | Education | Environment
Document Number: 342498 Notification

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Violence-related mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006.
Author: Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group
Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 2008 Jan 31;358(5):484-493.
Abstract: Estimates of the death toll in Iraq from the time of the U.S.-led invasion in March 2003 until June 2006 have ranged from 47,668 (from the Iraq Body Count) to 601,027 (from a national survey). Results from the Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS), which was conducted in 2006 and 2007, provide new evidence on mortality in Iraq. The IFHS is a nationally representative survey of 9345 households that collected information on deaths in the household since June 2001. We used multiple methods for estimating the level of underreporting and compared reported rates of death with those from other sources. Interviewers visited 89.4% of 1086 household clusters during the study period; the household response rate was 96.2%. From January 2002 through June 2006, there were 1325 reported deaths. After adjustment for missing clusters, the overall rate of death per 1000 person-years was 5.31 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.89 to 5.77); the estimated rate of violence-related death was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.81 to 1.50). When underreporting was taken into account, the rate of violence-related death was estimated to be 1.67 (95% uncertainty range, 1.24 to 2.30). This rate translates into an estimated number of violent deaths of 151,000 (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006. Violence is a leading cause of death for Iraqi adults and was the main cause of death in men between the ages of 15 and 59 years during the first 3 years after the 2003 invasion. Although the estimated range is substantially lower than a recent survey-based estimate, it nonetheless points to a massive death toll, only one of the many health and human consequences of an ongoing humanitarian crisis. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WAR | VIOLENCE | MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 324322

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17.

Title: Rehabilitation under fire: Health care in Iraq 2003-7.
Author: Medact
Source: London, United Kingdom, Medact, 2008. [16] p.
Abstract: The report starts with an update on the Iraqi health system and its vulnerability. Five major aspects are then considered: policy, human resources, infrastructure, supplies, and health information. The centre spread summarizes key issues. Although this report does not focus on specific areas of health need, we have made one exception: mental health. This receives less attention than other health issues, yet its long-term impact on a country's future is profound. Finally, we offer conclusions and recommendations. A wide range of data has been reviewed and many people were consulted. Security is a major consideration for those working in and for Iraq today. Some of those whose input shaped this report wish to remain anonymous. Their contributions are as fully appreciated as those from people who are named. We wish to look to the future rather than apportion blame. However, the avoidance of future 'mistakes' requires as a minimum an objective evaluation of why best practice was frequently not followed in Iraq, and in whose interests certain decisions were taken. We hope this report contributes to that evaluation. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | CLIENTS | GOVERNMENT | MILITARY PERSONNEL | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | MENTAL HEALTH | WAR | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 326031

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20.

Title: UNHCR handbook for the protection of women and girls.
Author: United Nations. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. Division of International Protection Services
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, Division of International Protection Services, 2008 Jan. [410] p.
Abstract: The primary purpose of the Handbook is to help UNHCR staff fulfill their responsibilities to protect these women and girls more effectively. It is therefore intended for representatives, other managers, protection staff in the field and at headquarters, registration officers, eligibility officers, community services staff, field officers, and others. Protection partners will find it a useful source of information and guidance. The Handbook is intended to be used in situations of asylum, internal displacement, return, integration, and statelessness. It is equally applicable in urban and rural contexts. The objectives of the Handbook are to: improve understanding among UNHCR staff and partners of the challenges and barriers women and girls of concern confront in accessing and enjoying their rights during displacement, return, and (re)integration; ensure all UNHCR staff are familiar with the international legal standards forming the normative framework for our work to protect women and girls; ensure all UNHCR staff understand their responsibilities for the protection of women and girls; improve knowledge of how discrimination against women and girls can lead to statelessness and what initiatives can be taken to prevent and reduce cases of statelessness; provide guidance on ways of working and types of activities that can be carried out to fulfill our responsibilities; and refer staff to additional resources, guidelines, and tools that may be used to enhance the protection of women and girls. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | REFUGEES | UNHCR | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | TREATIES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Health
Document Number: 325467

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22.

Title: Resolution 1820 (2008). Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008.
Author: United Nations. Security Council
Source: [New York, New York], United Nations, Security Council, 2008 Jun 19. 5 p. (S/RES/1820 (2008))
Abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution on women, peace and security, demanding halt to acts of sexual violence during armed conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LEGISLATION | UN | GOALS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | WAR | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Planning | Organization and Administration | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 327631

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24.

Title: Forced migration and HIV/AIDS risks in Angola.
Author: Agadjanian V; Avogo W
Source: International Migration. 2008 Aug;46(3):189-216.
Abstract: This study examines HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of forced migrants in Luanda, Angola by comparing them with those of voluntary migrants and long-time city residents. The study uses data from a survey of 1081 men and women conducted in 2004 in two suburban municipalities of Luanda. One of the municipalities has a large share and the other a small share of the forced migrant population. The analysis detects differences between forced migrants and the other groups in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes, but these differences are explained away by the demographic characteristics and socio-economic disadvantages of forced migrants. With respect to behaviour, we find that regardless of other characteristics forced migrant men are more likely to engage in practices that may lead to increased HIV risks than long-time male city dwellers. The differences between forced and voluntary male migrants show the same tendency but are not statistically significant. While women overall are less likely to engage in potentially risky practices than men, differences among women in the three migration-status groups are not as pronounced as among men.
Language: English
Keywords:
ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REFUGEES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WAR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Population Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 328070

25.

Title: The state of female youth in northern Uganda: Findings from the Survey of War-Affected Youth (SWAY) Phase II.
Author: Annan J; Blattman C; Carlson K; Mazurana D
Source: [Medford, Massachusetts], Tufts University, Feinstein International Center, 2008 Apr. [109] p.
Abstract: The Survey for War Affected Youth (SWAY) is a research program dedicated to evidence-based humanitarian aid and development. SWAY employs new data, tools, and analysis to improve the design and targeting of protection, assistance, and reintegration programs for youth in northern Uganda. Youth have been both the primary victims and the primary actors in the protracted war between the Government of Uganda (GoU) and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). It is not clear, however, exactly who is suffering, how much, and in what ways. We also have little sense of the magnitude, incidence, and nature of the violence, trauma, and suffering of youth in northern Uganda. Our understanding of the effects of war on women and girls is especially lacking, whether they abducted or impacted in other ways. Government and NGO officials admit that they have little sense of the true scale of the problems facing young women and the proportion of females facing particular vulnerabilities. As a result, programming is based on immediate and observable needs and possibly erroneous assumptions about who requires assistance and what assistance they need. Likewise, with only rough measures of well-being available, targeting of services has been crude. The overarching purpose of SWAY is to work with service providers to generate better evidence-based programming. This report begins with a section describing methodology, before proceeding to theme-focused sections. As peace talks being brokered by the Government of Southern Sudan offer the prospect of an end to one of Africa's longest conflicts, we conclude by offering specific recommendations to the GoU and international and local agencies operating in northern Uganda. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WAR | VIOLENCE | STRESS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LIVELIHOOD | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MENTAL HEALTH | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | RECOMMENDATIONS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Time Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Evaluation
Document Number: 327510

26.

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Childbearing in crisis: War, migration and fertility in Angola.
Author: Avogo W; Agadjanian V
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):725-742.
Abstract: This study examines the short- and long-term effects of war-induced and war-unrelated migration on fertility outcomes using data from two peri-urban municipalities of Greater Luanda in Angola. In the short term, results from multi-level discrete-time logistic regression models indicate that net of other factors, war-unrelated migration is associated with a lower probability of birth than war-induced migration in a given year. Similar results are obtained when the effects of migration are lagged by a year. At the same time, the effects of war-triggered migration do not differ significantly from those of not migrating in a given year but are statistically significant when the effects of migration are lagged by a year. In the long term, the effects of migration experience on cumulative fertility are negligible and not statistically significant net of demographic and socioeconomic variables. Interpretations of the results are offered in the context of Angola and their broader implications are reflected on. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LOGISTIC MODEL | FERTILITY | WAR | MIGRATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 323983

29.
Title: Women and nation-building.
Author: Benard C; Jones SG; Oliker O; Thurston CQ; Stearns BK
Source: Santa Monica, California, RAND, Center for Middle East Public Policy, 2008. [207] p.
Abstract: The challenge of nation-building, i.e., dealing with the societal and political aftermath of conflicts and putting new governments and new social compacts into place, has occupied much international energy during the past several decades. As an art, a process, and a set of competencies, it is still very much in an ongoing learning and experimentation phase. The RAND Corporation has contributed to the emerging knowledge base in this domain through a series of studies that have looked at notion-building enterprises led by the United States and others that were led by the United Nations and have examined the experiences gained during the reconstruction of specific sectors. Our study focuses on gender and nation-building. It considers this issue from two aspects: First, it examines gender-specific impacts of conflict and post-conflict and the ways in which events in these contexts may affect women differently than they affect men. Second, it analyzes the role of women in the nation-building process, in terms of both actual current practices, as far as these could be measured and ascertained, and possible outcomes that might occur if these practices were to be modified. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | EVALUATION INDEXES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT | FEMALE ROLE | WAR | NATIONAL SECURITY | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Economic Development | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Health
Document Number: 326013

30.

Title: International violence against women: U.S. response and policy issues.
Author: Blanchfield L; Margesson R; Seelke CR; Salaam-Blyther T; Serafino NM
Source: [Washington, D.C.], Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2008 Mar 31. 44 p. (CRS Report for Congress Order Code RL34438)
Abstract: Some experts have suggested that the U.S. government should re-examine, and perhaps enhance, current U.S. anti-VAW activities. They argue that VAW should not only be treated as a stand-alone human right issue, but also be integrated into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms. Some observers are also concerned with a perceived lack of coordination among U.S. government agencies and departments that address international violence against women. This report addresses causes, prevalence, and consequences of violence against women. It provides examples of U.S. activities that address VAW directly or include anti-VAW components. It also outlines possible policy considerations for the 110th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of current U.S. programs; further integrating anti-VAW programs into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms; strengthening U.S. government coordination of international anti-VAW activities; and collaborating with international organizations such as the United Nations on anti-VAW efforts. This report will be updated as events warrant. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | WAR | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | FOREIGN AID | COORDINATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Behavior | Financial Activities
Document Number: 326333


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