1.  Title: Investigating urban -- rural disparities in tuberculosis treatment outcome in England and Wales. Author: Abubakar I; Crofts JP; Gelb D; Story A; Andrews N; Watson JM Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2008 Jan;136(1):122-127. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and the outcome of treatment between TB patients living in urban and rural areas. Cases of TB reported from 2001 to 2003 in England and Wales were assigned to a rural or urban area classification. The outcome of interest, non-completion of treatment, was investigated to determine the odds ratio for urban vs. rural residence. The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, place of birth, time since arrival in the United Kingdom, disease site, isoniazid resistance and previous diagnosis were adjusted for by multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios showed a significantly higher level of treatment non-completion in rural areas. These results became non-significant (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83-1.26, P=0.82) after adjusting for the confounding effects of ethnic group and age. In England and Wales residence in a rural location is not an independent determinant of TB treatment outcome failure. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | TREATMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DRUG RESISTANCE | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 325766 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences. Author: Sigle-Rushton W Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502. Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327723 Notification |
| 3. Title: A statistical study to estimate the prevalence of female genital mutilation in England and Wales. Summary report. Author: Dorkenoo E; Morison L; Macfarlane A Source: London, United Kingdom, Foundation for Women’s Health, Research and Development [FORWARD], 2007. 31 p. Abstract: The United Nations has recognised female genital mutilation (FGM) as a human rights violation. In the UK the practice is included in the UK Children Act and other legislation. There is recognition that it is practised in some minority communities in the UK. It has also been the focus of two and half decades of educational campaigns by voluntary groups in the communities concerned. Despite this, there are no reliable data on the extent of FGM in the United Kingdom. Lack of data on FGM marginalises the issue. An urgent need for these data has been expressed at all levels, from grassroots organisations to parliament. Data are needed for the planning and implementation of a comprehensive national strategy for the prevention and the elimination of FGM in the United Kingdom, to act as a baseline against which to measure the success of programmes to combat FGM and for targeted advocacy. Reliable data on FGM are also needed to inform maternity and gynaecological care as well as other support services thatare needed for girls and women with complications of FGM. These are the first systematic estimates for England and Wales. Although the methods used so far to derive estimates of the number of women and girls affected by FGM in the UK have led to the best estimates available to date, there are obvious limitations with the reliability of these figures. In this report, we present estimates which overcome the first of these limitations by deriving numbers of women born in practising countries from the 2001 Census of Population. We have extended the number of countries of origin practising FGM from six to twenty nine. The improved estimates are still subject to limitations 2 and 3 so a survey will be needed to produce estimates which include second generation women and to allow for possible differences between the prevalence of FGM in women living in the UK and in their countries of origin. The process of producing the estimates presented here will provide the groundwork for designing such a survey as well as furthering future community based research. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVALENCE | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MIGRATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327627 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Net cohort migration in England and Wales: How past birth trends may influence net migration. Author: Dorling D; Rigby JE Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):51-62. Abstract: An established role for statistical social science is to try to uncover the extent to which aggregate behaviour is conditioned by context as exemplified by the work of Durkheim. A decade prior to Durkheim's seminal work, eleven 'laws' of human migratory behaviour were proposed by Ravenstein. In this paper we suggest an extension to this work, that: migration balances the relative worth of people to places over the course of human lifetimes; not in days, month or years: people follow the tides of life. We explore the concept of net cohort migration to demonstrate this for England and Wales, for which long-term quality datasets are available. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BIRTH RATE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Northern | Research Methodology | Studies | Migration | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324756 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-acting reversible contraceptives: not only effective, but also a cost-effective option for the National Health Service. Author: Mavranezouli I; Wilkinson C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2006;32(1):3-5. Abstract: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical guideline on long-acting reversible contraception was published recently. The key themes of the guideline are: choice, through better access and information; safety, through clinical guidance and training for health care professionals; and cost effectiveness. It is this last aspect that we address in this commentary. While NICE guidance is applicable to England and Wales, some aspects of it may be relevant to the provision of care and practice in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are among the most effective contraceptive methods. Unlike widely used methods, such as the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) and barrier methods, the effectiveness of LARC is less dependent on users' compliance/correct use of a method. This property makes LARC suitable, in terms of contraceptive protection, for certain subgroups of the population, such as adolescents or women with no established regular routine, who have been shown to comply poorly with commonly used contraceptive methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORTHERN IRELAND | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REVERSIBILITY | SAFETY | INFORMATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Health | Training Programs | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 294296 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Five period measures of longevity. Author: Bongaarts J Source: Demographic Research. 2005 Nov 22;13(21):547-558. Abstract: This study provides a summary of recently proposed alternatives period measures of "longevity" and assesses whether empirical differences between these measures are consistent with predictions from analytic studies. Particular attention is given to the tempo effect. Three of the five period measures are virtually equal to one another in a simulated population in which mortality follows a Gompertz model with a constant rate of improvement. Similar results are observed among females in Denmark, England and Wales and Sweden in the last quarter century. However, these three measures differ substantially from the conventional period life expectancy when mortality changes over time. These findings are consistent with theoretical analysis by Bongaarts and Feeney (2002, 2003, 2005) which demonstrated that this deviation is caused by a tempo effect whose size varies with the rate of change in mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SWEDEN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MORTALITY | MEASUREMENT | POPULATION THEORY | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Studies | Research Methodology | Length of Life | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demography | Social Sciences Document Number: 292621 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Diagnoses of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland associated with west Africa. Author: Dougan S; Patel B; Tosswill JH; Sinka K Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2005 Aug;81(4):338-341. Abstract: The objectives were to describe HIV diagnoses, including those of HIV-2 infection, made in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (E,W&NI) among those probably infected in west Africa, and to consider whether there is evidence for ongoing heterosexual transmission within the United Kingdom. Reports of new HIV diagnoses received at the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre were analysed. Individuals probably infected in west Africa and those infected through heterosexual intercourse within the United Kingdom by a heterosexual partner infected in west Africa were included. Between 1985 and 2003 inclusive, 1324 individuals diagnosed and reported with HIV had probably been infected in west Africa, with 222 diagnoses made in 2003. 917 (69%) were HIV-1 infected and 52 (6%) HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infected. For 355 (27%) the HIV type was not reported. The proportion of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 infections varied by country of infection (p < 0.001): ranging from the Gambia (11.7%–15.2%) to Nigeria (0.7%–1.0%). A further 130 individuals were probably infected through heterosexual intercourse within the United Kingdom by a heterosexual partner infected in west Africa. 89 (68%) were HIV-1 infected and three (2%) HIV-2 infected or HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infected. For 38 (29%) HIV type was not reported. The number of people infected with HIV in west Africa and diagnosed in E,W&NI has increased in recent years, and there is evidence of heterosexual transmission within the United Kingdom from people infected in west Africa. While numbers of HIV-2 diagnoses remain relatively low, an appreciable proportion of people infected in some West African countries and diagnosed in the United Kingdom may be HIV-2 positive, with implications for prognosis and treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORTHERN IRELAND | AFRICA, WESTERN | ADULTS | HIV | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV TESTING | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Reproduction | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 289540 |
| 8. Title: The politics of school sex education policy in England and Wales from the 1940s to the 1960s. Author: Hampshire J Source: Social History of Medicine. 2005;18(1):87-105. Abstract: This article explores the political history of school sex education policy in England and Wales. Focusing on the period from the 1940s to the 1960s, it shows how sex education developed as a controversial political issue through an analysis of the differing institutional cultures and agendas of health and education administrators. The article argues that serious consideration of school sex education by central government was first prompted by concern about venereal disease during the Second World War. Thereafter, two groups of actors emerged with conflicting ideas about the role of government in prescribing school sex education. The medical establishment, including the Ministry of Health, was broadly supportive of a national policy, whereas the Department of Education, which had ultimate responsibility for any such policy in schools, sought to avoid decision-making about the issue. The article explores how a public health consensus on sex education developed and then explains why the Department of Education resisted this consensus. (author's) Language: English Keywords: WALES | UNITED KINGDOM | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PERIOD ANALYSIS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | POLITICAL FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH POLICY | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PUBLIC OPINION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Policy | Schools | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 300413 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Workforce specialty review for family planning and reproductive health care 2003 / 2004: England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Author: Horrocks C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2005 Oct;31(4):325-328. Abstract: This paper describes the national Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care service medical and nursing workforce for 2004, and the changes that have occurred since 1999. It addresses future workforce needs in this specialty, now known as Sexual and Reproductive Health. Data were based on the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care (FFPRHC) workforce census, which has been undertaken in May annually since 1997. The 2003/2004 data were published together in 2005 as The Seventh & Eighth Census of the Family Planning Workforce in the United Kingdom 2003 & 2004 and are available on the FFPRHC website. Up-to-date information on specialist registrars was obtained from the Joint Training Committee of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG) and the FFPRHC, and on career grade trainees from the FFPRHC Higher Training Committee. Data on attendances at family planning clinics (FPCs) in England and Wales were provided by the Department of Health Statistics, Contraceptive Services, England, 2003-2004 and Family Planning Services, Wales, 2003-2004. Attendances for Scotland and Northern Ireland were taken from the FFPRHC 2004 census. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORTHERN IRELAND | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | WORKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 294295 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimates of mortality and population changes in England and Wales over the two World Wars. Author: Jdanov D; Andreev E; Jasilionis D; Shkolnikov VM Source: Demographic Research. 2005 Nov 17;13(16):389-414. Abstract: Almost one million soldiers from England and Wales died during the First and Second World War whilst serving in the British Armed Forces. Although many articles and books have been published that commemorate the military efforts of the British Armed Forces, data on the demographic aspects of British army losses remain fragmentary. Official population statistics on England and Wales have provided continuous series on the civilian population, including mortality and fertility over the two war periods. The combatant population and combatant mortality have not been incorporated in the official statistics, which shows large out-migration at the beginning and large in-migration towards the end of the war periods. In order to estimate the dynamics of the total population and its excess mortality, we introduce in this paper a model of population flows and mortality in times of war operations. The model can be applied to a detailed reconstruction of war losses, using various shapes of the input data. This enables us to arrive at detailed estimates of war-related losses in England and Wales during the two world wars. Our results agree with elements of data provided by prior studies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | WAR | MORTALITY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Government | Political Factors | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 292618 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing mortality and average cohort life expectancy. Author: Schoen R; Canudas-Romo V Source: Demographic Research. 2005 Oct 5;13(5):117-142. Abstract: Period life expectancy varies with changes in mortality, and should not be confused with the life expectancy of those alive during that period. Given past and likely future mortality changes, a recent debate has arisen on the usefulness of the period life expectancy as the leading measure of survivorship. An alternative aggregate measure of period mortality which has been seen as less sensitive to period changes, the crosssectional average length of life (CAL) has been proposed as an alternative, but has received only limited empirical or analytical examination. Here, we introduce a new measure, the average cohort life expectancy (ACLE), to provide a precise measure of the average length of life of cohorts alive at a given time. To compare the performance of ACLE with CAL and with period and cohort life expectancy, we first use population models with changing mortality. Then the four aggregate measures of mortality are calculated for England and Wales, Norway, and Switzerland for the years 1880 to 2000. CAL is found to be sensitive to past and present changes in death rates. ACLE requires the most data, but gives the best representation of the survivorship of cohorts present at a given time. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORWAY | SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | POPULATION | MORTALITY CHANGES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LENGTH OF LIFE | DATA SOURCES | DEMOGRAPHY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe, Central | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Data Collection | Social Sciences Document Number: 292603 |
| 12. Title: A needs assessment in South Wales schools for a novel medical student-led sex education programme. Author: Twine C; Robbe IJ; Forrest S; Davies S Source: Sex Education. 2005 May;5(2):137-152. Abstract: The rationale behind using medical students as sexual health educators in light of current UK governmental policy agenda and research on effective interventions is described in this paper, which also examines the results of a cross-sectional survey of the sexual health knowledge and attitude of 14-15 year-olds in some South Wales schools. Major current sources of sexual health information include school, magazines and other young people. Young people are generally well informed about contraception but ill informed of contraceptive services while tending to have a negative attitude towards their utilisation. Reasons for this include insufficient information and education on services, inaccurate perceptions of the levels of confidentiality of services and embarrassment towards general practitioners. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of the development of an effective sexual health education programme using medical students as educators in South Wales secondary schools. (author's) Language: English Keywords: WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEDICAL STUDENTS | TEACHERS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SEX EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | INFORMATION SOURCES | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PERCEPTION | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Students | Education | Evaluation | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Information | Family Planning | Ethics Document Number: 321546 |
| 13. Title: Past it? HIV and older people in England, Wales and northern Ireland. Author: Dougan S; Payne JL; Brown AE; Evans BG; Gill ON Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2004 Dec;132(6):1151-1160. Abstract: The majority of those infected and affected by HIV are younger adults. The ability of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) to extend survival means that those infected when younger may reach older age, and future increases in numbers of older individuals living with HIV in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (E,W&NI) are expected. Evidence that older individuals engage in risky sexual behaviours suggests potential for HIV transmission. Data from national HIV/AIDS surveillance systems were reviewed (1997-2001). An older individual is defined as aged 45 years or over. Between 1997 and 2001, 2290 older individuals were diagnosed with HIV; 361 in 1997, rising to 648 in 2001. Heterosexual acquisition accounted for 1073 (47%) infections; 662 were male. Where reported, 666 (65%) older heterosexuals were probably infected in Africa, 144 (14%) in the United Kingdom and 113 (11%) in Asia. There were 1020 (45%) new diagnoses acquired homosexually; white (92%), infected in the United Kingdom (78%). Numbers of older individuals accessing HIV-related services more than doubled between 1997 (2488) and 2001 (5175). In 2001, 2270 (53%) were London residents. Between 1997 and 2001, among HIV-infected older individuals attending genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, the proportions previously undiagnosed were 60% and 82% in heterosexual males and females respectively, and for men who have sex with men (MSM), 42%. Numbers of older individuals newly diagnosed with HIV have increased in recent years. The increase in numbers of older individuals accessing HIV-related services were in excess of younger adults. A significant proportion of older HIV-infected female heterosexuals and MSM were undiagnosed Awareness must be raised among clinicians and an 'aged response' to HIV is required. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORTHERN IRELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV TESTING | EPIDEMIOLOGY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Adults | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Public Health | Health Document Number: 282045 |
| 14. Title: Abortion: England, Scotland, and Wales. Ethics briefings. Author: English V; Mussell R; Sheather J; Sommerville A Source: JME. Journal of the Institute of Medical Ethics. 2004 Oct;30(5):517. Abstract: In mid-summer 2004, the moral debate surrounding abortion continued to gather momentum in the British media, centring on calls to review the 24 week limit currently set for most abortions (although it is lawful to terminate up to term in certain circumstances). It was proposed that the parliamentary science and technology committees should jointly review the Abortion Act 1967, as amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. The act sets a 24 week limit for abortions carried out when "the continuance of the pregnancy would involve risk, greater than if the pregnancy were terminated, of injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman or any existing children of her family". Critics have frequently pointed out, however, that continuation of pregnancy invariably involves more risk than termination. Medicine has advanced in many ways since the act was passed nearly 40 years ago. In 1990, amendments were made changing the original limit of 28 weeks' gestation to 24. Current calls for review--possibly to a 22 week limit--also focus on medical advances in monitoring fetal development and increasing survival rates of premature infants. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | WALES | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | ETHICS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 283253 Notification |
| 15. Title: The biopsychosocial aspects of unwanted teenage pregnancy. Author: Hughes SJ Source: Nursing Times. 2003 Mar 25-31;99(12):32-34. Abstract: Unwanted teenage pregnancy is a major health problem in Wales and perioperative nurses are frequently involved in caring for teenagers undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy. By providing such adolescents with holistic care - by taking into account both biological and psychological aspects of health - nurses can help reduce an adolescent's anxiety and pain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: WALES | RECOMMENDATIONS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | NURSES AND NURSING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION | BIRTH RATE | STRESS | SEX EDUCATION | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education Document Number: 185076 Notification |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: A comparative study of zygotic twinning and triplet rates in eight countries, 1972-1999. Author: Imaizumi Y Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2003 Apr;35(2):287-302. Abstract: Annual changes in twinning and triplet rates by zygosity were investigated in eight countries during the period 1972–1999 using vital statistics. The monozygotic (MZ) twinning rates in Denmark, Switzerland and the Slovak Republic remained more or less constant throughout this period, whereas those in England and Wales, the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany), the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Japan increased significantly year by year. With the exception of the Slovak Republic, the dizygotic (DZ) twinning rate increased significantly year by year in each country. It was 2·9 times higher in Denmark and 1·5 times higher in Germany in 1999 than in 1972, and within the same range in the other countries. With two exceptions, the MZ triplet rates remained more or less constant in each country. On the other hand, the DZ and trizygotic (TZ) triplet rates increased significantly year by year in each country. The TZ rate increased 30-fold in Germany, 16·6-fold in Japan, 11·7-fold in Switzerland, 9·7-fold in the Czech Republic, 8·7-fold in the Netherlands, 6·4-fold in Denmark, 5·6-fold in England and Wales and 3·5-fold in the Slovak Republic. The higher DZ twinning rate and higher DZ and TZ triplet rates since 1983 have been attributed to the higher proportion of mothers being treated with ovulation-inducing hormones and in vitro fertilization (IVF) in Denmark, England and Wales, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan. After the introduction of fertility drugs and IVF, variations in the DZ twinning and triplet rates and the TZ triplet rates were not only due to biological factors, but also depended on the popularity of fertility drugs and IVF in each country. In the Slovak Republic, where human fertility might not be a.ected by some adverse environmental factors, the DZ:MZ ratio remained constant during the period 1972–1999. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | SWITZERLAND | SLOVAKIA | UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | NETHERLANDS | CZECH REPUBLIC | JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | VITAL STATISTICS | IN VITRO | BIRTH RATE | MULTIPLE BIRTH | FERTILIZATION | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Developing Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Clinical Research | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction Document Number: 179098 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Author: Khader YS; Rice J; John L; Abueita O Source: Contraception. 2003 Jul;68(1):11-17. Abstract: This meta-analysis of oral contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction is based on 19 case-control studies and 4 cohort studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the MEDLINE computerized database (for studies from January 1966 through October 2002). In addition, a manual search was performed for references cited in published original and reviewed articles. Current oral contraceptive (OC) users have an overall adjusted odds ratio (OR) of myocardial infarction (MI) of 2.48 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91–3.22] compared to never-users. The risk of MI for past OC users is not significantly different from that for never-users, overall OR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.98 –1.35; p = 0.096). (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | RISK ASSESSMENT | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Safety | Public Health | Health | Evaluation | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 182157 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: An audit of the management of induced abortion in England and Wales. Author: Thomas J; Paranjothy S; Templeton A Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 Dec;83(3):327-334. Abstract: Objectives: To assess the quality of care provided to women undergoing induced abortion. Methods: The design was a single round audit questionnaire aimed at the providers of abortion services throughout England and Wales (NHS hospitals, clinics under NHS, agency agreements and private units. The levels of care were assessed against agreed audit criteria. Results: Responses were received from 240 (74%) of the 324 units providing abortion care in England and Wales. These units undertook 80% of the 176 000 termination procedures. Generally standards of care were appropriate, but there were clear areas for improvement including choice of method, infection screening, and delays in referral. A number of unnecessary investigations were still evident, including cross-matching, while lower doses and alternative drug regimens might reduce costs. Only half of the units audited procedures and complications. Conclusions: This audit was carried out prior to the publication of the RCOG evidence-based guideline and a further round of audit to assess the impact of the guideline should now be considered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ABORTION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | PROCEDURES | POSTABORTION CARE | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Services Document Number: 189298 Notification |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The VALUE national hysterectomy study: description of the patients and their surgery. Author: Maresh MJ; Metcalfe MA; McPherson K; Overton C; Hall V Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 Mar;109(3):302-12. Abstract: This study aimed to describe hysterectomies practiced in 1994 and 1995, the patients, their surgery and short-term outcomes. 1 of 2 large cohorts, with prospective follow-up, were recruited to compare the outcomes of endometrial destruction with those of hysterectomy. Study subjects include all women who had hysterectomies for non-malignant indications carried out during a 12-month period. Gynecologists in National Health Service and independent hospitals in England, Wales and northern Irelands were asked to report cases. Follow-up data were obtained at outpatient follow-up approximately 6 weeks post-surgery. The main outcome measures include indication for surgery, method of hysterectomy, ovarian status post-surgery and surgical complications. 37,298 cases were reported which is estimated to reflect about 45% of hysterectomies performed during the period studied. The median age was 45 years, and the most common indication for surgery was dysfunctional uterine bleeding (46%). Most hysterectomies were carried out by consultants (55%). The proportions of women having abdominal, vaginal or laparoscopically-assisted hysterectomy were 67%, 30% and 3%, respectively. 43% of women had no ovaries conserved after surgery. The median length of stay was 5 days. The overall operative complication rate was 3.5%, and highest for the laparoscopic techniques. The overall post- operative complication rate was 9%. 1% of these were regarded as severe, with the highest rate for severe in the laparoscopic group (2%). There were no operative deaths; 14 deaths were reported within 6-week post-operative period: a crude mortality rate soon after surgery of 0.38/thousand (95% confidence interval 0.25-0.64). This large study describes women who undergo hysterectomy in the UK, and presents results on early complications associated with the surgery. Operative complications occurred in 1 in 30 women, and post-operative complications in at least 1 in 10. Laparoscopic techniques tend to be associated with higher complication rates than other methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: WALES | UNITED KINGDOM | IRELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CLINICAL RESEARCH | HYSTERECTOMY | LAPAROSCOPY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 166086 |
| 20. Title: Medical termination of pregnancy at 9-12 weeks of gestation. Author: Vyjayanthi S; Piskorowskyj N Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002;22(6):669-671. Abstract: Current RCOG guidelines advise that surgical termination should be offered to those within the 9–12 weeks gestation band. While auditing the quality of services offered for termination of pregnancy in our unit, it became apparent that many women presenting at this gestation were requesting a medical method. There has been little clinical research into medical method of abortion at this gestation. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of medical methods of termination at 9–12 weeks gestation. A retrospective analysis of 25 cases who underwent medical termination using a regime of mifepristone followed 48 hours later by a course of vaginal gemeprost was undertaken. Complete abortion was achieved in 96% of cases; 92% of women required no more than two pessaries to achieve complete abortion. All but one patient was suitable for discharge on the same day. One woman underwent surgical evacuation in view of heavy bleeding. We conclude that medical TOP is a safe alternative to surgical method at 9–12 weeks’ gestation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | ABORTION | RU-486 | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 194105 Notification |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessing the quality of information leaflets about abortion methods in England and Wales. Schering Health Care Award -- poster prize. Author: Wong SS; Bekker HL; Thornton JG; Gbolade BA Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2002 Oct;28(4):214-215. Abstract: This study assessed the quality of written information about abortion methods provided by clinics in England and Wales. Forty-four sets of leaflets were collected. The average leaflet was found to provide only half the possible information about benefits, risks and general procedures. Only half of the leaflets were of standard readability and accessible by 83% of the British population. Therefore, it seems unlikely that most women in England and Wales are in a position to make an informed decision about abortion method. (author’s) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PAMPHLETS | INFORMATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Health | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 173875 Notification |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Judicial review on abortion law for Northern Ireland. Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2001 Nov;9(18):187. Abstract: FPA Northern Ireland (FPA-NI) has challenged the legal basis for denying women in NI the right to terminate a pregnancy. The 1967 Abortion Act which legalized the procedure in England, Scotland and Wales currently does not apply to NI, though many other UK laws do. Abortion is not strictly illegal in NI, although the decision as to who qualifies ultimately rests with medical providers. This has led to 'confusing and inconsistent medical practice' and uncertainty among women as well. In 1999 only some 70 abortions were performed in NI while around 2000 women travel from NI to Britain each year in order to have terminations, with delays in accessing services and at increased cost and distress. FPA-NI has asked the court to insist that the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety has the obligation to ensure all women in NI have equal access to reproductive health care services. In June, the Belfast High Court agreed to the FPA's request for a judicial review. More recently, an anti- abortion group successfully petitioned to present evidence as well. A court hearing is expected some time in late 2001. (full text) Language: English Keywords: NORTHERN IRELAND | UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | WALES | ABORTION LAW | LITIGATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 163379 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship between use of oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction in young women with fatal outcome, compared to those who survive: results from the MICA case-control study. Author: Dunn NR; Arscott A; Thorogood M Source: Contraception. 2001 Feb;63(2):65-9. Abstract: To examine the relationship between use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and the risk of dying from myocardial infarction, the authors made a comparison of deceased patients and live patients (women aged <45) identified for the Myocardial Infarction Causality case-control study, using data obtained from general practice medical notes. There were 422 live patients and 110 deceased patients of women with a myocardial infarction with data available. The adjusted odds ratio for exposure to second generation OCs and risk of death within 28 days of a myocardial infarction compared with no OC use was raised (2.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-6.77), and this effect was not seen for other types of OCs including third-generation OC formulations. In absolute terms, between 47,000 and 71,000 women would have to be exposed to a second-generation pill for 1 year to result in 1 extra death from myocardial infarction, and this risk applies mainly to smokers. The results suggest a slightly increased relative risk of death among those having a myocardial infarction associated with exposure to second generation OCs, but this represents a small absolute risk. Further work is required before any change in contraceptive practice should be advocated. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | WOMEN | RISK ASSESSMENT | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation Document Number: 156487 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Bridging the gap: determining long-term changes in infant mortality in pre-registration England and Wales. Author: Galley C; Shelton N Source: Population Studies. 2001 Mar;55(1):65-77. Abstract: Much effort has been expended in analyzing a small sample of parish registers to produce national estimates of infant mortality for the period 1570-1840. However, in an age when inter-parish variations in infant mortality were considerable, national trends often obscured local and regional differences. By analyzing data from the initial years of Civil Registration (1839-1846) together with infant mortality rates from a range of parishes, it is possible to assess the extent of variation and change in England and Wales during the period 1580- 1840. The geographical variations in infant mortality and the age in structure of infant deaths were sufficient to suggest that the most important influence on whether infants survived was disease environments. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PARISH REGISTERS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | INFANT MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | TIME FACTORS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 163412 |
| 25. Title: Abortion clinics fail to meet standards. Author: Kmietowicz Z Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2001 Nov 10;323(7321):1088. Abstract: The first national audit of abortion services in England and Wales has shown that most clinics are failing to meet at least one of the standards set out by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The survey, which was carried out just before the publication of the college's guidelines in March 2000, showed that more than a third of clinics failed to meet targets for assessing and treating women and two-thirds were not offering the full range of treatment options. The guidelines recommend that women should be seen by a gynecologist 5 days after requesting an abortion and that treatment should follow within 7 days if they decide to go ahead. However, only 34% of the 230 clinics that responded to the survey (71% of those providing a service) met this target. In its national strategy on sexual health the government has said that by 2005 women should be offered an abortion within 3 weeks of requesting one, provided they meet the legal requirements. (full text) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | ABORTION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | STANDARDS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology Document Number: 162175 Notification |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of the combined oral contraceptive pill by under 16s. [Utilisation de la pilule contraceptive orale combinée par les moins de 16 ans] Author: Rowlands S; Devalia H; Lawrenson R Source: JOURNAL OF FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE. 2001 Jan;27(1):17-9. Abstract: The General Practice Research Database was used to examine prescribing of the combined oral contraceptive pill for females aged under 16 in England and Wales in 1997. For these data, calculations were made to estimate prevalence for these countries; family planning clinic return data were combined with the general practice estimates to give an overall figure of 4.2 per 100. This extent of use is low considering the amount of sexual activity now occurring. A weak effect of population density on prescribing was found, with higher rates in the more rural areas. (author's) French Abstract: La Base de Données de la General Practice Research a été utilisée pour étudier la prescription de la pilule de contraception orale combinée pour les femmes âgées de moins de 16 ans en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles en 1997. Pour ces données, les calculs ont été faits pour estimer la prévalence dans ces pays; les données du centre de planification familiale ont été combinées avec les estimations du généraliste pour donner un chiffre global de 4,2 par 100. Cette ampleur d'utilisation est basse étant donné la masse d'activité sexuelle qui a cours actuellement. Un faible effet de la densité de la population sur la prescription a été noté, avec les taux les plus élevés dans les régions à prédominance rurale. (auteur) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 154798 |
| 27. Title: The occupational profile and associated training needs of the nurse prescriber: an empirical study of family planning nurses. Author: Tyler C; Hicks C Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001;35(5):644-53. Abstract: The issue of nurse prescribing is highly topical, with various UK government directives recommending this extension to the nursing role. However, despite an imperative to provide 23,000 nurse prescribers by March 2001 and to expand this function to half the nursing workforce by 2004, there is as yet no agreement as to the occupational profile of the nurse prescriber, nor the level and content of any prerequisite educational program. This study was an attempt to address these unresolved aspects with family planning (FP) nurses. A psychometrically valid and reliable training needs analysis instrument was distributed to 1142 FP nurses, of which 388 were returned. This instrument required the respondents to assess 40 core clinical tasks according to three criteria: how critical each task was both to their current role as FP nurses and to the role of FP nurse prescriber, and how well each was performed. Comparisons of the ratings provided an indicative profile of the role of the FP nurse prescriber and a prioritized list of training needs to achieve this status. Generally, and unsurprisingly, the nurse prescribing role was defined primarily in terms of prescribing functions, although advanced professional issues, communication, teamwork and business/administration were also deemed to be salient. Research was not identified as being important. However, with regard to the top 15 training needs, seven research tasks were recorded, with the remainder including advanced clinical activities, applied pharmacology, administration and technical activities. This study offers a role definition of the nurse prescriber in FP, and an indicative curriculum for cognate educational programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | NURSES AND NURSING | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education Document Number: 162562 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Monitoring suicide mortality: a Bayesian approach. Author: Congdon P Source: European Journal of Population. 2000 Sep;16(3):251-84. Abstract: A significant fall in suicide mortality relative to England and Wales levels has occurred in London though with wide variation between its 33 constituent boroughs in the extent of mortality reduction. A Bayesian random effects approach is used to model differential changes in suicide by borough and time over a 16-year period, 1979-94. Of particular concern in such modeling are persistent differences between boroughs in suicide risk (temporal correlation) and spatial clustering in relative risk. It is also important to represent the changing impact on suicide of socioeconomic factors such as social deprivation. The data used are defined by deaths through de jure suicide (ICD9 categories E950-E959) and those through undetermined injury, whether accidental or purposely inflicted (ICD E980-E989). (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | MORTALITY | SUICIDE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Social Problems Document Number: 154745 |
| 29. Title: Teenage pregnancy rates and the age and sex of general practitioners. Record linkage analysis could have been used [letter] Author: Gbolade BA Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2000 Aug 5;321(7257):381-2. Abstract: Hippisley-Cox et al. lament their inability to identify teenagers with repeat pregnancies and, by inference, repeat abortions. It is noted that the Trent regional hospital admissions database, in which Hippisley-Cox et al. based their study data, apparently contains all details of hospital admissions for residents in Trent, whether treatment was provided or not. If this database contained the NHS number, record linkage analysis could have been used to identify repeat pregnancies and repeat abortions. This is because the goal of record linkage is to link quickly and accurately records corresponding to the same person or entity. In a study in England and Wales, findings reveal a deficiency in the data collection system for legal abortion. It is shown that abortion statistics are compiled from completed abortion notification forms, which have no requirement for a unique personal identification number. Moreover, record linkage analysis showed underreporting of experience of induced abortion when the study methodology depended on self-reporting. It is noted that the distribution of abortion in a population is important for service planning. Thus, to discover the distribution of induced abortions, the incidence of repeat abortion must be known. Overall, despite its imperfection, record linkage analysis has shown to be effective in identifying incidence of repeat abortions. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ABORTION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 151752 Notification |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: What contribution can health economics make to health promotion? Author: Hale J Source: Health Promotion International. 2000 Dec;15(4):341-348. Abstract: Health promotion is an area that has been relatively neglected by health economists. There are a variety of reasons for this, including lack of demand by health promotion specialists, misunderstanding of what health economics has to offer the discipline of health promotion, misunderstanding of what health promotion is trying to do on the part of health economists, and perceived difficulties in applying standard economic appraisal techniques to health promotion programmes. Health Promotion Wales was the first UK Health Promotion Agency to employ a health economist. In February 1998, at a meeting of the research departments of the four territorial agencies at the time (Health Promotion Wales, Health Education Authority, England, Health Promotion Authority for Northern Ireland and the Health Education Board for Scotland), it was decided that a position paper on health economics and health promotion would be useful. A meeting involving seven health economists from six universities and six health promotion researchers representing the then four UK agencies was held to inform this paper. Three broad areas were discussed illustrating the potential role for health economics in health promotion; these were economic evaluation, the role of economics in explaining and predicting individual behaviour, and economic policy and health promotion policy. This paper summarizes the main discussion points from the meeting. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | PROMOTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Education | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Policy Document Number: 294157 |
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