1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Retroviral infection in Peruvian men who have sex with men. Author: La Rosa AM; Zunt JR; Peinado J; Lama JR; Ton TG; Suarez L; Pun M; Cabezas C; Sanchez J Author: Peruvian HIV Sentinel Surveillance Working Group Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):112-7. Abstract: We tested 2655 Peruvian men who have sex with men for the presence of retroviral infection. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was detected in 48 (1.8%) of the patients, HTLV-2 was detected in 28 (1.1%), and HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were both detected in 5 (0.2%). Human immunodeficiency virus infection was detected in 329 (12.4%) of the patients; 24 (7.3%) had HTLV coinfection. Risk factors for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection varied with sexual role. Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | VIRAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | RISK FACTORS | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ANAL SEX | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Behavior | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Health | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342345 |
| 2. Title: Enterovirus 71 maternal antibodies in infants, Taiwan. Author: Luo ST; Chiang PS; Chao AS; Liou GY; Lin R; Lin TY; Lee MS Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009 Apr;15(4):581-4. Abstract: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes life-threatening disease outbreaks in young children in Asia. This cohort study was conducted to understand the dynamics of maternal EV71 antibodies in Taiwanese young infants. Approximately 50% of neonates had detectable EV71 neutralizing antibodies, which declined to almost undetectable levels by 6 months of age. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | VIRAL DISEASES | ANTIBODIES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SEROCONVERSION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341688 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: The effects of acute malaria on Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) load and EBV-specific T cell immunity in Gambian children. Author: Njie R; Bell AI; Jia H; Croom-Carter D; Chaganti S; Hislop AD; Whittle H; Rickinson AB Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan 1;199(1):31-8. Abstract: Background. To investigate how intense Plasmodium falciparum infection predisposes to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL), we analyzed the effect of acute malaria on existing EBV-host balance. Methods. EBV genome loads in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and EBV-specific CD8_ T cell responses were assayed by interferon-y enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results. Gambian children, from whom samples were obtained during an acute malaria attack and again up to 6 weeks later, had extremely high viral loads, reaching levels that in the United Kingdom are seen only in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Gambian control subjects (children and adults with no recent history of malaria) had lower median viral loads, although they were still >10-fold above the median for healthy UK adults. Limited experiments with EBV epitope peptides (restricted through the HLA-B*3501 and HLA-B*5301 alleles) also suggested an impairment of virus-specific CD8+ T cell function in children with malaria, but only during acute disease. Conclusions. Acute malaria is associated with sustained increase in EBV load and, possibly, a transient decrease in EBV-specific T cell surveillance. We infer that the unusually high set point of virus carriage in P. falciparum-challenged populations, allied with the parasite's capacity to act as a chronic B cell stimulus, probably contributes to the pathogenesis of endemic BL. Language: English Keywords: GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILDREN | VIRAL DISEASES | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | MALARIA | COMPLICATIONS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Parasitic Diseases Document Number: 328587 |
| 4. Title: Confirming the presence of HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru. Author: Quispe NC; Feria EB; Santos-Fortuna Ede L; Caterino-de-Araujo A Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2009 Jan-Feb;51(1):25-9. Abstract: Epidemiological studies conducted in Peru disclosed HTLV-1 to be prevalent in different ethnic groups, and found HTLV-2 in some Amazonian Indians and in men who have sex with men. No data concerning HTLV-1/2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, a highlands region in southern Peru, is available. We searched for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies in 2,732 serum samples obtained from blood donors from this geographic area. HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were confirmed by Western blot (WB). Reactive sera had their blood bags discarded from donation, and the demographic characteristics of the donors were analyzed. Thirty-five sera (1.2%) were HTLV seroreactive by ELISA, and 25 were confirmed HTLV-1-positive by WB. One serum disclosed HTLV-positivity, and the remaining nine serum samples showed indeterminate results by WB; three of which had an HTLV-1 indeterminate Gag profile. The median age of HTLV-positive individuals was 34.6 years; 27 were male and eight were female. All individuals were from southern Peru: 27 from Arequipa, five from Puno, and three from Cuzco. HTLV co-positivity with hepatitis B (five sera) and syphilis (one serum) were detected. Previous transfusion and tattooing were observed in two and one individuals, respectively. No serum was positive for HTLV/HIV co-infection. This study confirmed, for the first time, HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru and suggests vertical transmission as the major route of HTLV-1 transmission and acquisition in this geographic region. Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BLOOD DONORS | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | TATTOOS | SYPHILIS | HEPATITIS | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Treatment | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 331252 |
| 5. Title: Discordant immunologic and virologic responses to antiretroviral therapy and associated mortality in a large treatment program in Rwanda [letter] Author: van Griensven J; Zachariah R; Rasschaert F; Reid T Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Apr 15;50(5):556-8. Abstract: Discordant responders and concordant nonresponders are a population at risk in low-income countries meriting targeted medical attention. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying discordant responses would allow the design of management strategies to reduce associated mortality in low-income countries. With currently more than 3 million patients on highly active antiretroviral treatment in low-income countries, of whom, approximately 1 in 3 (30%) might be discordant responders who are at relatively high risk of death even while on ART, this issue is of high relevance to clinical management and public health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DEATH RATE | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | VIRAL DISEASES | LONGTERM EFFECTS | USER COMPLIANCE | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | HIV Infections | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Time Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331233 |
| 6. Title: Sources of information and health beliefs related to SARS and avian influenza among Chinese communities in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands, compared to the general population in these countries. Author: Voeten HA; de Zwart O; Veldhuijzen IK; Yuen C; Jiang X; Elam G; Abraham T; Brug J Source: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;16(1):49-57. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethnic minorities in Europe such as the Chinese may need a special strategy with regard to risk communication about emerging infectious diseases. To engage them in precautionary actions, it is important to know their information sources, knowledge, and health beliefs. PURPOSE: This study's purpose is to study the use of information sources, knowledge, and health beliefs related to SARS and avian flu of Chinese people in the UK and The Netherlands, and to make comparisons with the general population in these countries. METHOD: Results of a self-administered questionnaire among 300 British/Dutch Chinese were compared to data obtained from a computer-assisted phone survey among the general population (n = 800). RESULTS: British/Dutch Chinese got most information about emerging diseases from family and friends, followed by Chinese media and British/Dutch TV. They had less confidence than general groups in their doctor, government agencies, and consumer/patient interest groups. Their knowledge of SARS was high. They had a lower perceived threat than general populations with regard to SARS and avian flu due to a lower perceived severity. They had higher self-efficacy beliefs regarding SARS and avian flu. CONCLUSION: In case of new outbreaks of SARS/avian flu in China, local authorities in the UK and The Netherlands can best reach Chinese people through informal networks and British/Dutch TV, while trying to improve confidence in information from the government. In communications, the severity of the disease rather than the susceptibility appears to need most attention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENZA | VIRAL DISEASES | INFORMATION SOURCES | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | MASS MEDIA | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Information | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 342004 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Seroprevalence of HHV-8, CMV, and EBV among the general population in Ghana, West Africa. Author: Adjei AA; Armah HB; Gbagbo F; Boamah I; Adu-Gyamfi C; Asare I Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2008;8:111. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are prevalent in Africa, but less common elsewhere and the modes of transmission are still subject to debate. Generally, they rarely cause disease in the immunocompetent host but are highly oncogenic when associated with immunosuppression. Although the high prevalence of HHV-8, CMV and EBV has been well documented in Africa, such data are sparse from Ghana. METHODS: Serum samples from 3275 HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors and 250 HIV-AIDS patients were tested for antibodies specific for HHV-8, CMV and EBV by IgG ELISA assays. Differences in seropositivity rates by gender and age were evaluated using the Chi-square test with Yates correction. RESULTS: Of the 3275 HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors tested, 2573 (78.6%) were males and 702 (21.4%) were females, with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years (median 32.6; mean 31.2; mode 30). Of the 250 HIV-AIDS patients tested, 140 (56%) were males and 110 (44%) were females, with ages ranging from 17 to 64 years (median 30.8; mean 30.3; mode 28). Among the HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors, overall seroprevalence of HHV-8, CMV and EBV was 23.7%, 77.6% and 20.0%, respectively. Among the HIV-AIDS patients, overall seroprevalence of HHV-8, CMV and EBV was 65.6%, 59.2% and 87.2%, respectively. The seroprevalence of HHV-8 (p < 0.005) and EBV (p < 0.001) was statistically significantly higher in HIV-AIDS patients compared to HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.24) between CMV seroprevalence in HIV-AIDS patients and HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors. Age and gender were not independent determinants (p > 0.05) for all three infections among HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors and HIV-AIDS patients in Ghana. CONCLUSION: The results presented herein indicate that HHV-8, CMV and EBV infections are hyperendemic in both HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive Ghanaians, and suggest primarily a horizontal route of transmission of these three viral infections in Ghana. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BLOOD DONORS | PREVALENCE | HERPES GENITALIS | VIRAL DISEASES | AIDS | COMPLICATIONS | EPIDEMICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 328606 |
| 8. Title: High human cytomegalovirus loads and diverse linked variable genotypes in both HIV-1 infected and exposed, but uninfected, children in Africa. Author: Bates M; Monze M; Bima H; Kapambwe M; Kasolo FC; Gompels UA Source: Virology. 2008 Dec 5;382(1):28-36. Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, was analysed using real-time quantitative PCR in symptomatic or asymptomatic pediatric cohorts from HIV-1 infected, exposed (HIV-1+ mothers), or uninfected groups in Zambia, an HIV-1/AIDS endemic region of Africa. HCMV infections were identified in 94% samples from HIV-1+ respiratory pediatric mortalities, 50% with high DNA loads of 10(3)-10(8) copies/10(6) cells. In comparison, HCMV viremia with high DNA loads, indicative of acute infections, were in 10% hospitalised febrile infants, with 50% HIV-1+. Whereas high sera loads were in 1% of asymptomatic infants, with 2% HIV-1+, and higher levels in both HIV-1 infected or exposed, but negative infants. All 8 linked-hypervariable glycoprotein gN-gO genotypes were shown, including identification of a new gN4d group with gO5 linkage (previously only Merlin reference strain), and samples with multiple infections. Overall, this shows global genotypes in Africa (unlike some herpesviruses) and acute pediatric HCMV infections in both HIV-1+ plus exposed, but uninfected infants, an emerging group. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | VIRAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | GENETICS | COMPLICATIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Diseases | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 329373 |
| 9. Title: Pediatric norovirus diarrhea in Nicaragua. Author: Bucardo F; Nordgren J; Carlsson B; Paniagua M; Lindgren PE; Espinoza F; Svensson L Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2008 Aug;46(8):2573-80. Abstract: Information about norovirus (NoV) infections in Central America is limited. Through a passive community and hospital pediatric diarrhea surveillance program, a total of 542 stool samples were collected between March 2005 and February 2006 in Leon, Nicaragua. NoV was detected in 12% (65/542) of the children; of these, 11% (45/409) were in the community and 15% (20/133) were in the hospital, with most strains (88%) belonging to genogroup II. NoV infections were age and gender associated, with children of <2 years of age (P < 0.05) and girls (P < 0.05) being most affected. Breast-feeding did not reduce the number of NoV infections. An important proportion (57%) of NoV-infected children were coinfected with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. A significant proportion (18/31) of NoV-positive children with dehydration required intravenous rehydration. Nucleotide sequence analysis (38/65) of the N-terminal and shell region in the capsid gene revealed that at least six genotypes (GI.4, GII.2, GII.4, GII.7, GII.17, and a potentially novel cluster termed "GII.18-Nica") circulated during the study period, with GII.4 virus being predominant (26/38). The majority (20/26) of those GII.4 strains shared high nucleotide homology (99%) with the globally emerging Hunter strain. The mean viral load was approximately 15-fold higher in children infected with GII.4 virus than in those infected with other G.II viruses, with the highest viral load observed for the group of children infected with GII.4 and requiring intravenous rehydration. This study, the first of its type from a Central American country, suggests that NoV is an important etiological agent of acute diarrhea among children of <2 years of age in Nicaragua. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | VIRAL DISEASES | INFECTIONS | AGE FACTORS | DIARRHEA | SCREENING | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328646 |
10.  Title: Current trends of opportunistic infections among HIV-seropositive patients from Eastern India. Author: Chakraborty N; Mukherjee A; Santra S; Sarkar RN; Banerjee D Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jan;61(1):49-53. Abstract: In this report we describe the clinical and laboratory profiles of different opportunistic infections (OIs) among 125 immunocompromised patients admitted to a referral hospital in the eastern part of India. Different pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized using the laboratory gold standard methods. Oral candidiasis (88%) was found to be the most common OI, followed by tuberculosis (57%), enteropathogenic Vibrio (47%), cytomegalovirus infection (45%), cryptosporidial diarrhea (43%), Escherichia coli infection (42%) and other infections among the study subjects. Statistical analysis of the case studies shows 120/cumm median CD4+ blood cell count, and the OIs showed an inversely proportional occurrence to the CD4+ count of the immunocompromised patients. The spectrum and frequency of certain OIs highlight the urgency of studying HIV/AIDS in resource-limited countries where locally specific disease patterns may be observed. The purpose of the present investigation was the identification of such opportunistic pathogens, as we feel the HIV epidemic can be more effectively managed if physicians and health planners are aware of this information. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | CANDIDIASIS | ORAL EFFECTS | TUBERCULOSIS | COMPLICATIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Diseases | Measurement | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325798 |
| 11. Title: High perinatal seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus in northern Taiwan. Author: Chen MH; Chen PC; Jeng SF; Hsieh CJ; Su FC Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2008 Apr;44(4):166-169. Abstract: The living style, health-care system and socio-economic environments have changed substantially in Taiwan over past 20 years. This study was aimed to estimate the current perinatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence in northern Taiwan. In a Taiwan Birth Panel Study, 483 pairs of mothers and neonates were prospectively recruited from one tertiary medical center, one local hospital, and two obstetric clinics located in northern Taiwan from April 2004 through January 2005. Sera of their paired maternal and cord blood were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for CMV IgG and IgM antibodies. Additional data were collected for health measures and epidemiological characteristics through trained interviewers utilising structured questionnaires. Among 483 mothers studied, 93% were Taiwanese, 6.4% were immigrants from the south-eastern Asia and Mainland China, and 0.6% was aborigines. The seropositive rate of CMV IgG and IgM among the mothers was 91.1% and 3.5%, respectively. The immigrant mothers and the mothers younger than 20 years of age had a higher IgM seroprevalence (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, 90.8% of the offspring had CMV IgG seropositivity and yet none of the neonates were CMV IgM positive. The seroprevalence of CMV among childbearing women is high in northern Taiwan. The immigrant mothers and the teenage mothers appear to have higher seropositivity of CMV IgM. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | IMMIGRANTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | INFANT | VIRAL DISEASES | ANTIBODIES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PREVALENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Transmission | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 326141 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Multidisciplinary prospective study of mother-to-child Chikungunya virus infections on the Island of La Reunion. Author: Gerardin P; Barau G; Michault A; Bintner M; Randrianaivo H Source: PLoS Medicine. 2008;5(3):e60. Abstract: An outbreak of chikungunya virus affected over one-third of the population of La Reunion Island between March 2005 and December 2006. In June 2005, we identified the first case of mother-to-child chikungunya virus transmission at the Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Reunion level-3 maternity department. The goal of this prospective study was to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, biological, and radiological features and outcomes of all the cases of vertically transmitted chikungunya infections recorded at our institution during this outbreak. Over 22 mo, 7,504 women delivered 7,629 viable neonates; 678 (9.0%) of these parturient women were infected (positive RT-PCR or IgM serology) during antepartum, and 61 (0.8%) in pre- or intrapartum. With the exception of three early fetal deaths, vertical transmission was exclusively observed in near-term deliveries (median duration of gestation: 38 wk, range 35-40 wk) in the context of intrapartum viremia (19 cases of vertical transmission out of 39 women with intrapartum viremia, prevalence rate 0.25%, vertical transmission rate 48.7%). Cesarean section had no protective effect on transmission. All infected neonates were asymptomatic at birth, and median onset of neonatal disease was 4 d (range 3-7 d). Pain, prostration, and fever were present in 100% of cases and thrombocytopenia in 89%. Severe illness was observed in ten cases (52.6%) and mainly consisted of encephalopathy (n = 9; 90%). These nine children had pathologic MRI findings (brain swelling, n = 9; cerebral hemorrhages, n = 2), and four evolved towards persistent disabilities. Mother-to-child chikungunya virus transmission is frequent in the context of intrapartum maternal viremia, and often leads to severe neonatal infection. Chikungunya represents a substantial risk for neonates born to viremic parturients that should be taken into account by clinicians and public health authorities in the event of a chikungunya outbreak. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SEYCHELLES | MAURITIUS | COMOROS | FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREVALENCE | MOTHERS | INFANT | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | VIRAL DISEASES | INFECTIONS | CHILDBIRTH | FEVER | BLEEDING | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325526 |
| 13. Title: Frequency and genotype of GB virus C among Iranian patients infected with HIV. Author: Hekmat S; Mohraz M; Vahabpour R; Jam S; Bahramali G Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2008 Nov;80(11):1941-6. Abstract: GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is frequent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to similar transmission routes of these viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of infection and genotypic characteristics of GBV-C in this population. The presence of GBV-C RNA was determined in serum samples of 106 patients infected with HIV by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction. GBV-C genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HIV viral load and CD4(+) count were also tested in all patients. The overall prevalence of GBV-C infection was 11.3% in HIV patients. There was no significant difference between patients with and without GBV-C infection regarding age, sex, route of transmission, viral load, ALT levels, HBV and HCV co-infection and treatment with antiretroviral drugs. 66.7% of patients with GBV-C had a CD4(+) count > or = 200 and 33.3% had a CD4(+) count < 200 cells/mm(3). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all GBV-C isolates were genotype 2, and classified as subtype 2a. GBV-C infection is relatively common in patients infected with HIV. The prevailing GBV-C genotype 2a in this study group concurred with reports from other parts of the Middle East. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | VIRAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | GENETICS | HEPATITIS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Diseases | Measurement | Biology | HIV Document Number: 329020 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender, culture and harm: an exploratory study of female heroin users of Vietnamese ethnicity. Author: Higgs P; Owada K; Hellard M; Power R; Maher L Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Oct;10(7):681-96. Abstract: Previous quantitative cross sectional studies of ethnic Vietnamese drug users in Melbourne have been overwhelmingly drawn from samples of men. In this qualitative investigation, 24 women aged between 18 and 33 years were interviewed. This exploratory study sought: to identify issues surrounding heroin initiation and drug use career; to examine relationships with family and primary sex partners; and to reveal participants' attitudes to drug treatment. Data reveal that for the women in this study the initiation and continued use of heroin was heavily influenced by men, especially their primary sex partners. The women interviewed reported strategies to minimise their risk taking including enrolling in pharmacotherapy treatment programmes, but they remained particularly vulnerable - especially to blood borne viruses - through both injecting and sexual risk behaviour. The data suggest that interventions which focus on the gendered nature of injecting practices within personal relationships may go some way to both reducing harm and increasing control for the women involved. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | IV DRUG USERS | ASIANS | GENDER ISSUES | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SEX BEHAVIOR | TREATMENT | VIRAL DISEASES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Drug Use and Abuse | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases Document Number: 329319 |
| 15. Title: Understanding women's empowerment: a comparative analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data. Author: Kishor S; Subaiya L Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Oct. 225 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Comparative Reports No. 20) Abstract: This report examines the distribution and correlates of two different dimensions of the empowerment of currently married women age 15-49 in 23 developing countries. These dimensions are women’s participation in household decisionmaking and their attitudes regarding specific inequalities in gender roles. Language: English Keywords: DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY | PERSONALITY | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Contraception Document Number: 329997 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Associations between Burkitt lymphoma among children in Malawi and infection with HIV, EBV and malaria: Results from a case-control study. Author: Mutalima N; Molyneux E; Jaffe H; Kamiza S; Borgstein E Source: PLoS One. 2008 Jun;3(6):e2505. Abstract: Background: Burkitt lymphoma, a childhood cancer common in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has been associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and malaria, but its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not clear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We conducted a case-control study of Burkitt lymphoma among children (aged <= 15 years) admitted to the pediatric oncology unit in Blantyre, Malawi between July 2005 and July 2006. Cases were 148 children diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma and controls were 104 children admitted with non-malignant conditions or cancers other than hematological malignancies and Kaposi sarcoma. Interviews were conducted and serological samples tested for antibodies against HIV, EBV and malaria. Odds ratios for Burkitt lymphoma were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for sex, age, and residential district. Cases had a mean age of 7.1 years and 60% were male. Cases were more likely than controls to be HIV positive (Odds ratio (OR)) = 12.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.3 to 116.2, p = 0.03). ORs for Burkitt lymphoma increased with increasing antibody titers against EBV (p = 0.001) and malaria (p = 0.01). Among HIV negative participants, cases were thirteen times more likely than controls to have raised levels of both EBV and malaria antibodies (OR = 13.2; 95% CI 3.8 to 46.6; p = 0.001). Reported use of mosquito nets was associated with a lower risk of Burkitt lymphoma (OR = 0.2, 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.9, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Our findings support prior evidence that EBV and malaria act jointly in the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma, suggesting that malaria prevention may decrease the risk of Burkitt lymphoma. HIV may also play a role in the etiology of this childhood tumor. (authors's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | MALARIA | VIRAL DISEASES | COMPLICATIONS | CANCER | CHILD HEALTH | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | ANTIBODIES | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Neoplasms | Health | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System Document Number: 327416 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Norovirus and sapovirus infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City during 2005 - 2006. Author: Nguyen TA; Hoang L; Pham L; Hoang KT; Okitsu S Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2008 Apr;54(2):102-113. Abstract: A molecular epidemiological study on common diarrheal viruses was conducted in a children's hospital in Ho Chi Minh City between December 2005 and November 2006. Fecal samples were collected from 502 pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, and were screened for the presence of norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV). NoVs GII and SaVs were detected in 6.4% and 1.2% specimens, respectively, while there was no NoV GI found among studied samples. NoVs could be identified through the year, except in April and July, with the peak of detection rate (62.5%) during the rainy season. Conversely, four out of six (66.7%) of the SaV strains were identified during the dry season. Patients aged between 6 and 23 months were found to be more infected by NoVs. The overall mean severity score of noroviruspositive patients was 9.8 plus or minus 3.6, and no significant difference of severity scores among patients belonged to different age groups, gender and place of living. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed the diversity of caliciviruses circulating in the area, and various types of recombination were identified among NoVs and SaVs detected. These results provide important information on calicivirus infections among Vietnamese children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | DIARRHEA | VIRAL DISEASES | SEASONAL VARIATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Population Dynamics Document Number: 325721 |
| 18. Title: Ocular complications of HIV infection in sub-Sahara Africa. Author: Nkomazana O; Tshitswana D Source: Current HIV / AIDS Reports. 2008 Aug;5(3):120-5. Abstract: This article reviews the magnitude and spectrum of ocular complications of HIV infection in sub-Sahara Africa. A literature search was done using PubMed, Google, and UpToDate and by talking to ophthalmologists and HIV experts working in the region. Ocular complications of HIV infection, mostly retinal, are seen in 29% to 71% of patients. Cytomegalovirus retinitis affects 0% to 16.5% of HIV-infected patients and is treated successfully with intravitreal ganciclovir in South Africa and Botswana. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is seen in 4% to 7.8% of persons with HIV (a 5%-6% increase in Uganda and Tanzania), and recurrence after surgery occurs in 3.2% to 31.2%. In Zimbabwe, 45% of meningitis in adults is cryptococcal, and cryptococcal meningitis is the third leading cause of death in HIV patients in rural Uganda. In Rwanda, 9% of patients with cryptococcal meningitis developed visual loss and sixth nerve palsy. Thus, HIV infection leads to significant ocular morbidity in sub-Sahara Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | CANCER | VIRAL DISEASES | SURGERY | MENINGITIS | EYESIGHT | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Neoplasms | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Central Nervous System Effects | Central Nervous System Document Number: 328424 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Respiratory syncytial virus infection and disease in infants and young children observed from birth in Kilifi district, Kenya. Author: Nokes DJ; Okiro EA; Ngama M; Ochola R; White LJ Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jan 1;46(1):50-57. Abstract: In developing countries, there are few data that characterize the disease burden attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and clearly define which age group to target for vaccine intervention. Six hundred thirty-five children, recruited during the period 2002-2003, were intensively monitored until each experienced 3 epidemics of RSV infection. RSV infection was diagnosed using immunofluorescence of nasal washing specimens collected at each episode of acute respiratory infection. Incidence estimates were adjusted for seasonality of RSV exposure. For 1187 child-years of observation (CYO), a total of 409 (365 primary and 82 repeat) episodes of RSV infection were identified. Adjusted incidence estimates of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), severe LRTI, and hospital admission were 90 cases per 1000 CYO, 43 cases per 1000 CYO, and 10 cases per 1000 CYO, respectively, and corresponding estimates among infants were 104 cases per 1000 CYO, 66 cases per 1000 CYO, and 13 cases per 1000 CYO, respectively. The proportion of cases of all-cause LRTI, and severe LRTI and hospitalizations attributable to RSV in the cohort was 13%, 19%, and 5%, respectively. Fifty-five percent to 65% of RSV-associated LRTI and severe LRTI occurred in children aged >6 months. The risk of RSV disease following primary symptomatic infection remained significant beyond the first year of life, and one-quarter of all reinfections were associated with LRTI. RSV accounts for a substantial proportion of the total respiratory disease in this rural population; we estimate that 85,000 cases of severe LRTI per year occur in infants in Kenya. The majority of this morbidity occurs during late infancy and early childhood-ages at which the risk of disease following infection remains significant. Disease resulting from reinfection is common. Our results inform the debate on the target age group and effectiveness of a vaccine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | CHILDREN | RURAL AREAS | CLIMATE | VIRAL DISEASES | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | SEASONAL VARIATION | HOSPITALS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Environment | Diseases | Infections | Population Dynamics | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology Document Number: 323112 |
| 20. Title: Prevalence ratio of HTLV-1 in nursing mothers from the state of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. Author: Pimenta FC; Haddad SK; de Medeiros Filho JG; Costa MJ; Diniz MF Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008 Aug;24(3):289-292. Abstract: The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus known as a direct causal agent of a malignant disease. The vertical route of HTLV transmission is the most frequent pathway of the virus contamination. This study was performed to determine the prevalence ratio of HTLV-1 infection among nursing women. From January 2004 to January 2005, blood samples from 1033 nursing mothers from Paraiba, Brazil were evaluated for HTLV antibodies by ELISA and HTLV-1 viral particles confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HTLV antibodies were detected in 7 women. The overall seroprevalence ratio was 0.68% and HTLV-1 viral sequences were confirmed by PCR in 2 women. These preliminary data suggest that HTLV screening should be introduced as a mandatory test before breastfeeding and breast milk donation in Paraiba, Brazil. Additionally, counseling programs would help reduce the prevalence ratio of HTLV-1 infected individuals in this Brazilian region. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | LACTATION | VIRAL DISEASES | SCREENING | HUMAN MILK | BREASTFEEDING | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 308025 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: S-adenosylmethionine levels in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. Author: Skelly MJ; Holzman RS; Merali S Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008 Feb 1;46(3):467-471. Abstract: BACKGROUND: S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is a key molecule involved in methylation reactions and polyamine synthesis. Pneumocystis carinii are unable to synthesize this molecule and have been shown to scavenge this metabolic intermediate from the plasma of rats during active infection. A prior study involving humans strongly suggested that low levels of plasma AdoMet are sensitive and specific indicators of acute infection. METHODS: From March 2004 through January 2006, we collected plasma AdoMet levels from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and either confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, or confirmed bacterial pneumonia. We compared levels in patients with PCP with those in patients with other diseases and also monitored changes in levels during treatment of PCP. RESULTS: Initial AdoMet levels were significantly lower in patients with PCP, and there was no overlap between the groups. Among patients with PCP, levels of AdoMetincreased with successful treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of plasma AdoMet levels in patients with HIV infection who have pulmonary infections can identify those with PCP. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PNEUMONIA | TUBERCULOSIS | VIRAL DISEASES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | HISTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Diseases | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cytologic Effects Document Number: 325751 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Coinfection with HIV-1 and simian foamy virus in West Central Africans. Author: Switzer WM; Garcia AD; Yang C; Wright A; Kalish ML Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 May 15;197(10):1389-1393. Abstract: Frequent infection with zoonotic simian foamy virus (SFV) has been reported among HIV-negative primate hunters in rural Cameroon. Plasma samples obtained from urban commercial sex workers (CSWs; n = 139), patients with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 41), and blood donors (n = 179) in the Democratic Republic of Congo [formerly known as Zaire] and Cameroon were tested for SFV and HIV-1 infection. One CSW and one blood donor were found to be seropositive for both SFV and HIV-1, thereby documenting what are, to our knowledge, the first reported cases of dual SFV and HIV infection. The findings of the present study suggest opportunities for bloodborne and sexual transmission of SFV and highlight the importance of defining the clinical consequences of dual infections. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | BLOOD DONORS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | VIRAL DISEASES | BLOOD | TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 326473 |
| 23. Title: Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia. Author: Tayeb HT; Dela Cruz DM; Al-Qahtani A; Al-Ahdal MN; Carter MJ Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2008 Nov;80(11):1919-29. Abstract: Between September 1st, 2002 and August 31st, 2003, a panel of 1,000 stool samples was collected from patients presenting with diarrhea in the three major urban centers of Saudi Arabia; Riyadh, Mecca, and Jeddah. Each sample was tested for rotavirus, and astrovirus by ELISA, G and P type was determined for all rotaviruses. Adenoviruses were sought by hexon-specific PCR and identified by RFLP. A subset of 253 samples was also tested for norovirus by ELISA. Data were analyzed for seasonality of infection, patient nationality and likelihood of hospitalization. Although the overall incidence of rotavirus identification in acute diarrheal stool continued to decline, this was still the virus identified most commonly (6%). Norovirus accounted for 3.5%, astrovirus, 1.9% and adenovirus, 1.4%. Type G9 rotavirus was found to be present (and already common) in 2003, predating its first reported identification in the country in 2004. Most of the virus infections (and most of the G9 detections) occurred in April, the month following the occurrence of the Hajj in the study year. Although most viruses were spread equally in the population, rotaviruses were significantly more common in non-Saudis than in Saudi citizens. Overall the data are consistent with an increase in all virus infections following al Hajj and the potential introduction of novel strains (such as the G9 rotaviruses) by pilgrims. Hospitalization was significantly associated only with norovirus infections. Language: English Keywords: SAUDI ARABIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | IMMIGRANTS | DIARRHEA | VIRAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | ROTAVIRUS | SEASONAL VARIATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 329021 |
| 24. Title: Sexually transmitted infections are preventable and treatable, but the full benefit depends on the local context. Author: World Bank. Disease Control Priorities Project Source: [Washington, D.C.], World Bank, Disease Control Priorities Project, 2007 Nov. [7] p. Abstract: In developing countries, high levels of STIs and related complications come from inadequacies in health service provision-care is usually provided by health workers poorly trained in STIs-and delays in health care seeking. Levels of awareness about STIs are generally low because of the stigma associated with sexual issues and the asymptomatic nature of many STIs. Variables that affect the duration of infection include adequacy of health workers' training, attitudes of health workers toward marginalized groups, patient loads at health centers, drug and supply availability, and costs of care. The HIV pandemic, coupled with poor economic conditions in many countries, has negatively affected STI prevention and care services, particularly when health workers have died or migrated. Sexual behavior is a major determinant of the STI burden in developing countries. These behaviors are heavily influenced by the sociocultural, economic, and political context. In many countries income inequality and population movement have increased with globalization and violent conflict. One effect of these changes is an increase in multipartner sexual activity, when increases the rate of infection and spread of STIs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | COMMUNITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PREVALENCE | COMPLICATIONS | MANAGEMENT | TREATMENT | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | VIRAL DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Evaluation Indexes Document Number: 325121 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Etiology of acute diarrhea in children and adults in Tunis, Tunisia, with emphasis on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence, phenotyping, and molecular epidemiology. Author: Al-Gallas N; Bahri O; Bouratbeen A; Ben Haasen A; Ben Aissa R Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007 Sep;77(3):571-582. Abstract: A total of 271 stool specimens were collected from children (diarrheagenic, n = 115 and control, n = 54) and adults (diarrheagenic, n = 73 and control, n = 29) from Tunis, Tunisia, and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and viruses. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) were identified by their virulence genes (polymerase chain reaction) and adherence patterns (tissue culture assays). The most frequently isolated enteric pathogens from diarrheagenic children were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 32.3%), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 11.3%), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC, (11.3%), adenovirus (10.4%), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC, 10.4%), and Salmonella spp. (9.5%). For children in the control group, ETEC (37%), EAEC (15%), EHEC (11.1%), and typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 11.1%) were the most common enteric pathogens. In adults in the diarrheagenic group, Salmonella spp. (34.2%), ETEC (12.3%), adenovirus (7%), and Shigella spp. (4%) were the most common enteric pathogens. In adults in the control group, ETEC (31%) was the most common enteric pathogen. Multiple pathogens were recovered from 22% of the diarrheagenic children and 7% of the diarrheagenic adults. Escherichia coli strains showed high resistance rates to tetracycline, streptomycin, and ß-lactams. The most frequent combinations were ETEC-rotavirus and ETEC-adenovirus. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for DEC indicated a large number of DEC clones (five major clones) persistent in the community reservoir for a considerable period of time that caused diarrhea in the population. This suggests the confluence of small epidemics by clonally related DEC strains circulating in this region. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CONTROL GROUPS | PREVALENCE | CHILD | ADULTS | DIARRHEA | VIRAL DISEASES | TREATMENT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 320151 |
| 26. Title: Interstitial lung disease in infancy. Author: Balasubramanian S; Janakiraman L; Ganesh R; Deenadayalan M; Naidu RK Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007 Jul;74(7):637-639. Abstract: The objective was to describe the clinical profile of interstitial lung disease in infancy. A retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed to have ILD was carried out in Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust hospital over a period of 2 yr. Infants aged 1 month to 1 yr of age were included if they had (1) respiratory symptoms (Cough, tachypnea or crepitations) for at least 1 month (2) diffuse infiltrates on chest radiography (3) Hypoxemia as defined by oxygen saturation less than 90% by pulse oximetry and (4) High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) of the chest revealing findings of interstitial infiltrates or ground glass pattern. Their case records were analyzed for clinical data, treatment and follow up details. Of the 9 children, who were diagnosed to have ILD, 5 were boys and 4 were girls. The male: female ratio was 1.25: 1. The median age of onset of symptoms was 5 month. The common clinical features observed were tachypnea associated with chest indrawing (100%), cough (100%), hypoxia (100%), failure to thrive and fever (55%) each. The following radiographic patterns were observed in the chest skiagrams: reticulo-nodular pattern in 6(67%) and ground glass pattern in 3(33%). HRCT showed interstitial infiltrates in 6 (67%) and ground glass pattern in 3(33%). Evidence for cyto megalo virus (CMV) infection was detected in 5(56%), Adenovirus in 1 (11%) and Pneumocystis carinii (PCP) in 1(11%) infant. Open lung biopsy was performed in 2 infants, which detected CMV in 1 and PCP in the other. All children received oxygen therapy and systemic corticosteroids (oral/IV) in addition to specific therapy for infection and 3 of these infants succumbed to respiratory failure. CMV Infection was the commonest cause of ILD in infancy in our study. However, the consequences on long term follow up in these infants need to be ascertained. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | INFANT | PULMONARY EFFECTS | AGE FACTORS | FEVER | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VIRAL DISEASES | PNEUMONIA | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Body Temperature | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 319080 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: A prospective three-year cohort study of the epidemiology and virology of acute respiratory infections of children in rural India. Author: Broor S; Parveen S; Bharaj P; Prasad VS; Srinivasulu KN Source: PLoS Medicine. 2007;2(6):e491. Abstract: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major killer of children in developing countries. Although the frequency of ARI is similar in both developed and developing countries, mortality due to ARI is 10-50 times higher in developing countries. Viruses are common causes of ARI among such children, yet the disease burden of these infections in rural communities is unknown. A prospective longitudinal study was carried out in children enrolled from two rural Indian villages at birth and followed weekly for the development of ARI, classified as upper respiratory infection, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), or severe ALRI. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates were detected by direct fluorescent antibody testing (DFA) and, in addition, centrifugation enhanced culture for RSV was done. 281 infants enrolled in 39 months and followed until 42 months. During 440 child years of follow-up there were 1307 ARIs, including 236 ALRIsand 19 severe ALRIs. Virus specific incidence rates per 1000 child years for RSV were total ARI 234, ALRI 39, and severe ALRI 9; for influenza A total ARI 141, ALRI 39; for INF B total ARI 37; for PIV1 total ARI 23, for PIV2 total ARI 28, ALRI 5; for parainfluenza virus 3 total ARI 229, ALRI 48, and severe ALRI 5 and for adenovirus total ARI 18, ALRI 5. Repeat infections with RSV were seen in 18 children.. RSV, influenza A and parainfluenza virus 3 were important causes of ARI among children in rural communities in India. These data will be useful for vaccine design, development and implementation purposes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | VIRAL DISEASES | CHILD MORTALITY | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 317559 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Overcoming barriers to the eradication of cervical cancer: Women's health and rights. Author: Cain J; Denny L; Ngan HY Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Jun;97(3):232-234. Abstract: The number of new cases of cervical cancer worldwide is likely underestimated due to the lack of cancer registries; however, cervix cancer is the second most common cancer for women worldwide and the first for under-resourced nations and regions, where the majority of deaths occur. It is the biggest cause of years of life lost for women from cancer in the developing world. The development of this cancer requires infection of the cervix with high risk subtypes of the human papilloma virus which is virtually always acquired by sexual exposure. Declines in the rates of cervical cancer have been directly correlated with investment in screening programs for detection of pre-malignant and early cervical cancers, linked to the availability of treatment. In addition, the development of vaccines for the high risk subtypes 16 and 18 offers the opportunity to prevent initial infection by vaccination prior to exposure to these subtypes. Cervical cancer, a major cause of women's morbidity and mortality, is nowlargely preventable through vaccination for future generations (primary prevention) and screen and treat programs (secondary prevention) to prevent deaths for present generations. Lack of access to the vaccine or screening programs represents a failure to address international development goals and targets related to reproductive health, denying women their fundamental human rights. Girls and women should be an urgent priority investment for governments, and cervical cancer control should be an important part of that agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | CERVICAL CANCER | VIRAL DISEASES | HUMAN RIGHTS | SCREENING | HEALTH POLICY | PAP SMEAR | WORKSHOPS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Education Document Number: 316681 |
| 29. Title: Epidemiology of meningitis in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2000 -- 2005. Author: Dash N; Ameen AS; Sheek-Hussein MM; Smego RA Jr Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Jul;11(4):309-312. Abstract: The objective was to describe the epidemiologic features of meningitis in Al-Ain Medical District, United Arab Emirates from January 2000 through June 2005. A retrospective review of clinical records and notification forms for cases of meningitis reported to the Department of Preventive Medicine, Al-Ain. Data collected and compiled included demographic features, causative microbiologic agents, and annual incidence rates of meningitis, by etiology. Ninety-two cases of meningitis were reported during the study period; 53% were bacterial and 37% were viral in origin. Neisseria meningitidis was the leading bacterial pathogen (35%) followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (16%). Ten percent of clinically diagnosed cases of meningitis had no causative microorganism recovered, and in 33% of patients with presumed pyogenic meningitis no specific bacterial pathogen could be identified. The peak occurrence of meningitis was in young children less than one year old. Most cases of meningococcal meningitis were seen among prison inmates and laborers, while viral meningitis occurred mainly in children and young adults attending school. The incidence rate of meningitis in Al-Ain ranged between 2.2/100 000 population in 2000 and 1/100 000 in 2005, with an overall downward trend by year. The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b decreased significantly after implementation of the national immunization program in 1999. Improved methods of bacterial detection including isolate serotyping must be made available in order to further reduce mortality and morbidity from meningitis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | INFANT | PRISONERS | WORKERS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MENINGITIS | INCIDENCE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | VIRAL DISEASES | VACCINATION | Middle East | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health | Central Nervous System Effects | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Infections | Diseases | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 318135 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Rotavirus vaccines -- An update. Author: Dennehy PH Source: Vaccine. 2007 Apr 20;25(16):3137-3141. Abstract: Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. Rotavirus disease prevention efforts suffered a severe setback in 1999 with the withdrawal of the RRV-TV vaccine less than a year after its introduction. Several new rotavirus vaccines have been developed and have proven to be safe and efficacious. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | INFANT | ROTAVIRUS | VIRAL DISEASES | INFECTIONS | DIARRHEA | CHILD MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | VACCINES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 313338 |
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