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Title: Stages of sexual readiness and six-month stage progression among African American pre-teens.
Author: Butler TH; Miller KS; Holtgrave DR; Forehand R; Long N
Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2006 Nov;43(4):378-386.
Abstract: We examined the range of sexual intentions and behaviors preceding sexual initiation among 211 African American preteens assigned to the control arm of a longitudinal community-based intervention trial. Stage of sexual readiness was assessed using the stage of change construct from the Transtheoretical Model, and patterns of stage movement during a 6-month period were examined. Overall, 90% of participants were in precontemplation at baseline, with the proportion of participants in this stage declining with each year of age. There was substantial stability in stage of sexual readiness during the 6-month period (87% stable). While definitive conclusions regarding exact patterns of movement are not yet possible, stage movement does not appear to be linear for all pre-teens, and there is evidence of both stage progression and regression. We present emerging patterns of stage movement, which suggest potential variation by age, gender, and baseline stage, and discuss potential implications. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | STUDENTS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | WHITES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Education | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 314292

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Peer Reviewed

Title: 'Snag bags': adapting condoms to community values in Native American communities.
Author: Gilley BJ
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2006 Nov-Dec;8(6):559-570.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS researchers working among Native Americans have consistently noted resistance to discussions of sexuality and the distribution of condoms. This resistance is inspired by long held values about shame and public discussions of sexuality. Also, American Indians have been reluctant to welcome public discussions of HIV/AIDS and sexuality from external entities, such as governmental agencies. As a result, Native peoples have some of the lowest documented condom use rates. However, innovations in culturally integrating condoms and safe sex messages into Native cultural ideals are proving beneficial. One such innovation is the snag bag, which incorporates popular Native sexual ideology while working within local ideals of shame to distribute condoms and safe sex materials to sexually active young people and adults. Using snag bags as an example, this research proposes that an effective approach to HIV prevention among Native peoples is not cultural sensitivity but cultural integration. That is, HIV prevention strategies must move beyond the empty promise of merely culturally-sensitizing ideas about disease cause. Instead of simply 'translating' HIV/AIDS programming into Native culture, prevention strategies must be integrated by Native peoples into their own disease theories and contemporary culture. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | YOUTH | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX EDUCATION | OBSTACLES | STIGMA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Organization and Administration | Social Problems
Document Number: 315244

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Vermont.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307010

Peer Reviewed

Title: Physician assistants as providers of surgically induced abortion services.
Author: Goldman MB; Occhiuto JS; Peterson LE; Zapka JG; Palmer RH
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2004 Aug;94:1352-1357.
Abstract: We compared complication rates after surgical abortions performed by physician assistants with rates after abortions performed by physicians. A 2-year prospective cohort study of women undergoing surgically induced abortion was conducted. Ninety-one percent of eligible women (1363) were enrolled. Total complication rates were 22.0 per 1000 procedures (95% confidence interval [CI]=11.9, 39.2) performed by physician assistants and 23.3 per 1000 procedures (95% CI=14.5, 36.8) performed by physicians (P=.88). The most common complication that occurred during physician assistant�performed procedures was incomplete abortion; during physician-performed procedures the most common complication was infection not requiring hospitalization. A history of pelvic inflammatory disease was associated with an increased risk of total complications (odds ratio=2.1; 95% CI=1.1, 4.1). Surgical abortion services provided by experienced physician assistants were comparable in safety and efficacy to those provided by physicians. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | NEW HAMPSHIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PHYSICIANS | ABORTION | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | COMPLICATIONS | SURGICAL ERROR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Surgery | Treatment | Diseases
Document Number: 273657 Notification

7.
Title: Who is teaching teens about HPV?
Author: Papillo JL
Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 Feb;26(2):128-129.
Abstract: While the survey was still in progress, pilot presentations of the HPV educational program were given to select schools. Students who participated in the pilot presentations were very receptive and discussion periods were interactive. Through these presentations it became apparent that health educators were lacking in their basic knowledge of HPV and felt ill equipped to pass on this information to students. To address this issue, '"Train the Trainer" workshops were developed and offered. Workshop participants were provided with an "HPV Education Notebook," which contained background studies and statistics, a 36-slide PowerPoint presentation (with a choice of 35mm slides or color overhead transparencies), educational pamphlets, and answers to frequently asked questions. During the course of the following year and a half, workshops and presentations were given to health teachers, science teachers, religion teachers, student assistance personnel, school and pediatric nurses, and pediatricians. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | HPV | HEALTH EDUCATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | INTERNET | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Communication | Information Networks
Document Number: 176077

Title: Seeking safe haven: two states = approaches to the minor parent TANF living arrangement rule.
Author: Levin-Epstein J
Source: Washington, D.C., Center For Law and Social Policy [CLASP], 1999 Mar. [36] p.
Abstract: The number of teen mothers (under 20 years old) who receive welfare is a relatively small part of the entire caseload (about 5 percent of the female child recipients) and the number of minor (under 18 years old) teen mothers is even smaller. Currently, there are roughly 200,000 teenage mothers receiving welfare and less than 40,000 of these mothers are minors. This represents a decline in the percent of teenage mothers who are minors from 23% in FY 1994 to 19% in FY 97. Since minor teen mothers constitute a small proportion of the welfare caseload, they have not traditionally been a priority for policymakers. In recent years, however, interest in minor parents has burgeoned because, as the Department of Health and Human services notes, historical data suggest that teen mothers 17 and under who give birth outside of marriage are more likely to go on welfare and spend longer on assistance. The immediate fragility of a minor mother family and the likelihood of her long term need for welfare suggests the value of implementing policies and programs that enable the minor mother to provide a stable environment for herself and her child. The relatively small numbers of minors who need such help suggests that such investments may be financially manageable, particularly in today�s environment where declining caseloads translate into available welfare funds. However, the policy choices states must make in trying to assist minor parents and their families are complex. In the short term, there are inherent tensions between the goal of assisting minor mothers and the goal of ending dependency on government benefits. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | ILLINOIS | CRITIQUE | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | MINORS | SOCIAL WELFARE | LAWS AND STATUTES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Policy
Document Number: 276746

9.
Title: Gender differences in risk behaviors associated with forced or pressured sex.
Author: Shrier LA; Pierce JD; Emans SJ; DuRant RH
Source: ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE. 1998 Jan;152:57-63.
Abstract: Gender-specific associations between having been coerced to have sexual intercourse and current risk behavior patterns were investigated in a survey of 21,297 students from 79 secondary schools in Vermont (US). The analysis was restricted to the 3931 girls and 3953 boys who were sexually active at the time of the 1995 survey. Among sexually active students, 30.3% of girls and 9.9% of the boys reported they had been forced or pressured to have sexual intercourse. Among sexually active girls, sexual coercion was associated with being in one or more fights in the past year (odds ratio (OR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.40-1.94), seriously considering suicide (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.69-2.31), more years of sexual activity (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.43-1.61), not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.09-1.49), and having been pregnant more often (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.16-1.69). Among sexually active boys, a history of sexual coercion was associated with seriously considering suicide (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.23-2.20), more years of sexual activity (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12-1.31), more male partners in the past 3 months (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.14-1.48), more female partners in the past 3 months (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18), not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03-1.82), having been involved in more pregnancies (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.29-2.08), and having vomited or used laxatives (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 2.18-5.43). The finding that a history of sexual coercion was associated with externalizing behaviors (e.g., fighting) among girls and internalizing behaviors (e.g., bulimia) among boys was unexpected. Adolescents who disclose nonvoluntary sexual experiences should receive counseling and be screened regularly for the development of sexual risk behaviors, drug use, and suicidal ideation.
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | RISK BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Sex Behavior
Document Number: 142124

10.
Title: Teenage pregnancy: no easy answers.
Source: NEWSOURCE. 1997 Summer;:1.
Abstract: While teen pregnancy and birth rates have risen in other parts of the country, rates in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine have declined in the past 5 years and are well below the national averages. New Hampshire and Vermont have the lowest teen birth rates in the country, while Maine has the highest rate of oral contraceptive use among sexually active teens nationwide. Education and family planning services are essential components of what is needed to eliminate teen pregnancy. The President of Planned Parenthood of Northern New England (PPNNE) understands that teens need a place in which they feel comfortable and can get honest information and answers. To that end, PPNNE provides teens, often without an appointment, with birth control, screening for infection with sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy testing, counseling, and education. PPNNE works both with families and individual teens, making sure to serve even at risk and hard to reach populations. A teenage pregnancy prevention project with King Street Youth Center in Burlington, VT, works with at risk teens for 5 years, helping them to complete high school, find and keep part-time jobs, and learn about their capabilities and strengths. Teens who complete the program and graduate from high school are guaranteed acceptance into a local college or university.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | NEW HAMPSHIRE | MAINE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | IPPF | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Organizations | International Agencies
Document Number: 128235

11.
Title: Physician assistant as abortion provider: lessons from Vermont, New York, and Montana.
Author: Schirmer JT
Source: HASTING LAW JOURNAL. 1997 Nov;49(1):253-88.
Abstract: The introduction to this article, which questions assumptions that patient interests are served by excluding licensed mid-level health care providers from performing abortions, notes that 1) the US is experiencing an increasing shortage of physicians who provide abortions; 2) this situation led a 1990 symposium of the National Abortion Federation and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology to recommend that mid-level clinicians provide abortions; 3) use of mid-level providers for abortion would be efficient, increase provider choice for patients, and reduce costs; and 4) such a change is currently legally ambiguous or illegal in most states. The article then begins with a section covering the history of US abortion laws from 1848-1900, the movement to criminalize abortion, the legalization of abortion following the Roe vs. Wade decision, whether Roe gave women the right to have or physicians the right to perform an abortion, the "undue burden" standard in the Casey decision, and the 1997 Mazurek vs. Armstrong decision upholding a Montana statute prohibiting physician assistants from performing abortions. Part 2 describes the debate over this issue, the mixed response of pro-choice groups to legalizing mid-level abortion providers, and the medical competency of mid-level providers to perform abortion. The third part reviews barriers to legal abortion caused by the diminishing provider pool, Roman Catholic hospital mergers, scheduling, and cost. Part 4 reviews abortion and physician assistant laws in Vermont, New York, and Montana, and the final part proposes using state constitutions to challenge prohibitive state legislation and protect privacy and abortion rights.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | NEW YORK | MONTANA | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health
Document Number: 138421 Notification

12.
Title: Barriers to condom use among heterosexual male and female college students.
Author: Wendt SJ; Solomon LJ
Source: JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH. 1995 Nov;44(3):105-10.
Abstract: 309 college students were recruited from three undergraduate psychology classes at the University of Vermont in the spring of 1990 to respond to survey questions designed to identify prevailing barriers to condom use. The students reported engaging in only heterosexual relations. Analysis included only the 198 female and 89 male students who reported having had sexual intercourse at least five times in the preceding 2 years; 90.8% of the men and 93.8% of the women. Barriers assessed were concern that condom use reduces the pleasure of sex, concern that condoms reduce emotional intimacy, concern about what a partner will think if you suggest using condoms, concern about what friends will think if they knew that you use condoms, concern about how to talk with your partner about condom use, and the belief that you have no need to use condoms. 24.7% of the men were consistent users, 41.6% were inconsistent users, and 33.7% nonusers. 22.7% of the women were consistent users, 29.8% inconsistent users, and 47.5% nonusers. The men and women had an average of 3.48 and 2.64 sex partners in the preceding 2 years. 11.2% of the men and 12.1% of the women had histories of STD. 55.1% of the men and 73.2% of the women were currently in a relationship, depending largely upon oral contraceptives for protection against unwanted pregnancy. The survey found the low perceived need barrier to be the most powerful predictor of condom use for both sexes. Low perceived need, however, was not based upon participants' actual STD risk and actual STD risk was not related to condom-use category. Male and female participants who were nonusers, in a current monogamous relationship, and using oral contraceptives were more likely to report a low perceived need to use condoms. Implications for future research are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | OBSTACLES | CONDOMS | SAFER SEX | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Schools | Organization and Administration | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 110415

13.
Title: Infertility and early pregnancy loss.
Author: Hakim RB; Gray RH; Zacur H; Gehret J; Smith B
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Population Center, 1994. 21, [9] p. (Johns Hopkins Population Center Papers on Population No. WP 94-01)
Abstract: A highly sensitive and specific assay for urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin was used to detect early pregnancy in a cohort of 148 working women in Vermont and New York State in a study undertaken between May 1989 and August 1991. The "results suggest that subfertile women have increased subclinical pregnancy losses regardless of fertility treatment, and the association between reduced fertility and advancing age may in part be related to early pregnancy loss." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | NEW YORK | INFERTILITY | AGE FACTORS | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases
Document Number: 109641

14.
Title: Physician-only and physician assistant statutes: a case of perceived but unfounded conflict.
Author: Lieberman D; Lalwani A
Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMENS ASSOCIATION. 1994 Sep-Oct;49(5):146-9.
Abstract: In the US, abortion is the most common surgical procedure for women, but the number of providers is steadily shrinking. This results in obstacles which make abortion impossible for many women who would have to travel long distances and spend a great deal of money to obtain an abortion. To remedy this situation, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recently recommended that nonphysicians be trained to provide abortions in collaborative settings. This discussion centers on the legal authority for supervised physician assistants (PAs) to perform abortions. PAs are licensed to practice medicine under the supervision of a physician in every state except Mississippi. However, the legal framework which surrounds their work and abortion is ambiguous. In New York, for example, there is a perceived but unfounded statutory conflict which arises from the law which legalized abortion if provided "by a duly licensed physician." Despite the fact that this conflict is resolved by the PA statute which states that "notwithstanding any other provision of the law, a physician assistant may perform medical services. . . when under the supervision of a physician," the New York City public hospital system prohibits PAs from performing abortions. In Montana, which has no PA enabling law which supercedes all others, the ambiguity was resolved recently by a federal court judgment in favor of a broad scope of practice for PAs. In Vermont, there is no physician-only abortion law, and PAs have been performing abortions since 1973. In conclusion, the demand to expand the type of qualified abortion provider will cause the interplay between physician-only abortion and PA statutes to undergo increased scrutiny. The medical profession can ill afford to allow the shortage of abortion providers to place women's lives and health in jeopardy.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | MONTANA | VERMONT | ABORTION LAW | LEGISLATION | ABORTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 100697 Notification

15.
Title: The taking of free condoms in a drug abuse treatment clinic: the effects of location and posters.
Author: Amass L; Bickel WK; Higgins ST; Budney AJ; Foerg FE
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1993 Oct;83(10):1466-8.
Abstract: Workers at the University of Vermont's Substance Abuse Treatment Center in Burlington placed 10 individually packaged latex, lubricated, generic condoms in a clear, glass bowl and alternately placed the bowl above the toilet in the clinic's private restroom or on a shelf in the clinic's public waiting room. They refilled the bowl when 3 condoms were left in the bowl. They also displayed 2 different posters at each location. The 6-month study consisted of 8 study periods, each lasting 15 days. The clinic averaged 43 cocaine and/or opiod users, 65% of whom were male, 35% female, and 49% iv drug users. Condoms were more likely to be taken from the restroom than from the waiting room (404 vs. 106; p < .01). Yet, condom taking declined considerably over time in the restroom (30% decrease; p < .05). It declined by 50% in the waiting room, but this was not significant. The presence of the posters did not increase condom taking or influence location differences. These results indicated that the location of the condoms and not the presence of posters affected condom taking. They suggested that condoms should be placed in a private location for distributing free condoms.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CONDOMS | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | TIME FACTORS | PROMOTION | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marketing | Economic Factors | Social Problems
Document Number: 090358

16.
Title: Access to abortion services: abortions performed by mid-level practitioners.
Author: Kowalczyk EA
Source: TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE, LAW AND ETHICS. 1993 Summer;8(3):37-45.
Abstract: Because the number of physicians available to perform abortions in the US is dwindling, certified nurse-midwives, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants should be trained and permitted to perform abortions. Roadblocks to this change are the fact that the Supreme Court would likely allow states to prevent mid-level practitioners from performing abortions in the name of protecting the health of the mother. Also, existing statutes would probably not be interpreted by courts to allow mid-level practitioners to perform abortions. However, physician assistants have been performing abortions in Vermont since 1975, and a 1981-82 comparative study affirmed that physician assistants are well-equipped to perform abortions (of 2458 procedures, the complication rate/1000 was 27.4 for physician assistants and 30.8 for physicians). However, controversy surrounds the provision of abortion by these physician assistants in Vermont, since the relevant statute suggests that abortion is illegal unless performed by a physician. However, the statute has not been changed since Roe vs. Wade and is likely unconstitutional. Court cases in Missouri and Tennessee suggest that courts may be willing to include abortion within the scope of progressive nursing practice acts, but a recent similar case in Massachusetts resulted in a narrow interpretation of nursing practice statutes. Because the definition of professional nursing varies with each state statute, it will be a formidable task to convince every jurisdiction to include abortion as a permissible mid-level practice. Even in Vermont, the nursing practice statute defines in an exclusive list what services the professional nurse may perform (whereas the physician assistant regulations limit their scope of practice only to that delegated by a supervising physician). States could, of course, pass statutes which include abortion as a permissible practice for the mid-level practitioner. However, specific legislation would provide a clear target for anti-choice forces and legal challenges. Other practical problems include a possible uproar in the medical community where obstetrical/gynecology specialists already oppose allowing nurse practitioners to provide routine gynecologic services. Also, if mid-level practitioners were allowed to perform abortions, physicians may abandon the practice altogether. However, given the present state of affairs, this may be the only practical starting point for approaching the crisis caused by the scarcity of abortion providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | MISSOURI | TENNESSEE | VERMONT | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | NURSES AND NURSING | NURSE-MIDWIVES | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LEGISLATION | COURT DECISION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Health | Litigation
Document Number: 097163 Notification

17.
Title: Vermont physician assistants perform abortions, train residents.
Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1992 Sep-Oct;24(5):225.
Abstract: Physician assistants (PAs) at the Vermont Women's Health Center in Burlington have performed abortions since 1973. They perform almost all of the 800-1200 abortions at the center each year because they are more skilled than the physician. The center provides abortions up to 15 weeks gestation. Even though a state law enables them to practice medicine and perform abortions as long as they do so under the orders of a supervising physician, they choose to do them when the supervising physician is actually present at the center. A study of the abortion complication rates of 2458 1st-trimester abortions at the center indicate that the PAs' skill was at least as good as that of physicians. The 3 PAs also provide prenatal and gynecological care when the physician is not available. There is no university-based training program for PAs or any other midlevel clinicians in Vermont like there is in most states. To motivate people to come to Vermont to practice as, or become, PAs and to expand access to medical care in underserved rural areas, the legislature approved a 2-year apprenticeship program to train and accredit PAs. The only approved training program for PAs is at the Vermont Women's Health Center. PA apprentices learn gynecology and prenatal care and how to perform 1st-trimester and early 2nd-trimester abortions. Once they pass the certification exam, they can practice only in Vermont. So far, the center has trained 14 PAs. Further, the center has trained University of Vermont residents in obstetrics and gynecology and family practice since the mid 1980s. The residents are there for 2 months to also learn how to perform 1st-trimester and early 2nd-trimester abortions. The PAs also train family practice physicians in abortion care. So far, the center has trained 24 physicians in abortion care, including the center's current supervising physician.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | TRAINING PROGRAMS | MEDICAL STUDENTS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ANTENATAL CARE | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | LEGISLATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Students | Health Facilities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services
Document Number: 077990 Notification

18.
Title: An Act relating to family leave [17 June 1992].
Author: United States. Vermont
Source: STATE SESSION LAWS. 1992;:453-6. Act No. 261.
Abstract: This Act amends Vermont's maternity leave law (Vermont Statutes Annotated, Title 21, Subchapter 4A) to change the title of the Subchapter from "Maternity Leave" to "Parental and Family Leave." The Subchapter as amended provides the following, among other things: a) an employee is entitled during any 12-month period to take 12 weeks's family leave upon the serious illness of the employee or the employee's "child, stepchild or ward living with the employee, foster child, parent, spouse or parent of the employee's spouse;" b) an employee is entitled during any 12-month period to take 12 weeks' parental leave upon the birth of the employee's child or the initial placement of a child with the employee for the purposes of adoption; c) upon return from leave, an employee shall be offered the same or a comparable job at the same level of pay and benefits unless the employer demonstrates by means of clear and convincing evidence that during the leave the employee would have been terminated for reasons unrelated to the leave or the employee performed unique services and hiring a replacement was the only alternative available to the employer to prevent substantial and grievous economic injury to the employer's operation; and d) an employee may, at the time that a need for leave arises, waive any right granted by this Subchapter as long as the waiver is informed and voluntary and mutually agreed upon by the employer and employee. The Act applies to all state employers.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | LAWS AND STATUTES | MATERNITY BENEFITS | FAMILY POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 087260

19.
Title: Teenage pregnancy and too-early childbearing: public costs, personal consequences. 5th ed. Costs to the federal government and selected states and cities.
Author: Armstrong E; Waszak C
Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Population Options, 1990. [3], 50 p.
Abstract: The press copy of the Center for Population Options' report is devoted to a 5 chapter review of the 1989 federal costs of teenage pregnancy in the US and states of Vermont, Louisiana, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Oregon, and cities of Baltimore, Maryland and St. Louis, Missouri. The US data is provided in 6 tables on the single year cost, the single birth cost, the single cohort cost, and each of the cost, birth cost and cohort costs for each year 1985-89. The state and city costs are given by funding source (Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Food Stamps, and Medicaid) and total outlay for AFDC recipients, outlay to teenage childbearing, and potential savings. The public costs in the case of teen pregnancy prevention is discussed in addition to a review of pregnancy prevention efforts in the states. The methodology for calculating costs and determining public outlays is documented as well as sources of data and end notes which provide the figures for administrative costs of AFDC, the average monthly food stamp payment/individual, Medicaid administrative costs and numbers of adults and children receiving benefits. Some results of this presentation are that birth rates have increased 10% in 2 years for teens 15-17 after an 18 year decline. In 1988, 12.5% of all births were to teenagers. Teenagers need accurate and comprehensive sexually education and birth control options including abstinence, both before and after sexual activity. Access to services must be confidential and available. The population defined in the public outlay figures includes those families in which the 1st birth occurred to a teen mother, even though the mother may now be older. In the 1989, the total cost was 21.55 billion US dollars, which was an inflationary, benefit, and family increase of 1.72 billion dollars from 1988 (including administrative costs but does not include housing subsidies, special education, foster care, or day care). A delay of these births until the mother was in her 20's would have saved 8.62 billion US dollars. The average cost to each family after a teen birth is approximately 50,925 US dollars between 1989-2009 (20 years); 374,307 1st births is approximately 50,925 US dollars between 1989-2009 (20 years); 374,307 1st births were to teens in 1988, of whom 10,000 were to girls <14 years. The Single Cohort Cost (all teen families begun in 1989) in 6.35 billion US dollars for 1989, and increased. 1 billion since 1985. If 1989 births had been delayed, the savings would have been 20 times the amount spent on family planning services for 1989.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | LOUISIANA | WISCONSIN | NEW MEXICO | OREGON | MARYLAND | MISSOURI | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | SUMMARY REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | URBAN POPULATION | CHILD REARING | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | STATISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 069546

20.
Title: Minimizing adverse effects of low birthweight: four-year results of an early intervention program.
Author: Rauh VA; Achenbach TM; Nurcombe B; Howell CT; Teti DM
Source: CHILD DEVELOPMENT. 1988 Jun;59(3):544-53.
Abstract: The outcome of an early intervention program for low-birthweight (LBW) infants was examined in this study. The intervention consisted of 11 sessions, beginning during the final week of hospitalization and extending into the home over a 3-month period. The program aimed to facilitate maternal adjustment to the care of a LBW infant, and indirectly, to enhance the child's development. Neonates weighing less than 2,200 grams and under 37 weeks gestational age were randomly assigned to experimental or control analysis of dyads who completed all assessments over a 4-year period (N's = 25 LBW experimental, 29 LBW control, and 28 NBW infant-mother dyads) showed that the experimental group mothers reported significantly greater self-confidence and satisfaction with mothering, as well as more favorable perception of infant temperament than LBW control group mothers. A progressive divergence between the LBW experimental and LBW control children on cognitive scores culminated in significant group differences on the McCarthy GCI at ages 36 and 48 months, when the LBW experimental group caught up to the NBW group. Possible explanations for the observed delay in the emergence of intervention effects on cognitive development and the mediating role of favorable mother-infant transactional patterns are discussed in light of recent evidence from the literature. These findings support a transactional model for facilitating mother-infant interactions. A logical next step would be to replicate the intervention program on a different sample of infants considered to be at biological risk. The studies were conducted at Medical Center Hospital in Vermont.
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | POPULATION AT RISK | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | EVALUATION | TRAINING PROGRAMS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CHILD REARING | MOTHERS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | RESEARCH REPORT | Developed Countries | Americas | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning
Document Number: 270479

21.
Title: County characteristics and elderly net migration rates: a three-decade regional analysis.
Author: Meyer JW
Source: RESEARCH ON AGING. 1987 Sep;9(3):441-56.
Abstract: A model comprising county characteristics measuring amenities, urbanization, service characteristics, and sociodemographic characteristics explains substantial proportions of the variation in new migration rates for the young and old elderly for 3 different decades in New England (1940-1950, 1950-1960, and 1970-1980). Over time (1940-1980), both the net migration rate patterns of the 2 age groups and the county characteristics that made significant contributions to explanation of the 2 groups' rates become more similar. The model is least successful for the 1950-1960 decade, suggesting support for the turnaround thesis. However, at the regional scale of analysis, both amenity and urbanization characteristics associated with high rates of net migration do not substantiate a turnaround in migration behavior. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | OLDER ADULTS | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS, 80 AND OVER | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION | CONNECTICUT | MAINE | MASSACHUSETTS | NEW HAMPSHIRE | RHODE ISLAND | VERMONT | TIME FACTORS | URBANIZATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | THEORETICAL MODELS | Developed Countries | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Research Methodology
Document Number: 208153

22.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Early recognition of ectopic pregnancy in an infertility population.
Author: Dinsmoor M; Gibson M
Source: OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1986 Dec;68(6):859-62.
Abstract: On an infertility service in Vermont, 170 patients were evaluated for possible ectopic pregnancy using tests for beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels, ultrasound, and clinical examination. 20% of those evaluated underwent laparoscopy, of whom 91% were found to have ectopic pregnancies. Only 3 of the ectopic pregnancies were ruptured; only 2 women had significant hemoperitoneum and only 2 required transfusion. Subsequent intrauterine pregnancy occurred in 5 of 11 patients who underwent salpingectomy and in 1 of 15 patients who underwent salpingotomy. There were no subsequent pregnancies in 5 patients after expression of the ectopic from the tube. Early intervention in an infertile population decreases morbidity and may favor conservative tubal surgery, although this series could not comfirm the benefits of such surgery. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | INFERTILITY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | RESEARCH REPORT | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | LAPAROSCOPY | SURGERY | ULTRASONICS | Developed Countries | Americas | Diseases | Reproduction | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Treatment
Document Number: 269169

23.
Title: Comparison of complication rates in first trimester abortions performed by physician assistants and physicians.
Author: Freedman MA; Jillson DA; Coffin RR; Novick LF
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1986 May;76(5):550-4.
Abstract: Studies indicate that abortion in an outpatient setting is a safe procedure when performed by an experienced physician early in pregnancy; however, little is known about the complication rates of abortions performed by physician assistants. This paper describes the results of a 1981-1982 prospective study, conducted by the Vermont Department of Health and the Women's Health Center, to evaluate the relative complication rates of physicians versus physician assistant performed abortions in an outpatient setting. Early uterine evacuation or suction curettage were performed on women in a Vermont Women's Health Center in Burlington, Vermont. Demographic information, medical history, and data relevant to the patient's abortion were recorded on an abstract form, and complications were classified as either immediate or delayed. The study group was representative of the population of women seeking abortion services in Vermont. Results show an overall complication rate of 29.1/1000; the rate of immediate complications was 6.1 while the delayed complication rate was 23.2. No differences in complication rates were found between physician assistants and physicians. However, a higher total complication rate was observed for early uterine evacuation procedures than for suction currettage. The most frequently observed immediate complication, incomplete abortion, accounted for 40% of all immediate complications in both early uterine evacuation and suction curettage procedures; infection was the delayed complication observed most often in suction curettage procedures. Physician assistants have been providing abortion services in Vermont since 1975; this study has shown that there are no differences in complication rates between those women who had abortions performed by a physician assistant and those performed by a physician.
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | ABORTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCONCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | PHYSICIANS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Health Facilities
Document Number: 268806 Notification

24.
Title: Northeast: 1984 population and 1983 per capita income estimates for counties and incorporated places.
Author: Starsinic DE
Source: CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS. SERIES P-26, LOCAL POPULATION ESTIMATES. 1986 Jun;(84-NE-SC):i-iv, 1-82.
Abstract: This report is 1 of 5 regional reports containing current estimates of July 1, 1984, population and calendar year 1983 per capita money income for all general purpose government units in each state in the Northeast US. Areas included in this series of reports are 1) counties (or county equivalents), 2) incorporated places, and 3) active minor civil divisions (MCDs). The detailed tables show the July 1, 1984, population estimate and the April 1, 1980, census population for each area, along with the numerical and percentage change between 1980 and 1984. In addition, they present the 1983 per capita money income estimates, together with the 1979 per capita money income and the percentage change between these 2 figures. These estimates are presented for each state in the region in county order, with all incorporated places in each county listed in alphabetical order, followed by any functioning MCDs also listed in alphabetical order.
Language: English
Keywords:
CONNECTICUT | MAINE | MASSACHUSETTS | NEW HAMPSHIRE | NEW JERSEY | NEW YORK | PENNSYLVANIA | RHODE ISLAND | VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | POPULATION SIZE | INCOME | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | TABLES AND CHARTS | STATISTICS | AREA ANALYSIS | Developed Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Research Methodology
Document Number: 206205

25.
Title: Characteristics of life events during adolescence.
Author: Compas BE; Davis GE; Forsythe CJ
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY. 1985;13(6):677-91.
Abstract: Adolescence is a period of enormous change and development. Two studies of the characteristics of life events during adolescence are reported. In the first, open-ended reports of major life events and daily events were obtained from early, middle, and late adolescents. 247 males and 411 females participated in the first study; 239 early adolescents aged 12-14 years, 257 aged 15-17, and 162 aged 18-20. Less than 1% of the sample were members of ethnic minority groups. Participants were drawn from rural and urban population centers of largely middle socioeconomic status. Events which had occurred during the previous six months of their lives were listed as well as those anticipated during the upcoming six months. Involving 12 males and 59 females, the second study examined judgements by older adolescents of the valence, type, and domain of life events. There was consensus regarding those characteristics on only a small portion of events. The implications of these findings for the measurement of life events during adolescence are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
VERMONT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | LIFE STYLE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Behavior
Document Number: 112303

26.
Title: Longterm migration patterns of the elderly: a typology based on the New England case.
Author: Meyer JW
Source: Providence, Rhode Island, Brown University, Population Studies and Training Center, 1985. 23 p. (PSTC Working Paper Series No. WP-85-05)
Abstract: This study develops a typology of long-term trends (1930-1980) in elderly migration rates in the US, focusing on intraregional variation by county rather than national variation. It examines the longitudinal variation in net migration patterns of the young (65-74) and old (75+) elderly in New England's 67 counties. The 1st phase of the analysis bases migration rate types on temporal patterns. The 2nd phase generalizes from the temporally descriptive types to a typology based on county characteristics. About 60% of the 134 possible categorization fall into 3 categories (positive rate, negative rate, and turnaround counties)k. About 1/2 the counties have similar patterns for both the young and old elderly. Counties falling into the miscellaneous category have mixed patterns of losses and gains over time. The author then uses discriminating variables in differentiating the 4 categories in the typology. For the young-old population, the 13 variables can be used to correctly categorize 76.1% of the counties. Almost 2/3 of the counties can be correctly classified into the 4 categories of the 75 and over population's net migration typology. The positive-rate category, with positive net migration rates for 5 decades, is clearly associated with counties that have a long-standing retirement and recreation reputation. Counties with large, old, declining cities comprise the bulk of the negative-rate category. The turnaround category with negative net migration rates followed by increasingly positive rates, consists of counties that have become migration destinations more recently-- nonmetropolitan, with recently developed recreational resources. At a national level, the age factor may be more important in the analysis of net migration rates.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MAINE | CONNECTICUT | NEW HAMPSHIRE | RHODE ISLAND | VERMONT | MASSACHUSETTS | OLDER ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS, 80 AND OVER | MIGRATION | TURNAROUND MIGRATION | COUNTIES | TIME FACTORS | POPULATION SIZE | MOTIVATION | INCOME | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Internal Migration | Administrative Districts | Geographic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 203872

27.
Title: Induced terminations of pregnancy: reporting states, 1981.
Author: Prager K
Source: Monthly Vital Statistics Report. 1985;34(4):1-36.
Abstract: The report is based on 1981 data reported by 12 states: Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont and Virginia. Detailed reports are included which show data on all abortions in the reporting area. The induced abortion ratio for the 12-State area in 1981 was 391.0 abortions/1000 live births, an increase of less than 1% from the previous year. 28% of the 1981 induced abortions were to women under 20 years of age, and 35% to woman between 20 and 24 years. The pattern of abortions by age for white and black women has remained similar since 1978. In 1981, as in previous years, a larger proportion of white women who had abortions (64%) were under 25 years, compared with 59% of black women. All states except New York (only New York City) collected information on marital status. Of the abortions occurring in this reporting area in 1981, 23% were for married women and 77% for unmarried women. The former (median age 27.6) were older than the latter (median age 22.0). Black women who had abortions were older than white women, regardless of marital status. Among married women the abortion ratio was was more than twice as high for black as for white women. However, among unmarried women the relationship by race was reversed. For all races combined, the abortion ratio for married women decreased by 5% from 1980 to 1981 and by 4% for unmarried women. Abortion rates are presented in this report for the 1st time; they express the probability of abortion among women in the reproductive ages. The rate of abortions was more than twice as high for black as for white women. Among both race groups, women aged 20-24 showed the highest abortion rate. Rates for black women were higher at every age than were rates for white women. The abortion rate per 1000 unmarried women aged 15-44 was 34.6 compared with 7.4 for married women. For white women abortion ratios generally decreased with increasing educational attainment. For black women in contrast, ratios generally increased with increasing education. Black women having abortions were more likely to have had previous live births at every age than white women. In each age group, a larger proportion of black women had experienced a prior abortion. The median gestational period for black women and for younger ones tended to be longer than for white and for older women. Suction curettage was the most frequently reported method (90%), followed by saline instillation (3.5%). Relative frequency of induced abortions per 1000 live births was more than twice as high for residents of metropolitan (460.8) than for nonmetropolitan areas (188.7). A technical note covers the nature and sources of data, item completeness, data classification, explanation of rates, ratios, % and medians and result generalizability to the country as a whole.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COLORADO | KANSAS | MISSOURI | MONTANA | NEW YORK | OREGON | RHODE ISLAND | SOUTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | VERMONT | VIRGINIA | ABORTION | MEASUREMENT | ABORTION RATE | AGE FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | WHITES | MARITAL STATUS | DATA ANALYSIS | VITAL STATISTICS | RESEARCH REPORT | CURRENTLY MARRIED | UNMARRIED | TABLES AND CHARTS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Nuptiality | Population Statistics
Document Number: 268269 Notification

30.
Title: Ectopic pregnancy: incidence and review of determinant factors.
Author: Barnes AB; Wennberg CN; Barnes BA
Source: Obstetric and Gynecological Survey. 1983 Jun;38(6):345-56.
Abstract: The incidence of ectopic pregnancies has been expressed various ways that are not comparable and provide widely differing estimates due to individual definitions of the denominator. Population-based data are presented based on a count of all ectopic pregnancies reported in short stay hospitals in Maine, Rhode Island, and Vermont in 1974-76. The incidence is 40/10<5>female population ages 14-44 and is more consistent across 80 hospital service areas than other gynecological diagnoses. The data do not reveal an increasing incidence over these 3 years in contrast to national surveys based on a longer period of observation. A review of determinant factors for ectopic pregnancy is presented, and current theories concerning the etiology, changes in contraceptive practices, innovations in sterilization procedures, or advances in diagnosis do not appear individually or collectively to explain the increasing incidences reported by others. Further basic biologic and epidemiologic research is needed to determine causes and trends in this principal cause of 1st trimester mortality in pregnant women. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
MAINE | RHODE ISLAND | VERMONT | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | PREGNANCY | INCIDENCE | DATA COLLECTION | TREATMENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | UTERINE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IUD COMPLICATIONS | CONTRACEPTION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SIDE EFFECTS | MATERNAL AGE | HYSTERECTOMY | TUBAL LIGATION | LAPAROSCOPY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | COMPLICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Reproduction | Measurement | Research Methodology | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Economic Factors
Document Number: 017640


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