1.  Title: Prevalence of Candida species and potential risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis in Aligarh, India. Author: Ahmad A; Khan AU Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2009 May;144(1):68-71. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine the frequency of Candida species in women of different age groups as well as to suggest the criteria for the diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of vulvovaginal candidiasis was carried out using laboratory diagnosis, with the estimation of vaginal pH and the direct microscopic and biochemical examination of vaginal discharge/secretions. Vaginal cultures for Candida species were collected from 1050 women with vulvovaginal symptoms. RESULTS: Out of 1050 women, 215 (20.47%) were positive for Candida species. Of 215 women, 172 (80%) had pH within the normal range and 167 (77.67%) were showing yeast cells and mycelia on direct microscopic examination. Candida albicans accounted for 46.9% of cases, Candida glabrata 36.7%, Candida parapsilosis 10.2%, Candida tropicalis 2.8%, Candida krusei 1.4%, and Candida kiefer 1.9%. The frequency of culture positivity was related to pregnancy (P<0.001), an increase in parity (P<0.001), and use of oral contraceptives (P<0.001) and antibiotics (P<0.001). The most common signs and symptoms in 215 women with positive cultures were pruritus with or without vaginal discharge and vaginal erythema. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that vulvovaginal candidiasis can only be diagnosed by using clinical criteria in correlation with vulvovaginal symptoms and Candida cultures. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | CANDIDIASIS | RISK FACTORS | PREVALENCE | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PRURITUS | VAGINITIS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Health | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Dermatitis | Vaginal Abnormalities Document Number: 342002 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Some minor female reproductive system disorders: findings in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Author: Vessey M; Yeates D Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):105-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Oxford-Family Planning Association (Oxford-FPA) contraceptive study has provided information on many serious diseases of the female reproductive tract. No information has been published about a number of common minor conditions. This report fills the gap with regard to uterine polyp, cervicitis, cervical erosion, and vaginitis and vulvitis. METHODS: The Oxford-FPA study includes 17 032 married women recruited at ages 25-39 years between 1968 and 1974 from clinics in England and Scotland. These women were followed up until mid-1994. Information collected during follow-up included details of contraceptive use, cervical smears taken at the clinic, pregnancies and hospital referrals. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive (OC) use was associated with a reduction in first hospital referral for uterine polyp and for vaginitis and vulvitis, which became more marked with increasing duration of use. There was a slightly increased rate of hospital referral for cervicitis in OC users. Referral for cervical erosion was markedly increased in current and recent OC users (rate ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.8-2.4). This increase in risk steadily declined after OC use was discontinued. First hospital referral for both uterine polyp and cervical erosion showed a highly significant negative association with numbers of cigarettes smoked per day. The explanation for these observations is unknown. CONCLUSIONS: It should be remembered that the OCs studied were mainly those used in the 1970s and 1980s and mostly contained 50 mug estrogen. On balance, the overall effect of OC use on the conditions considered was neutral or beneficial. The apparent protective effect of cigarette smoking against uterine polyp and cervical erosion, even if valid, counts as nothing against the overwhelming adverse effects of smoking on health. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | PREVALENCE | VAGINITIS | UTERUS | DISEASES | CERVICAL EFFECTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PAP SMEAR | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Measurement | Vaginal Abnormalities | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Cervix | Infections | Contraception | Family Planning | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330947 |
| 3. Title: A universal combination treatment for vaginitis. Author: Bornstein J; Zarfati D Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008 Apr;65(3):195-200. Abstract: We compared a novel vaginal tablet consisting of 100 mg of clotrimazole and 100 mg of metronidazole ('Clo-Met') to a 100-mg clotrimazole tablet in the treatment of vaginitis. The method used was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Women with vaginal discharge and diagnosed as suffering from vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis or Candida albicans, or any combination of the three, and who had not received treatment for vaginitis during the previous month, were studied. 165 patients were enrolled into the study - 84 into the combined therapy group, and 81 into the clotrimazole group. In women with Candida vaginitis, Clo-Met was more effective than clotrimazole treatment (p less than 0.012 and p less than 0.05, respectively). A combination vaginal tablet consisting of clotrimazole and metronidazole is therapeutically effective in candidal vaginitis. The effectiveness of Clo-Met on bacterial vaginosis, T. vaginalis infection as well as on vaginal infections due to a combination of these microorganisms should be studied further. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | WOMEN | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VAGINITIS | VAGINAL TABLET | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 326918 |
| 4. Title: Gynecologic issues in the HIV-infected woman. Author: Cejtin HE Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2008 Dec;22(4):709-39, vii. Abstract: In this article, gynecologic conditions of increased importance in the HIV-infected woman are discussed. Women living with HIV may have an increase in menstrual disorders, lower genital tract neoplasias, gynecologic surgery, and sexually transmitted infections. The literature relevant to choosing a method of contraception for HIV-positive women is also discussed. With the advent of HAART, seropositive women are now facing issues around longevity, such as menopause and disorders of bone mineral density, as well as those associated with fertility. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MANAGEMENT | WOMEN | VAGINITIS | PELVIC INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Infections | Reproductive Tract Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329614 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Zataria multiflora cream for the treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis. Author: Khosravi AR; Eslami AR; Shokri H; Kashanian M Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 May;101(2):201-202. Abstract: Vaginitis is the most prevalent gynecologic problem and the reason for 10 million consultations per year. Topical drugs, including imidazoles and triazoles, are used for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. In some cases, however, these drugs are ineffective or produce adverse effects, or they are associated with a high rate of relapse. Carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol are the antimicrobial components of Zataria multiflora oil and Fataneh and Mahmoudabadi et al. have demonstrated their anti-Candida activity in 2 in-vitro studies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 0.1% vaginal cream prepared with the essential oil of Z. multiflora in treating acute vaginal candidiasis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | VAGINITIS | PREVALENCE | CANDIDIASIS | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TREATMENT | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Measurement | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325982 |
| 6. Title: Placental histological inflammation and reproductive tract infections in a low risk pregnant population in Latvia. Author: Rezeberga D; Lazdane G; Kroica J; Sokolova L; Donders GG Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(3):360-365. Abstract: The objective was to investigate the correlation of reproductive tract infections (RTI) and endogenous vaginal flora at first antenatal consultation with placental histological inflammation. In a follow-up study, 154 low risk women with no miscarriage risk factors were examined for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS), Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis (GDS) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). At delivery, outcome data were collected and the histology of the placenta was studied. Some 85 (56.3%) of all pregnant women had RTI or endogenous vaginal flora. Placental histological inflammation correlated with genital tract colonisation with G. vaginalis (p = 0.013), BV (p = 0.031), S. aureus (p = 0.04) and aerobic vaginitis (p = 0.017). BV and BV-related G. vaginalis correlated with the presence of parietal and placental chorioamnionitis in 53.8 and 43.5% of cases. Genital tract colonisation with GDS and other aerobic flora in combination with inflammatory vaginitis correlated with the presence of funisitis in 33.3 and 40.0% of cases. Mycoplasmas increased the risk for intrauterine infection only when present in combination with other RTIs (p = 0.023). Histological placental inflammation is associated with both BV and genital tract colonisation with aerobic bacteria, while funisitis is associated with colonisation of aerobic bacteria at first prenatal visit before the 17th gestational week. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | VAGINITIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325066 |
7.  Title: [Relationship of laboratory results with clinical signs and symptoms of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the significance of the sexual partners for the maintenance of the infection] Correlacao entre os resultados laboratoriais e os sinais e sintomas clinicos das pacientes com candidiase vulvovaginal e relevancia dos parceiros sexuais na manutencao da infeccao em Sao Paulo, Brasil. Author: Boatto HF; de Moraes MS; Machado AP; Girao MJ; Fischman O Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2007 Feb;29(2):80-84. Abstract: PURPOSE: to relate yeasts identified by laboratory tests to clinical signs and symptoms in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, and to investigate the importance of the sexual partners in the recurrence of the infection. METHODS: from July 2001 to July 2003, a sample of 179 patients aged from 18 to 65 years old, with clinical suspicion of fungal vaginitis were analyzed in a prospective study in Great São Paulo. Exclusion criteria included: pregnancy, impaired intrinsic or extrinsic immune response (including Aids), diabetes or immunosuppression; patients undergoing corticosteroid, antibiotic or hormone therapy, in post menopause, with intrauterine device (IUD) or making use of vaginal douches or spemicides. Samples of vaginal and penis secretions from partners of patients with relapse of vaginitis episodes were collected for microscopy and fungal culture. Fungal colonies isolated in CHROMagar Candida were identified by classical methods. Fisher's exact t-test was used to correlate the clinical picture with the yeasts isolated from patients. RESULTS: the most relevant clinical signs and symptoms were pruritus and vaginal discharge followed by erythema and edema, statistically independent from the etiological agent. Direct microscopy revealed yeasts in 77 patients with vulvovaginitis, and 40 Candida spp cultures were obtained. Candida albicans (70%), C. glabrata (20%), C. tropicalis (7,5%) and C. guilliermondii (2,5%) were identified. The yeasts prevalent in partners were C. albicans and C. glabrata. The same species were detected in female and male sex partners in 87% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: fungal vulvovaginitis was more frequent in women between 18 and 34 years old. No correlation was observed between the species of yeast detected and clinical symptomatology. Sexual partners are important Candida spp reservoirs and may be related to the maintenance of the vulvovaginal candidiasis. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VAGINITIS | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception Document Number: 324619 |
| 8. Title: Distribution of Candida species in women with vulvovaginal symptoms and their association with different ages and contraceptive methods. Author: Cetin M; Ocak S; Gungoren A; Hakverdi AU Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;39(6-7):584-588. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and distribution of Candida spp. within different age groups and different contraceptive methods users in women with vulvovaginal symptoms. The study included 569 female outpatients who had visited the Education and Research Hospital of Mustafa Kemal University, Turkey, between January 2004 and June 2005. Among 569 women with symptoms of vulvovaginitis, 240 (42.2%) were positive for Candida spp., of which 106 (44.2%) were C. albicans and 134 (55.8%) were non-albicans spp. The age group 26-30 y had the highest frequency of Candida spp. (23.7%). Candida spp. were isolated from 44.2% of contraceptive method users, and 37.9% of noncontraceptive users (p > 0.05). The isolation rate of C. albicans was higher among oral-contraceptive users (57.5%) than IUCD users (38.5%), coitus interruptus (48.5%) and condom users (42.8%). These results indicate that factors associated with age and contraceptive method used may influence the occurrence and distribution of Candida spp. in women with vulvovaginal symptoms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | VAGINITIS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | AGE FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | CANDIDIASIS | PREVALENCE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 317934 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: The use of vaginal antimicrobial after large loop excision of transformation zone: A prospective randomised trial. Author: Chan KK; Tam KF; Tse KY; Ngan HY Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2007 Aug;114(8):970-976. Abstract: The objective was to investigate whether the use of an antibacterial vaginal pessary containing tetracycline and amphotericin B would reduce complications from large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). The design used was a prospective randomised controlled trial. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong was the setting for the study. A total of 321 women who underwent LLETZ were used in for the study. Women were randomised to either receiving an antimicrobial vaginal pessary twice a day for 14 days after LLETZ or no medication. Before LLETZ, endocervical and high vaginal swabs were taken for the detection of Chlamydia and other pathogens. All women were given a diary to record the degree of symptoms, such as vaginal discharge, bleeding and pain for 3 weeks. These were then compared between the two groups. Main outcome measure:s Bleeding, vaginal discharge and pain after LLETZ. There was no significant difference in the total bleeding, vaginal discharge and pain scores between the two groups. However, for women who had positive endocervical or high vaginal swabs, the treatment group had significantly less bleeding in the second week (Z = -2.083, P = 0.037) and less overall vaginal discharge (Z = -2.024, P = 0.043). An antimicrobial vaginal pessary containing tetracycline and amphotericin B did not provide any significant benefit after LLETZ, except for a subgroup of women with positive vaginal or endocervical swabs. Given that this group of women cannot be identified before the procedure since swabs are not routinely taken, the use of routine prophylactic topical antibiotics cannot be recommended for the general population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CHLAMYDIA | VAGINITIS | PAIN | BLEEDING | SCREENING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Signs and Symptoms | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 318587 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Nonalbicans Candida species and antifungal susceptibility. Author: Fan SR; Liu XP Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Aug;98(2):158-159. Abstract: A number of studies have shown an increase in the incidence of nonalbicans Candida species, mainly of Candida glabrata, in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). It is important to identify these nonalbicans Candida organisms because they tend to be less susceptible than Candida albicans to the commonly used antifungal agents and are more frequently associated with recurrent infection. A total of 169 strains of nonalbicans Candida were detected between April 2002 and June 2006 in genital swabs from women who had VVC or who were seeking prenatal care at the clinic of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital. Vulvovaginal candidiasis was defined as vulvar itching, vaginal discharge, and the presence of blastoconidia or pseudohyphae on a vaginal smear mixed with a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide. Cultures were performed for all vaginal smears found positive. All strains were identified using the standardized system API Candida (BioMerieux, Lyon, France) and stored in a 10% skim milk medium at -70°. The E-test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) was used according to the manufacturer's instructions to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of antifungal agents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINITIS | ANTIBIOTICS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 318813 |
| 11. Title: [Frequency of gardnerella vaginalis in vaginal smears of hysterectomized women] Frequencia de gardnerella vaginalis em esfregacos vaginais de pacientes histerectomizadas. Author: Nai GA; Mello AL; Ferreira AD; Barbosa L Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2007;53(2):162-165. Abstract: OBJECTIVE. This work intended to evaluate the frequency of Gardnerella vaginallis in cervicalvaginal smears of hysterectomized women when compared to smears of non-hysterectomized women. METHODS. A retrospective study was conducted in the laboratory of pathology of the Western Sao Paulo University - Unoeste and 39.447 cervical/vaginal cytology reports were reviewed. Of these, 1934 women were totally hysterectomized and 37,513 were nonhysterectomized. Only data from Gardnerella vaginalis patients were collected (n=755) among the non-hysterectomized patients. RESULTS. There was a predominance of Lactobacillus species (60% of the cases) in the vaginal microbiota of hysterectomized patients with an incidence of Gardnerella vaginalis in 7.08% of the cases with a prevalence among the 41 to 50 year old age group (38 %). Among non-hysterectomized patients, 755 (2 %) had Gardnerella vaginalis and most patients were under 40 years of age (62%). CONCLUSION. Hysterectomized women are more than 3.71 times morelikely to have Gardnerella vaginalis. Gardnerella vaginalis predominated in the 41 to 50 year old age group of hysterectomized women, and in the group of non-hysterectomized women with less than 40 years of age. Maintenance of the vaginal pH is important to prevent Gardnerella vaginalis infections and hysterectomized patients must take preventive care against this infection. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | HYSTERECTOMY | VAGINITIS | INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 324812 |
| 12. Title: Hypersensitivity to aeroallergens in patients with recurrent vulvovaginitis of undetermined etiology. Author: Ozturk S; Caliskaner Z; Karaayvaz M; Dede M; Gulec M Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2007 Aug;33(4):496-500. Abstract: Recent findings show that the vaginal mucosa can develop an allergic response to environmental allergens and there is a strong association between atopy and some recurrent vulvovaginal infections. In this study, we investigated prospectively the rate of atopy in patients with recurrent vulvovaginitis of undetermined etiology (RVV). After being investigated by a gynecologist, 35 patients with RVV who were considered as undetermined etiology formed the study group. The control group consisted of 150 healthy females. Study and control groups were investigated for atopy by means of skin prick test for common aeroallergens. Associated allergic disease and familial atopy history of the subjects were recorded. The rate of atopy (11/35; 31.4% vs 9/150; 6%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the study group than in the controls. Familial history of atopy was significantly more frequent in the study group than in the controls (10/35; 28.6% vs 8/150; 5.3%, P < 0.05). RVV in atopics is more associated with seasonal rhinitis than in nonatopics (5/11; 45.4% vs 2/24; 8.3%, P < 0.05). We concluded that a significant number of RVV is associated with atopy. Although the exact mechanism(s) of this relationship remains to be investigated atopy might be a causative and/or contributing factor in the pathogenesis of RVV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VAGINITIS | ALLERGIC REACTION | SEASONAL VARIATION | PRURITUS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Population Dynamics | Dermatitis Document Number: 319417 |
| 13. Title: Trichonamas vaginalis infection among Palestinian women: Prevalence and trends during 2000 - 2006. Author: Al-Hindi AI; Lubbad AM Source: Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2006;36(6):371-375. Abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis has not been studied in Gaza and there is no available data on the prevalence of this sexually transmitted disease (STD). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) among Palestinian women attending a child and mother care center in Gaza, Palestine and to estimate the trend of prevalence over the period from 2000-2006. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 430 pregnant women attending a child and mother care center in Gaza. The clinical and gynecologic examinations were performed according to the complaints reported by each woman, especially infertility. Vaginal and cervical swabs were collected and stained with Papanicolaou (Pap) stain. Out of 423 women, a total of 77 were found to be infected with T. vaginalis, for a prevalence of 18.2%. A decrease in the prevalence of T. vaginalis was observed with increasing age. A significant association between vaginal discharge and T. vaginalis infection was found (P = 0.001). No clear trend was noted in the prevalence of T. vaginalis over the period from 2000-2006. A considerable prevalence of T. vaginalis was found among pregnant women in Gaza. These results may be useful for health authorities, especially for antenatal care and protection against STDs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TRICHOMONIASIS | VAGINITIS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Measurement Document Number: 314809 |
| 14. Title: Frequency and determinants of vaginal infection in postpartum period: a cross-sectional survey from low socioeconomic settlements, Karachi, Pakistan. Author: Ali TS; Fikree FF; Rahbar MH; Mahmud S Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2006 Mar;56(3):99-103. Abstract: The objective was to determine the frequency and factors associated with perceived vaginal infections among married women in their postpartum period. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2000 to October 2000 in five squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. These squatter settlements were selected on the basis of an existing surveillance system run by female community health workers for maternal and child healthcare which identified women who had delivered 42-56 days prior to the date of interview. Vaginal infection was considered present when a mother perceived foul smelling vaginal discharge during the postpartum period. Mothers were interviewed to gain insight into socioeconomic and demographic variables, materials used to staunch lochia, duration of labour, personal and perineal hygiene and past obstetric history. A total of 525 women were interviewed. The estimated prevalence of perceived vaginal infection was 5.1%. Factors associated with perceived vaginal infections included, delivery conducted by a non-medical personnel (AOR 3.5, CI 1.3-9.5) and use of unhygienic cloth or cotton for staunch of lochia (AOR 2.7, CI 1.1-6.2). Among women who reported perceived vaginal infection, a higher proportion were delivered by non-medical personnel, and used unhygienic material (cloth or cotton) for staunch of lochia as compared to women who did not perceive vaginal infection. We recommend deliveries to be conducted by trained personnel and provision of health education for persons who conduct delivery and women to use hygienic material for staunch of lochia during post partum period. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | NURSE-MIDWIVES | POSTPARTUM | VAGINITIS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PREVALENCE | CHILDBIRTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Puerperium | Reproduction | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Measurement | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 300252 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluating the clinical safety of three vaginal applicators: a pilot study conducted in the Dominican Republic. Author: Brache V; Cohen JA; Cochon L; Alvarez F Source: Contraception. 2006;73:72-77. Abstract: Targeted research on applicator safety has not been conducted as part of microbicide clinical trials and was considered necessary for ensuring safe and effective product use. Colposcopy, regarded as a standard method for assessing the safety of vaginal products, including microbicides, was used in this study to assess the external genitalia, vaginal epithelium and cervical epithelium after a single applicator use. The objectives of this study were to assess and compare the effects of three vaginal applicators on symptoms and signs of irritation of the external genitalia, vagina and cervix as seen by colposcopy after applicator use. Twenty women used three different vaginal applicators over three separate clinic visits 7-14 days apart and underwent a colposcopic examination before and after each applicator use. In total, the safety of each applicator was assessed over 20 product uses. No severe colposcopic finding was reported. Four minor colposcopic findings (petechiae) were considered possibly related to product use. No difference was found between applicators. This study provides reassuring data on the safety of the three applicator products from the perspective of causing vaginal trauma or irritation. Epithelial changes that could be more important for risk of disease transmission were not observed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | COLPOSCOPY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VAGINAL BARRIER METHODS | SIDE EFFECTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | SAFETY | VAGINITIS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities Document Number: 293364 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Red clover extract (MF1 1RCE) supplementation and postmenopausal vaginal and sexual health. Author: Chedraui P; Hidalgo L; San Miguel G; Morocho N; Ross S Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Dec;95(3):296-297. Abstract: Approximately 75% to 85% of postmenopausal women seek medical attention due to symptoms of vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. In Ecuador, 72.7% of postmenopausal women have been found to present vaginal dryness associated to decreased libido (76.5%) and sexual avoidance (75.2%). Although several options have been advocated for the treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy, estrogens applied local or systemically continue to be an important one. Despite this, the recently reported results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study have changed physicians' and patients' attitude towards hormone therapy, increasing their interest for alternative therapies. Phytoestrogens and its main isoflavones (soy or red clover derived) are among these alternatives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | VAGINITIS | ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 309280 |
| 17. Title: [Prevalence of the HIV infection and five other sexually-transmitted infections among sex workers in Niamey, Niger] Prevalence de l’infection due au VIH et de cinq autres infections sexuellement transmissibles chez les professionnelles du sexe a Niamey, Niger. Author: Mamadou S; Kader AL; Rabiou S; Aboubacar A; Soumana O Source: Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique. 2006 Mar;99(1):19-22. Abstract: We performed a systematic screening of HIV infection and five other sexually transmitted infections on a consecutive sample of 529 female sex workers from Niamey. HIV seroprevalence rate was 30.1%, with HIV-1 profile in 93.1% of the cases. For curable STI, 4.7% of women had treponematosis, 7% gonorrhoea, 16.8% Gardnerella vaginalis, 36.9% Mycoplasma hominis and 68.2% Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The percentage of women with at least one STI was significantly higher in HIV positives: 95.6% against 87.9%. Only 7.9% of women were free of any infection. Language: French Keywords: NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | SCREENING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GONORRHEA | VAGINITIS | CHLAMYDIA | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Vaginal Abnormalities Document Number: 324783 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Vulvovaginal candidiasis. [Candidiasis vulvovaginal] Author: Moreira D; Paula CR Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Mar;92(3):266-267. Abstract: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is one of the most common causes of feminine genital tract infections encountered in medical practice. Up to 75% of all women will experience fungal vulvovaginitis at some point in their lives, and approximately 40--50% will experience a second episode of this disease. The clinical manifestations most often described in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis are pruritus, hyperemia, vaginal discomfort and leucorrhea. The present study was aimed at identifying strains of Candida spp. isolated from patients with symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis. During the period from September 2002 to March 2004, data were collected on 130 women. The samples collected were submitted to the following exams: microscopic examination of fresh wet mount, examination of Gram-stain smear and also culture. The results of examination by Gram stain were assigned a score according to Nugent et al.. The isolated yeasts were identified according to the methods established by Kurtzman and Fell. Data were analyzed by Graphpad instat using [chi] with correlation or Fisher's exact test. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: La candidiasis vulvovaginal es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta médica por infecciones del aparato genital femenino. Hasta un 75% de las mujeres experimenta vulvovaginitis micótica en algún momento de su vida, y aproximadamente entre el 40 y el 50% experimenta un segundo episodio de esta enfermedad. Las manifestaciones clínicas que las pacientes con candidiasis vaginal refieren con mayor frecuencia son prurito, hiperemia, molestias vaginales y leucorrea. El objeto de este estudio fue identificar cepas aisladas de Candida spp. de pacientes con síntomas de candidiasis vulvovaginal. Se recopilaron datos de 130 mujeres durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2002 y marzo de 2004. Las muestras obtenidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: prueba microscópica de frotis fresco, tinción de Gram y cultivo. Se calificaron los resultados de las pruebas por tinción de Gram según el puntaje de Nugent y colaboradores. Se identificaron los aislados de levadura mediante métodos establecidos por Kurtzman y Fell. Se analizaron los datos con el software GraphPad instat utilizando [chi] con correlación o prueba exacta de Fisher. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | VAGINITIS | CANDIDIASIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 297511 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparative efficacy of two regimens in syndromic management of lower genital infections. Author: Sharma JB; Mittal S; Raina U; Chanana C Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Jan;273(4):232-235. Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two combination regimens in the syndromic management of lower genital infection. Seventy-two non-pregnant women presenting with symptoms of lower genital infection diagnosed as vaginitis on clinical examination and lacking obvious upper genital infection were enrolled to one of the two treatment regimens as a syndromic treatment. No investigations were performed to cut the cost and to avoid the loss of patients on follow-up. Thirty-seven women (group I) were prescribed a course of clotrimazole (Imidil, Lyka) 100 mg vaginal pessaries for 6 days. Along with their partners they were prescribed 2 gm secnidazole (Secnil forte) and 150 mg fluconazole (Syscan) as a single therapy. Thirty-five women (group II) were prescribed vaginal clotrimazole as mentioned above. A combination kit containing 150 mg fluconazole, 2 gm secnidazole and 1 gm azithromycin (FAS-3 kit, Lyka) was also prescribed to both partners with the advice to take azithromycin on empty stomach, and the other three tablets after food. All women in both groups were seen after 1 week for relief of symptoms and after 1 month for any recurrence. Mean parity was 2.7 and 3.0, respectively. The total symptomatic relief was observed in 67.6 and 94.3% cases, partial relief in 27 and 5.7% cases and no relief was observed in 5.4% and nil cases, respectively, in the two groups. Recurrence was seen in two and nil cases, respectively, in the two groups. Most women tolerated both the treatments well with no major side effect in any case. Treatment cost was higher in group II (Rupees 120) than in group I (Rupees 65). Both combination kits with local clotrimazole were reasonably effective and safe in the syndromic approach for lower genital infections. The combination kit with azithromycin, secnidazole and fluconazole was more effective with better symptomatic relief and less recurrence rate and may be routinely recommended in all cases of lower genital infection as a cost effective, safe and effective strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VAGINITIS | ANTIBIOTICS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 298269 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Do we need to treat vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls? Author: Joishy M; Ashtekar CS; Jain A; Gonsalves R Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2005 Jan 22;330:186-188. Abstract: Vulvovaginitis is generally considered to be the commonest gynaecological problem in prepubertal girls, although the incidence is unknown. In practice, the terms vulvitis, vaginitis, and vulvovaginitis are often used interchangeably by doctors in diagnosing inflammatory conditions of the lower female genital tract. Diagnosing infection is confounded by the overlap between normal flora and potential pathogens. The presence of an organism does not itself denote causation, and the clinical picture as well as microbiology should be considered before infection is assumed. Despite vulvovaginitis being a common problem, the initial management is mostly empirical, and antibiotics are commonly prescribed. In this review, we present available evidence on the management of vulvovaginitis focusing mainly on the microbiology. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VAGINITIS | TREATMENT | ANTIBIOTICS | ETHICS | SEXUAL ABUSE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Drugs | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 280659 |
| 21. Title: Vaginitis in Turkish women: symptoms, epidemiologic-microbiologic association. Author: Karaer A; Boylu M; Avsar AF Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2005 Aug 1;121(2):211-215. Abstract: The objective was to determine the relationship between clinical-epidemiologic findings and microbiologic results in vaginitis. A prospective study of 212 women with vaginal symptoms was undertaken. Each patient underwent an evaluation that included standardized history, interview after pelvic examination and vaginal culture. Only 45% of patients received diagnosis. Only two symptoms were more frequently noted with diagnosis. Itching was more frequent in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VCC) whereas odor was more frequent in Bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV was associated with a history of spontaneous and induced abortion, increased number of pregnancy, vaginal douching practice and intrauterine contraceptive device usage. VVC was found to be associated with no contraceptive usage and previous vaginitis history. Presenting symptoms alone or with microbiologic studies has limited value, and that of the women with vaginal symptoms may lack a microbiologic diagnosis. Evidence-based approaches that produce highly accurate diagnostic and effective treatment regimens would be expected in the future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VAGINITIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | HYGIENE | ABORTION | IUD COMPLICATIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Public Health | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Infections Document Number: 289938 Notification |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Frequency of infectious agents for vaginitis in non- and hysterectomized women. [Frecuencia de agentes infecciosos para la vaginitis en mujeres sin y con histerectomía] Author: Murta EF; Silva AO; Silva EA; Adad SJ Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005 Dec;273(3):152-156. Abstract: The frequency of infectious agents for vaginitis has shown varying results. Bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis are infections related to vaginal pH alteration. Vaginal pH is related to endocervical pH in pre- and post-menopaused women, and vaginal pH in hysterectomized women is more acidic than in non-hysterectomized women. The aim of this paper is to verify differences in Papanicolaou smear diagnoses of infectious agents in hysterectomized women. A retrospective study was conducted at Faculdade de Medicina do Triaˆ ngulo Mineiro (public tertiary referral centre). A total of 1,579 Papanicolaou reports for each group (hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized) was analysed. Clue cells, Candida sp., Trichomonas vaginalis, cytolysis, coccobacilli and lactobacilli were diagnosed by cytological criteria (Papanicolaou's method), statistical methods: the x/2 test and linear regression (significance level < 0.05). Clue cells decrease with the age in both the groups and are more frequent in non-hysterectomized women with > 59 years. There is an increased frequency of Coccobacilli and a decrease of lactobacillus as the age of women increases. The frequency of T. vaginalis is not influenced by hysterectomy but there is a decreased frequency between 40 years and 49 years old. Cytolysis was more frequent in women below 40 years old and between 50 years and 59 years old in both groups (P < 0.009). Candida sp. is a less common finding between 40 years and 49 years old in both groups and more frequent in hysterectomized women with > 60 years old (P = 0.002). Our results showed that the presence of infectious agents for vaginitis in Papanicolaou findings is associated with age. The frequency of finding of Candida sp. in women above 60 years old may be influenced by hysterectomy. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La frecuencia de los agentes infecciosos en la vaginitis ha mostrado diferentes resultados. La vaginosis bacteriana y la candidiasis son infecciones relacionadas con la alteración del pH vaginal. El pH vaginal está relacionado con el endocervical en las mujeres pre y postmenopáusicas, y el pH vaginal en las mujeres con histerectomía es más ácido que en las que conservan el útero. El objetivo de este trabajo es verificar las diferencias en los diagnósticos de Papanicolaous de los agentes infecciosos en las mujeres con histerectomía. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en la Facultad de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (centro público terciario de derivación). Se analizó un total de 1.579 informes de Papanicolaou para cada grupo (con y sin histerectomía). Se aplicaron criterios citológicos (Papanicolau) y estadísticos (chi cuadrado [x/2] y regresión lineal [nivel de significancia < 0,05]) para diagnosticar células guía, Candida sp., Trichomonas vaginalis, citólisis, cocobacilos y lactobacilos. Las células guía disminuyen con la edad en ambos grupos y son más frecuentes en las mujeres sin histerectomía de más de 59 años. Se registró un aumento en la frecuencia de cocobacilos y una disminución de lactobacilos a medida que avanza la edad de las mujeres. La frecuencia de T. vaginalis no está influida por la histerectomía, no obstante, se observó una frecuencia menor entre los 40 y los 49 años de edad. La citólisis fue más frecuente en mujeres menores de 40 años de edad y entre 50 y 59 años de edad en ambos grupos (P < 0,009). Candida sp. es un resultado menos común entre los 40 y 49 años en ambos grupos y más frecuente en las mujeres con histerectomía mayores de 60 años (P = 0,002). Nuestros resultados muestran que la presencia de agentes infecciosos de vaginitis en los hallazgos de Papanicolaous se asocia con la edad. La frecuencia de encontrar Candida sp. en mujeres de más de 60 años podría estar influida por la histerectomía. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | VAGINITIS | AGE FACTORS | HYSTERECTOMY | VAGINOSIS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | CANDIDIASIS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adults | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections Document Number: 298260 |
| 23. Title: Vaginitis and sexually transmitted infections in a hospital based study. Author: Sami S; Baloch SN Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2005 Jun;55(6):242-244. Abstract: The objective was to determine the frequency of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in immigrant population versus the local population, comparing the symptomatic patients against the asymptomatic women as controls. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Gynaecology Clinic of Unit 1, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta. The study duration was six months from 1st April, 2004 to 31st October, 2004, examining 500 women. World Health Organization (WHO) recommended questionnaire was answered and High Vaginal Swab (HVS) was taken from posterior fornix of patient's vagina. Gram staining was done by the Pathology Department of the same hospital and description was based on Nugent's score and modified Spiegel's criteria. Blood was analyzed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) by immunochromatography. Analysis of results was done by Chi square test, screening test validity and incidence testing. Women with vaginal discharge had higher incidence of STI (84%) than without it (38%). Refugees and women with grand multiparity made the high risk groups of targeted testing (P < 0.001). The commonest notifiable infections, in this study were vaginitis (33.48%), bacterial vaginosis (30.7%), candidiasis (10%), trichomoniasis (7.2%), gonorrhea (1.35%) and 1 case each of lymphogranuloma venereum and chancroid, and 3 carrier states of HbsAg were detected. No case of syphilis or HIV/AIDS, or genital herpes was found. This study will serve as a marker for the tip of an iceberg of STI in Balochistan, needing targeted testing in high risk groups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | REFUGEES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | VAGINITIS | VAGINOSIS | PREVALENCE | SCREENING | HIV TESTING | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Biology Document Number: 289311 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV and gynaecological infections. Author: Sebitloane MH Source: Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2005;19(2):231-241. Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection primarily affects women during their reproductive years, and the co-existence of gynaecological infections is not surprising, given the fact that HIV is mainly acquired via heterosexual contact. Most gynaecological infections are themselves sexually acquired, and have the potential to increase the risk both of acquiring and transmitting the HI virus. As most sexually transmitted infections are asymptomatic, there is a need to improve methods of diagnosis and algorithms for early detection of sexually transmitted infections. HIV infection, however, particularly advanced disease, may alter the clinical presentation, course and response to conservative treatment for some of the sexually transmitted infections. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VAGINITIS | PELVIC INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | SYPHILIS | CHANCROID | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | TRICHOMONIASIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities | Infections | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections Document Number: 296920 |
| 25. Title: Short anovaginal distance: a risk factor for recurrent vaginitis. Author: Shakuntala C; Kaur KP Source: Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005;26(1):33-35. Abstract: Vaginitis is the most common gynaecological problem encountered in clinical practice. It may be caused by protozoa, bacteria, fungus or viruses, singly or in combination. Recurrent episodes may be more difficult to manage. The majority of the women with recurrent vaginitis do not have any recognizable predisposing factor although several have been implicated. Clothing, personal habits, sexual activity, oral contraceptives, antibiotics and pregancy are the most contemplated predisposing factors. In recurrent candidial vaginitis persistent intestinal reservoir is one of the commonest quoted factors. The aim of the present pilot study was to know the relationship between short anovaginal distance and recurrent vaginitis. So as to try prevention. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | VAGINITIS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VAGINA | RISK FACTORS | INFECTIONS | AGE FACTORS | PARITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 292918 |
| 26. Title: The spectrum of symptoms among rural South Africans with HIV infection. Author: Shawn ER; Campbell L; Mnguni MB; Defilippi KM; Williams AB Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2005 Nov-Dec;16(6):12-23. Abstract: The vast majority of people infected with HIV in South Africa have no access to antiretroviral therapy, making palliative care the only treatment available. An important element of palliative care is symptom management. However, little is known about the range of symptoms and the distress associated with them among rural South Africans living with HIV/AIDS. A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the spectrum of symptoms experienced by 64 HIV-positive patients who received palliative care from a rural home-based palliative care program. Data were determined using a questionnaire adapted from an HIV symptom list and HIV symptom profile. The physical symptoms of most immediate importance identified by the respondents were localized pain, skin problems, cough, vaginal discharge/infection, and fatigue. The psychological symptoms of the most immediate and overall importance were feelings of anger, loneliness, decreased support from family and friends, and a decreased sense of satisfaction. This study provides insight into the spectrum of HIV-associated symptoms in a rural South African HIV-positive population. Through improved symptom assessment and management, nurses can improve palliative care services to those suffering from the distressful symptoms associated with HIV infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PAIN | ANALGESIA | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY | VAGINITIS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Physiology | Biology | Pulmonary Effects | Vaginal Abnormalities | Behavior Document Number: 295415 |
| 27. Title: What's your diagnosis? Well-demarcated vulvar erythema in two girls. Author: Trager JD Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2005;18:43-46. Abstract: A 3-year-old girl has a persistent vulvar rash which has not responded to topical antifungal treatment. The rash is erythematous, well-demarcated, and symmetrical. She has had no vaginal discharge. An 11-year-old girl is seeing you for a vulvar rash which she has had for months. Her rash is erythematous, well-demarcated, and symmetrical with a small amount of scale at the periphery. She too has not had vaginal discharge. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILD, FEMALE | ERYTHEMA NODOSUM | DERMATITIS | VAGINITIS | ALLERGIC REACTION | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities | Signs and Symptoms | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 286246 |
| 28. Title: [Analysis on the relative factors of trichmonal vaginitis in married childbearing age women in rural impoverished area] Author: Zhang T; Yang W; Ni Z; Li F; Sun C Source: Journal of Sichuan University. 2005;36(1):101-104. Abstract: Objective: To investigate the status and relative factors of trichomonal vaginitis among married childhearing age women in rural impoverished area of the northwestern part of China and hence identify the risk factors and provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of trichomonal vaginitis. Methods: Questionnaire investigation, gynecological and laboratory examination were carried out in 480 women who had been selected by multi-stage cluster sampling in rural impoverished area of Bao Ji in ShannXi province. A case-control study was conducted to analyze the relative factors of trichomonal vaginitis and other reproductive tract infection (RTI) complications. Results: The prevalence rate of trichomonal vaginitis was 12.9%, and 64.5% of the cases were complicated with chronic cervicitis, 17.7% were complicated with adnexitis. Uni-variated and multi-variated logistic regression analyses revealed that lack of reproductive health knowledge, bath with polluted water, washing vulva or penis with polluted water before sexual intercourse, having intercourse during menstrual period, having past history of trichomonal vaginitis, as well as no-income woman's and husband's negative attitude towards wife's RTIs were risk factors of trichomonal vaginitis and complicating chronic cervicitis or adnexitis. And lack of reproductive health knowledge, bath with polluted water, washing penis with polluted water before sexual intercourse, past history of trichomonal, vaginitis, husband's negative attitude to wife's RTIs were relative factors of trichomonal vaginitis and complicating chronic cervicitis or adnexitis revealed by the binary logistic regression analysis. The less score of reproductive health knowledge, the more risk of suffering from trichomonal vaginitis complicating chronic cervicitis. Conclusion: Compositive and successive prevention and treatment scheme should be used to control trichomonal vaginitis and other RTI complications in rural impoverished area of northwestern China. The scheme should be focused on four ways, including improving sanitation behaviors in couples, insisting on normative treatment, generalizing reproductive health knowledge and mobilizing husbands to pay attention. Language: Chinese Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREVALENCE | VAGINITIS | RISK FACTORS | CERVICAL EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | HYGIENE | ATTITUDES | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Measurement | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Biology | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Public Health | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 291807 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal yeast colonisation, prevalence of vaginitis, and associated local immunity in adolescents. Author: Barousse MM; Van Der Pol BJ; Fortenberry D; Orr D; Fidel PL Jr Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2004;80:48-53. Abstract: To evaluate point prevalence vaginal yeast colonisation and symptomatic vaginitis in middle adolescents and to identify relation of these yeast conditions with reproductive hormones, sexual activity, sexual behaviours, and associated local immunity. Middle adolescent females (n = 153) were evaluated for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), asymptomatic yeast colonisation, and symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) by standard criteria. Also evaluated were local parameters, including vaginal associated cytokines, chemokines, and antibodies, vaginal epithelial cell antifungal activity, and Candida specific peripheral blood lymphocyte responses. Correlations between yeast colonisation/vaginitis and local immunomodulators, reproductive hormones, douching, sexual activity, condom use, and STIs were identified. Rates of point prevalence asymptomatic yeast colonisation (22%) were similar to adults and similarly dominated by Candida albicans, but with uncharacteristically high vaginal yeast burden. In contrast with the high rate of STIs (18%), incidence of symptomatic VVC was low (,2%). Immunological properties included high rates of Candida specific systemic immune sensitisation, a Th2 type vaginal cytokine profile, total and Candida specific vaginal antibodies dominated by IgA, and moderate vaginal epithelial cell anti-Candida activity. Endogenous reproductive hormones were in low concentration. Sexual activity positively correlated with vaginal yeast colonisation, whereas vaginal cytokines (Th1, Th2, proinflammatory), chemokines, antibodies, contraception, douching, or condom use did not. Asymptomatic vaginal yeast colonisation in adolescents is distinct in some ways with adults, and positively correlates with sexual activity, but not with local immunomodulators or sexual behaviours. Despite several factors predictive for VVC, symptomatic VVC was low compared to STIs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PAP SMEAR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | VAGINITIS | IMMUNITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Vaginal Abnormalities | Behavior | Health Document Number: 190359 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal treatment with povidone-iodine suppositories during pregnancy. Author: Czeizel AE; Kazy Z; Vargha P Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Jan;84(1):83-85. Abstract: Povidone–iodine is a complex of anti-infective iodine and a vector polymer, polyvidon, for the treatment of fungal, trichomonal, andyor bacterial vulvovaginitis and vaginosis. Iodine is released gradually after introduction of the suppository into the vagina and, in pregnant women, readily crosses the placenta to the fetus. Substantial iodine absorption was observed in the amniotic fluid. We evaluated the safety of vaginal povidone– iodine treatment (Betadine; EGIS) in the population- based Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–1996. Study subjects with isolated congenital abnormalities (CAs) and multiple CAs were selected from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry w4x, and two newborns without CAs were selected as controls for every CA case from the National Birth Registry of the Central Statistical Office (matched for sex, week of birth, and district of parents’ residence). The data regarding exposure to povidone–iodine were obtained prospectively through antenatal care logbooks and, in addition, retrospectively by questionnaires completed by mothers. Exposure information was available for 80% of cases and 70% of controls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY | ANTIBIOTICS | VAGINITIS | VAGINOSIS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Vaginal Abnormalities | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 189666 |
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