1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154. Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 341898 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: On population growth near protected areas. Author: Joppa LN; Loarie SR; Pimm SL Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4279. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Protected areas are the first, and often only, line of defense in efforts to conserve biodiversity. They might be detrimental or beneficial to rural communities depending on how they alter economic opportunities and access to natural resources. As such, protected areas may attract or repel human settlement. Disproportionate increases in population growth near protected area boundaries may threaten their ability to conserve biodiversity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using decadal population datasets, we analyze population growth across 45 countries and 304 protected areas. We find no evidence for population growth near protected areas to be greater than growth of rural areas in the same country. Furthermore, we argue that what growth does occur near protected areas likely results from a general expansion of nearby population centers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results contradict those from a recent study by Wittemyer et al., who claim overwhelming evidence for increased human population growth near protected areas. To understand the disagreement, we re-analyzed the protected areas in Wittemyer et al.'s paper. Their results are simply artifacts of mixing two incompatible datasets. Protected areas may experience unusual population pressures near their edges; indeed, individual case studies provide examples. There is no evidence, however, of a general pattern of disproportionate population growth near protected areas. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | URBANIZATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 331218 |
| 3. Title: Metabolic syndrome in Africa: an emerging perspective. Author: Onyegbutulem HC; H-Onyegbutulem PI; Reimann M; Li J; Bornstein SR; Schwarz PE Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2009 Feb;41(2):75-8. Abstract: The high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the emergence of HIV-related metabolic syndrome from its successful treatment in African countries are discussed. The classical factors fuelling metabolic syndrome as well as the role of urbanization are considered in this review. The future impact of ongoing conflicts and famine in large parts of Africa on the burden of metabolic syndrome in this region is given some attention. The current pattern of metabolic syndrome in Africa may be modified to an even more distinct form, far from that seen elsewhere. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBANIZATION | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | METABOLIC EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 331062 |
| 4. Title: Human population growth and temperature increase along with the increase in urbanisation, motor vehicle numbers and green area amount in the sample of Erzurum city, Turkey. Author: Yilmaz S; Toy S; Demircioglu Yildiz N; Yilmaz H Source: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2009 Jan;148(1-4):205-13. Abstract: In the study, main purpose was to determine the effect of population growth along with the increase in urbanisation, motor vehicle use and green area amount on the temperature values using a 55-year data set in Erzurum, which is hardly industrialised, and one of the coldest cities with highest elevation in Turkey. Although the semi-decadal increases, means of which are 0.1 degrees C for mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, are not clear enough to make a strong comment even in the lights of figures or tables, it was found as the result of the statistical analysis that population growth and increases in the number of vehicles, the number of buildings and the green area amount in the city have no significant effect on mean temperatures. However, the relationships between population growth and maximum temperature; and the number of vehicles and minimum temperature were found to be statistically significant. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | TRANSPORTATION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330493 |
5.  Title: World population highlights: Key findings from PRB's 2008 World Population Data Sheet. Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB] Source: Population Bulletin. 2008 Sep;63(3):1-12. Abstract: This companion report to PRB's 2008 World Population Data Sheet highlights key findings from the data sheet on: world population trends, nutrition, environment, HIV/AIDS, urbanization, and migration. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FERTILITY RATE | CHILD NUTRITION | MIGRATION | HIV | AIDS | WATER QUALITY | WATER SUPPLY | URBANIZATION | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Research Methodology | Mortality | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Nutrition | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Urban Population Distribution Document Number: 328155 |
| 6. Title: World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision. Highlights. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Feb 26. [19] p. Abstract: Since 1988 the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations has been issuing every two years revised and updated estimates and projections of the urban and rural populations of all countries in the world and of their major urban agglomerations. This note presents the main findings of the 2007 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects which are consistent with the size of the total population of each country as estimated or projected in the 2006 Revision of World Population Prospects. The 2007 Revision presents estimates and projections of the total, urban and rural populations of the world for the period 1950-2050. The results are shown for development groups, six major areas (i.e., Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America and Oceania) and 21 regions. Data are further disaggregated for the 229 countries or areas of the world. The 2007 Revision also provides estimates and projections of the population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 for the period 1950-2025. Estimates of the proportion of the population living in urban areas and the population of cities are derived on the basis of national statistics. The most common source of data on the proportion urban and the population of cities and urban agglomerations is the population census. For some countries, the basic data are obtained from population registers or administrative statistics. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | POPULATION PROJECTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | Geographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 324699 |
| 7. Title: An overview of urbanization, internal migration, population distribution and development in the world. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Jan 14. 34 p. (UN/POP/EGM-URB/2008/01) Prepared for the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, New York, January 21-23, 2008. Abstract: The distribution of humanity on the earth's surface has always responded to the opportunities that different territories provide. After the invention of agriculture, the availability of arable land largely determined the place where most people settled. The practice of agriculture also permitted the accumulation of food surpluses and the differentiation of productive activities that led to the emergence of more complex settlements generically identified as "cities". In modern history, cities have played key roles as centres of Government, production, trade, knowledge, innovation and rising productivity. The changes brought about by the industrial revolution would be unimaginable in the absence of cities. The mechanization of production made necessary the concentration of population. Rapid industrialization was accompanied by increasing urbanization. In 1920, the more developed regions, being the most industrialized, had just under 30 per cent of their population in urban areas. As industrialization advanced in the developing world so did urbanization, particularly in Latin America where 41 per cent of the population was urban by 1950. In Africa and Asia levels of urbanization remained lower, although the urban population increased markedly, particularly in Asia. Between 1920 and 2007, the world's urban population increased from about 270 million to 3.3 billion, with 1.5 billion urban dwellers added to Asia, 750 million to the more developed regions, just under 450 million to Latin America and the Caribbean, and just over 350 million to Africa. These changes foreshadow those to come. Between 2007 and 2050, the urban population is expected to increase as much as it did since 1920, that is, 3.1 billion additional urban dwellers are expected by 2050, including 1.8 billion in Asia and 0.9 billion in Africa. These powerful trends will shape and in turn be shaped by economic and social development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBAN AREAS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POLICY | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323730 |
| 8. Title: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, 21-23 January 2008. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Mar. 364 p. (ESA/P/WP.206) Abstract: In 2008, the world is reaching an important milestone: for the first time in history, half of the world population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization has significant social and economic implications: Historically, it has been an integral part of the process of economic development and an important determinant of the decline in fertility and mortality rates. Many important economic, social and demographic transformations have taken place in cities. The urban expansion, due in part to migration from rural to urban areas, varies significantly across regions and countries. The distribution and morphology of cities, the dynamics of urban growth, the linkages between urban and rural areas and the living conditions of the rural and urban population also vary quite substantially across countries and over time. In general, urbanization represents a positive development, but it also poses challenges. The scale of such challenges is particularly significant in less developed regions, where most of the urban growth will take place in the coming decades. To discuss trends in population distribution and urbanization and their implications, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development. The meeting, which took place from 21 to 23 January at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, brought together experts from different regions of the world to present and discuss recent research on urbanization, the policy dimensions of urban growth and internal migration, the linkages and disparities between urban and rural development, aspects of urban infrastructure and urban planning, and the challenges of climate change for the spatial distribution of the population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED KINGDOM | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | UN | GROUP MEETING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 325697 |
| 9. Title: Urban population, development and the environment 2007 [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/274) Abstract: The wall chart on Urban Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in urban populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENERGY SUPPLY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325831 |
| 10. Title: Socio-demographic variables associated with AIDS epidemic: evidence from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the African countries. Author: Al-Asfahani AM; Girvan JT Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008 Sep;8(1):1-16. Abstract: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been spreading rapidly worldwide for the past two decades, causing a variety of symptoms known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has killed millions of people, and which looks likely to kill millions more. Generally, HIV infection rates are currently decreasing in several countries, but globally the number of people living with HIV/AIDS continues to rise both geographically and among specific demographic groups. For example, despite the remarkable efforts that are being made throughout Africa to avert the spread of HIV and reduce its impact, the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa continues to spread obstinately. Among the vexing issues related to the AIDS epidemic are the insufficient provisions of planners, policy makers and the public in general in curbing its devastating consequences to the health sector, households, schools, workplaces, economies and the quality of life as a whole. This paper presents information on the association between socio-demographic variables and AIDS prevalence in some African and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The studied variables included size of population; population density; urbanization; average life expectancy; average female life expectancy; average male life expectancy; literacy; female and male literacy; population increase; infant mortality; average daily calorie intake; gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; religion; fertility rates; death rates; and AIDS-rate. Several parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques were adopted including Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Insignificant difference in the means of AIDS-rates between the OECD countries and the African group was found, but the difference was significant when the USA was excluded from the analysis. As initially expected, life expectancy in the OECD countries was significantly higher than that of the African group while the average rates of infant mortality, population growth, fertility, and death were significantly higher within the African group. Significant association between AIDS-rate and life expectancy was only found for African males, while association with fertility, infant mortality, population density, and calorie intakes was statistically insignificant. No clear difference between urban and rural areas with respect to AIDS-rates was discerned. Communities of Muslims were less subject to the AIDS problem. In conclusion, future studies should devote more attention toward impacts on HIV/AIDS prevalence of other equally important variables such as access to social and health care services, cultural norms, ethnic diversity, and educational facilities. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | POPULATION DENSITY | URBANIZATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LITERACY | INFANT MORTALITY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | QUALITY OF LIFE | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Length of Life | Mortality | Demographic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare | Biology Document Number: 322509 |
| 11. Title: Migrants and changing urban periphery: social relations, cultural diversity and the public space in Istanbul’s new neighbourhoods. Author: Ayata S Source: International Migration. 2008 Oct;46(3):27-64. Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of socio-cultural change in a peripheral neighbourhood in Istanbul, an "edge city" that is ethnically mixed, culturally heterogeneous, socially differentiated and spatially multi-functional. One major focus in the study is the changing nature of social relations in traditional groups. Though kinship, hems¸ eri (place of origin) and neighbourhood solidarity is still crucial in the lives of the migrants, participation in these groups becomes more voluntary and the ties among members less obligatory. Secondly, the ethnic and religious groupings in the neighbourhood are not always exclusive, authoritarian and patriarchal communities. What generally appears as rigid communitarian fragmentation is often one of cultural diversity for the residents of the locality. The associational pluralism that exists in the neighbourhood enables people to claim multiple ethnic, religious, political and cultural identities. Thirdly, though they compare unfavourably with their middle class counterparts in the city, the new neighbourhoods provide greater opportunities and more public space for interaction among the members of the locality than for instance, the rural communities. The study also questions the often taken-for-granted image of a rigidly polarized city in view of empirical evidence that indicates the multiple and complex economic and political links between the new neighbourhoods and the broader urban society. Finally, isolation from middle class areas in the city does not necessarily lead to the exclusion of the whole peripheral urban population from urban life, urban institutions and urban culture. These become increasingly present in the new neighbourhoods and available for the majority of the residents. The main conclusion is that Istanbul contains a number of such edge cities, which have powerful integrating and urbanizing influences on individuals. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | YOUTH | MIGRANT WORKERS | SOCIAL CHANGE | CULTURE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | URBANIZATION | LIFE STYLE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 329498 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of Zambian men's extra-marital sex: A multi-level analysis. Author: Benefo KD Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008 Aug;37(4):517-529. Abstract: Research interest in extra-marital sex has increased as scholars have become aware of its role in sustaining epidemics of STDs in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. While most research has used the socioeconomic and demographic features of individuals as determinants of extra-marital sexual behavior, this study examined the role played by community characteristics. Using data from the 2003 Zambian Sexual Behavior Survey for a sample of 1,118 men aged 15-59 and multilevel logistic regression techniques, the study analyzed the effects of community social and demographic characteristics on involvement in extra-marital sex while controlling for the men?s individual level characteristics. Men?s involvement in extra-marital sex was found to vary with the characteristics of communities. The chances of men?s involvement in extra-marital sex increased with community-level ethnic heterogeneity and urbanization, decreased in commercial centers, and in communities with a demographic surplus of males, health workers active in AIDS prevention, and access to the mass media. These results show that scholars trying to understand the motivations for extra-marital sex must pay attention to the characteristics of both individuals and communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ETHNIC GROUPS | URBANIZATION | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 327543 |
| 13. Title: Multiple dimensions of urban well-being: Evidence from India. Author: Chandrasekhar S; Mukhopadhyay A Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 23 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 11) Abstract: This paper addresses differences in outcomes across households residing in slums and non-slum urban areas of India. Using a nationally representative household data set, we undertake a robust multidimensional evaluation of intracity differences in well-being. We first established that if utility is defined as access to public goods such as water and sanitation, then residents in non-slum urban areas are unambiguously better off than slum dwellers. This finding implies that there is justification for slums garnering a sizable portion of the allocation of water and sanitation programs. On the other hand, we found that the distribution of private goods (monthly per capita expenditure and per capita living area) in non-slum areas does not dominate the distribution of these goods in the slums. In fact, at very low levels of MPCE and per capita living area, the distribution of these private goods in slums dominates the distribution in nonslums. This important finding implies that non-slum residents are not unequivocally better off than slum residents. Since slums are on an average poorer than other urban areas, it may be more pragmatic, therefore, to target policies at slum development. However, such policies would fail to reach the poorest residents of non-slum areas in both large and small cities. Our results make the case for a more inclusive policy that targets these groups as well. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | POVERTY | SLUMS | URBANIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 327062 |
| 14. Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Calabarzon (Region 4-A). Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Oct. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections--including the economic and social context in which they occur--and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Calabarzon Region (Region 4-A). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | URBANIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING | NATURAL RESOURCES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | POPULATION PROJECTION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Environment | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Estimation Techniques | Health Document Number: 323137 |
| 15. Title: Afghan refugees in Pakistan: Not all refugees, not always in Pakistan, not necessarily Afghan? Author: Kronenfeld DA Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2008;21(1):43-63. Abstract: In 2001, there were estimated to be two million Afghan refugees in Pakistan. In the past six years, however, over 3.5 million refugees have returned, and recent census data show that nearly 2.5 million still remain in Pakistan. Three straightforward explanations for this monumental discrepancy have been posited: Afghans' high birthrates, their history of cross-border migration, and increasing levels of urbanization in Pakistan. Yet the fact that none of these processes comes as a surprise to researchers familiar with the history of Afghan refugees begs a still deeper question: how and why were these processes so utterly overlooked in 2001? The answer, it is argued, is a fundamental confusion not only in how we count refugees but in how we conceptualize them. The dichotomous distinction between refugees and non-refugees, while possessing a certain legal clarity, does a poor job of describing the reality of individuals whose movements are influenced by numerous social, political, and economic factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | POPULATION GROWTH | URBANIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | UNHCR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | International Migration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324218 |
| 16. Title: The state of the world population 2007: unleashing the potential of urban growth. Author: Lahariya C Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;45(6):481-2. Abstract: This 108 page document breaks many myths associated with urbanization. It challenges the belief that urbanization hampers the growth, as traditionally urbanization has always been thought to be associated with poverty, slums, crimes and social disruption. The report mentions that mega-cities have overshadowed the need and demands for development in smaller urban habitations. Secondly, many policymakers try to prevent rural to urban migration which is not only futile and counter-productive but may also be a violation of people's rights. It also makes a note that most urban growth now stems from natural increase (more births than deaths) rather than migration. The report explores some hitherto unknown aspects of urbanization and tries to underline its potential to contribute to the growth of a nation. It adds how urbanization ensures the empowerment of women by better opportunities for education, access to health care, legal services, less gender discrimination and higher employment opportunities. SOWP 2007 provides a comprehensive view of both positive and negative aspects of urbanization. In the last chapter, this report recommends few solutions for the existing obstacles in urban development; emphasizes an immediate need for policy intention and planning for the proper development. The report has an annexure on a number of urban development related indicators for all the countries in the world, for comparison. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | SLUMS | POPULATION GROWTH | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328783 |
| 17. Title: Decomposing poverty changes in Zambia: Growth, inequality and population dynamics. Author: Mulenga S; Van Campenhout B Source: African Development Review. 2008 Sep;20(2):284-304. Abstract: During the 1990s, the Zambian economy underwent major structural adjustments. This paper presents an application of a recently proposed poverty decomposition that attributes changes in poverty to income growth, changes in inequality and population dynamics. Our results confirm earlier findings that the existence of a severe urban bias in the economy effectively shielded large parts of the rural population from the economic slump caused by the structural adjustments. In addition, we find that the exodus from urban centres that followed the adjustments contributed significantly to the increase in national poverty. The latter finding highlights the importance of considering population movements when studying poverty, especially in situations where policy changes affect migrant labour, as was the case for the Zambian copper industry. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | SURVEYS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | INEQUALITIES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 328140 |
| 18. Title: What transition means for India's city poor. Author: Sharp D Source: Journal of Urban Health. 2008 Jan;85(1):1-2. Abstract: The British actor Sanjeev Bhaskar has recently been revisiting his family roots in the Indian subcontinent and also noting the huge contrasts with high-rise prosperity jostling for position with urban slums. Indeed, anyone who has toured India other than by insulated dashes from one five-star hotel to another in a blacked-out limousine will be troubled by the poverty. India, a country usually said to be in transition but already an important global economic power, is still predominantly rural, for the moment anyway, with high rates of both urban and rural poverty. The world as a whole has reached the significant milestone of having half of its population as urban dwellers. Five billion people worldwide are predicted to live in urban areas by 2030 if current trends continue and by that same year India may have 576 million city dwellers, which is 45% more than today's figure and will almost certainly take the country past the 50/50 milestone. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | URBANIZATION | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | CHILD HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Public Health | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 323793 |
| 19. Title: Adult education and child mortality in India: The influence of caste, household wealth, and urbanization. Author: Singh-Manoux A; Dugravot A; Smith GD; Subramanyam M; Subramanian SV Source: Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;19(2):294-301. Abstract: Although socioeconomic position is generally found to be related to health, the associations can be different for different measures of socioeconomic position. We examined the association between adult education and child mortality, and the influence of other socioeconomic markers (caste, household wealth, and urbanization) on this association. Data were drawn from the 1998-1999 Indian National Family Health Survey, conducted in 26 states and comprising 66,367 children age 5 years or under. Adult education, for the head of household and spouse, was categorized into 0, 1-8, and 9 or more years of schooling. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between education and child mortality in analysis adjusted for other socioeconomic markers. Effect modification by caste, household wealth, and urbanization was assessed by fitting an interaction term with education. Compared with those who had no education, 9 or more years of education for the head of household and for the spouse were associated with lower child mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48-0.62 and OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.36-0.54, respectively) in analyses adjusted for age, sex, and state of residence. Further adjustments for caste and urbanization attenuated these associations slightly; when adjustments were made for household wealth the associations were attenuated more substantially. Nevertheless, in fully adjusted models, 9 or more years of education for the head of household (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.70-0.93) and the spouse (OR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.60-0.94) remained associated with lower child mortality. There was no effect modification of this association by caste, household wealth, and urbanization. Adult education has a protective association with child mortality in India. Caste, household wealth, and urbanization do not modify or completely attenuate this association. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | LINEAR REGRESSION | CHILD MORTALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CASTE | INCOME | URBANIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Statistical Regression | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325025 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Population challenges for Bangladesh in the coming decades. Author: Streatfield PK; Karar ZA Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2008 Sep;26(3):261-72. Abstract: Bangladesh currently has a population approaching 150 million and will add another 100 million before stabilizing, unless fertility can soon drop below replacement level. This level of fertility decline will require a change in marriage patterns, which have been minimal so far, even with increasing female schooling. It would also benefit from a long-awaited shift to long-term contraception. In addition to the consequence of huge population size, the density of population is already five times that of any other 'mega' country (> 100 million), a very challenging situation for an agricultural society. Most of the future growth will be urban, increasingly in slums. Numbers of young people will not increase, but numbers of older people will increase 10-fold this century, creating a large burden on the health system, especially for chronic illnesses. High density of population means that agricultural land is virtually saturated, with very limited capacity to expand food production. Climate change may have dramatic impacts on agriculture, through flooding and drought resulting from weather changes and geopolitical influences on transborder rivers. Rising sea-levels and consequent salinity will affect crops and require shifts to alternative land use. Serious long-term planning is needed for meeting the growing needs of the population, both for distribution and consumption. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION PROJECTION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | POPULATION DENSITY | URBANIZATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | CLIMATE | AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328892 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Urban migration and urbanization in Nepal. Author: Tiwari IP Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2008 Apr;23(1):79-104. Abstract: ctures and processes of migration and urbanization in Nepal from a development perspective, based on secondary sources of data. For the purpose of diagnosis, analysis and description of migration and urbanization in the country, data were drawn from published sources, including censuses and surveys. Historical trends of migration to urban areas were based on data and information gathered from other secondary sources. To assess the level of migration and urbanization, relevant quantitative analyses, such as correlation and regression, were performed. The article concludes that migration in Nepal, like elsewhere, is a strong phenomenon but that the pattern is predominantly rural-to-rural, rather than rural-to-urban. The study also concludes that while urbanization in Nepal remains low, it is becoming recognized as one of the engines of growth and development. The notion of urbanization, along with planned migration to a certain extent is one of the most viable processes of development, for which immediate intervention is warranted. Long-term policies and short-term strategies on national urbanization and migration are required as part of overall national development. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 343000 |
| 22. Title: The demography of South Asia from the 1950s to the 2000s: a summary of changes and a statistical assessment. Author: Veron J Source: Population-E. 2008;63(1):9-90. Abstract: The countries of South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) cover less than 4% of the Earth's surface, but their combined population of some 1.6 billion inhabitants in 2007 represents nearly a quarter of the world total. India, the largest country in the region, alone has 1.17 billion inhabitants. This chronicle charts the main demographic trends since the 1950s, which are explained in part by the countries' diverse levels of development. Their demographic transitions also exhibit broad diversity. There is no single transition model specific to the region, just as there is no single transition in India, as the comparison of its states makes clear. Except in Sri Lanka, where the process is complete, the fertility transition is ongoing, and the mortality transition is in general very advanced. The potential for demographic growth remains high in South Asia, and the United Nations expects the region's population to grow by 600 million inhabitants up to 2040. The future course of demographic change has major implications for development, since most of the countries need to reduce poverty and raise educational levels while at the same time coping with rapid urban growth and addressing environmental issues. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | BANGLADESH | BHUTAN | INDIA | MALDIVES | NEPAL | PAKISTAN | SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION GROWTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | MIGRATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MORTALITY CHANGES | URBANIZATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Mortality | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 327925 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Urbanization and fertility: an event-history analysis of coastal Ghana. Author: White MJ; Muhidin S; Andrzejewski C; Tagoe E; Knight R; Reed H Source: Demography. 2008 Nov;45(4):803-16. Abstract: In this article, we undertake an event-history analysis of fertility in Ghana. We exploit detailed life history calendar data to conduct a more refined and definitive analysis of the relationship among personal traits, urban residence, and fertility. Although urbanization is generally associated with lower fertility in developing countries, inferences in most studies have been hampered by a lack of information about the timing of residence in relationship to childbearing. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. Differences in urban population traits would augment the effects of urban adaptation itself Extensions of the analysis point to the operation of a selection effect in rural-to-urban mobility but provide limited evidence for disruption effects. The possibility of further selection of urbanward migrants on unmeasured traits remains. The analysis also demonstrates the utility of an annual life history calendar for collecting such data in the field. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | URBANIZATION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATION | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 330142 |
| 24. Title: 2007 world population data sheet. Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB] Source: Washington, D.C., PRB, 2007. 15 p. Abstract: Much press has been given to the increase in immigration in the industrialized world-most of which has come from developing countries. The United States and Canada, for example, both have long traditions of immigration, while many countries in western Europe have seen the influx of migrants from both former colonies in Asia and Africa (to the Netherlands) and eastern Europe (to Ireland). Less well known, however, is that several countries in the developing world have seen a rise in their foreign-born populations. Costa Rica, for example, has long attracted refugees escaping civil strife in nearby countries, and more recently has been a destination for Nicaraguans and Panamanians seeking seasonal work. Botswana provides another case in point, as it has attracted both refugees and economic migrants from its neighbors in southern Africa. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ANNUAL REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POPULATION | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | FERTILITY DECLINE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | URBANIZATION | NUTRITION | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health Document Number: 319707 |
| 25. Title: World youth report, 2007. Young people's transition to adulthood: progress and challenges. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2007. [347] p. Abstract: The World Youth Report 2007-Young People's Transition to Adulthood: Progress and Challenges argues that to benefit from young people's capabilities, societies must ensure that opportunities for youth to be engaged in development processes are nurtured and protected. Failure to do so can lead to the exclusion and marginalization of youth while depriving societies of their energy, dynamism and innovativeness. The report notes that the ability of youth to contribute to the development of their societies can be constrained not only by lack of capacity among youth, but also by the limited opportunities for participation in development as the global economy and social and political institutions undergo major change. For this reason, there is a pressing need for policies that not only build youth potential, but also open doors to youth participation in areas such as employment, civic engagement, political participation and volunteerism. An enabling environment must be created to provide youth with opportunities to be heard and seen as active players on the development stage. In a review of key issues, opportunities and challenges for youth transitions in different world regions, the report finds that there are many unique aspects to the progress that youth have made and the challenges that they continue to face around the world. A common constraint everywhere, however, is the absence of an enabling environment for youth development and participation. Factors such as inadequate investments in education, high private costs of obtaining quality education and health care, and shrinking labour markets in which youth are often the last hired and first fired all present youth with real obstacles to meaningful participation in the development of their communities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH | EDUCATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INEQUALITIES | EMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 324510 |
| 26. Title: Growing up urban. UNFPA state of world population 2007. Youth supplement. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2007. [55] p. Also available in French and Spanish. Abstract: The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in its history. The 3 billion population of towns and cities in 2005 will increase by 1.8 billion by 2030. The urban population of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa will double in less than a generation. The fastest growth will be in the poorer urban areas. For example, the slum population of Dhaka has more than doubled in a decade, from 1.5 million in 1996 to 3.4 million in 2006. Most urban growth comes from natural increase (more births than deaths). The urban poor have higher fertility rates than other urbanites: women have less education and less autonomy; they know little about sexual and reproductive health services, and have little access to them. Rural-urban migration also contributes to urban growth. Young people under 25 already make up half the urban population and young people from poor families will be a big part of the urban wave. The future of cities depends on what cities do now to help them, in particular to exercise their rights to education, health, employment, and civic participation. Investment in young people is the key to ending generations of poverty. In particular it is the key to reaching the Millennium Development Goals and halving poverty by 2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | URBAN AREAS | URBANIZATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | UNFPA | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 318271 |
| 27. Title: State of world population 2007. Unleashing the potential of urban growth. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2007. [105] p. Lead author / researcher: George Martine. Abstract: In 2008, the world reaches an invisible but momentous milestone: For the first time in history, more than half its human population, 3.3 billion people, will be living in urban areas. By 2030, this is expected to swell to almost 5 billion. Many of the new urbanites will be poor. Their future, the future of cities in developing countries, the future of humanity itself, all depend very much on decisions made now in preparation for this growth. This Report tries to grasp the implications of the imminent doubling of the developing world's urban population and discusses what needs to be done to prepare for this massive increase. It looks more closely at the demographic processes underlying urban growth in developing areas and their policy implications. It specifically examines the consequences of the urban transition for poverty reduction and sustainability. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | UNFPA | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | NATURAL DISASTERS | PLANNING | DECENTRALIZATION | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Natural Resources | Environment | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 313671 |
| 28. Title: State of urban health in Delhi. Author: Agarwal S; Srivastava A; Choudhary B; Kaushik S Source: New Delhi, India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Urban Health Division, [2007]. [107] p. Abstract: India has been witnessing rapid urbanization in recent decades. The urban population of India constitutes 285 million people and is estimated to reach 534 million by 2026. Percentage decadal growth in urban areas was 31.2% vis-a-vis 17.9% in rural areas between 1991 and 2001. Over one-fourth of the urban population of India today lives in urban slums under inhumane conditions with increased susceptibility to disease and ill health. Current trends in urban poverty suggest that the number of urban poor is set to increase considerably in future in the absence of a well-planned, long-term intervention strategy. The urban poor suffer from adverse health outcomes which do not get reflected in commonly available health statistics. Most sources of health information which provide for rural and urban average figures mask the inequalities which exist within the various economic groups in urban areas. For instance, the under five mortality rates (U5MR) among the urban poor (112.2) are nearly three times higher than the rates for the urban high income groups (39.4). As per the NFHS 2 data, only 43% the urban poor children are fully immunized by completion of one year of age. The percentage of severely under-weight children among the urban poor is 23.0 which is twice the urban average (11.6%) and five times (4.5%) that of urban high income group. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | HEALTH SERVICES | POLICY | URBANIZATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 324374 |
| 29. Title: Urbanization, urban poverty and health of the urban poor: Status, challenges and the way forward. Author: Agarwal S; Satyavada A; Kaushik S; Kumar R Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):121-134. Abstract: This paper analyzes the association between urban poverty and health of the urban poor in India. The health situation among the urban poor is described on the basis of the analysis of the NFHS-2 data by economic status. The paper also outlines some of the challenges in improving health outcomes of the urban poor and the potential operational solutions to address such challenges. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | EVALUATION INDEXES | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SLUMS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | RISK FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Biology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324147 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: The pace of fertility decline in Iran: Finding from the Demographic and Health Survey. Author: Aghajanian A; Mehryar AH Source: Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2007 Spring;38(2):255-264. Abstract: During the 1970s many developing countries experienced some transition to lower fertility. The size of fertility decline was remarkable in some countries such as those in Southeast Asia. On the other hand, in some countries in West Asia and North Africa, the transition toward lower fertility was very minimal. Furthermore, the pace of fertility decline for some of the countries which had moved toward lower levels of fertility, declined in 1990s and some countries are experiencing a stall in their transition. Despite the slowdown and stalled fertility transition experiences of other countries in West Asia and the North Africa region, Iranian fertility rates have shown signs of sharp decline. The recent censuses and surveys, both regional and national, are consistent with a strong declining trend which started in the later part of 1980s and seem to be continuing into the new century. This paper utilizes the data from the 2000 Demographic and Household Survey of Iran to examine the pace of fertility transition and gives insight to the fast pace of decline during the 1990s and beyond. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | URBANIZATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | INCOME | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ASPIRATIONS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 320677 |
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