1.  Title: Child survival: India and China's challenges [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2008 Aug 16;372(9638):508. Abstract: Last week, UNICEF published The State of Asia-Pacific's Children 2008-its first annual report on maternal, newborn, and child survival in the region. The report has a particular focus on the challenges for India and China, since, with their huge populations, achievements in these countries can make a substantial difference to child survival in the region and worldwide. China has made good investments in health (10% of gross domestic product) and is on track to reach Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 on child survival. However, UNICEF notes that the country's progress has slowed down in the past 10 years and the coverage of essential interventions remains low in rural areas. The report singles out India. It states that the global attainment of the health-related MDGs will largely depend on the country's progress in improving health and addressing the social determinants of health. A fifth of all deaths (2.1 million) in children younger than 5 years occurred in India in 2006. Huge disparities in infant mortality rates exist-within cities and between urban and rural areas, and between the sexes, socioeconomic groups, and different castes. The privatisation of health care in India and China is set to widen the gaps between rich and poor people. Without progress on reducing disparities, efforts to provide primary health care to women and children could founder, says UNICEF. But there are reasons for optimism in India. The government launched the National Rural Health Mission in 2005 to tackle deepening disparities in the country, with the reduction of the infant mortality rate as a primary goal. Interventions, such as cash transfers for expectant mothers living below the poverty line, neonatal services, and the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness, are gradually being rolled out. Such initiatives show there is political will in India to address child survival. But this commitment is not backed-up by serious financial investment. The Indian Government spends less on health (3% of gross domestic product) than several other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, despite a gross domestic product growth rate of 9% in 2007. India can, and must, spend more on health if its mothers and children are to prosper. (full text) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | CRITIQUE | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD | INFANT | INFANT MORTALITY | POVERTY | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | UNICEF | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328434 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Progress in global measles control and mortality reduction, 2000 -- 2006. Author: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008 Jan 30;299(4):400-402. Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) comprehensive strategy for measles mortality reduction is focused on 47 priority countries. Components include (1) achieving and maintaining high coverage (greater than 90%) with the first dose of measles vaccine by age 12 months in every district of each priority country through routine immunization services; (2) ensuring that all children receive a second opportunity for measles vaccination; (3) maintaining effective case-based surveillance and monitoring of vaccination coverage; and (4) providing appropriate clinical management, including vitamin A supplementation. In 2005, the World Health Assembly set a goal for global measles control as part of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS): a 90% reduction in measles mortality by 2010, compared with 2000 levels. In January 2007, WHO/UNICEF reported that implementation of measles mortality reduction strategies had reduced measles mortality by 60%, from an estimated 873,000 deaths in 1999 to 345,000 deaths in 2005. This reduction exceeded the goal of 50% measles mortality reduction by 2005 (compared with 1999 levels) that had been set in 2002. This report updates previous reports by detailing (1) measles mortality reduction activities implemented during 2006 and (2) the impact of activities since 2000 on the global burden of measles and progress toward the GIVS mortality reduction goal for 2010. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | WHO | UNICEF | CDC | CHILDREN | MEASLES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMMUNIZATION | MORTALITY DECLINE | GOALS | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323998 |
| 3. Title: The state of Africa's children 2008. Child survival. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2008 May. 54 p. Abstract: Every year, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) publishes The State of the World's Children, the most comprehensive and authoritative report on the world's youngest citizens. The State of the World's Children 2008, published in January 2008, examines the global realities of maternal and child survival and the prospects for meeting the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - the targets set by the world community in 2000 for eradicating poverty, reducing child and maternal mortality, combating disease, ensuring environmental sustainability and providing access to affordable medicines in developing countries. This year, UNICEF is also publishing the inaugural edition of The State of Africa's Children. This volume and other forthcoming regional editions complement The State of the World's Children 2008, sharpening from a worldwide to a regional perspective the global report's focus on trends in child survival and health, and outlining possible solutions - by means of programmes, policies and partnerships - to accelerate progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CAUSES OF DEATH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | UNICEF | Developing Countries | Africa | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal-Child Health Services | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 327008 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Outcome of severely malnourished children treated according to UNICEF 2004 guidelines: a one-year experience in a zone hospital in rural Ethiopia. Author: Berti A; Bregani ER; Manenti F; Pizzi C Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Sep;102(9):939-44. Abstract: Malnutrition still has a dramatic impact on childhood mortality in sub-Saharan African countries. Very few studies have tried to evaluate the outcome of severely malnourished children treated according to the UNICEF 2004 guidelines and reported fatality rates are still very high. During 2006, 1635 children were admitted to the paediatric ward of St. Luke Catholic Hospital in Wolisso, South West Shewa, Ethiopia. Four hundred and ninety-three (30.15%) were severely malnourished and were enrolled in the study. We reviewed the registration books and inpatient charts to analyze their outcome. A mortality rate of 7.1% was found, which is significantly lower than reported in the literature. 28.6% of deaths occurred within 48 h of admission; the recovery rate was 88.4%; the drop-out rate was 4.5%. Early deaths were due to the poor condition of the children on admission, leading to failure of treatment. Late mortality was considered to be related to electrolyte imbalances, which we were unable to measure. The clinical skills of nursing and medical staff were considered an important factor in improving the outcome of malnourished patients. We found that proper implementation of WHO guidelines for the hospital treatment of severely malnourished children can lead to a relatively low mortality rate, especially when good clinical monitoring is assured. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | RURAL POPULATION | MALNUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | UNICEF | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | STANDARDIZATION | DEATH RATE | TIME FACTORS | ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | CAUSES OF DEATH | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Data Adjustment | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Homeostasis | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 329253 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of Q methodology to analyze divergent perspectives on participatory action research as a strategy for HIV / AIDS prevention among Caribbean youth. Author: Goto K; Tiffany J; Pelto G; Pelletier D Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2008 Aug;20(4):301-311. Abstract: This study used Q methodology to examine perspectives regarding participatory action research (PAR) among participants in a UNICEF initiative aimed at enhancing HIV/AIDS prevention among youth in the Caribbean. We interviewed 20 youth PAR researchers and 12 project managers from youth organizations about their attitudes and experiences. Statements from the interviews were used in a structured ranking task. Q factor analysis of the rankings identified three clusters of respondents with differing viewpoints on PAR. The clusters respectively saw PAR as an effective peer education tool, an empowering process for youth, and a tool for gathering information on the gap between knowledge and behavior. We identified divergent perspectives on the purpose and utility of PAR among participants who received the same orientation, training, and support and who worked in the context of a single initiative. These multiple perspectives present both challenges and resources for health projects. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | UNICEF | Americas | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327955 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimating the costs of achieving the WHO-UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006 -- 2015. Author: Wolfson LJ; Gasse F; Lee-Martin SP; Lydon P; Magan A Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):27-39. Abstract: The objective was to estimate the cost of scaling up childhood immunization services required to reach the WHO-UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) goal of reducing mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases by two-thirds by 2015. A model was developed to estimate the total cost of reaching GIVS goals by 2015 in 117 low- and lower-middle-income countries. Current spending was estimated by analysing data from country planning documents, and scale-up costs were estimated using a bottom-up, ingredients-based approach. Financial costs were estimated by country and year for reaching 90% coverage with all existing vaccines; introducing a discrete set of new vaccines (rotavirus, conjugate pneumococcal, conjugate meningococcal A and Japanese encephalitis); and conducting immunization campaigns to protect at-risk populations against polio, tetanus, measles, yellow fever and meningococcal meningitis. The 72 poorest countries of the world spent US$ 2.5 (range: US$ 1.8-4.2) billion on immunization in 2005, an increase from US$ 1.1 (range: US$ 0.9-1.6) billion in 2000. By 2015 annual immunization costs will on average increase to about US$ 4.0 (range US$ 2.9-6.7) billion. Total immunization costs for 2006-2015 are estimated at US$ 35 (range US$ 13-40) billion; of this, US$ 16.2 billion are incremental costs, comprised of US$ 5.6 billion for system scale-up and US$ 8.7 billion for vaccines; US$ 19.3 billion is required to maintain immunization programmes at 2005 levels. In all 117 low- and lower-middle-income countries, total costs for 2006-2015 are estimated at US$ 76 (range: US$ 23-110) billion, with US$ 49 billion for maintaining current systems and $27 billion for scaling-up. In the 72 poorest countries, US$ 11-15 billion (30%-40%) of the overall resource needs are unmet if the GIVS goals are to be reached. The methods developed in this paper are approximate estimates with limitations, but provide a roadmap of financing gaps that need to be filled to scale up immunization by 2015. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WHO | UNICEF | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | VACCINES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC POLICY | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Financial Activities | Policy Document Number: 323460 |
| 7. Title: Listening to the women of Darfur. Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):42-43. Abstract: The following is extracted by the FMR editors from a recent UNFPA/UNICEF report on The Effects of Conflict on Health and Well-Being of Women and Girls in Darfur: Conversations with the Community. How do the women and girls of Darfur assess the risks they face? UNFPA and UNICEF interviewed conflict-affected women and their male household members in order to better understand priority actions needed to improve women and girls' health and well-being. The counter-insurgency strategy employed by the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed militia appears to have been one of asset stripping and population displacement. Indiscriminate attacks on villages have not only killed and injured civilians but also destroyed or looted housing, infrastructure, community services, wells and irrigation systems, fruit trees and other property such as cattle. The result has been the large-scale movement of a highly vulnerable, traumatised population of 2.75 million people, rendered almost completely dependent on humanitarian aid for survival. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | PROGRESS REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | RAPE | WAR | VIOLENCE | UNFPA | UNICEF | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Diseases Document Number: 313187 |
| 8. Title: Science at WHO and UNICEF: The corrosion of trust [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2007 Sep 22;370(9592):1007. Abstract: This week, The Lancet publishes two papers of critical interest to child survival. Unfortunately, both have stirred concerns about misuse of data by UN agencies. Here, we review the allegations and try to draw lessons about the place of independent scientific inquiry in the arena of global health policymaking. Greg Fegan and colleagues report the success of an expanded insecticide-treated bednet programme in Kenya. The full paper reveals the strengths and limitations of the study, and provides important estimates of uncertainty. No such statistical caution was expressed in the WHO statement about these data, released on Aug 16. Indeed, WHO claimed that this finding "ends the debate about how to deliver long-lasting insecticidal nets". Yet communications between the Kenyan research team and WHO suggest an ill-considered rush by WHO against the advice of wiser scientific minds. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | CLINICAL TRIALS | ACTION RESEARCH | POLICYMAKERS | CHILDREN | WHO | UNICEF | CHILD SURVIVAL | BED NETS | ETHICS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | PEER REVIEW | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Evaluation Document Number: 320990 |
| 9. Title: UNICEF executive director appreciates Viet Nam's achievements on child protection. Source: Vietnam Population News. 2007 Apr-Jun;(43):3-6. Abstract: On 5 May 2007, Madame Le Thi Thu, Minister-Chair-woman of VCPFC, and heads of ministries and sectors warmly welcomed Ms. Ann M. Veneman, UNICEF's Executive Director. At the meeting, Madame Thu gave a brief on Viet Nam's achievements in child care, education and protection during the past few years and future work orientation. Children's living standards have been unceasingly improved, children's rights have been step by step met in terms of physical, intellectual, spiritual and morality. She hoped to receive the efficient support of UNICEF. Ms. Ann M. Veneman is impressed by Viet Nam's achievements. She said that UNICEF would have focus to HIV/AIDS, childhood injury, and under-five underweight. She recommended Viet Nam to pay more attention to causes of those issues, especially setting up databases and provide data/indicators that can be compared with other countries in the region. During her visit, Ms. Ann M. Veneman also met with Government officials to discuss about related matters. She said Viet Nam is likely to be one of the countries to reach the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets, with some of these targets ahead of 2015. Despite the significant progress achieved, there remain challenges, such as disparity between the rich and poor, impacts of HIV on children and protecting children from injury and harm. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | POPULATION STATISTICS | CHILDREN | POPULATION | UNICEF | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD CARE | STANDARD OF LIVING | CHILD HEALTH | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | AGE DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Child Rearing | Behavior | Economic Factors | Health | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Document Number: 308829 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: A world fit for children? Source: Lancet. 2007 Dec 15;370(9604):1975. Abstract: A UNICEF report published on Dec 10 gives the most comprehensive data to date on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Although there has been much international attention focused on MDG-4-to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015-the report also details child-focused statistical information on all of the eight MDGs, in addition to data on World Fit for Children targets. These targets cover important factors in child health and wellbeing which are not included in the MDGs, such as child labour, violence, and discrimination. The report combines all appropriate and latest available information and relies on data from UNICEF global databases, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Demographic and Health Surveys, which vary in the time period in which information is collected and collated. Therefore, although some statistics in the report are new, other figures are more familiar. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | UNICEF | INFORMATION SOURCES | CHILD | CHILD LABOR | CHILD ABUSE | CHILD HEALTH | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | CAUSES OF DEATH | DISEASES | INFECTIONS | GOALS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EVALUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Information | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Health | Behavior | Mortality | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324041 |
| 11. Title: Immunization summary: the 2007 edition. A statistical reference containing data through 2005. Author: UNICEF; World Health Organization [WHO] Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2007 Feb. [225] p. Includes CD-ROM. Abstract: This reference book, jointly produced by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), presents detailed statistics on the performance of national and district-level immunization systems in 193 countries and territories. It provides an overview of key aspects, including: Basic indicators from WHO and UNICEF, the United Nations Population Division and the World Bank for each country or territory; Trends in national and territorial coverage rates for eight major antigens; District-level performance in achieving coverage with DTP and measles vaccines, maintaining supplies, and providing autodisable syringes to enhance safety during all routine immunizations; The most current immunization schedule reported by each country or territory. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | DATA COLLECTION | DATA REPORTING | IMMUNIZATION | IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE | WHO | UNICEF | Research Methodology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 318275 |
| 12. Title: The state of the world's children 2008. Child survival. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2007 Dec. [160] p. Abstract: Child mortality is a sensitive indicator of a country's development and telling evidence of its priorities and values. Investing in the health of children and their mothers is not only a human rights imperative, it is a sound economic decision and one of the surest ways for a country to set its course towards a better future. Impressive progress has been made in improving the survival rates and health of children, even in some of the poorest countries, since 1990. Nonetheless, achieving Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which aims to reduce the global under-five mortality rate by two thirds between 1990 and 2015, will require additional effort. Attaining the goal is still possible, but the challenge is formidable. Reaching the target means reducing the number of child deaths from 9.7 million in 2006 to around 4 million by 2015. Accomplishing this will require accelerated action on multiple fronts: reducing poverty and hunger (MDG 1), improving maternal health (MDG 5), combating HIV and AIDS, malaria and other major diseases (MDG 6), increasing the usage of improved water and sanitation (MDG 7) and providing affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis (MDG 8). It will also require a re-examination of strategies to reach the poorest, most marginalized communities. Every child has the right to live a healthy life. A group of children at a community child centre, Malawi. The remarkable advances in reducing child deaths achieved by many developing countries in recent decades provide reason for optimism. The causes of and solutions to child deaths are well known. Simple, reliable and affordable interventions with the potential to save the lives of millions of children are readily available. The challenge is to ensure that these remedies - provided through a continuum of maternal, newborn and child health care - reach the millions of children and families who, so far, have been passed by. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | UNICEF | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | UN | GOALS | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323732 |
| 13. Title: Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition. A joint statement by the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations Children’s Fund. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; World Food Programme; United Nations. Standing Committee on Nutrition; UNICEF Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2007 May. 7 p. Also available in French. Abstract: Severe acute malnutrition remains a major killer of children under five years of age. Until recently, treatment has been restricted to facility-based approaches, greatly limiting its coverage and impact. New evidence suggests, however, that large numbers of children with severe acute malnutrition can be treated in their communities without being admitted to a health facility or a therapeutic feeding centre. The community-based approach involves timely detection of severe acute malnutrition in the community and provision of treatment for those without medical complications with ready-to-use therapeutic foods or other nutrient-dense foods at home. If properly combined with a facility-based approach for those malnourished children with medical complications and implemented on a large scale, community-based management of severe acute malnutrition could prevent the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | CHILDREN | POLICYMAKERS | MALNUTRITION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | WHO | UNICEF | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 318274 |
| 14. Title: Vikings against tuberculosis: The International Tuberculosis Campaign in India, 1948 -- 1951. Author: Brimnes N Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2007 Summer;81(2):407-430. Abstract: Between 1947 and 1951 the Scandinavian-led International Tuberculosis Campaign tested more than 37 million children and adolescents for tuberculosis, and vaccinated more than 16 million with BCG vaccine. The campaign was an early example of an international health program, and it was generally seen as the largest medical campaign to date. It was born, however, as a Danish effort to create goodwill in war-ravaged Europe, and was extended outside Europe only because UNICEF in 1948 unexpectedly donated US $2 million specifically for BCG vaccination in areas outside Europe. As the campaign transformed from postwar relief to an international health program it was forced to make adaptations to different demographic, social, and cultural contexts. This created a tension between a scientific ideal of uniformity, on the one hand, and pragmatic flexibility on the other. Looking at the campaign in India, which was the most important non-European country in the campaign, this article analyzes three issues in more detail: the development of a simplified vaccination technique; the employment of lay-vaccinators; and whether the campaign in India was conceived as a short-term demonstration or a more extensive mass-vaccination effort. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | WHO | UNICEF | COMMUNITY WORKERS | TUBERCULOSIS | CAMPAIGNS | VACCINATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 320487 |
| 15. Title: UNICEF and the UN Security Council [letter] Author: Court A Source: Lancet. 2007 Mar 3;369(9563):737. Abstract: David Woodward's Comment "Vote buying in the UN Security Council" is based on a Harvard University study that displays a profound lack of understanding of the process by which UNICEF funds programmes on behalf of children and families in the world's poorest countries. Had Woodward contacted us to respond, we would have explained that UNICEF has very strict funding rules for countries, based on specific indicators of children's health and well-being. All contributions to UNICEF are divided into two categories. The first category consists of core resources, which are allocated to country programmes in accordance with a board-approved formula based on under-5 mortality rates, gross national income per head, and then absolute size of the child population. These resources are distributed as part of multi-year plans that are developed with host governments and approved by our 36-member Executive Board to ensure the best results for children. The second category consists of earmarked resources generated for global development issues, such as malaria, polio, or HIV/AIDS, and for emergencies such as the 2004 tsunami. Most funds contributed by the USA to UNICEF are core funds, and therefore cannot be earmarked for a particular country. None of the earmarked resources is attached in any way to whether or not a country has a seat on the UN Security Council. UNICEF has never been a channel through which any country can try to exercise influence over members of the Security Council. Our system of funding for children is as fair, equitable, and honest as our millions of generous supporters expect and deserve. (full text) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | UNICEF | UN | CHILD HEALTH | FUNDS | POLITICAL FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | International Agencies | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 312911 |
| 16. Title: Coordinated strategy to abandon female genital mutilation / cutting in one generation: a human rights-based approach to programming. Leveraging social dynamics for collective change. Author: Gillespie G; De Vita MG Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2007. [53] p. (Technical Note) Abstract: The coordinated strategy presented in this technical note describes a human rights-based approach to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) programming. The note aims to provide guidance to programmers who are supporting large-scale abandonment of FGM/C in Egypt, Sudan and countries in sub-Saharan Africa. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of FGM/C as a social convention, this coordinated strategy includes an in-depth examination of the research documented by the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in 'Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female genital mutilation/cutting', Innocenti Digest. Its focus is limited to the social dynamics of the practice at the community level, and it applies game theory, the science of interdependent decision-making, to the social dynamics of FGM/C. This strategy does not cover everything that occurs at the community level, but rather, looks at the practice from the perspective of a particular type of social convention described by Thomas C. Schelling in The Strategy of Conflict. It introduces an innovative approach to FGM/C programming that is intended to bring about lasting social change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | POLICYMAKERS | CHILD, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | GOALS | HUMAN RIGHTS | UNICEF | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Planning | Political Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 319319 |
| 17. Title: Early child development in developing countries [letter] Author: Grantham-McGregor S Source: Lancet. 2007 Mar 10;369(9564):824. Abstract: "Finally I have data to convince my Minister of Finance to invest in early child development" reported the Minister of Women and Child Development, Malawi, at a meeting held at the Institute of Child Health, London, UK, to mark The Lancet's series on child development in developing countries (Jan 6--Jan 20).1--3 At the meeting, hosted by the Centre for International Health and Development, presenters explained that more than 200 million children younger than 5 years are not developing to their potential owing to poverty, poor health, and nutrition. Although effective interventions are available, coverage is low. Representatives from WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank expressed a strong commitment to strengthening programmes and research to move the Lancet recommendations forward. Other agencies including UNESCO, the Bernard van Leer and Aga Khan Foundations, and many non-governmental organisations explained how they are putting the recommendations into practice. The Lancet steering group will become the International Child Development Committee. This year, we plan to advocate for early child development programmes through presentations at meetings in Turkey, India, Spain, Venezuela, and Bangladesh and at the Society for Research in Child Development and the Pediatric Academic Societies. We will meet at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference Center to develop implementation strategies and establish priorities in collaboration with the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative. We will provide guidance in assessment of existing programmes, development of new models for delivering services, and integration of child development activities into health and nutrition services. In 2 years, we will report on global progress in early child development programmes. (full text) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CHILDREN | POVERTY | NUTRITION | HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | WHO | UNICEF | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Biology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 314475 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Audit of paediatric prescriptions for the common paediatric problems. Author: Javed M Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2007 Oct-Dec;23(6):932-935. Abstract: The objectives were to compare the prevailing prescribing practices of paediatricians with minor and major diploma for common paediatric problems. It was a Cross sectional study in which 10 % of children visiting the outpatient department of paediatrics, Hamdard university hospital with gastroenteritis and Acute respiratory infections, diagnosed according to UNICEF/ WHO protocol were enrolled, their prescriptions checked and results were entered in specially designed Performa. Five hundred prescriptions were reviewed of which 308 were due to Gastro enteritis, 192 were due to respiratory tract infections1). Average numbers of drugs/ prescription were 3.33 +or- 1.2. Paediatricians with minor diploma prescribed 3.5 +or- 1.2 drugs/ prescription. Paediatricians with major diploma prescribed 2.8 +or-1.2 drugs/ prescription (p-valve 0.32) Antibiotic in diarrhoea and respiratory tract infections (upper and lower respiratory tract infections were written in 81.7% cases by paediatricians with lower diploma and 77.7 % cases by paediatricians with major diploma (p-valve 0.27). In respiratory tract infections antihistamines were prescribed in 79.7% of cases by paediatricians with minor diploma and 69.5 % cases by paediatricians with major diploma (p-valve0.11). Anti emetic in Gastroenteritis were written in 69.1% cases by paediatricians with minor diploma and 56.2% cases by Paediatricians with major diploma (p-valve 0.021). More drugs and more antibiotic were given by doctors, with major diploma. Antibiotics were totally different than recommended by the National ARI programme, which the Paediatricians teach in Medical Colleges. The antibiotics prescribed for common Paediatric Problems were totally different than recommended by the National ARI programme which the Paediatricians teach in Medical College. Active intervention is needed to improve the quality of medical education of physicians who treat children, while in depth measures are required for the training of paediatricians. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | PHYSICIANS | PRESCRIPTIONS | UNICEF | WHO | BEST PRACTICES | ANTIBIOTICS | DIARRHEA | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Diseases | Infections | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 323576 |
| 19. Title: Children and vulnerability in Tanzania: a brief synthesis. Author: Leach V Source: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Research on Poverty Alleviation [REPOA], 2007. 26 p. (Special Paper 07.25) Abstract: The intention of this paper is to highlight the key issues of children and vulnerability in Tanzania. The paper states that a national framework for social protection must be established to address these overwhelming facets of insecurity and vulnerability for children in Tanzania. The framework needs to reduce vulnerability, strengthen capabilities and must therefore put priority on improving the rural economy and rural conditions of life, and on improving health care and other services in rural areas to reduce the toll of ill-health on children and their caregivers. According to the paper pre-natal and obstetric care must be improved so that at birth babies and their mothers are provided health services which minimise their risk of death. Moreover, individuals who require special support may be identified through a combination of community and local government systems, with strengthened organised community groups to care for the most vulnerable. The paper further states that the level of support provided by several programmes to a relatively small number of children, for clothing, for example, is far in excess of the average expenditures by the majority of households on their children. The challenge is to provide support mechanisms which are not stigmatising, nor discriminatory, but which ensure that all children, no matter what their circumstances, benefit from and contribute to their own development and that of the nation to their fullest capacity. In conclusion the paper emphasises that the implications of this analysis suggest that investments are most critically needed to ensure that there is equitable access to quality health care, and that much more serious attention is needed towards the social attitudes towards children and young people and practices of caring for children, not only as infants, but also as older children. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | PROGRESS REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | UNICEF | MALNUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | EDUCATION | CHILD LABOR | CHILD ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Households | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Nutrition | Health | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 327133 |
| 20. Title: Evidence based breast-feeding promotion: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Author: Perez-Escamilla R Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2007 Feb;137(2):484-487. Abstract: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is the translational tool developed by WHO and UNICEF to promote breastfeeding (BF) in maternity wards worldwide. BFHI was officially launched in the 1980s based on a ''common sense'' approach. Since then, research conducted in Latin America has shown that BFHI is highly cost-effective. BF trends over the past 2 decades strongly suggest that BFHI has had a global impact on BF outcomes. The 10th step of BFHI related to community-based BF promotion is one of the most challenging ones to address. Randomized controlled trials conducted in the Americas, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa indicate that peer counseling is a very efficacious tool for increasing EBF rates. Low-cost rapid-response monitoring systems are needed to monitor the proper implementation and administration of BFHI steps following an evidence-based approach. This approach is essential for reenergizing the BFHI worldwide. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | PEER EDUCATORS | HOSPITALS | BREASTFEEDING | PROMOTION | WHO | UNICEF | COST EFFECTIVENESS | COUNSELING | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Americas | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Marketing | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services Document Number: 312504 |
| 21. Title: Prevention of HIV infection in infants: Documenting and learning from the Ukraine experience. Author: Thorne C; Newell ML; Zhylka N Source: Kyiv, Ukraine, UNICEF, 2007. 100 p. Abstract: The aim of this review is to document the experience of PMTCT in Ukraine to date, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of lessons learned within the current PMTCT programme. The report is structured around the four pillars of PMTCT: primary prevention of HIV infection within the context of MTCT; prevention of unintended pregnancies among HIV positive women; prevention of transmission from HIV positive women to their child; providing care and support to HIV positive women, their infants and their family. Since the initiation of the first national PMTCT programme in Ukraine in 2001, Ukraine has made substantial progress towards prevention of HIV infection in infants. Evaluation of the first programme in 2003 by a national and international team, including WHO and UNICEF, allowed consolidation of effort and the development of the next phase of the PMTCT programme. Furthermore, the findings facilitated the development of 'The Strategic Framework for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Infants in Europe' (2004). This outlined strategies for the implementation of the prevention of HIV infection in infants at a national level, with the aim of achieving the Dublin Declaration PMTCT goals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UKRAINE | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | INFANT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | UNICEF | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 325498 |
| 22. Title: Iraq vaccination campaign a success, says UNICEF. Author: Wakabi W Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007 Jun;7(6):379. Abstract: UNICEF has said that a campaign to vaccinate millions of Iraqi children against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) ended successfully, although difficulties were encountered in the most insecure areas of the country. The campaign aimed to vaccinate Iraq's 3.9 million children aged from 1 to 5 years old with the MMR vaccine. Claire Hajaj, head of communication at UNICEF Iraq, told TLID that the exercise went well, even in Anbar and Diyala governorates, which are strongholds of the Sunni insurgency. The first 5 days of the exercise saw 1 million children vaccinated and a 50% coverage was achieved at the halfway stage, according to UNICEF. There were no reports of vaccination teams being confronted with specific threats because of their participation in the campaign, Hajaj said. However, two teams were caught up in an explosion in Baghdad. There was no information to suggest the teams were deliberately targeted. A few areas were reportedly unreachable because of insecurity. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | CHILDREN | VACCINATION | CAMPAIGNS | PUBLIC HEALTH | WAR | UNICEF | Developing Countries | Middle East | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 317197 |
| 23. Title: New estimates of global under-5 mortality [letter] Author: Wardlaw T Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1413. Abstract: Christopher Murray and colleagues publish the results of an analysis of under-5 mortality data. They note several issues they believe limit the quality and usefulness of evidence on child mortality estimates produced by the Inter-agency Child Mortality Estimation Group (IACMEG), which includes WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, the UN Population Division, Harvard University, the US Bureau of the Census, and others. Developing the best possible method is important, and we repeat the invitation previously extended to Murray to join the Inter-agency group. However, we wish to note that many of the issues raised have already been recognised by the IACMEG and incorporated into its work plan. Additionally, we take issue with several of the technical arguments and conclusions of the article. First, UNICEF and members of the IACMEG have recognised the issue of the completeness of databases and significant work has already been completed in the development of a new and updated database, which will go live in thecoming months. This public-access database will allow ready access to the IACMEG child mortality estimates, in addition to information on how they are calculated and the data sources used. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | CHILD MORTALITY | DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL | DEATH RECORDS | VITAL STATISTICS | UNICEF | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Information Processing | Information | Population Statistics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321885 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Has the 2005 measles mortality reduction goal been achieved? A natural history modelling study. Author: Wolfson LJ; Strebel PM; Gacic-Dobo M; Hoekstra EJ; McFarland JW Source: Lancet. 2007 Jan 20;369(9557):191-200. Abstract: In 2002, the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children adopted a goal to reduce deaths owing to measles by half by the end of 2005, compared with 1999 estimates. We describe efforts and progress made towards this goal. We assessed trends in immunisation against measles on the basis of national implementation of the WHO/ UNICEF comprehensive strategy for measles mortality reduction, and the provision of a second opportunity for measles immunisation. We used a natural history model to evaluate trends in mortality due to measles. Between 1999 and 2005, according to our model mortality owing to measles was reduced by 60%, from an estimated 873 000 deaths (uncertainty bounds 634 000-1 140 000) in 1999 to 345 000 deaths (247 000-458 000) in 2005. The largest percentage reduction in estimated measles mortality during this period was in the western Pacific region (81%), followed by Africa (75%) and the eastern Mediterranean region (62%). Africa achieved the largest total reduction, contributing 72% of the global reduction in measles mortality. Nearly 7.5 million deaths from measles were prevented through immunisation between 1999 and 2005, with supplemental immunisation activities and improved routine immunisation accounting for 2.3 million of these prevented deaths. The achievement of the 2005 global measles mortality reduction goal is evidence of what can be accomplished for child survival in countries with high childhood mortality when safe, cost-effective, and affordable interventions are backed by country-level political commitment and an effective international partnership. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WHO | UNICEF | MEASLES | MORTALITY | IMMUNIZATION | VACCINES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 312113 |
| 25. Title: Global childhood malnutrition [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2006 May 6;367(9521):1459. Abstract: In 1990, the World Summit for Children announced key requirements for improving child health, with a crucial focus on nutrition. Subsequently, the UN incorporated the World Summit’s childhood nutritional aims into its first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1: to eradicate extreme poverty). A target for MDG1 is to reduce by half, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. This aspect of MDG1 is to be measured by assessing the percentage of children under five years who are underweight. Last week, Ann Veneman, Executive Director of UNICEF, released UNICEF’s Progress for Children report which shows how far the world has progressed towards achieving the nutritional target within MDG1, and more importantly, how much is still left to do. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | UNICEF | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health Document Number: 299579 |
| 26. Title: Watching the world wash its hands of sanitation. Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006 Oct;6(10):615. Abstract: A leading expert recently expressed an ambitious view that waterborne infectious diseases could be consigned to history. Alan Fenwick (Imperial College, UK) points out that the continual donation of drugs and other inexpensive treatments by a number of effective global health partnerships could control many waterborne and vectorborne diseases effectively by 2015, which is the target for reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He insists that treatment will substantially reduce disease morbidity, while also lowering overall disease transmission. However, disease transmission will still continue unless we tackle the root causes of these diseases, which are poor access to safe water and basic sanitation. A new joint WHO/UNICEF report on the progress towards meeting the water and sanitation MDG targets provides grim reading. The report states that the world is barely on track to reducing the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water, and the sanitation target is likely to be missed entirely. By 2015, if the current trends continue, over 900 million people will not have access to safe drinking water and 2.4 billion people will be without access to basic sanitation. According to the report, current efforts need to be stepped up by almost a third to meet the water target and almost doubled to meet the sanitation target. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | INFECTIONS | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | WHO | UNICEF | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Public Health | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Water Document Number: 309118 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Water and sanitation: the neglected health MDG. Source: Lancet. 2006 Oct 7;368(9543):1212. Abstract: A joint report from UNICEF and WHO published last month showed that 1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water and 2.6 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation. Last week, UNICEF launched its own report card on water and sanitation giving detailed statistics from each global region. It is grim reading despite UNICEF's optimism that some regions may now be on track to meet the water target in the seventh Millennium Development Goal--to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015. Some areas, such as rural sub-Saharan Africa, lag way behind on the water target, and most regions are failing spectacularly on sanitation targets. The report's headline statistic is that 1.5 million children die every year from preventable diarrhoeal illnesses and many thousands more are disadvantaged by wide-reaching health and educational consequences because of these failings. Unfortunately, experience to date suggests that statistics like this numb the mind rather than shock it into action as there is a distinct lack of political will to do more. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GOALS | UNICEF | WHO | WATER SUPPLY | DIARRHEA | WATER QUALITY | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | Africa | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases | Environmental Pollution | Prevention and Control | Water Document Number: 309627 |
| 28. Title: Vaccine preventable deaths and the global immunization vision and strategy, 2006-2015. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006 May;12(55):18. 511-515 Abstract: Immunization is among the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions. Immunization programs have led to eradication of smallpox, elimination of measles and poliomyelitis in regions of the world, and substantial reductions in the morbidity and mortality attributed to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2 million child deaths were prevented by vaccinations in 2003. Nonetheless, more deaths can be prevented through optimal use of currently existing vaccines. This report summarizes estimates of deaths attributed to vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) and vaccination coverage by WHO region and outlines the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy developed by WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and partners for implementation during 2006-2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | VACCINES | IMMUNIZATION | DISEASE PREVENTION | VACCINATION | IMPLEMENTATION | MORTALITY | WHO | UNICEF | CDC | FUNDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 302558 |
| 29. Title: 1946-2006: sixty years for children. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2006 Nov. [37] p. (State of the World's Children Special Report) Also available in French and Spanish. Abstract: UNICEF was born out of the ashes and destruction of World War II. Since its inception in 1946, the organization has worked tirelessly to improve the lives of children by protecting them from harm, curing them of disease, and providing them with food and the opportunity to learn and reach their full potential. The survival, protection and development of children are universal imperatives that lie at the heart of the Millennium Development Goals, the central objectives for human progress in the coming decade. UNICEF strives to make these goals a reality for every child. This commemorative report highlights the organization's work over the past six decades - its triumphs and its struggles - in an ever-changing world. Today, as violence, poverty, disease and abuse mar the lives of millions of children, I invite you to look back on the achievements of the past with an eye to the challenges of the present and the future. These pages reflect our commitment and our hopes - and our resolve to unite with others to create a world fit for children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | UNICEF | CHILD | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | ADVOCACY | HUMAN RIGHTS | EDUCATION | DISEASE PREVENTION | IMMUNIZATION | CAMPAIGNS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Settlement and Resettlement | Communication | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Programs | Economic Factors Document Number: 311210 |
| 30. Title: Eradication of female genital mutilation in Somalia. Author: UNICEF Source: [New York, New York], UNICEF, [2006]. [9] p. Abstract: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is defined as procedures involving partial or total removal of female genitals or other injury to female genital organs. In Somalia, FGM prevalence is about 95 percent and is primarily performed on girls aged 4-11. FGM can have severely adverse effects on the physical, mental, and psycholsocial well being of those who undergo the practice. The health consequences of FGM are both immediate and life-long. Despite the many internationally recognized laws against FGM, lack of validation is Islam and global advocacy to eradicate the practice, it remains embedded in Somali culture. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOMALIA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | UNICEF | PREVALENCE | COMPLICATIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Measurement | Diseases | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 316770 |
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