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Title: Placing learning needs in context: distance learning for clinical officers in Tanzania.
Author: Brigley S; Hosein I; Myemba I
Source: Medical Teacher. 2009 Apr;31(4):e169-76.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Poor public health indicators in Tanzania have led to the upgrading of nursing and clinical personnel who currently have just core training. Clinical officers (COs) have 3 years training in basic and applied medicine and are responsible for healthcare of large and dispersed rural populations. AIMS: UNESCO-Wales has funded colleagues in Wales (UK) to assist the upgrade of COs. An inquiry into their learning needs and the Tanzanian context has produced a framework for design of a module for COs on sexually transmissible infections and HIV & AIDS by distance learning. METHODS: Face-to-face discussions were held with the Ministry of Health, healthcare workers, educators and administrators in Tanzania; a review of training documents was carried out; and a follow-up questionnaire issued to COs. RESULTS: The discussions and review highlighted teacher-centred approaches, and management, infrastructure and resources obstacles to curriculum change. Principal learning needs of COs around STIs were: counselling, syndromic management, drugs management, laboratory diagnosis, health education, resources, staffing and service morale. CONCLUSIONS: Placing learning needs in context in dialogue with Tanzanian colleagues was an advance on simple transfer of educational technologies and expertise. The inquiry resulted in a draft study guide and resources pack that were positively reviewed by Tanzanian tutors. Management and resources issues raised problems of sustainability in the module implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DISTANCE EDUCATION | TRAINING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | UNESCO | CURRICULUM | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TREATMENT | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341949

Title: Mainstreaming HIV in education.
Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]. Inter-Agency Task Team on Education
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2008. [2] p. (Advocacy Briefing NoteED/UNP/HIV/2008/IATT-ABN2)
Abstract: Education and HIV & AIDS are inextricably linked. On the one hand, the chances of achieving crucial education goals set by the international community are severely threatened by HIV and AIDS. On the other hand, global commitments to strategies, policies and programs that reduce the vulnerability of children and young people to HIV will not be met without the full contribution of the education sector. Preventing and mitigating the impact of the AIDS epidemic through the education sector is critical, yet all too often responsibility for education and HIV has fallen under different spheres of authority. HIV and AIDS is frequently an add-on to the existing education system, rather than an integral part of education planning. A comprehensive sector-wide approach which mainstreams HIV and AIDS into existing education sector programs - taking account of the underlying causes of vulnerability to HIV infection and the longer term consequences of AIDS - is a crucial step towards addressing the epidemic. In addition, early mainstreaming actions in low prevalence countries may help to stem the surge of AIDS epidemics and reduce the likelihood that concentrated epidemics become more generalized. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | TEACHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADVOCACY | HIV PREVENTION | PREVALENCE | LABOR UNIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | UNESCO | WHO | WORLD BANK | Research Methodology | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Measurement | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies
Document Number: 326777

Title: EDUCAIDS framework for action. 2nd edition.
Author: Sass J; Castle C
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Education Sector, Division for the Coordination of UN Priorities in Education, Section on HIV and AIDS, 2008 Jan. 27 p. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001473/147360F.pdf (French) http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001473/147360S.pdf (Spanish)
Abstract: The EDUCAIDS Framework for Action: 1) Articulates what is EDUCAIDS; 2) Outlines components of a comprehensive education sector response; 3) Proposes methods to plan and proritise actions, improve coordination and build partnerships among key education sector stakeholders; and 4) Provides an overview of implementation support tools. This version of the EDUCAIDS Framework for Action is an update of the previous version, taking into account feedback from recent regional and sub-regional meetings and workshops involving 39 countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | HIV PREVENTION | UNESCO | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | CURRICULUM | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Social Change | Training Programs
Document Number: 327400

Title: Joint ILO / UNESCO Southern African Subregional Workshop, 30 November - 2 December 2005, Maputo, Mozambique. Improving responses to HIV / AIDS in education sector workplaces. Report.
Author: International Labour Organization [ILO]; UNESCO
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, ILO, 2006. 63 p.
Abstract: The workshop was organized under the auspices of an ILO programme initiated in 2004, developing a sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS education sector workplaces, as a complement to the ILO's code of practice HIV/AIDS and the world of work, adopted in 2001. A number of research papers and assessments prepared by international organizations in recent years have highlighted the impact of HIV and AIDS on the education sector workforce in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. High prevalence results in morbidity and mortality rates which deprive affected countries of some of their most educated and skilled human resources. In addition, teachers are often not trained or supported to deal with HIV in schools, and the disease has also affected the management capacity of education systems. In 2005, UNESCO joined the ILO in a collaborative project, aimed at the development of an HIV and AIDS workplace policy and related resource materials for use by education staff and stakeholders at national and institutional levels in southern African countries. The workshop in Maputo brought together representatives of government (ministries of labour and education), employer organizations and teacher/educator unions from seven countries to participate in this process, along with representatives of regional and international organizations (see Appendix 1 for list of participants). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | SCHOOLS | WORKPLACE | WORKSHOPS | HIV PREVENTION | BEST PRACTICES | UNIVERSITIES | HEALTH POLICY | UNESCO | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Organization and Administration | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 313139

Title: Life forces, life choices: Khomani San action research on HIV / AIDS.
Author: South African San Institute
Source: Kimberley, South Africa, South African San Institute, 2006. 85 p. (CLT-2006/WS/1)
Abstract: South Africa has one of the fastest growing HIV infection rates in the world. The epidemic, which has been making its way down the continent, is now well established in the urban areas and some rural areas. The migratory labour practices draw the viral infections into rural communities with devastating results. The high incidence of teenage pregnancies, lack of proper knowledge about the virus and methods of transmission and various cultural malpractice compounds the problem. Whereas there are specialized clinics, anti-retroviral programmes and other care and support programmes in the major metropolitan areas, the rural areas of South Africa are typically poorly serviced. The southern Kalahari region is one of the most remote areas of this country. It has a low density population of some 1000 adults covering a vast area of which a few hundred are resettled on reclaimed land and more are moving into the area. This project represents the first practical experience of the South African San Institute (SASI) in implementing the conceptual and methodological framework of the joint UNESCO/UNAIDS Project ?A Cultural Approach to HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care?, with a view to contribute to sustainable human development in South Africa. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | UNESCO | CULTURE | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 313137

Title: EDUCAIDS: towards a comprehensive education sector response. A framework for action.
Author: UNESCO; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Education Sector, Division for the Coordination of UN Priorities in Education, Section on HIV and AIDS, 2006 Sep. 27 p. Also available in French and Spanish.
Abstract: Steady progress has been made in recent years in efforts to achieve Education for All (EFA), but about 100 million children are still not enrolled in primary school, 55 percent of them girls. HIV and AIDS are among the key factors exerting pressure on education systems and students in the regions with the greatest EFA challenges. Halting the spread of HIV is not only a Millennium Development Goal (MDG) in itself (Goal 6), but is a prerequisite for reaching the others including Goal 2 (achieving universal primary education) and Goal 3 (promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women). The AIDS epidemic is increasingly recognised to be one of the most serious threats to global stability and progress. Adult HIV prevalence has reached 40 percent in parts of Southern Africa, and the virus is spreading rapidly in a number of regions, from West and Central Africa to Eastern Europe, from Asia (notably China and India) to Latin America and the Caribbean. The impact of AIDS is also magnified because the disease primarily strikes adults, particularly young adults, who drive economic growth and raise the next generation. Close to 39 million people are estimated to be living with HIV, and the global AIDS epidemic is responsible for the deaths of 25 million, 2.8 million in the last year alone. HIV is unravelling hard-won development gains and is having a crippling effect on future prospects. Unless strong action is taken, particularly in massively expanded and intensified prevention efforts, the epidemic will continue to spread and threaten sustainable development, including progress towards achieving EFA. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | STUDENTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UNAIDS | UNESCO | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 314594

10.

Title: Human trafficking in Mozambique: root causes and recommendations.
Author: UNESCO
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006. 71 p. (Policy Paper Poverty Series No. 14.1 (E)SHS/CCT/2006/PI/H/3)
Abstract: Trafficking in human beings, especially women and girls, is not new. Historically, it has taken many forms, but in the context of globalization, has acquired shocking new dimensions. It is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon involving multiple stakeholders at the institutional and commercial level. It is a demand-driven global business with a huge market for cheap labour and commercial sex confronting often insufficient or unexercised policy frameworks and trained personnel to prevent it. Mozambique is but one of an estimated 10 African countries (Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) that fuel the human trafficking business that feeds South Africa, the regional magnet. The recent history of armed conflict, extremes of dislocation and loss, reconstruction, political upheaval and deep social scars, together with its particular geography and the AIDS pandemic make Mozambique an inviting target for organized crime. The impact of these events on women and children, together with systemic gender discrimination and the absence of protective legislation make them particularly exposed to human trafficking. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MOZAMBIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | CHILDREN | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | POVERTY | UNESCO | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors
Document Number: 314598

11.

Title: Human trafficking in Nigeria: root causes and recommendations.
Author: UNESCO
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006. 70 p. (Policy Paper Poverty Series No. 14.2 (E)SHS/CCT/2006/PI/H/2)
Abstract: Trafficking in human beings, especially women and girls, is not new. Historically it has taken many forms, but in the context of globalization, has acquired shocking new dimensions. It is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon involving multiple stakeholders at the institutional and commercial level. It is a demand-driven global business with a huge market for cheap labour and commercial sex confronting often insufficient or unexercised policy frameworks or trained personnel to prevent it. Nigeria has acquired a reputation for being one of the leading African countries in human trafficking with cross-border and internal trafficking. Trafficking of persons is the third largest crime after economic fraud and the drug trade. Decades of military regimes in Nigeria have led to the institutionalized violation of human rights and severe political, social and economic crises. This negatively impacts the development of community participation, especially of women and children, despite international institutions designed to advance their causes. In addition, the oil boom in the 1970s created opportunities for migration both inside and outside of the country. This created avenues for exploitation, for international trafficking in women and children, for forced labor and for prostitution. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | CHILDREN | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | POVERTY | UNESCO | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors
Document Number: 314597

12.

Title: UNESCO guidelines on language and content in HIV- and AIDS-related materials.
Author: UNESCO
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Education Sector, Division for the Coordination of UN Priorities in Education, Section on HIV and AIDS, 2006. 58 p. (ED-2006/WS/29)
Abstract: Often, when dealing with materials on HIV and AIDS, one is faced with issues of sensitive content and/or references to vulnerable or marginalised communities. As a standard-setting organization, UNESCO must take special care to avoid the perpetuation of stigma and discrimination often faced by People Living with HIV (PLHIV), sex workers, men having sex with men, and other communities/groups. Moreover, the purpose of many materials is often to sensitise on issues related to HIV and AIDS. Thus, the power of language could not be more strongly emphasised. The following Guidelines on the preferred/ proper use of language were developed in an effort to respond to UNESCO's mission and work on HIV and AIDS-related issues. In general, they are intended to provide guidance towards using uniform, correct, gender-sensitive, non-discriminatory and culturally-appropriate language that promotes universal human rights. It is important to highlight that these Guidelines were produced only to assist in the development, revision and editing of HIV and AIDS-related materials. They are not intended to be used as a fixed and rigid set of rules. This document is targeted at UNESCO staff members and/or other individuals familiar with HIV- and AIDS-related issues. The Guidelines were initially conceptualised by UNESCO's Culture Sector and the current version was developed following a UNESCO-wide in-house consultation and consultations with all UN agencies. The build on the invaluable work of many organizations involved in the global response to HIV and AIDS. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | RECOMMENDATIONS | TERMINOLOGY | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | UNESCO | LANGUAGE | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | CULTURE | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education
Document Number: 313128

13.

Title: Passport to equality.
Author: UNESCO. Bureau of Strategic Planning. Section for Women and Gender Equality
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Bureau of Strategic Planning, Section for Women and Gender Equality, 2006 Jan. 46 p. (BSP/WGE/2006/PI/1) Also available in French and Spanish.
Abstract: A major step towards the attainment of the goal of equal rights for women was taken on 18 December 1979, when the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Its adoption concluded consultations over a five-year period by various working groups, the Commission on the Status of Women and the General Assembly. The Passport to Equality is issued by virtue of the right of every human being, without distinction of sex, to enjoy the basic rights proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The purpose of the Passport is to make women and men all over the world aware of the existence of the Convention. CEDAW establishes the universality of the principle of equality of rights between men and women and makes provision for measures to ensure equality of rights for women throughout the world. It reflects the depth of the exclusion and restriction practised against women solely on the basis of their gender. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UNESCO | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Political Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 314596

14.

Title: Report by the Director-General on implementing the UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board recommendations.
Author: UNESCO. Director-General
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006 Feb 23. 5 p. (174 EX/7) Also available in French and Spanish.
Abstract: This document informs the Executive Board about efforts to implement UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board (PCB) recommendations. The recommendations are the result of extensive consultation and negotiation by the Global Task Team to identify how the United Nations system can achieve greater cohesion and effectiveness in our response to HIV and AIDS at the country level. The PCB developed these recommendations following strong pressure from donors and Member States to streamline and harmonize how United Nations agencies assist countries with the implementation of their national action plans on HIV and AIDS. The 2005 World Summit: High-Level Plenary Meeting of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly in September reaffirmed the urgency of intensifying the response to AIDS by endorsing the recommendations, as have heads of United Nations agencies, and the boards of some cosponsors. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | UNAIDS | HIV PREVENTION | COORDINATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | UNESCO | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs
Document Number: 313127

15.

Title: Expanding the field of inquiry: a cross-country study of higher education institutions' responses to HIV and AIDS.
Author: UNESCO. Division of Higher Education
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006 Mar. 73 p. (ED-2006/WS/25CLD 27584)
Abstract: This report compares, analyses, and summarises findings from twelve case studies commissioned by the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in higher education institutions in Brazil, Burkina Faso, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Lebanon, Lesotho, Suriname, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It aims to deepen the understanding of the impact of HIV and AIDS on tertiary institutions and the institutional response to the epidemic in different social and cultural contexts, at varying stages of the epidemic, and in different regions of the world. The overall objective is to identify relevant and appropriate actions that higher education institutions worldwide can take to prevent the further spread of HIV, to manage the impact of HIV and AIDS on the higher education sector, and to mitigate the effects of HIV and AIDS on individuals, campuses, and communities. Specific focus includes: Institutional HIV and AIDS policies and plans; Leadership on HIV and AIDS; Education related to HIV and AIDS (including pre- and in-service training, formal and nonformal education); HIV and AIDS research; Partnerships and networks; HIV and AIDS programmes and services; and Community outreach. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | UNIVERSITIES | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | LEADERSHIP | UNESCO | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH EDUCATION | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY RELATIONS | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Schools | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Technology | Economic Factors | Group Processes | Social Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 313129

16.

Title: Good policy and practice in HIV and AIDS and education. Booklet 1: Overview.
Author: Attawell K; Elder K
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006 May. 24 p. (Good Policy and Practice in HIV and AIDS and Education Booklet No. 1ED-2006/WS/2cld 26002)
Abstract: HIV and AIDS affect the demand for, supply and quality of education. In some countries, the epidemic is reducing demand for education, as children become sick or are taken out of school and as fewer households are financially able to support their children?s education. However, it is difficult to generalize about the impact of HIV and AIDS on educational demand and important not to make assumptions about declining enrolments. Lack of accurate data on this question is a problem. For example, in Botswana absenteeism rates are relatively low in primary schools and there is some evidence to show that orphans have better attendance records than non-orphans. In Malawi and Uganda, where absenteeism is high among all primary school age students, there is less difference in school attendance between orphans and non-orphans than expected . (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH POLICY | BEST PRACTICES | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | UNESCO | CAPACITY BUILDING | MONITORING | WORKPLACE | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Planning | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Program Sustainability | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 313133

17.

Title: HIV and AIDS and educator development, conduct, and support.
Author: Attawell K; Elder K
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006 Mar. 37 p. (Good Policy and Practice in HIV and AIDS and Education Booklet No. 3ED-2006/WS/4cld 26006)
Abstract: UNESCO recognizes the significant impact of HIV and AIDS on international development, and in particular on progress towards achieving Education For All (EFA). As the UN agency with a mandate in education and a co-sponsor of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), UNESCO takes a comprehensive approach to HIV and AIDS. It recognizes that education can play a critical role in preventing future HIV infections and that one of its primary roles is to help learners and educators in formal and non-formal education systems to avoid infection. It also recognizes its responsibility to address and respond to the impact of the epidemic on formal and non-formal education systems, and the need to expand efforts to address issues related to care, treatment and support of those infected and affected by HIV. UNESCO's global strategy for responding to HIV and AIDS is guided by four key principles, and focuses on five core tasks. The guiding principles that are the foundation of UNESCO's response to HIV and AIDS are: Work towards expanding educational opportunities and the quality of education for all; A multi-pronged approach that addresses both risk (individual awareness and behaviour) and vulnerability (contextual factors); Promotion and protection of human rights, promotion of gender equality, and elimination of violence (notably violence against women), stigma and discrimination; An approach to prevention based on providing information that is scientifically sound, culturally appropriate, and effectively communicated, and helping learners and educators to develop the skills they need to prevent HIV infection and to tackle HIV and AIDS-related discrimination. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | TEACHERS | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | BEST PRACTICES | UNESCO | TRAINING PROGRAMS | WORKPLACE | STIGMA | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 313135

18.

Title: Joint ILO / UNESCO Caribbean Sub-Regional Workshop: Improving Responses to HIV / AIDS in Education Sector Workplaces. Report. September 28-30, 2005, Hilton Kingston Hotel, Jamaica.
Author: Budhlall P
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, International Labour Organization [ILO], 2006. [44] p.
Abstract: The workshop was organized under the auspices of an ILO-initiated programme during 2004-2005 to enhance a sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS education sector workplaces, as a complement to the ILO?s Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS in the world of work, adopted in 2001. A number of research papers and assessments prepared by international organizations in recent years have highlighted the vulnerability of education sector workers, foremost teachers, who are considered to be highly susceptible to HIV and AIDS infection in developing countries. The high prevalence, disability and mortality rates among these personnel in turn deprive affected countries of some of their most educated and skilled human resources. Moreover, teachers are often not trained or supported to deal with the HIV/AIDS crisis within schools, and the disease has also affected the management capacity of education systems to respond to mounting crises. In 2005, UNESCO joined forces with the ILO to spearhead the development of an HIV and AIDSworkplace strategy for the Caribbean which has as its objective the development of a model workplace policy and related resource materials for use by education staff and stakeholders at national and institutional levels of a nation?s education system. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CASE STUDIES | TEACHERS | POLICYMAKERS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | WORKSHOPS | HIV PREVENTION | WORKPLACE | SCHOOLS | HEALTH POLICY | UNESCO | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 313141

19.

Title: Early childhood health, nutrition and education.
Author: Jukes M
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2006. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2007: Strong Foundations: Early Childhood Care and Education. 86 p. (2007/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/17)
Abstract: Before children reach school age they must negotiate threats from a number of diseases. More than 50% of child deaths are caused by pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, malnutrition and HIV. Health and nutrition can affect education in many ways. In resource-poor countries, physical and mental disability can be a major barrier to schooling. This can result from iodine or folate deficiency or rubella infectious in utero or from cerebral malaria, polio or meningitis infections postnatally. Malaria infection, undernutrition and orphanhood can influence the likelihood and timing of enrolment. School readiness depends on cognitive, motor and socio-emotional development which can be affected by, among other things, undernutrition, iron deficiency anemia and malaria. There is clear evidence of the benefits of preschool health and nutrition interventions to tackle these three conditions, with economic returns to $1 spent estimated at $3 for nutritional supplementation and $14 for iron supplementation. For malnourished children, psychosocial stimulation can be as effective as nutritional supplementation in compensating for delayed cognitive development. In general, interventions in this age group have substantial and consistent effects on development and education which are generally larger than for school-age children. Effects are seen in all dimensions of school readiness -- cognitive, motor and socioemotional development -- but are perhaps greatest for motor development. The interventions are highly cost-effective compared with other educational interventions. They also have a greater impact on the most disadvantaged children and can help to promote equity in educational outcomes. Early childhood health and nutrition interventions have the potential to make a major contribution to achieving Education for All. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD NUTRITION | EDUCATION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | INTERVENTIONS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | UNESCO | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Nutrition | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 314595

20.

Title: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Address on the occasion of the Information Meeting with Permanent Delegates on HIV and AIDS, UNESCO, 9 May 2006.
Author: Matsuura K
Source: [Unpublished] 2006. 5 p. (DG/2006/067) Also available in French.
Abstract: It is a pleasure to welcome you here for an update on UNESCO?s role, aims and programme regarding HIV and AIDS. The last time we held an information session was almost exactly one year ago, when Dr Peter Piot, the Executive Director of UNAIDS, was with us. I am particularly pleased that Ms Cristina Owen-Jones, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for HIV and AIDS Prevention Education, has joined with us today for this meeting. I greatly appreciate her work on UNESCO?s behalf and the valuable advice and support she provides in this area. I would like to begin by saying that the past year has been an extremely busy time, with significantly increased global efforts against the terrible AIDS epidemic. And this is very welcome since we have absolutely no time to waste. AIDS is recognized as one of the most serious threats to global stability and progress. Adult HIV prevalence has reached 40% in parts of Southern Africa, and the virus is spreading rapidly in West and Central Africa, Eastern Europe, China, India, Latin America and the Caribbean. The impact of AIDS is also amplified because the disease mainly strikes adults, particularly young adults, who drive economic growth and raise the next generation of society. Close to 40 million people are estimated to be living with HIV, with women accounting for over half of HIV-positive persons in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, AIDS is responsible for the deaths of more than 20 million children, women and men, 3 million in the last year alone. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | UNESCO | HIV PREVENTION | UNAIDS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | COORDINATION | HEALTH POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Policy
Document Number: 313130

21.

Title: Forms and patterns of social discrimination in Nepal: a report.
Author: Pandey TR; Mishra S; Chemjong D; Pokhrel S; Rawal N
Source: Kathmandu, Nepal, UNESCO, 2006. [126] p. (UNESCO Kathmandu Series of Monographs and Working Papers No. 8KAT-SHS-2006/01)
Abstract: Socio-cultural diversity is one of the important features of Nepalese society. Its people are categorized into a number of caste groups as well as ethnic communities. They possess different types of cultural traditions and assume different levels of economic standing. In view of these diversities, public debates in Nepal have raised the issue that these different types of social categories share the opportunities and privileges available in this society differentially. Given this, this report aims to: highlight the existing forms and patterns of social discrimination experienced by people of Nepal, as they occur, on the grounds of their caste, ethnicity, gender, and religion-based identities, draw attention to the difference types of social discrimination experienced by people of the aforementioned social categories, and discover the variations of social discrimination among people, as they occur, in terms of their class-based position within these social categories. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | CASE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | UNESCO | CASTE | WORKSHOPS | RACE RELATIONS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | OWNERSHIP | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Employment Status
Document Number: 313132

22.

Title: Fighting human trafficking in southern Africa.
Author: Terada S; de Guchteneire P
Source: Forced Migration Review. 2006 May;(25):[1] p..
Abstract: In southern Africa, trafficking of persons is a sensitive topic, frequently associated with irregular migration, prostitution or child labour. It is often approached in an ideological way without tackling its roots. Little is known about the root causes and magnitude of the trafficking phenomenon in southern Africa. Available information suggests that both internal and cross-border forms of trafficking are prevalent. Children are predominantly trafficked within their country of origin. The International Organization for Migration has documented internal trafficking of children in South Africa and external trafficking from Mozambique, Angola and the Great Lakes region to South Africa, primarily to serve the needs of the highly sophisticated regional sex industry. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | MIGRATION | BEST PRACTICES | UNESCO | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors
Document Number: 314264

23.

Title: Linking EDUCAIDS with other on-going initiatives. An overview of opportunities. An assessment of challenges.
Author: Visser-Valfrey M
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Education Sector, Division for the Coordination of UN Priorities in Education, Section on HIV and AIDS, 2006 Oct. 43 p. (ED-2006/WS/65CLD-29608)
Abstract: This paper was commissioned by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to review the linkages and synergies between EDUCAIDS, the UNAIDS Global Initiative on Education and HIV & AIDS, and other initiatives in the field of HIV and AIDS. EDUCAIDS is one of UNESCO's three core Education for All (EFA) initiatives and focuses specifically on supporting national governments and their partners in developing comprehensive and scaled-up education sector responses to HIV and AIDS, with the dual objective of preventing the spread of HIV through education and of protecting education systems against the worst effects of the epidemic. This paper documents the similarities and differences between EDUCAIDS and selected initiatives, identifies current and potential links, and provides recommendations on how synergies and linkages can be strengthened. The analysis in this review was done on the basis of a document review and interviews with partners from the majority of the initiatives selected by UNESCO for this study. Five kinds of initiatives were reviewed. The first concerns programmes that have been put in place with a specific focus on HIV and AIDS. The second includes examples of initiatives with a broader focus (such as promoting sustainable development and enhancing school health) and which, through their activities, address a number of priority areas, including HIV & AIDS and education. The third is constituted by 'thematic initiatives' which address HIV and AIDS from a particular defined priority, for example by focusing on children. These initiatives include education as one of their strategies. The fourth kind of initiative concerns frameworks for operation at country level such as the 'Three Ones', the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and the UN country teams on HIV and AIDS. Finally, the analysis also considers the synergies and differences between EDUCAIDS and the UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on Education. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | STUDENTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | UNAIDS | UNESCO | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 314599

24.

Title: Exclusion in HIV / AIDS.
Source: Adolescence Education Newsletter. 2005 Dec;8(2):4-5.
Abstract: UNESCO's birth on 16 November 1945 was the outcome of reflection on the causes of the "great and terrible war which had just ended" and of a desire to remedy those causes by developing "the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind." In commemorating its 60th Anniversary, UNESCO endeavours not so much to celebrate its accomplishments, but to revive the power of the inspiration that guided its founding fathers. This means rekindling their sense of hope and vision with a view to the future. UNESCO Bangkok office began its anniversary activities by hosting a number of events, including honouring Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn as UNESCO's first Goodwill Ambassador for South-East Asia. The ambassadorship seeks to expand on the innovative educational approaches that Her Royal Highness has already undertaken in Thailand. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | CELEBRITIES | UNESCO | ADVOCACY | ETHNIC GROUPS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | UN | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 303549

25.

Title: UNESCO's cross-cutting approach to poverty for adolescent girls.
Source: Adolescence Education Newsletter. 2005 Jun;8(1):4-5.
Abstract: IT WAS AMBITIOUS, but not impossible. UNESCO picked four countries among the world's poorest -- Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, where about 30 per cent of families live in extreme poverty -- and rolled them into one pilot project with a cross-cutting approach to poverty reduction. This meant specialists from diverse backgrounds -- education, science and communication -- had to work hand in hand to reach marginalized girls. The resulting project, Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women: Empowering Adolescent Girls to become the Agents of Social Transformation in South Asia was approved for implementation in 2003-2004. UNESCO's intervention was characterized by holistic education. For adolescent girls deprived of basic education, this included reading, writing and math, but also gave importance to health, sexuality, life skills and other topics. Livelihood skills and income generation were part of the training for older girls. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | INDIA | NEPAL | PAKISTAN | PROGRESS REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | UNESCO | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | POVERTY | EDUCATION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Women's Status
Document Number: 303523

26.

Title: HIV and AIDS and quality education for all youth. Summary. Preparatory seminar, 47th International Conference on Education, Geneva, 7th September 2004.
Author: UNESCO. International Bureau of Education
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNESCO, International Bureau of Education, 2005. 12 p. (IBE/2005/RP/HV/02) Also available in French.
Abstract: "A teacher can save more lives than a doctor"; a quote from Mr. Peter Piot, Executive Director of UNAIDS, at the opening of this high level seminar on HIV & AIDS and education. This short sentence sums up the vital importance of the education sector in the fight against HIV & AIDS. This preparatory seminar, held on the eve of the 47th session of the International Conference on Education (ICE) brought together some 10 Ministers of Education and over 70 ministerial delegates, coming from around the world to participate in the ICE. This event was organized by the International Bureau of Education (IBE/UNESCO) in collaboration with UNAIDS co-sponsors and with the support of the Interagency Task Team on HIV & AIDS Education. Its objectives were: To discuss the essential issues concerning the roles and responsibilities of the education sector in the fight against HIV and AIDS; To identify the priority measures required to ensure an effective response from the education sector; To prepare and transmit key messages to the ICE delegates so that HIV & AIDS issues were integrated into the discussions, and ultimately, into the results of the 47th ICE. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | YOUTH | EDUCATION | UNESCO | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | GENDER ISSUES | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Management
Document Number: 297796

27.
Title: UNESCO's response to HIV and AIDS.
Author: UNESCO. International Institute for Educational Planning. HIV / AIDS Coordination Unit; UNESCO. Bureau for Field Coordination
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning, HIV / AIDS Coordination Unit, 2005. 42 p. (IIEP/Oct.2005/UHIV/UNESRES/01.R1)
Abstract: UNESCO's distinctive combination of expertise in education, science, social sciences, culture and communications gives it an interdisciplinary organizational and technical capacity that is particularly suited to working on education for prevention in an effort to halt the spread of HIV and AIDS. With all its partners, UNESCO has adopted a strong advocacy role for issues relating to HIV and AIDS. It is emphasising the linkages between HIV and AIDS education and poverty eradication; overcoming the disadvantages and disparities experienced by women and girls; supporting the understanding and practice of human rights; and adapting messages to diverse cultural and traditional contexts. This work is being carried out within the context of achieving the goals and targets of the Education for All (EFA) effort and the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, adopted at the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS). UNESCO is strengthening its engagement with regional, sub-regional and national institutions for a better coordination of efforts to support locally owned plans and strategies for responding to HIV and AIDS. When dealing with education ministries, UNESCO ensures that its support for HIV and AIDS education accords with the financial, management and programme framework of the country's educational plans, in particular those relating to EFA goals and HIV and AIDS prevention. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | UNESCO | EPIDEMICS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | ADVOCACY | TREATMENT | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Communication | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 297797

28.

Title: Population challenges and development goals.
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2005. 57 p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/248)
Abstract: Part one of this report provides a global overview of demographic trends for major areas and selected countries. It reviews major population trends relating to population size and growth, urbanization and city growth, population ageing, fertility and contraception, mortality, including HIV/AIDS, and international migration. In addition, a section on population policies has been included, in which the concerns and responses of Governments to the major population trends are summarized. The outcomes of the United Nations conferences convened during the 1990s set an ambitious development agenda reaffirmed by the United Nations Millennium Declaration in September 2000. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, being one of the major United Nations conferences of the decade, addressed all population aspects relevant for development and provided in its Programme of Action a comprehensive set of measures to achieve the development objectives identified. Given the crucial importance of population factors for development, the full implementation of the Programme of Action and the key actions for its further implementation will significantly contribute to the achievement of the universally agreed development goals, including those in the Millennium Declaration. Part two discusses the relevance that particular actions contained in those documents have for the attainment of universally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. It also describes the key population trends relevant for development and the human rights basis that underpins key conference objectives and recommendations for action. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | UNESCO | DEMOGRAPHY | URBANIZATION | POPULATION SIZE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | MORTALITY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Research Methodology | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Social Sciences | Science | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Family Planning | Migration
Document Number: 320237

29.

Title: Population, development and HIV / AIDS with particular emphasis on poverty: the concise report.
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2005. [69] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/247) Also available in French and Spanish.
Abstract: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has been a gathering force for nearly a quarter-century, and it continues to be a major global challenge. AIDS finds its victims in both rich and poor countries. There is no region of the world where HIV/AIDS is not a potentially serious threat to the population. Sub-Saharan Africa has so far borne the brunt of the AIDS devastation, and the region continues to experience high rates of infection. About 3 million people in the region were newly infected with the virus in 2004. Countries in Eastern Europe and Asia now have the fastest-growing rates of HIV infection in the world, and the populous countries of China, India and Indonesia are of particular concern. In some more developed countries, there are signs of a resurgence of risky sex between men. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POVERTY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HIV PREVENTION | POPULATION POLICY | UNESCO | FERTILITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | RISK FACTORS | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Social Policy | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Biology
Document Number: 320236

30.

Title: Women and men together for HIV / AIDS prevention. Literacy, gender and HIV / AIDS.
Author: Aksornkool N
Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2005. 48 p.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS has reached crisis proportions in many parts of the world, particularly in Southern Africa. To curb its spread, political leaders as well as health care and development specialists and practitioners have made concerted efforts to generate awareness and introduce education relating to this disease. Nevertheless, despite the abundance and availability of educational programmes aimed at the general public on HIV/AIDS, people in poor countries are dying faster than ever before, especially in Southern Africa. This puzzle leaves observers asking questions, such as "Why is this happening?", "Why has the infection rate increased?", "Are the educational materials reaching the right people?", "Are they affecting people who are at greatest risk?", "What is missing or wrong with them?", and "Where are the information gaps?". (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | UNESCO | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | LITERACY | GENDER ISSUES | MALE ROLE | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems
Document Number: 297612


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