Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 1853 records

Your search found 1853 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

Subscription may be needed for full text

Peer Reviewed

Title: Youth, unemployment, and male gender predict mortality in AIDS patients started on HAART in Nigeria.
Author: DeSilva MB; Merry SP; Fischer PR; Rohrer JE; Isichei CO; Cha SS
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jan;21(1):70-7.
Abstract: This retrospective study identifies risk factors for mortality in a cohort of HIV-positive adult patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Jos, Nigeria. We analyzed clinical data from a cohort of 1552 patients enrolled in a HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome treatment program and started on HAART between December 2004 and 30 April 2006. Death was our study endpoint. Patients were followed in the study until death, being lost to follow-up, or the end of data collection, 1 December 2006. Baseline patient characteristics were compared using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for continuous variables and Pearson Chi-Square test for categorical variables to determine if certain demographic factors were associated with more rapid progression to death. The Cox proportional hazard multivariate model analysis was used to find risk factors. As of 1 December 2006, a total of 104 cases progressed to death. In addition to the expected association of CD4 count less than 50 at initiation of therapy and active tuberculosis with mortality, the patient characteristics independently associated with a more rapid progression to death after initiation of HAART were male gender, age less than 30 years old, and unemployment or unknown occupation status. Future research is needed to identify the confounding variables that may be amenable to targeted interventions aimed at ameliorating these health disparities.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | YOUTH | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | UNEMPLOYMENT | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MORTALITY | DEATH | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331211

Peer Reviewed

Title: The health worker shortage in Africa: are enough physicians and nurses being trained?
Author: Kinfu Y; Poz MR; Mercer H; Evans DB
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009 Feb 10;87:225-230.
Abstract: Objective: To estimate systematically the inflow and outflow of health workers in Africa and examine whether current levels of pre-service training in the region suffice to address this serious problem, taking into account population increases and attrition of health workers due to premature death, retirement, resignation and dismissal. Methods: Data on the current numbers and types of health workers and outputs from training programmes are from the 2005 WHO health workforce and training institutions' surveys. Supplementary information on population estimates and mortality is from the United Nations Population Division and WHO databases, respectively, and information on worker attrition was obtained from the published literature. Because of shortages of data in some settings, the study was restricted to 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings: Our results suggest that the health workforce shortage in Africa is even more critical than previously estimated. In 10 of the 12 countries studied, current pre-service training is insufficient to maintain the existing density of health workers once all causes of attrition are taken into account. Even if attrition were limited to involuntary factors such as premature mortality, with current workforce training patterns it would take 36 years for physicians and 29 years for nurses and midwives to reach WHO's recent target of 2.28 professionals per 1000 population for the countries taken as a whole -and some countries would never reach it. Conclusion: Pre-service training needs to be expanded as well as combined with other measures to increase health worker inflow and reduce the rate of outflow.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | RETIREMENT | DEATH | UNEMPLOYMENT | EMPLOYMENT | HUMAN RESOURCES | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 340208

Title: Rising U.S. teen fertility.
Author: Saenz R; Conde E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [3] p.
Abstract: The United States has higher fertility rates among teenage girls compared with other developed countries of the world. For example, girls ages 15 to 19 have fertility rates more than five times higher than their counterparts in developed countries such as France, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Nonetheless, the fertility rate of girls ages 15 to 19 declined consecutively over the period from 1991 to 2005. During this time, the fertility rate of the age group dropped by one-third, from 61.8 births per 1,000 girls ages 15 to 19 in 1991 to 40.5 in 2005. However, the latest data for 2006 may point to a reversal of this trend, with the fertility rate inching upward to 41.9. This trend is of great concern because adolescent pregnancy has been associated with unemployment, poverty, repeated pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, infant mortality, high risk pregnancy, and lower educational achievement. Furthermore, teenage pregnancy is a primary indicator of adult poverty among women.
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | ITALY | JAPAN | SLOVENIA | SWITZERLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | UNEMPLOYMENT | POVERTY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INFANT MORTALITY | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Southern | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Mortality | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 331480

Title: Youth unemployment and underemployment in Africa brings uncertainty and opportunity.
Author: Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [2] p.
Abstract: The World Bank's Youth and Unemployment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem, The Promise report, released in December 2008, investigates the nature of Africa's youth demographics and recommends policies to give its youth access to stable employment. It argues that creating viable jobs for young people is a recondition for Africa's poverty eradication, sustainable development, and peace; and in countries emerging from conflict, access to employment for youth is integral to peace-building processes. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | UNEMPLOYMENT | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331481

Title: 'I am at the lowest end of all'. Rural women living with HIV face human rights abuses in South Africa.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International Publications, Mar 2008. 124 p.
Abstract: South Africa is continuing to experience a severe HIV epidemic. Five and a half million South Africans are HIV-infected, the largest number in any country in the world. Over half of them are women. This report provides an analysis of patterns of human rights abuses against women who are exposed to the risk of or are already living with HIV in rural contexts of widespread poverty and unemployment. It draws on the testimonies of 37 women who, to varying extents, had experienced incidents of violence from intimate partners or strangers, were unable to secure a stable income, faced periods of hunger, but were striving to maintain their access to health services and adhere to treatment despite the consequences of poverty, stigma and their low social status. This report makes a number of specific recommendations to the national and provincial authorities, and to donor countries and institutions supporting initiatives in South Africa. These recommendations are aimed at addressing the impact of discrimination, violence and poverty on rural women living with HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | STIGMA | POVERTY | UNEMPLOYMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 328100

Title: Fertility behavior in Armenia and Moldova: the decline during the post-Soviet transition and current preferences.
Author: Billingsley S
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 45 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 45)
Abstract: In the context of a fertility decline across the countries of the former Eastern bloc, this paper analyzes the fertility decline in Armenia and Moldova using 2005 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. Easterlin's (1976) hypothesis about the negative impact on fertility of reducing living standards is contrasted with Becker's (1981) theory of opportunity costs. If Easterlin's hypothesis is true, we would expect to see women with lower resources suppress fertility because of the hardships brought on by the economic transition, especially for those with fewer marketable skills. Conversely, if Becker's theory is correct, opportunity costs would lead women with the highest earning potential to suppress their fertility. Specifically, the extent of parity declines is analyzed during the transition from Communism, with special attention given to identifying women for whom parity declines are greater. The conditions under which women currently want children are also analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between economic conditions and the desire for another child or the desired timing of childbirth. Since 1986, parity progression ratios have declined more for women with vocational education than for women with higher education or secondary education only. Logistic analyses of current fertility preferences suggest that women who are employed are more likely to want a second birth in both countries, whereas the wealthiest women in Armenia have higher odds of wanting a third birth. Armenian women have higher odds of wanting to postpone the next birth if their partners are unemployed, whereas Moldovan women who are employed prefer to postpone their next childbirth.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARMENIA | MOLDOVA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STANDARD OF LIVING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | UNEMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329537

Title: The impact of the labour market on the timing of marriage and births in Spain.
Author: Gutierrez-Domenech M
Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):83-110.
Abstract: This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945-1960 and Cohort 1961-1977. Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945-1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961-1977. We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts. The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE AGE | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | UNEMPLOYMENT | SEX FACTORS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 322757

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Default from tuberculosis treatment in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; who are these defaulters and why do they default?
Author: Hasker E; Khodjikhanov M; Usarova S; Asamidinov U; Yuldashova U; van der Werf MJ; Uzakova G; Veen J
Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2008;8:97.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Tashkent (Uzbekistan), TB treatment is provided in accordance with the DOTS strategy. Of 1087 pulmonary TB patients started on treatment in 2005, 228 (21%) defaulted. This study investigates who the defaulters in Tashkent are, when they default and why they default. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 126 defaulters (cases) and 132 controls and collected information on time of default, demographic factors, social factors, potential risk factors for default, characteristics of treatment and recorded reasons for default. RESULTS: Unemployment, being a pensioner, alcoholism and homelessness were associated with default. Patients defaulted mostly during the intensive phase, while they were hospitalized (61%), or just before they were to start the continuation phase (26%). Reasons for default listed in the records were various, 'Refusal of further treatment' (27%) and 'Violation of hospital rules' (18%) were most frequently recorded. One third of the recorded defaulters did not really default but continued treatment under 'non-DOTS' conditions. CONCLUSION: Whereas patient factors such as unemployment, being a pensioner, alcoholism and homelessness play a role, there are also system factors that need to be addressed to reduce default. Such system factors include the obligatory admission in TB hospitals and the inadequately organized transition from hospitalized to ambulatory treatment.
Language: English
Keywords:
UZBEKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RECORDS | CLIENTS | HOMELESS PERSONS | TUBERCULOSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | TREATMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RETIREMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Information Processing | Information | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Behavior | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 329121

11.

Title: Unmet need and the demand for family planning in Uganda. Further analysis of the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys, 1995-2006.
Author: Khan S; Bradley SE; Fishel J; Mishra V
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. 42 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Further Analysis No. 60)
Abstract: Uganda is the third fastest growing country in the world. Contraceptive use is low, and the unmet need for family planning is high. This study examines unmet need in Uganda from 1995 to 2006 using data from three consecutive rounds of the Demographic and Heath Surveys. The study provides levels, trends, and differentials for unmet need; the factors associated with unmet need; reasons for contraceptive nonuse; and the likely impact of reducing unmet need. The results show that unmet need is highest among currently married women, women in rural areas, and women in the Northern region. Unmet need is increasing among the all-women group, currently married women, all sexually active women, and never-married sexually active women. Unmet need remains steady at low levels among never-married women and formerly married women. Unmet need for spacing is more prevalent than for limiting. Women with an unmet need for spacing and limiting both tend to have more than two living children. Women with an unmet need for spacing are more likely to lack employment, live in the Northern region, and not receive family planning messages in the media while women with an unmet need for limiting, in contrast, tend to be older and live in rural areas. Total unmet need is associated with higher parity (2 or more children) and living in the Northern region. Substantial proportions of women do not use, and do not intend to use, contraception in the future due to the fear of side effects and opposition from the husband or partner. Based on statistical models, modest declines in unmet need and increases in contraceptive prevalence in Uganda can substantially reduce the country's total fertility rate.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COUPLES | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | MARITAL STATUS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | BIRTH SPACING | MASS MEDIA | UNEMPLOYMENT | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Nuptiality | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Communication | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329539

12.
Title: Evaluation of STD/HIV/AIDS peer-education and danger: a local perspective.
Author: Laperriere H
Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2008 Nov-Dec;13(6):1817-24.
Abstract: An evaluation of peer-education projects with sex workers, men who have sex with men and marginalized adolescents, was introduced in a remote region of Brazil. The context of varied limits of predictability made it difficult to conduct inquiry. To go beyond available epidemiological surveys and questionnaires on sexual behavior, a self-evaluation aimed at increasing pragmatic knowledge about prevention in a challenging socio-political context. During five-months, a participatory-action research explored participant observation; individual and collective exchanges with users, peer-educators, coordinators, administrators, politicians and regional health professionals. Collective understanding of peer-education in prostitution zones underlines the reality of unforeseen social repercussions and confluence/divergence of multiple actors' perspectives. It identifies meaningful dimensions at a community-level, such as the collective history and dangerous working conditions. Nurses face complex struggles and negotiations over multiple actors in their practice. This study suggests that nurses have a role to play in the conceptualization of participatory evaluation. It also underlines the threats to their physical and social safety, which they might share with peer-educators.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | LABOR FORCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PEER EDUCATORS | POVERTY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | UNEMPLOYMENT | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | AIDS PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | AIDS | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 330753

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Socioeconomic status and HIV seroprevalence in Tanzania: a counterintuitive relationship.
Author: Msisha WM; Kapiga SH; Earls F; Subramanian SV
Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Dec;37(6):1297-1303.
Abstract: Objective: To examine the relationship between multiple dimensions of socioeconomic status (SES) and HIV seroprevalence in Tanzania. Methods: Using a large nationally representative sample of 7515 sexually active adults drawn from the 2003-04 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey, we analysed the relationship between multiple SES measures and HIV seroprevalence using weighted logistic regression models. Results: In adjusted models, individuals in the highest quintile of standard of living had increased odds ratio (OR) of being HIV-positive (male: OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.17-4.82; female: OR 3.74, 95% CI 2.16-6.49). Occupational status was differentially associated with HIV in men and women; women in professional jobs had higher OR of being HIV-positive (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.02-2.38), whereas unemployed men had higher risk of being HIV-positive (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.43-8.58). No marked association was found between increasing education and HIV seroprevalence for men (P=0.83) and women (P=0.87). Conclusion: Contrary to the prevailing perception that low SES individuals tend to be more vulnerable to HIV-infection, we found a positive association between standard of living and HIV-infection. Strategies aimed at reducing HIV-infection needs to be cognizant of the complex social heterogeneity in the patterns of HIV-infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADULTS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PREVALENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | UNEMPLOYMENT | RISK FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Employment Status | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Biology
Document Number: 328681

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Barriers and enablers in the management of tuberculosis treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A qualitative study.
Author: Sagbakken M; Frich JC; Bjune G
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jan 11;8:11.
Abstract: Non-adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is an important barrier for TB control programs because incomplete treatment may result in prolonged infectiousness, drug resistance, relapse, and death. The aim of the present study is to explore enablers and barriers in the management of TB treatment during the first five months of treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The was a qualitative study which included 50 in-depth interviews and two focus groups with TB patients, their relatives and health personnel. We found that loss of employment or the possibility to work led to a chain of interrelated barriers for most TB patients. Daily treatment was time-consuming and physically demanding, and rigid routines at health clinics reinforced many of the emerging problems. Patients with limited access to financial or practical help from relatives or friends experienced that the total costs of attending treatment exceeded their available resources. This was a barrier to adherence already during early stages oftreatment. A large group of patients still managed to continue treatment, mainly because relatives or community members provided food, encouragement and sometimes money for transport. Lack of income over time, combined with daily accumulating costs and other struggles, made patients vulnerable to interruption during later stages of treatment. Patients who were poor due to illness or slow progression, and who did not manage to restore their health and social status, were particularly vulnerable to non-adherence. Such patients lost access to essential financial and practical support over time, often because relatives and friends were financially and socially exhausted by supporting them. Patients' ability to manage TB treatment is a product of dynamic processes, in which social and economic costs and other burdens change and interplay over time. Intervention to facilitate adherence to TB treatment needs to address both time-specific and local factors. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | TUBERCULOSIS | TREATMENT | OBSTACLES | MANAGEMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | FEES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities
Document Number: 323624

15.

Title: Selective international migration by social position, health behaviour and personality.
Author: Silventoinen K; Hammar N; Hedlund E; Koskenvuo M; Ronnemaa T
Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2008 Apr;18(2):150-155.
Abstract: Immigrants is an important minority in many countries, but little is known how they are self-selected. We analysed differences in psycho-social and health behavioural factors between international migrants and non-migrants prior to migration in a large cohort of Finnish twins. A questionnaire was sent to Finnish twins in 1975 (response rate 89%, N = 26555 twin individuals). Follow-up data on migration and mortality were derived from population registries in Finland and Sweden up to 31 March 2002. In 1998, another questionnaire was sent to Finnish twins migrated to Sweden and their co-twins (response rate 71%, N = 1534 twin individuals). The data were analysed using Cox and conditional logistic regression models. Life dissatisfaction, higher alcohol use and smoking at baseline predicted future migration. In men additionally, unemployment, neuroticism and extroversion increased the probability to migrate. Similar associations were found for alcohol use in men and smoking in men and women within twinpairs discordant for migration. Twins also reported retrospectively that prior to migration the migrated twin had been less satisfied with his/her educational institution or job and was generally less satisfied with life, used more alcohol (men) and smoked more (women) than the co-twin stayed in Finland. Migrants are self-selected by health behavioural and personality factors, which may compromise their health. The special requirements of migrants should be recognized in health care. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MIGRANTS | SEX FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | HEALTH | TOBACCO USE | PERSONALITY | EDUCATION | UNEMPLOYMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325316

16.

Title: Youth in crisis. Coming of age in the 21st century.
Author: United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Integrated Regional Information Networks [IRIN]
Source: [Nairobi, Kenya], IRIN, 2007 Feb. 80 p. (IRIN In-Depth)
Abstract: Across the globe, a generation of youth is rapidly reaching adulthood bearing the tragic consequences of their nations' worst problems. In this 'Youth in Crisis' In-Depth, IRIN traces the impact of the events shaping their lives, from the illegal forced marriage of teenage girls in Afghanistan and Ethiopia, to the tripling of school fees and the deteriorating education system in Zimbabwe. Cultural conservatism, as well as fear of attacks on schools by Taliban insurgents, and poverty, mean half of all Afghan children do not go to school, and those who do often 'graduate' to unemployment. To be young in some nations is to be more disadvantaged than one's parents were: the numbers of children attending school in the Republic of Congo has fallen from almost 100 per cent before the 1998-2002 civil war to below 75 percent now. The same is true in northern Uganda where high illiteracy rates are a consequence of two decades of war and insecurity, condemning Acholi youngsters brought up in displaced peoples' camps to a life of far fewer opportunities than older siblings, parents and even grandparents. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | VIOLENCE | WAR | RISK FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | POVERTY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | UNEMPLOYMENT | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | HIV INFECTIONS | EDUCATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 316336

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Poverty and pro-poor policies for Pacific Island countries.
Author: Abbott DF
Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Dec;22(3):59-74.
Abstract: Although generalizations can be misleading given the diversity of Pacific island countries' situation, the overall trend is that the Polynesian countries have been performing relatively well, the Micronesian countries of the north Pacific have been struggling to maintain gains already made, while Melanesian countries, notably those that have been impacted by natural disasters or where there has been conflict or civil/political tension, a reversal of earlier development progress is being witnessed. The result is that many countries in the Pacific are off-track to achieve at least five or more of the eight Millennium Development Goals. Weak fiscal situations, the impact of global externalities, concern over the future impact of climate change, and high levels of domestic rural/urban migration are all factors which are adversely affecting the ability and commitment of Governments in the Pacific to implement the policy initiatives necessary to realize significant achievements towards the Millennium Development Goals. Indeed the impact of oil price rises, climate change and demography, including the consequences of labour mobility and the growing threat of HIV/AIDS, are having profound affects on the likely long-term sustainability of some small island States. These issues therefore set very challenging policy agendas for human development in the Pacific islands. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | UNEMPLOYMENT | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Financial Activities
Document Number: 326120

18.

Title: Helping youth make the transition from school to work.
Author: Adams AV
Source: Development Outreach. 2007 Jun;:[10] p.
Abstract: Unemployment rates among youth 15 to 24 years of age are among the most frequently cited indicators of the difficulty the young face in making a transition from schooling to full-time employment and becoming productive citizens and providers for their families. The ILO (2006) reports that youth unemployment has risen rapidly over the past decade to reach 85 million worldwide, representing 44 percent of the 193 million persons out of work worldwide in 2005. Policymakers in countries of all income levels are drawn to the problems of youths because of their concern for the political, social, and economic pressures created during their transition to adulthood. Unemployed, out-of-school youth face higher risks of engaging in illicit activities, and thus failing to acquire skills and experience during this critical stage of their development leading to concerns about longer-term employment prospects for these youths. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | UNEMPLOYMENT | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | HUMAN CAPITAL | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources
Document Number: 320280

19.

Title: [Variance estimation methods in samples from household surveys] Metodos de estimacao de variancia em amostras provenientes de inqueritos domiciliares.
Author: Alves MC; da Silva NN
Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2007 Dec;41(6):938-946.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of sampling errors is essential for correctly interpreting the results from household surveys and evaluating their sampling designs. The composition of household samples used in surveys gives rise to situations of complex estimation. In this light, the study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the performance of the variance estimators in surveys carried out among urban populations in Brazil. METHODS: The reference population was the sample drawn by the Fundacao Sistema Estadual de Analise de Dados Estatisticos (SEADE -State Statistical Data Analysis System Foundation) for carrying out an employment and unemployment survey in the metropolitan region of S�o Paulo. Three techniques were used for estimating variance: Taylor linearization and Jackknife and BRR replication. Repeated samples were selected from the reference population, using stratified cluster sampling in two stages (census tracts and households). Three different designs were used and 2,000 samples were drawn within each design. To obtain an estimator ratio, the accuracy of the variance estimators was evaluated by means of the mean square error and the confidence interval coverage. RESULTS: According to the mean square error, the three techniques provided similar accuracy. The bias ratios were approximately 0.10, for the smaller samples. The confidence interval coverage indicated that the confidence levels observed were lower than what was set (95%), and were around 90% for the smaller samples. CONCLUSIONS: The variance estimators showed similar performance with regard to accuracy and confidence interval coverage. The bias was irrelevant in relation to the magnitude of the standard error. Although the real confidence levels were lower than the nominal levels for normal distribution, the changes did not prevent construction of interval estimates with reasonable confidence.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | SAMPLING ERRORS | BIAS | URBAN POPULATION | EMPLOYMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Error Sources | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 326372

20.
Title: Too poor to marry? Urban employment crisis and men's first entry into union in Burkina Faso.
Author: Calves AE
Source: Population-E. 2007;62(2):293-312.
Abstract: Young city-dwellers in Burkina Faso form couples later than their predecessors did, and the process of entry into union has changed: unmarried cohabitation now more often precedes the various wedding celebrations (traditional wedding, religious wedding, civil wedding), some of which are postponed or even omitted. Anne-Emmanuele Calves examines this process in detail and points out the role of employment insecurity at a time when rising wedding costs are borne increasingly by the bridegroom rather than his family. In addition, more young Burkinabes are now enrolled in education, which also delays union formation. The effects of this trend on fertility and on the care of the growing number of children born outside marriage require more research, since delayed marriage is not peculiar to Burkina Faso but affects many African urban centres. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN AREAS | YOUTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | FERTILITY | FEES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities
Document Number: 322310

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender and job mobility in postsocialist China: A longitudinal study of job changes in six coastal cities.
Author: Cao Y; Hu CY
Source: Social Forces. 2007 Jun;85(4):1535-1560.
Abstract: This study examines the gender differences in job mobility in urban China. Conceptualizing China's postsocialist transition as a multi-faceted process, we argue that the emergence of labor markets, gendered role differentiation within the family, and the state's declining involvement in promoting women's rights lead to widened gender gaps in job mobility. Event history analysis of data from six coastal cities finds that married women are less likely than their male counterparts to change jobs for career advancements, but are more likely to experience family-oriented job changes and involuntary terminations. The gender gaps in career-oriented job changes and involuntary terminations have also widened considerably during the reform period. We interpret these findings as the joint results of economic, socio-cultural and political processes. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADULTS | URBAN AREAS | LABOR FORCE | CHANGES | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | UNEMPLOYMENT | SEX FACTORS | INCOME | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Behavior | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 321241

22.
Title: Globalisation and work: An insight from the Ghananian and Nigerian women experience.
Author: Fayankinnu EA; Alo OA
Source: Gender and Behaviour. 2007 Jun;5(1):1129-1161.
Abstract: This paper examines the implication(s) of globalisation on women in Ghana and Nigeria and suggested policy options. From a qualitative perspective, the paper argued using a comparative approach, that , in spite of the benefits globalisation parades, it has been inherently hostile than pleasant on women in both countries. The policies of deregulation, privatization, devaluation, trade liberalization, monetary restraint, liquidity squeeze and tariff dismantling introduced into both countries as part of the globalisation process led to feminization of employment without corresponding micro benefits for women (female marginalisation).This had consequences for women as the pattern of employment changed from permanent to flexible or casual labour. Thus, women employed under this condition earn low wage, work longer hours, lack job security, deprived of their reproductive rights, and lack union protection. Job loss for women increased due to liberalization of trade which affected women more in the informal sector where they are highly concentrated. Removal of subsidies on goods and services increased prices of commodities and made life difficult for women especially with their unemployed situation. Thus, health care and education fees became unaffordable, leading to decline in health care users. Women lost out with increase in mortality rates, and infections of diseases. Girls had to be withdrawn at the expense of boys from school to assist in domestic chores as well as generate income for the upkeep of the family. This also rendered girls vulnerable to molestation, sexual harassment, rape, pregnancy and STIs. Thus, globalisation increased than reduce women's poverty. The paper concludes by suggesting that the government should increase spending on health and education, encourage women to join unions, organize women in the informal sector, and encourage employers to pay casual workers benefits enjoyed by permanent workers. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | ECONOMIC POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | LABOR UNIONS | UNEMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Organizations | Employment | Socioeconomic Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 318182

23.

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV and ethnicity in Canada: is the HIV risk-taking behaviour of young foreign-born MSM similar to Canadian born MSM?
Author: George C; Alary M; Hogg RS; Otis J; Remis RS
Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jan;19(1):9-16.
Abstract: There is a dearth of information on the HIV risk-taking behaviour of foreign-born men who have sex with men (MSM) in Canada. This study focused on identifying sexual risk behaviour among MSM who immigrated to Canada and compared them to MSM who were born in Canada. Baseline data from the Omega Cohort in Montreal and the Vanguard Project in Vancouver were combined to form four ethnicity/race analytical categories (n = 1,148): White born in Canada (WBIC), White born outside of Canada, non-White born in Canada (NBIC) and non-White born outside of Canada (NBOC). Psychological, demographic and sexual behaviour characteristics of the groups were similar except: NBOC were more likely to be unemployed, less likely to be tattooed, had fewer bisexual experiences and less likely worried of insufficient funds. WBOC were more likely to report unprotected sex with seropositives and more likely to have had unprotected sex while travelling. NBIC were more likely to have ever sold sex and to have had body piercing. WBOC are at high risk of acquiring as well as transmitting HIV. It is important to consider place of birth in addition to ethnicity when developing programmes to prevent the transmission of HIV. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | IMMIGRANTS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | UNEMPLOYMENT | NEEDLE PIERCING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 311290

25.

Title: Impact of structural adjustment programmes on overall social welfare in Pakistan.
Author: Gera N
Source: South Asia Economic Journal. 2007;8(1):39-64.
Abstract: This article discusses the impact of structural adjustment on poverty and inequality and overall social welfare in Pakistan over the adjustment decade (1988-99) based on household surveys. It provides an in-depth analysis of poverty during the adjustment decade as well as an account of structural adjustment programmes and macroeconomic policies. The article argues that adjustment programmes have been flawed by a lack of distributional analysis and by poor sequencing of reforms, notably premature financial liberalization. The conditionality of reduction of the budget deficit has led to expenditure cuts which have adversely affected the poorer sections of society. The findings show that since the 1988 bout of structural adjustment, public sector employment decreased while wages were frozen. Also, overall unemployment in occupations with a high incidence of poverty has increased and the real wages of both skilled and unskilled labour fell sharply. Overall, the likely impact of structural adjustment policies on labour and the poor presents a bleak scenario. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LABOR FORCE | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WAGES | INCOME | UNDEREMPLOYMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Communication
Document Number: 322533

26.

Title: Romani children in South East Europe. The challenge of overcoming centuries of distrust and discrimination.
Author: Hoelscher P
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNICEF, Regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe / Commonwealth of Independent States, 2007 Mar. 39 p. (Social and Economic Policy for Children Discussion Paper No. 7)
Abstract: Research on the situation of Romani children in South East Europe indicates that they experience human rights abuses on a large scale. In every country, they are the ones that are the most vulnerable to poverty, deprivation, and lack of access to healthcare and education. Every new generation is at risk of being left out, thus perpetuating the cycle of poverty and social exclusion. Though the extent of the problem is unknown, a significant percentage of Roma lack personal identify documents. The impact on children can be dramatic, limiting their access to healthcare, education and social services. The poverty rates among Roma are four times higher than for non-Romani households in the same community, pointing to structural and societal processes that continue to exclude Roma from the mainstream labour market. Segregation into substandard and sometimes isolated housing not only increases health and security risks but also impedes equal access to transport, healthcare, education, employment and other social services. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, SOUTHEASTERN | PROGRESS REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | CHILDREN | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | POVERTY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | UNEMPLOYMENT | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | SEGREGATION | Developing Countries | Europe | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Health | Political Factors
Document Number: 324528

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The changing political economy of sex in South Africa: The significance of unemployment and inequalities to the scale of the AIDS pandemic.
Author: Hunter M
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Feb;64(3):689-700.
Abstract: Between 1990 and 2005, HIV prevalence rates in South Africa jumped from less than 1% to around 29%. Important scholarship has demonstrated how racialized structures entrenched by colonialism and apartheid set the scene for the rapid unfolding of the AIDS pandemic, like other causes of ill-health before it. Of particular relevance is the legacy of circular male-migration, an institution that for much of the 20th century helped to propel the transmission of sexually transmitted infections among black South Africans denied permanent urban residence. But while the deep-rooted antecedents of AIDS have been noted, less attention has been given to more recent changes in the political economy of sex, including those resulting from the post-apartheid government's adoption of broadly neo-liberal policies. As an unintentional consequence, male migration and apartheid can be seen as almost inevitably resulting in AIDS, a view that can disconnect the pandemic from contemporary social and economic debates. Combining ethnographic, historical, and demographic approaches, and focusing on sexuality in the late apartheid and early post-apartheid periods, this article outlines three interlinked dynamics critical to understanding the scale of the AIDS pandemic: (1) rising unemployment and social inequalities that leave some groups, especially poor women, extremely vulnerable; (2) greatly reduced marital rates and the subsequent increase of one person households; and (3) rising levels of women's migration, especially through circular movements between rural areas and informal settlements/urban areas. As a window into these changes, the article gives primary attention to the country's burgeoning informal settlements--spaces in which HIV rates are reported to be twice the national average--and to connections between poverty and money/sex exchanges. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RETURN MIGRATION | RESIDENT STATUS | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | COLONIALISM | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SEX FACTORS | SEGREGATION | UNEMPLOYMENT | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Political Systems | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Population Characteristics | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 310711

28.

Title: Acceptability of HIV counselling and testing among tuberculosis patients in south Ethiopia.
Author: Jerene D; Endale A; Lindtjorn B
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2007 May 30;7(1):4.
Abstract: To benefit from available care and treatment options, patients should first be counselled and tested for HIV. Our aim was to assess the acceptability of HIV testing among tuberculosis patients under routine care conditions in south Ethiopia. We interviewed all adult tuberculosis patients who were treated at Arba Minch Hospital in Ethiopia between January and August 2005. After recording socio-demographic information and tuberculosis treatment history, we referred those patients who showed initial willingness to a counsellor for HIV counselling and testing. Rapid test methods were used following a pretest counselling session. The results were disclosed during a post-test counselling session. We used the logistic regression method to assess factors associated with willingness and acceptability. 190 adult tuberculosis patients were treated at the hospital and all of them consented to take part in the study. Their median age was 30 years (range, 15-68) and 52% of them were males. 49 patients (26%) were previously tested including 29 (59%) HIV positive. Of 161 patients (excluding the 29 already positive), 118 (73%) were willing to be tested and 58% (68/118) of those willing accepted the test. The overall acceptability rate was 35% (56/161). Fourteen (20.6%) were HIV positive and women were more likely to be HIV infected (P=0.029). Unemployment and self-perceived high risk of HIV infection were associated with initial willingness (OR [95% CI]:2.6 [1.3-5.5] vs. 5.0 [1.1-22.4], respectively). However, only being unemployed was associated with accepting the test (OR=4.2; 95% CI=1.9-9.3). The low acceptability of HIV counselling and testing among tuberculosis patients poses a challenge to the scale-up of TB/HIV collaborative efforts. There is a need for alternative counselling and testing strategies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADULTS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | UNEMPLOYMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 317173

29.

Title: Unemployment, contraceptive behaviour and reproductive outcomes among young Australian women.
Author: Kelaher M; Dunt D; Dodson S
Source: Health Policy. 2007 Jun;82(1):95-101.
Abstract: The aims were to examine whether unemployment and partnership affects pregnancy, live births and terminations among young Australian women. Unemployment has conventionally been used in epidemiological studies to examine the health effects of loss of opportunity, material resources and satisfaction associated with work. During welfare reform in the 1990s it was argued that unemployment and associated welfare receipt could influence reproductive choice. As part of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health, information on employment, contraceptive use and pregnancy, live births and terminations was obtained at two time points. Information on partnership, age, parental education, and area economic resources was also obtained. The sample included 9683 women aged 18-23 years in 1996 (time 1) and 2000 (time 2). Logistic regressions were conducted to assess the relationship between unemployment and contraceptive use at time 1 and the impact of unemployment at time 1 on pregnancy, live births andterminations at time 2. Analyses accounted for partnership, significant differences in contraception, age, parental education and area economic resources. Results: Despite the absence of differences in overall rates of contraceptive use, rates of pregnancy and live births among young unemployed-women were higher than rates among employed-women. These differences became non-significant when differences in the need to use contraception and oral contraceptive use were taken into account. There were no differences in terminations due to unemployment overall but partnered unemployed women were more likely to have a termination than other women. The study did not support the notion that being unemployed provided incentives for single motherhood. However excess terminations suggest that unemployment might provide disincentives to continuing pregnancies among partnered and unemployed women. More detailed examination of contraception and partnership may be key in unraveling inconsistencies in past research. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | UNEMPLOYMENT | EDUCATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY | CHILDBIRTH | ABORTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Pregnancy Outcomes | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 315508 Notification

30.

Title: Quality of life in South Africa -- the first ten years of democracy.
Author: Moller V
Source: Social Indicators Research. 2007 Apr;81(2):181-201.
Abstract: South Africa celebrated ten years of democracy in 2004. This special issue of Social Indicators Research (SIR) reviews developments that have impacted on the quality of life of ordinary South Africans during the transition period. The issue updates an earlier volume of SIR published in 1997 and as a stand-alone volume. The earlier volume was initiated following SIR editor Alex Michalos' first visit to South Africa. This update on quality of life in South Africa follows on his return visit to the country in 2004 to see firsthand the changes that had occurred in the meantime. This introductory article outlines major achievements of and setbacks for the new democracy and the challenges facing it in future. It provides the background for the evaluations of a range of quality of life domains and issues including poverty and inequality, crime, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, migration and housing, religiosity, reconciliation, and optimism for the future which are covered in the eleven articles that follow. The introduction divides the articles under the headings of challenges, achievements, monitoring quality of life, and social capital for the future. The overview article concludes that improvements in quality of life have been uneven but goodwill and a positive outlook bode well for South African quality of life in future. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | POPULATION | DEMOCRACY | QUALITY OF LIFE | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | UNEMPLOYMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Employment | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 318111


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy