1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Social and environmental malaria risk factors in urban areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Author: Baragatti M; Fournet F; Henry MC; Assi S; Ouedraogo H; Rogier C; Salem G Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:13. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite low endemicity, malaria remains a major health problem in urban areas where a high proportion of fevers are presumptively treated using anti-malarial drugs. Low acquired malaria immunity, behaviour of city-dwellers, access to health care and preventive interventions, and heterogenic suitability of urban ecosystems for malaria transmission contribute to the complexity of the malaria epidemiology in urban areas. METHODS: The study was designed to identify the determinants of malaria transmission estimated by the prevalence of anti-circumsporozoite (CSP) antibodies, the prevalence and density of Plasmodium falciparum infection, and the prevalence of malarial disease in areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso. Thick blood smears, dried blood spots and clinical status have been collected from 3,354 randomly chosen children aged 6 months to 12 years using two cross-sectional surveys (during the dry and rainy seasons) in eight areas from four ecological strata defined according to building density and land tenure (regular versus irregular). Demographic characteristics, socio-economic information, and sanitary and environmental data concerning the children or their households were simultaneously collected. Dependent variables were analysed using mixed multivariable models with random effects, taking into account the clustering of participants within compounds and areas. RESULTS: Overall prevalences of CSP-antibodies and P. falciparum infections were 7.7% and 16.6% during the dry season, and 12.4% and 26.1% during the rainy season, respectively, with significant differences according to ecological strata. Malaria risk was significantly higher among children who i) lived in households with lower economic or education levels, iii) near the hydrographic network, iv) in sparsely built-up areas, v) in irregularly built areas, vi) who did not use a bed net, vii) were sampled during the rainy season or ii) had traveled outside of Ouagadougou. CONCLUSION: Malaria control should be focused in areas which are irregularly or sparsely built-up or near the hydrographic network. Furthermore, urban children would benefit from preventive interventions (e.g. anti-vectorial devices or chemoprophylaxis) aimed at reducing malaria risk during and after travel in rural areas. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | ANTIBODIES | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 330546 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Lack of evidence for frequent heterosexual transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in Zimbabwe. Author: Campbell TB; Borok M; Ndemera B; Fiorillo S; White IE; Zhang XQ; Machekano RN; Katzenstein D; Gwanzura L Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jun 1;48(11):1601-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is conflicting evidence about the contribution of heterosexual transmission to the spread of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in southern Africa. This study evaluated the hypothesis that HHV-8 infection is associated with risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other sexually transmitted infections among Zimbabwean men. METHODS: HHV-8 seroprevalence was determined for 2750 participants in the Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project cohort of male factory workers in Harare, Zimbabwe. Potential associations of HHV-8 antibody detection with risk factors for HIV-1 infection were examined by univariate analysis. Variables with [Formula: see text] in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. HHV-8 seroprevalence was also determined among 297 heterosexual couples. RESULTS: Prevalence of HHV-8, HIV-1, and HHV-8 and HIV-1 coinfection was 28.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.8%-30.2%), 19.5% (95% CI, 18.0%-20.9%), and 6.5% (95% CI, 5.6%-7.5%), respectively. Detection of HHV-8 antibodies was independently associated with older age and HIV-1 infection but not with number of recent sex partners, marital status, education, condom use, prior sexually transmitted infections, payment for sex, chronic hepatitis B infection, or incident HIV-1 infection. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 31.7% (95% CI, 26.3-37.0) among wives in the couples tested, but HHV-8 infection of wives was not associated with HHV-8 infection of husbands (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.62-1.88; P = .8). CONCLUSIONS: HHV-8 and HIV-1 infection did not have common sexual risk factors among urban Zimbabwean men. Sexual transmission does not explain the high prevalence of HHV-8 in this population. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | HETEROSEXUALS | HERPES GENITALIS | TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Health Document Number: 341676 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15–24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322987 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Loss of population levels of immunity to malaria as a result of exposure-reducing interventions: consequences for interpretation of disease trends. Author: Ghani AC; Sutherland CJ; Riley EM; Drakeley CJ; Griffin JT; Gosling RD; Filipe JA Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4383. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The persistence of malaria as an endemic infection and one of the major causes of childhood death in most parts of Africa has lead to a radical new call for a global effort towards eradication. With the deployment of a highly effective vaccine still some years away, there has been an increased focus on interventions which reduce exposure to infection in the individual and -by reducing onward transmission-at the population level. The development of appropriate monitoring of these interventions requires an understanding of the timescales of their effect. METHODS & FINDINGS: Using a mathematical model for malaria transmission which incorporates the acquisition and loss of both clinical and parasite immunity, we explore the impact of the trade-off between reduction in exposure and decreased development of immunity on the dynamics of disease following a transmission-reducing intervention such as insecticide-treated nets. Our model predicts that initially rapid reductions in clinical disease incidence will be observed as transmission is reduced in a highly immune population. However, these benefits in the first 5-10 years after the intervention may be offset by a greater burden of disease decades later as immunity at the population level is gradually lost. The negative impact of having fewer immune individuals in the population can be counterbalanced either by the implementation of highly-effective transmission-reducing interventions (such as the combined use of insecticide-treated nets and insecticide residual sprays) for an indefinite period or the concurrent use of a pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine or prophylactic therapy in children to protect those at risk from disease as immunity is lost in the population. CONCLUSIONS: Effective interventions will result in rapid decreases in clinical disease across all transmission settings while population-level immunity is maintained but may subsequently result in increases in clinical disease many years later as population-level immunity is lost. A dynamic, evolving intervention programme will therefore be necessary to secure substantial, stable reductions in malaria transmission. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MALARIA | TIME FACTORS | EXPOSURE | TRANSMISSION | INTERVENTIONS | MONITORING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Factors | Health | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Document Number: 331039 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Community knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on malaria in Swaziland: a country earmarked for malaria elimination. Author: Hlongwana KW; Mabaso ML; Kunene S; Govender D; Maharaj R Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:29. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The potential contribution of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) studies to malaria research and control has not received much attention in most southern African countries. This study investigated the local communities' understanding of malaria transmission, recognition of signs and symptoms, perceptions of cause, treatment-seeking patterns, preventive measures and practices in order to inform the country's proposed malaria elimination programme in Swaziland. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was undertaken in four Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI) sentinel sites in Swaziland. These sentinel sites share borders with Mozambique. A structured questionnaire was administered to 320 randomly selected households. Only one adult person was interviewed per household. The interviewees were the heads of households and in the absence of the heads of households responsible adults above 18 years were interviewed. RESULTS: A substantial number of research participants showed reasonable knowledge of malaria, including correct association between malaria and mosquito bites, its potential fatal consequences and correct treatment practices. Almost 90% (n = 320) of the respondents stated that they would seek treatment within 24 hours of onset of malaria symptoms, with health facilities as their first treatment option. Most people (78%) perceived clinics and vector control practices as central to treating and preventing malaria disease. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage and bed net ownership were 87.2% and 38.8%, respectively. IRS coverage was in agreement with the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendation of more than 80% within the targeted communities. CONCLUSION: Despite fair knowledge of malaria in Swaziland, there is a need for improving the availability of information through the preferred community channels, such as tinkhundlas (districts), as well as professional health routes. This recommendation emerges along with the documented evidence suggesting that as the level transmission and disease decreases so does the perception about the importance of malaria control activities. Finally, given the relatively moderate ownership of bed net there is a need for future studies to evaluate the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) compared with IRS. Language: English Keywords: SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | MALARIA | MALARIA PREVENTION | TRANSMISSION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | INFORMATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Evaluation Document Number: 330813 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Retroviral infection in Peruvian men who have sex with men. Author: La Rosa AM; Zunt JR; Peinado J; Lama JR; Ton TG; Suarez L; Pun M; Cabezas C; Sanchez J Author: Peruvian HIV Sentinel Surveillance Working Group Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):112-7. Abstract: We tested 2655 Peruvian men who have sex with men for the presence of retroviral infection. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was detected in 48 (1.8%) of the patients, HTLV-2 was detected in 28 (1.1%), and HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were both detected in 5 (0.2%). Human immunodeficiency virus infection was detected in 329 (12.4%) of the patients; 24 (7.3%) had HTLV coinfection. Risk factors for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection varied with sexual role. Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | VIRAL DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | RISK FACTORS | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ANAL SEX | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Behavior | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Health | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342345 |
| 7. Title: Sexual activity and hepatitis B and C virus infection among young adults after introduction of a vaccination program in an area of high endemicity. Author: Lim MK; Franceschi S; Vaccarella S; Ju YH; Oh JK; Kong HJ; Kim DI; Kim BG; Kim JI; Jung KY; Lee DS; Shin HR Source: Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;19(5):213-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In areas where hepatitis is endemic, little is known about the sexual transmission of HBV after introduction of an HBV vaccination program. METHODS: We used a self-administered questionnaire and serological tests for HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV to examine the role of sexual activity, as well as sociodemographic status, lifestyle habits, and a history of vaccinations, transfusions, and surgery, in the transmission of HBV and HCV in Korea. The subjects were 865 female and 541 male university students (median age, 19 years; age range, 16-25). RESULTS: Overall seropositivity was 8.1% for HBsAg, 69.3% for anti-HBs, 21.3% for anti-HBc, and 0.4% for anti-HCV. Regarding HBV, 8% of the subjects were chronic carriers or had recently been infected, 22.8% were never exposed and nonvaccinated, 16.6% were exposed noncarriers, and 52.7% had most likely been vaccinated. We found a significant association between HBsAg seropositivity and history of sexual intercourse (Odds Ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8). Students without serologic evidence of immunization against HBV were more likely to have become HBsAg-positive after becoming sexually active. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that sexual transmission does occur among adolescents and young adults who have not been vaccinated, whereas vaccination protects individuals from becoming an HBV carrier after becoming sexually active. Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | RESPONDENTS | HEPATITIS | SEX BEHAVIOR | TRANSMISSION | VACCINATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Infections | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342963 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: New methods for estimating the tuberculosis case detection rate in high-HIV prevalence countries: the example of Kenya. Author: Mansoer J; Scheele S; Floyd K; Dye C; Sitienei J; Williams B Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009 Mar;87(3):186-92, 192A-192B. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop new methods for estimating the sputum smear-positive tuberculosis case detection rate (CDR) in a country where infection with HIV is prevalent. METHODS: We estimated the smear-positive tuberculosis CDR in HIV-negative and HIV-positive adults, and in all adults in Kenya. Data on time trends in tuberculosis case notification rates and on HIV infection prevalence in adults and in tuberculosis patients were used, along with data on tuberculosis control programme performance. FINDINGS: In 2006, the estimated smear-positive tuberculosis CDR in HIV-negative adults was 79% (95% confidence interval, CI: 64-94) and in HIV-positive adults, 57% (95% CI: 26-88), giving a weighted mean of 68% (95% CI: 49-87). The separate estimate for all smear-positive tuberculosis cases was 72% (95% CI: 53-91), giving an overall average for the three estimates of 70% (95% CI: 58-82). As the tuberculosis CDR in 1996 was 57% (95% CI: 47-67), the estimated increase by 2006 was 13 percentage points (95% CI: 6-20), or 23%. This increase was accompanied by a more than doubling of the resources devoted to tuberculosis control in Kenya, including facilities and staff. CONCLUSION: Using three approaches to estimate the tuberculosis CDR in a country where HIV infection is prevalent, we showed that expansion of the tuberculosis control programme in Kenya led to an increase of 23% in the CDR between 1996 and 2006. While the methods developed here can be applied in other countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection, they rely on precise data on trends in such prevalence in the general population and among tuberculosis patients. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | ADULTS | TUBERCULOSIS | INCIDENCE | TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMICS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342352 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of risky sexual behavior among adolescents in Tanzania. Author: Masatu MC; Kazaura MR; Ndeki S; Mwampambe R Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):94-99. Abstract: Studies on sexual behavior among adolescents are fundamental in understanding and fighting against outcomes of unprotected sex that include unplanned/ unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. This survey conducted among in- and out-of-schools adolescents measured prevalence of sexual behavior variables, including risky sexual behavior and associated factors. Risky sexual behavior was defined as having first sex before 16 years, inconsistent condom use and having multiple sexual partners. About 30% of adolescents reported being sexually active; a higher proportion being among males than females and 24.5% of sexually active adolescents reported having multiple sexual partners. More males (37%) reported having multiple sexual partners than females (26%). Nearly 48% of unmarried sexually active adolescents reported having used a condom during the most recent sexual intercourse. Predictors of risky sexual behavior were being male, young age (10-14 years) and being inschool. Preventive information and education should take into consideration these factors. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections Document Number: 330155 |
| 10. Title: The role of sexually abstained groups in two-sex demographic and epidemic logistic models with non-linear mortality. Author: Maxin D; Milner FA Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2009 Jun 7;258(3):389-402. Abstract: We describe several gender structured population models governed by logistic growth with non-linear death rate. We extend these models to include groups of people isolated from sexual activity and individuals exposed to a mild and long-lasting sexually transmitted disease, i.e. without disease-induced mortality and recovery. The transmission of the disease is modeled through formation/separation of heterosexual couples assuming that one infected individual automatically infects his/her partner. We are interested in how the non-reproductive class may change the demographic tendencies in the general population and whether they can curb the growth of the infected group while keeping the healthy one at acceptable levels. A comparison of the equilibrium total population size in the presence and the absence of the isolated class is also provided. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TRANSMISSION | ABSTINENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Public Health | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality Document Number: 342385 |
| 11. Title: Dengue virus antibodies in blood donors from an endemic area. Author: Rodriguez Rodriguez D; Garza Rodriguez M; Chavarria AM; Ramos-Jimenez J; Rivera MA; Tamez RC; Farfan-Ale J; Rivas-Estilla AM Source: Transfusion Medicine. 2009 Jun;19(3):125-31. Abstract: We evaluated the incidence of anti-Dengue virus (DENV) antibodies and dengue viremia in a region of Mexico with a high prevalence of dengue. DENV is the most important arthropod-borne virus in terms of human morbidity and mortality in America We tested 800 blood donors from a tertiary care teaching hospital that provides care in Northeast Mexico, to identify anti-DENV IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DENV genome by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, routine tests for donors including Brucella, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), HIV-1 and HBsAg identification were performed. We found that 59% of donors were reactive for anti-DENV IgG and none of them had reported recent DENV infection; however, 16 (2%) were reactive for anti-DENV IgM antibodies. None of them were viremic at the time of donation. Routine tests showed that the prevalence of anti-Brucella was 0.71%, anti-HCV 0.71%, anti-HIV-1-2 0.14%, HBsAg 0.14% and VDRL test 0.57%. Although DENV transmission by blood transfusion had not been confirmed in Mexico, the finding of a high prevalence of anti-DENV IgM-positive donors with asymptomatic manifestations and the recent viremia reported in blood donors suggests that this route of transmission might be possible. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | TESTING | PREVALENCE | DENGUE | BLOOD DONORS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | ANTIBODIES | TRANSMISSION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Infections Document Number: 342973 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence and correlates of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis knowledge among intrapartum patients and health care providers in Kabul, Afghanistan. Author: Todd CS; Ahmadzai M; Atiqzai F; Smith JM; Miller S; Azfar P; Siddiqui H; Ghazanfar SA; Strathdee SA Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jan;21(1):109-17. Abstract: Little is known about blood-borne infection awareness and knowledge among obstetric populations and health care providers in Afghanistan. HIV and hepatitis B awareness and knowledge are described among 4452 intrapartum patients completing an interviewer-administered questionnaire and whole-blood rapid testing and 123 obstetric care providers completing a questionnaire between June 2006 and September 2006. Participants were enrolled from three Kabul public maternity hospitals. Most participants were aware of HIV (50.8% of patients and 95.9% of providers) and hepatitis (72.1% of patients and 91.1% of providers). Correct transmission knowledge (defined as naming three correct routes and no incorrect routes) was lower for both groups (HIV: 19.4% for patients and 59.7% for providers; hepatitis B: 1.90% for patients and 33.9% for providers). Correct HIV transmission knowledge among providers was independently associated with level of education (AOR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.20-2.55). While HIV and hepatitis B awareness is common, correct and comprehensive knowledge is not. Continuing education for providers and health communications strategies should address identified knowledge gaps. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HEPATITIS | KNOWLEDGE | SYPHILIS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTENATAL CARE | TRANSMISSION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services Document Number: 331209 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Nonvenereal transmission of syphilis in infancy by mouth-to-mouth transfer of prechewed food. Author: Zhou P; Qian Y; Lu H; Guan Z Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):216-7. Abstract: Early recognition of acquired syphilis in childhood is vital. Children may acquire syphilis as a consequence of kissing, breast-feeding, or handling. We report 2 cases of infantile syphilis transmitted by mouth-to-mouth feeding from actively infected relatives. Syphilis should be suspected in children presenting with atypical rashes accompanied by headache, sore throat, and adenitis, especially if family members are affected by active syphilis. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | INFANT | SYPHILIS | TRANSMISSION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341441 |
| 14. Title: Elimination of yaws in India. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008;(15):125. Abstract: Yaws is a nonvenereal endemic treponematosis caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, subspecies pertenue, a Gram-negative spirochete. Infection is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact among people with poor hygiene practices living in certain warm and humid tropical areas of Africa, the Americas and Asia. Children aged 2-5 years are the most vulnerable to infection, which targets the skin, bones and cartilage, causing destruction of tissue and deformities in the late stages. Yaws remains one of the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting primarily the poorest and most vulnerable populations: tribal and indigenous people living in remote, rural areas. Although highly amenable to eradication epidemiologically (humans are the only reservoir of infection, and the disease is localized to a few endemic areas), technologically (curable by a single injection of penicillin) and in terms of cost effectiveness, the disease has not attracted global attention. From 1952 to 1964, a campaign supported by WHO and UNICEF administered greater than 50 million anti-yaws treatments in 46 countries, reducing the prevalence of the disease by about 95%. The disease subsequently reemerged in several parts of the world as a result of poor integration of control interventions into weak health systems. A report published by the previous International Task Force for Disease Eradication in 1993 concluded that political and financial inertia were the biggest obstacles to interrupting the transmission of yaws. In the context of neglected tropical diseases, WHO launched the global yaws elimination initiative in 2007 to address the persistence and resurgence of this disease. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | TRANSMISSION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH SERVICES | ANTIBIOTICS | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 326000 |
| 15. Title: Progress towards interrupting wild poliovirus transmission worldwide, January 2007 - April 2008. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008 May 9;83(19):170-176. Abstract: In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. Subsequently, the global Polio Eradication Initiative reduced the worldwide incidence of polio associated with wild polioviruses (WPVs) from an estimated 350 000 cases in 1988 to 1997 cases in 2006; it also reduced the number of countries that have never succeeded in interrupting WPV transmission from greater than 125 to 4 (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan). Circulation of type-2 WPV (WPV2) was last observed in October 1999. In February 2007, WHO convened a stakeholders' meeting to agree on making an accelerated eradication effort during 2007-2008 and on milestones to monitor progress. Programmatic strategies implemented in 2007 included expanding the use of type-1 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1) to preferentially eliminate transmission of type-1 WPV (WPV1) before type-3 WPV (WPV3) and targeting the use of type-3 monovalent OPV (mOPV3) in selected areas. This report summarizes the results of implementing these strategies and indicates the overall progress that has been made towards achieving the 2007 milestones (including a decline in the overall number of WPV cases to 1310 in 2007) and the substantial progress made towards interrupting WPV1 circulation in India (supported by 2008 data). An increase in the number of WPV3 cases in India in 2007 occurred as the result of an outbreak that spread to areas where there was limited immunization against WPV3. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | AFRICA | ASIA | EUROPE | SUMMARY REPORT | POLIO | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TRANSMISSION | INCIDENCE | IMMUNIZATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326726 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Prospects for malaria eradication in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Aguas R; White LJ; Snow RW; Gomes MG Source: PLoS One. 2008;3(3):e1767. Abstract: A characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infections is the gradual acquisition of clinical immunity resulting from repeated exposures to the parasite. While the molecular basis of protection against clinical malaria remains unresolved, its effects on epidemiological patterns are well recognized. Accumulating epidemiological data constitute a valuable resource that must be intensively explored and interpreted as to effectively inform control planning. Here we apply a mathematical model to clinical data from eight endemic regions in sub-Saharan Africa. The model provides a quantitative framework within which differences in age distribution of clinical disease are assessed in terms of the parameters underlying transmission. The shorter infectious periods estimated for clinical infections induce a regime of bistability of endemic and malaria-free states in regions of mesoendemic transmission. The two epidemiological states are separated by a threshold that provides a convenient measure for intervention design. Scenarios of eradication and resurgence are simulated. In regions that support mesoendemic transmission, intervention success depends critically on reducing prevalence below a threshold which separates endemic and malaria-free regimes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MALARIA PREVENTION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | IMMUNITY | PARASITES | PREVALENCE | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Infections Document Number: 325290 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: High divergence within the major HIV type 1 subtype B epidemic in Panama. Author: Ahumada-Ruiz S; Casado C; Toala-Gonzalez I; Flores-Figueroa D; Rodriguez-French A; Lopez-Galindez C Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2008 Nov;24(11):1461-6. Abstract: The first molecular epidemiology study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Panama has been performed with plasma samples from 66 AIDS patients infected by different transmission routes and obtained from distinct locations. All samples were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced in gag (p17) and env (C2-C4) genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 64 (97%) of the samples belong to subtype B. We also identified the presence of two CRF, one CRF12_BF and one CRF02_AG. The most notable feature of the subtype B epidemic in Panama was the large genetic distance among isolates with a mean of 15.2% but reaching up to 31.3 % in env, indicating an epidemic with a long period of evolution. Language: English Keywords: PANAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | BLOOD | TESTING | TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Research Methodology | Infections | Public Health Document Number: 329743 |
| 18. Title: [Seroprevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women in the Annaba region (Algeria)] Seroprevalence de l'infection VIH chez les femmes enceintes dans la region de Author: Aidaoui M; Bouzbid S; Laouar M Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 2008 Aug;56(4):261-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The goal of the study is to assess the prevalence and the risk factors of the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in the area of Annaba (Algeria). METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study with analytical purposes. The study included 3044 pregnant women admitted to two regional hospitals within a period of time of five months. Two Elisa tests were used to determine the prevalence of HIV infection. An analysis of medical history and serum tests for biomarkers hepatitis virus B infection, hepatitis virus C infection and syphilis to determine the possible mode of contamination, by blood or sexual transmission. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 5.3/1000 (CI 95%; 3.12-8.37), HBV prevalence 24.7/1000 (CI 95%; 19.6-30.7), HCV prevalence 6.3/1000 (CI 95%; 3.8-9.5) and syphilis prevalence 2.6/1000 (CI 95%; 1.2-5). On average, pregnant women infected by HIV were 33+/-5 years old, married, and had three children. The analysis of the markers of exposure risk investigated in our study showed that the pregnant women infected with HIV do not compose a specific risk group. Overall our results suggest that the more probable route of HIV transmission for women of the Annaba region is via heterosexual intercourse with spouse. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HIV infection in Annaba remains high 5.3/1000, compared with the national average of 1/1000. In this region, pregnant women infected with HIV are not part of a group at particular risk. The HIV monitoring should be further strengthened in our country. Language: French Keywords: ALGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HEPATITIS | SYPHILIS | BLOOD | TRANSMISSION | EXPOSURE | HIV INFECTIONS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors Document Number: 329308 |
| 19. Title: Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in Western Turkey. Author: Altuglu I; Soyler I; Ozacar T; Erensoy S Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 May;12(3):239-244. Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to determine the recent distribution of various genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients with chronic HCV infection in Western Turkey. Additional objectives were to determine whether there are any associations of genotype with gender and age, and to determine the nucleotide similarities and risk factors of non-1 HCV genotypes. Serum samples from 345 patients (176 male, 169 female; mean age 53.3 plus or minus 12.7 years, range 10-81 years) with chronic HCV infection were analyzed in this study. Viral genotypes were determined by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based in-house assay. To confirm genotypes for the samples with band patterns other than genotype 1, the 5' UTR was amplified and sequenced. Genotype 1 was observed in 335 of the 345 patients (97.1%). Of these, 34 patients showed infection with subtype 1a (9.9%) and 301 with subtype 1b (87.2%). Genotypes 2, 3, and 4 were determined in 0.9%, 1.4%, and 0.6% of the patients, respectively. Patients infected with type 1 were significantly older than patients infected with non-1 genotypes; however no significant differences were recorded in gender distribution. Genotypes other than genotype 1 are quite rare; these are possibly acquired in other countries. Turkish patients with chronic hepatitis C still represent a rather homogenous group with genotypic diversity encountered rarely. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | HEPATITIS | GENETICS | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | TRANSMISSION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections Document Number: 326210 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of serum ferritin and haemoglobin during pregnancy, in a malaria-endemic area of western Kenya. Author: Alusala DN; Estambale BB; Magnussen P; Friis H; Luoba AI Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2008 Jun;102(4):297-308. Abstract: Between 2000 and 2004, a cross-sectional survey was conducted, as part of a prospective cohort study, among the women attending antenatal-care clinics in Bondo district, a malaria-endemic area of western Kenya. The aim was to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and determine the predictors of haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations in the women who had a gestational age between 14 and 24 weeks. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect and store the relevant bio-data for the study. Haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations were evaluated, sickle-cell status was determined, and malarial parasitaemias were detected and evaluated, using blood samples collected at enrolment. Multiple regression analysis was then used to test for significant predictors of the haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations. Although 842 women were enrolled in the prospective cohort study, haemoglobin concentrations were evaluated for only 828 of them, serum ferritin levels for 621, and levels of parasitaemia for 812. The mean haemoglobin concentration recorded was 10.9 g/dl. Although 37.9% of the subjects had mild-moderate anaemia (7.0-10.5 g haemoglobin/dl), only 0.5% were severely anaemic (less than 7.0 g haemoglobin/dl). The geometric mean serum ferritin concentration recorded was 18.9 mg/litre, and 32.3% of the subjects evaluated had low serum concentrations of ferritin (less than 12 microg/litre). Among the parasitaemic primigravidae (but not the parasitaemic multigravidae), those found positive for sickle-cell trait had significantly lower haemoglobin concentrations than those found negative in a sickling test (P = 0.01). Among the pregnant women of Bondo district, gravidity, malarial infection and sickle cell appear to be key predictors of haemoglobin concentration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | GESTATIONAL AGE | IRON | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | PREVALENCE | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Hemic System | Parasitic Diseases | Infections Document Number: 327216 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria transmission and rice cultivation in Lagdo, northern Cameroon. Author: Antonio-Nkondjio C; Atangana J; Ndo C; Awono-Ambene P; Fondjo E Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Apr;102(4):352-359. Abstract: Cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons in Lagdo, Cameroon to measure the impact of rice cultivation on malaria transmission and to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were captured on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. A total of 4740 mosquitoes was collected during the study. Anopheles arabiensis was the major species and the main malaria vector in all study sites, followed by A. funestus. Malaria transmission was high in the non-irrigated zone of Mayo Mbocki, whereas in the irrigated area of Gounougou it was below detection level during the dry season and high during the rainy season. Insecticide susceptibility tests performed on A. gambiae s.l. populations detected resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and to a lower extent to deltamethrin. All survivors were A. arabiensis. None of the surviving mosquitoes carried the kdr mutation, suggesting an alternative resistance mechanism. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | AGRICULTURE | INSECTS | PESTICIDES | DRUG RESISTANCE | VECTOR CONTROL | IRRIGATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Macroeconomic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Ingredients and Chemicals | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325274 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Cryptosporidium species causing acute diarrhoea in children in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Author: Areeshi M; Dove W; Papaventsis D; Gatei W; Combe P Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2008 Jun;102(4):309-315. Abstract: A 13-month study of children presenting with acute diarrhoeal disease at hospitals and rehydration clinics in Antananarivo, Madagascar, was undertaken between May 2004 and May 2005. Cryptosporidiosis accounted for diarrhoea in 12 (5.6%) of the 215 children investigated. Cases of cryptosporidiosis were detected only in the rainy season, and the median age of cases was 13.5 months (range = 1 day-27 months). As 11 of the cases of cryptosporidiosis were caused by Cryptosporidium hominis and only one by C. parvum, most of the cases were probably the result of anthroponotic transmission. GP60/45/15 gene polymorphisms indicated that the causative pathogens were of subtypes Ia, Id, Ie and IIc. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | AGE FACTORS | DIARRHEA | ORAL REHYDRATION | PARASITIC DISEASES | ROTAVIRUS | ANTIGENS | TRANSMISSION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 327217 |
| 23. Title: The meaning and consequences of tuberculosis for an at-risk urban group in Ecuador. Author: Armijos RX; Weigel MM; Qincha M; Ulloa B Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Mar 31;23(3):188-197. Abstract: The objective was to explore knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes about tuberculosis (TB) in a high-risk group in Ecuador. This included signs and symptoms, causation, transmission, treatment, treatment adherence, impact on lifestyle and role functioning, and stigma. A convenience sample of 212 adults undergoing diagnostic TB testing at a public health facility in Quito, Ecuador, was recruited for the study. Data were collected from subjects during face-to-face interviews using a structured instrument containing closed and openended questions. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used for quantitative analyses; content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Most subjects were familiar with TB and some of its characteristics and treatment aspects. However, many also held misconceptions or lacked key knowledge which could adversely affect early diagnosis and treatment and adherence to treatment, and thereby allow the disease to spread. Subject education was the single most important predictor of knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes followed by gender, age, and prior disease experience. The subjects linked TB to multiple adverse health, economic, psychological, and social consequences, including stigma. Although none knew if they had TB when interviewed, many reported feeling stigmatized just by being tested. The subjects identified a strong need for formal educational opportunities to learn about TB prevention and control but had little access to these. The study findings highlight a need for enhanced population access to TB education. Health education and social marketing directed toward increasing TB knowledge and changing perceptions and attitudes could ultimately contribute to improved early diagnosis, treatment adherence, prevention, and decreased stigma. This could be accomplished providing that the public health infrastructure is adequate to meet demands. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | POPULATION AT RISK | TUBERCULOSIS | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TRANSMISSION | STIGMA | USER COMPLIANCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROMOTION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 326162 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria in African schoolchildren: Options for control. Author: Brooker S; Clarke S; Snow RW; Bundy DA Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Apr;102(4):304-305. Abstract: Intensified malaria control efforts among young African children may increase disease risks among older children who attend school and whose education may be impaired by malaria. However, there is currently no consensus as to the approach to malaria control in schools, with relevant intervention strategies varying according to patterns of malaria transmission. Life skills messages regarding prevention and accessing prompt treatment are important everywhere. Providing free bed nets to schoolchildren may bring individual and community benefits and should be widely promoted. New approaches to school-based chemoprevention and treatment may also be able to play an important role in school-based malaria control, although these require further investigation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SCHOOLS | MALARIA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | BED NETS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | TRANSMISSION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 325270 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship between terrorist activities and cases of malaria in the eastern and south-eastern regions of Turkey, 1984 - 1998. Author: Cetin I; Egri M; Celbis O; Toprak S; Ozag K Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Mar;102(3):255-258. Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether cases of malaria are related to terrorist activities that have occurred in the eastern and south-eastern regions of Turkey. Some of the determinants related to malaria have been investigated using a national dataset for 11 provinces located in these regions of Turkey. In these regions, both terrorist activity and cases of malaria were common from 1984 to 1998. A multiple regression technique was used to identify the variables that are significantly associated with cases of malaria. Annual incidence of malaria was chosen as the dependent variable along with three independent (explanatory) variables: annual number of terrorist incidences, people per healthcare technician and number of thick blood films per 100 000 people. Based on this analysis, it is determined that the annual number of terrorist incidences has been associated with the annual number of malaria cases in these regions of Turkey since the beginning of terrorist activity in 1984. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | MALARIA | EPIDEMIOLOGY | TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ENVIRONMENT | CLIMATE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Infections | Biology | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 324573 |
| 26. Title: A mathematical analysis of the effects of control strategies on the transmission dynamics of malaria. Author: Chiyaka C; Tchuenche JM; Garira W; Dube S Source: Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2008 Feb;195(2):641-662. Abstract: We formulate a deterministic model with two latent periods in the non-constant host and vector populations, in order to theoretically assess the potential impact of personal protection, treatment and possible vaccination strategies on the transmission dynamics of malaria. The thresholds and equilibria for the model are determined. The model is analysed qualitatively to determine criteria for control of a malaria epidemic and is used to compute the threshold vaccination and treatment rates necessary for community-wide control of malaria. In addition to having a disease-free equilibrium, which is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproductive number is less than unity, the model exhibits the phenomenon of backward bifurcation where a stable disease-free equilibrium coexists with a stable endemic equilibrium for a certain range of associated reproductive number less than one. From the analysis we deduce that personal protection has a positive impact on disease control but to eradicate the disease in the absence of any other control measures the efficacy and compliance should be very high. Our results show that vaccination and personal protection can suppress the transmission rates of the parasite from human to vector and vice-versa. If the treated populations are infectious then certain conditions should be satisfied for treatment to reduce the spread of malaria in a community. Among the interesting dynamical behaviours of the model, numerical simulations show a backward bifurcation which gives a challenge to the designing of effective control measures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MALARIA | TREATMENT | VACCINES | MORBIDITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections Document Number: 326234 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of HIV, herpes simplex virus-2, and syphilis in male sex partners of pregnant women in Peru. Author: Clark JL; Konda KA; Munayco CV; Pun M; Lescano AG Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Feb 19;8:65. Abstract: Sexually active heterosexual men may represent an important risk factor for HIV infection and STI transmission to their female partners and unborn children, though little is known about the prevalence of STIs in this population. We sought to determine the prevalence of HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis infection and associated risk behaviors among male sex partners of pregnant women in Peru. Survey and seroprevalence data were collected from 1,835 male partners of pregnant women in four cities in Peru. Serum was tested for antibodies to HIV, HSV-2, and syphilis. Among the 1,835 male participants, HIV prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI = 0.5-1.4%), HSV-2 16.0% (95% CI = 14.3-17.8%), and syphilis 1.6% (95% CI = 1.0-2.2%). Additionally, 11.0% reported a lifetime history of intercourse with men, and 37.1% with female sex workers. Unprotected intercourse with men during the previous year was reported by 0.9% and with female sex workers by 1.2%. Pregnant women's sex partners reported lifetime sexual contact with core risk groups, had an elevated prevalence of HSV-2, and demonstrated the potential to spread HIV and other STIs to their partners. Though the prevalence of HIV in the population was not significantly higher than observed in other samples of heterosexuals in Peru, the risk of HIV transmission to their female partners may be exacerbated by their increased prevalence of HSV-2 infection. Further study of heterosexual populations is necessary to fully understand the epidemiology of HIV/STIs in Latin America. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREGNANT WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | SYPHILIS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | TRANSMISSION | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 324653 |
| 28. Title: Variation of nitric oxide levels in imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria episodes. Author: De Sousa K; Silva MS; Tavira LT Source: African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008 Mar 18;7(6):796-799. Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized during the past two decades as one of the most versatile players in the immune system. Even though the molecular mechanisms responsible by the naturally acquired immunity against malaria are still to be clarified, the production of NO seems to play an important role as a marker for the severity of the disease. In this study we assess the level of nitric oxide in the serum of subjects exposed to malarial settings but who have not become clinically infected by plasmodia parasites. We conclude that NO is in fact a marker of clinical infections but cannot be used as an indicator of the disease's severity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PORTUGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE | IN VITRO | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | DRUGS | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Public Health | Health | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 326232 |
| 29. Title: Evolution of genetic diversity and drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 among untreated patients from Mali between 2005 and 2006. Author: Derache A; Maiga AI; Traore O; Akonde A; Cisse M Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008 Sep;62(3):456-63. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe HIV-1 variants circulating in Mali and to estimate the rate of transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance in 2006. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes from 198 antiretroviral (ARV)-naive patients diagnosed HIV-1 positive in May 2006 in Bamako and Segou were sequenced. RESULTS: Although CRF02_AG was always the predominant HIV-1 subtype observed (72%), a higher genetic diversity than that in 2005 was observed. The overall prevalence of primary resistance is 11.5% in Mali in 2006, according to the 2007 IAS-USA list of mutations [nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI): 1.5%, non-NRTI (NNRTI): 9% and PI: 1%], and 2.5% (NRTI: 1%, NNRTI: 1.5% and PI: 0%), according to the Stanford list of mutations. There was no significant difference between 2005 and 2006 in the overall primary resistance prevalence or in the prevalence of mutations in the different ARV classes. Resistance mutations found in RT and PR genes are in agreement with the highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen available in Mali, except for V90I, V106I and A98G mutations which are associated with etravirine resistance, but polymorphic in non-B subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1 genetic diversity seems increased in Mali, but the overall HIV-1 primary resistance prevalence remains low. This is consistent with the findings from other West African countries where prevalence rates are lower than 5%. However, considering the large scaling up of ARV use in this country, it is necessary to regularly monitor the development of primary resistance in Mali. Language: English Keywords: MALI | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV | DRUG RESISTANCE | GENETICS | TRANSMISSION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Biology | Infections Document Number: 328647 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine targeting the transmission season on the incidence of clinical malaria in children in Mali. Author: Dicko A; Sagara I; Sissoko MS; Guindo O; Diallo AI Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Jul 8;7(123):[28] p. Abstract: Background: Recent studies have shown that intermittent preventive malaria treatment (IPT) in infants in areas of stable malaria transmission reduces malaria and severe anaemia incidence. However in most areas malaria morbidity and mortality remain high in older children. Methods: To evaluate the effect of seasonal IPT with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) on incidence of malaria disease in area of seasonal transmission, 262 children 6 months-10 years in Kambila, Mali were randomized to receive either IPT with SP twice at eight weeks interval or no IPT during the transmission season of 2002 and were followed up for 12 months. Subjects were also followed during the subsequent transmission season in 2003 to assess possible rebound effect. Clinical malaria cases were treated with SP and followed to assess the in vivo response during both periods. Results: The incidence rate of malaria disease per 1,000 person-months during the first 12 months was 3.2 episodes in the treatment group vs. 5.8 episodes in the control group with age-adjusted Protective Efficacy (PE) of 42.5%; [95% CI 28.6%- 53.8%]. When the first 16 weeks of follow up is considered age-adjusted PE was 67.5% [95% CI 55.3% - 76.6%]. During the subsequent transmission season, the incidence of clinical malaria per 1000 persons-days was similar between the two groups (23.0 vs 21.5 episodes, age-adjusted IRR = 1.07 [95% CI, 0.90 - 1.27]). No significant difference was detected in in vivo response between the groups during both periods. Conclusions: Two malaria intermittent treatments targeting the peak transmission season reduced the annual incidence rate of clinical malaria by 42.5% in an area with intense seasonal transmission. This simple strategy is likely to be one of the most effectives in reducing malaria burden in such areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALI | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | INFANT | CHILDREN | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | ANEMIA | TREATMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327897 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |