1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Correlates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children in Lome, Togo, West Africa. Author: Polisset J; Ametonou F; Arrive E; Aho A; Perez F Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):23-32. Abstract: We assessed pediatric adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and examined associated factors among children in Togo, West Africa. Structured interviews of caregivers of consecutively enrolled HIVinfected children receiving ART in three HIV/AIDS care centers in Lome, Togo were conducted. Child perfect adherence reflected caregivers' report of no antiretroviral drug doses missed neither in the past 4 days nor in the month before the interview. A total of 74 ART-treated children were included (median age 6 years). Of these, 42% of caregivers declared perfect adherence. In univariate analyses, the major factors relating to child nonadherence were: being female, living in an individual setting (vs. compound with enlarged family), receiving other ART than an NNRT-based regimen, drug regimens with six pills/spoons or more per day, caregiver other than biological parent, caregiver not declaring HIV-status, not participating to support groups and having perceived difficulty of antiretroviral (ARV) administration. In multivariate analysis, female gender, living in an individual setting, receiving other than NNRTI-based regimen and caregivers' perceived difficulty of ARV administration remained independently associated with the reported child's non-adherence. These data show low rates of perfect adherence to ART in children in West Africa, influenced by child and caregiver characteristics and suggest a need for counseling and education interventions as well as continuous psychological and social support. Language: English Keywords: TOGO | AFRICA, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILDREN | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | TREATMENT | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 330158 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: A tale of two countries: HIV among core groups in Togo. Author: Sobela F; Pepin J; Gbeleou S; Banla AK; Pitche VP; Adom W; Sodji D; Frost E; Deslandes S; Labbe AC Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):216-23. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of HIV among core groups in Togo. METHODS: We enumerated sex workers (SWs) and conducted cross-sectional surveys of SWs and their clients in 2003 in Lome and in 2005 in the whole country. RESULTS: Sex work was concentrated in Lome, which comprised 15% of the population, but 52% of the 5397 SWs enumerated in Togo in 2005 and 68% of the estimated 101,376 men who had bought sex in the year before the 2005 survey. HIV prevalence among SWs was highest in Lome (45.4% in 2005) and progressively decreased from south to north. A similar geographical pattern was seen for clients (8.3% were HIV infected in Lome in 2005) and had already been reported for pregnant women. In Lome, the population attributable fraction of prevalent cases of HIV acquired during transactional sex was estimated at 32%; in the rest of the country, this was only 2%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study quantifying sex work at a national level in Africa. Variations in HIV prevalence within Togo, with a north-south gradient among SWs, their clients, and pregnant women, may to a large extent reflect the concentration of the sex trade within Lome. Prostitution played only a modest a role in HIV dynamics outside Lome. Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Population Document Number: 341776 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual responses to living with HIV / AIDS in Lome, Togo. Author: Moore AR; Amey F Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Apr;10(3):287-296. Abstract: A qualitative study of sexual behaviour among 88 people living with HIV was conducted in Lome, Togo. Data were collected by means of open-ended interviews. Three separate sexual-behaviour patterns were identified: people who reported not having sex at all; people who reported using condoms consistently; and people who reported not using condoms at all or using them inconsistently. Reasons given to explain these behaviours were analysed. Findings reveal the need for different programmes and policy approaches to dealing with problems of HIV and AIDS in Lome, Togo. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326381 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide-treated net distribution as part of the Togo Integrated Child Health Campaign. Author: Mueller DH; Wiseman V; Bakusa D; Morgah K; Dare A Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Apr 29;7:73. Abstract: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the first nationwide delivery of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) as part of the 2004 measles vaccination campaign in Togo to all children between nine months and five years. An incremental approach was used to calculate the economic costs and effects from a provider perspective. Effectiveness was estimated in terms of malaria cases averted, deaths averted and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) averted. Malaria cases were modelled using regional estimates. Programme and treatment costs were derived through reviews of financial records and interviews with key stakeholders. Uncertain variables were subjected to a univariate sensitivity analysis. Assuming equal attribution of shared costs between the LLITN distribution and the measles vaccination, the net costs per LLITN distributed were 4.41 USD when saved treatment costs were taken into account. Assuming a constant utilization of LLITNs by the target group over three years, 1.2 million cases could be prevented at a net cost per case averted of 3.26 USD. The net costs were 635 USD per death averted and 16.39 USD per DALY averted, respectively. The costs per case, death and DALY averted are well within commonly agreed benchmarks set by other malaria prevention studies. Varying transmission levels are shown to have a significant impact on cost-effectiveness ratios. Results also suggest that substantial efficiency gains may be derived from the joint delivery of vaccination campaigns and malaria interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CHILD | CHILD HEALTH | MALARIA | BED NETS | CAMPAIGNS | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | MALARIA PREVENTION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 326540 |
5.  Title: [Mortality among HIV positive patients in neurology departments of campus teaching hospital Lome -- Togo] Mortalite des patients VIH positifs dan le service de neurologie du chu campus de Lome -- Togo. Author: Balogou AA; Volley KA; Belo M; Amouzou MK; Apetse K Source: African Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2007;26(1):27-32. Abstract: Description: HIV/AIDS is responsible for about 2.3 billion deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2004. Thus HIV/AIDS has reduced by more than 20 years the life expectancy of the population in Africa. Objectives: To identify death causes and to study their lethality among HIV positive patients, in the neurology department of the campus teaching hospital at Lomé. Methods: We did a transversal retrospective study on hospitalized patients from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2005. Results: About 83.2 % of the 380 HIV positive patients recorded in the department did not know their HIV status before their admission. The average age of dead patients was 38.9 +or- 13.4 years. Average hospitalization life stay was 13.9 days before death. Cerebral toxoplasmosis was the first cause of death of HIV positive patients (40.8 %), followed by meningitis (27.2 %) and by meningo-encephalitis (19 %). The lethality global rate was 38.7 %. Meningitis and meningo-encephalitis were the most lethal diseases, with lethality rate of respectively 90.9 % and 70.0%. Conclusion: The main neurological diseases associated with HIV infection, such as cerebral toxoplasmosis, must be well diagnosed and taken in charge without delay. This study has shown that efforts have to be performed in the screening and management of HIV. Language: French Keywords: TOGO | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | ENCEPHALITIS | MENINGITIS | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | MORTALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Central Nervous System Effects | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 321402 |
| 6. Title: Managing the health Millennium Development Goals -- the challenge of management strengthening: lessons from three countries. Author: Egger D; Ollier E Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], Department for Health Policy, Development and Services, 2007. [39] p. (Making Health Systems Work: Working Paper No. 8WHO/HSS/healthsystems/2007.1) Abstract: Achieving the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will require a significant scaling up of health service delivery in many countries. The number of competent managers will also have to be scaled up at the same time - managers are an essential resource for ensuring that priority needs are met and resources are used effectively. A variety of considerations needs to be taken into account when strengthening management, including: ensuring an adequate number of managers at all levels of the health system; building existing managers' own competences; improving management support systems (systems to manage money, staff, information, supplies, etc.); creating a more supportive work environment (what is expected from managers; the rules under which managers work; their relationship with local government and other actors; supervision and incentives for improving their performance). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | TOGO | UGANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CASE STUDIES | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | GOALS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HUMAN RESOURCES | SUPERVISION | MANAGEMENT | DRUGS | HEALTH POLICY | LEGISLATION | STANDARDS | INCENTIVES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Eastern | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320946 |
| 7. Title: Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population. Togo: 1998. Author: Gwatkin DR; Rutstein S; Johnson K; Suliman E; Wagstaff A Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition, and Population Family, 2007 Apr. 71 p. (Country Reports on HNP and Poverty) Abstract: This report is one in a series that provides basic information about health, nutrition, and population (hnp) inequalities within fifty-six developing countries. The series to which the report belongs is an expanded and updated version of a set covering forty-five countries that was published in 2000. The fifty-six reports in the current series cover almost all DHS surveys undertaken during the period beginning in 1990 and ending with the date of the last survey for which data were publicly available as of June 2006. The report's contents are intended to facilitate preparation of country analyses and the development of activities to benefit poor people. To this end, the report presents data about hnp status, service use, and related matters among individuals belonging to different socio-economic classes. The principal focus is on differences among groups of individuals defined in terms of the wealth or assets of the households where they reside. The source of data is the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program, a large, multi-country household survey project. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | TECHNICAL REPORT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | MEN | WOMEN | CHILD | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | TOBACCO USE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CHILD MORTALITY | NUTRITION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INEQUALITIES | MASS MEDIA | EXPOSURE | DISEASES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Family Planning | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Communication | Risk Factors | Biology Document Number: 324727 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual risk behavior among people living with HIV / AIDS in Togo. Author: Moore AR; Oppong J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Mar;64(5):1057-1066. Abstract: Since HIV in Africa is spread primarily through unprotected sex, safe sex practices such as condom use can reduce HIV spread significantly. Nevertheless, because sexual behavior involves complex dynamics, condom use is not an easy option for many people in Africa despite years of condom distribution intervention. In fact, the complex nature of sexuality complicates efforts to combat HIV spread and limits the effectiveness of many prevention efforts. This paper uses theoretical explanations--social representation theory, situated rationality theory, and social action theory--to examine the patterns of sexual risk behavior and the underlying reasons and rationalization among people living with HIV/AIDS in Lome, Togo. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 151 people living with HIV/AIDS, recruited from 3 HIV/AIDS centers. The results of this in-depth study suggest that although people living with HIV/AIDS may be aware of the risk of infecting their sexual partners, they deliberately ignore the risk because other considerations, such as wanting a baby, take precedence. Consequently, condom access is inadequate to change risky sexual behavior that spreads HIV. It must be supplemented with adequate empowerment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, PLANNED | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 312043 |
| 9. Title: [Acute otitis media: Diagnosis and treatment] Otitis media aguda. Diagnostico y tratamiento. Author: Santolaya de Pablo ME Source: Revista Chilena de Infectologia. 2007 Aug;24(4):297-300. Abstract: The objective of this study was to collect community basis data on prevention and home management of malaria for the future assessment of "Roll Back Malaria", the new world strategy of fighting against malaria. The study was carried out in 3 districts in Togo. Mothers were questioned about the quality of home management of uncomplicated malaria on 951 children aged under 5. Fathers were questioned about the use of mosquito bed nets in 597 households, and 246 women were interviewed about the prevention of malaria during pregnancy. Home management of children under treatment was correct in only 38.1% of cases and the drug observance was followed by only 35.4% of patients. Mosquito nets were used in 30.5% of households and only 16.5% were treated with insecticides. Only 22.7 % of children under 5 slept under mosquito nets. 80% women made at least one antenatal visit and 74.4% received regular malaria chemoprophylaxis. Many efforts should be made in Togo to increase the quality of home management of malaria and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Language: Spanish Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | FATHERS | MOTHERS | MALARIA | HOME CARE | TREATMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 324805 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Delivery systems for insecticide treated and untreated mosquito nets in Africa: Categorization and outcomes achieved. Author: Webster J; Hill J; Lines J; Hanson K Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2007 Sep;22(5):277-293. Abstract: Coverage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in sub-Saharan Africa is still low despite their proven efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Delivery systems for ITNs have been hotly debated, but there has been no structured approach to assessing their relative effectiveness. This paper aims to: propose a categorization of ITN and mosquito net delivery systems; classify existing systems according to this categorization; critique coverage measures reported; synthesize evidence about the levels of coverage achieved by each system; and identify current analytical gaps and future priorities. We undertook a systematic review of published papers complemented by grey literature from projects and programmes. A 4-by-3 matrix was developed of delivery sector and cost to end user. Delivery systems were placed in the matrix based on project descriptions. Coverage and equity of coverage outcomes of the identified delivery systems were assessed for consistency with standard Roll Back Malaria (RBM) coverage indicators. These were placed in the matrix for comparison of outcomes by ITN delivery category. Only 17 references with coverage data were identified, and amongst these there was variation from the RBM indicators. We identified three sets of coverage data where delivery and surveys to assess coverage of target groups were at national scale: public-free delivery in Togo; mixed-partially subsidized delivery in Malawi, and private-unsubsidized delivery in The Gambia. The highest level of household ownership was achieved through public-free delivery (62.5%), whilst use by pregnant women and by children under 5 was highest through private-unsubsidized delivery (67.2 and 67.7%, respectively). There are no comparative studies of delivery systems for ITNs from which definitive evidence can be drawn, so conclusions on the relative merits of different delivery systems and levels of subsidy cannot be made. Development of methods of attributing household-level outcomes to specific delivery systems would aid in providing this evidence base. As countries scale-up efforts to deliver ITNs, our matrix provides an analytical tool for developing a comprehensive mapping of systems and outcomes. To guide strategic decision-making, cross-country and cross-regional comparisons of the outcomes of systems are needed to facilitate an analysis of the influence of contextual factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | VECTOR CONTROL | BED NETS | MALARIA | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319380 |
| 11. Title: Suffering to succeed? Violence and abuse in schools in Togo. Author: Plan Togo Source: Lome, Togo, Plan Togo, 2006. 51 p. Abstract: Violence against children in school is a feature of the 'everyday violence' that violates children's human rights and causes them to suffer. The independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, told the General Assembly in October 2005 that "everyday violence against children must be named as violence and recognised as a threat to national development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals". Precisely what children suffer in schools, and the reasons why they are subjected to violence there, need to be understood if their rights are to be protected and realised effectively. As participants in the West and Central African consultation for the UN study in May 2005 commented, "the available information on violence in school is inadequate ... and it is now imperative to improve knowledge on the extent and causes of this phenomenon". This booklet brings together the results of a programme of research Plan has conducted on violence and abuse in schools in Togo. Through its engagement with communities in Togo, its close cooperation with children's and youth groups in and out of school, and its long experience in reducing child poverty and improving education, Plan has over the years accumulated much anecdotal evidence of the forms of violence and abuse children experience in schools. During consultations with children carried out to inform Plan Togo's country programming, children themselves identified action to reduce abuse and violence as one of their priorities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | TEACHERS | PARENTS | VIOLENCE | CHILD ABUSE | SCHOOLS | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | CURRICULUM | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 307118 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Burden of malaria at community level in children less than 5 years of age in Togo. Author: Eliades MJ; Wolkon A; Morgah K; Crawford SB; Dorkenoo A Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006 Oct;75(4):622-629. Abstract: A community-based baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted in three districts in Togo in September 2004 as part of a multidisciplinary evaluation of the impact of the Togo National Integrated Child Health Campaign. During this campaign, long-lasting-insecticide-treated bed nets (LLITNs) were distributed to households with children between 9 months and 5 years of age throughout the country in December 2004. The pre-intervention survey provided baseline malaria and anemia prevalence in children < 5 years of age during peak malaria transmission. Of 2,532 enrolled children from 1,740 households, 62.2% (1,352/2,172) were parasitemic and 84.4% (2,129/2,524) were anemic (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL). Moderate-to-severe anemia (< 8.0 g/dL) was found in 21.7% (543/2,524), with a peak prevalence in children 6--17 months of age and was strongly correlated with parasitemia (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.8--2.5). Net ownership (mainly untreated) was 225/2,532 (8.9%). Subsequent nation-wide introduction of LLITNs and the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy have the potential to markedly reduce this burden of malaria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | COMMUNITY | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | PESTICIDES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | CAMPAIGNS | ANEMIA | PREVALENCE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Programs | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 308997 |
| 13. Title: [Management of malaria in Togolese communities] Prise en charge du paludisme dans les communautes du Togo. Author: Gbadoe AD; Lade A; Koffi S; Morgah K Source: Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique. 2006 Jul;99(3):194-197. Abstract: The objective of this study was to collect community basis data on prevention and home management of malaria for the future assessment of "Roll Back Malaria", the new world strategy of fighting against malaria. The study was carried out in 3 districts in Togo. Mothers were questioned about the quality of home management of uncomplicated malaria on 951 children aged under 5. Fathers were questioned about the use of mosquito bed nets in 597 households, and 246 women were interviewed about the prevention of malaria during pregnancy. Home management of children under treatment was correct in only 38.1% of cases and the drug observance was followed by only 35.4% of patients. Mosquito nets were used in 30.5% of households and only 16.5% were treated with insecticides. Only 22.7 % of children under 5 slept under mosquito nets. 80% women made at least one antenatal visit and 74.4% received regular malaria chemoprophylaxis. Many efforts should be made in Togo to increase the quality of home management of malaria and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Language: French Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | FATHERS | MOTHERS | HOME CARE | MALARIA | BED NETS | ANTENATAL CARE | TREATMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324799 |
| 14. Title: Exchange forum on: Report of the youth exchange forum on "attitudes of the youth to the violations of the human rights of women" organized by AAWORD Togo - Lomé: 23 - 25 April 2003. [Forum d'échange sur : Rapport du forum d'échange sur " les attitudes des jeunes par rapport aux violations des droits humains des femmes " organisé par AAWORD Togo - Lomé : 23 - 25 avril 2003] Source: ECHO. 2005 Jul;(15):21-26. Abstract: AAWORD–Togo organized from 23 to 25 April 2003, an exchange forum for youths on the theme: “Attitudes of the youth to the violations of the human rights of women”. It was intended for member youths of the Association as well as for male and female students of the Universities of Togo. About thirty female participants attended this forum which was held in the ENTENTE hall of CASEF in Lomé. The forum was designed to facilitate the learning process and the discussion on issues relating to human rights and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Specifically, the programme was designed to help the youth to: Understand human rights through the sharing of actual experiences; Share their points of view on discrimination against women and violations of their human rights; Arouse new attitudes of mutual respect and set up an efficient system for human rights protection regardless of sex or age. This report revolves around two essential points: the working methods and contents of the different proceedings of the Forum. (excerpt) French Abstract: AAWORD-Togo a organisé du 23 au 25 avril 2003 un forum d'échange ayant pour thème " Les attitudes des jeunes par rapport aux violations des droits humains des femmes " à l'intention des jeunes membres de l'association ainsi que des étudiantes et étudiants des universités du Togo. Environ 30 femmes ont participé à ce forum qui s'est tenu dans la salle ENTENTE du CASEF à Lomé. Le forum avait été conçu pour faciliter le processus d'apprentissage et les discussions sur des sujets liés aux droits humains et à la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes (CEDAW). Ce programme a été spécifiquement conçu en vue d'aider les jeunes à comprendre les droits humains en partageant des expériences réelles, à échanger leurs points de vue sur la discrimination à l'égard des femmes et la violation de leurs droits humains, à susciter de nouvelles attitudes de respect mutuel et à mettre en place un système de protection des droits humains sans considération du sexe ou de l'âge. Ce rapport est axé sur deux points essentiels : les méthodes de travail et le contenu des diverses délibérations du forum. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | WOMEN | ATTITUDES | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INTERVENTIONS | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education Document Number: 284659 |
| 15. Title: Perspectives on unmet need for family planning in West Africa: Togo. Author: Futures Group. POLICY Project Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group, POLICY Project, 2005. 10 p. (POLICY Project Briefing Paper) Prepared for the Conference on Repositioning Family Planning in West Africa, February 15-18, 2005, Accra, Ghana. Abstract: The countries of West Africa have some of the highest levels of unmet need for family planning in the world. During the six-year period (1995--2000) following the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, there were an estimated 12 million unintended pregnancies in the 18 West Africa Regional Program (WARP) countries. Yet family planning programs are currently low on most national agendas and there is no concerted effort to address the expressed need for family planning. To reduce the health and development consequences of unintended fertility in West Africa, policymakers and planners need to study the characteristics of women with a demonstrated unmet need for family planning and use that information to improve policies and programs. This series of briefing papers is designed to contribute to that effort by offering some perspectives on the nature and dimensions of unmet need based on the findings of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 11 West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo. This brief focuses on Togo. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | SUMMARY REPORT | POLICYMAKERS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 305513 |
| 16. Title: For the price of a bike: child trafficking in Togo. Author: Davies W Source: Tokan-Wuiti, Togo, Plan Togo, 2005 Mar. 42 p. Abstract: The trafficking of children is one of the most severe violations of human rights in the world today, involving over a million children worldwide and hundreds of thousands of children in West Africa alone. This booklet is about the pervasiveness of the tragedy of child trafficking in Togo: the extent, causes, forms and consequences of the phenomenon; the urgent need for further action at various levels; and the work being undertaken by Plan Togo, along with many other organisations, to tackle the problem. For several years Plan has been tracking the exodus of Togolese children through its internal data on sponsored children in high-target areas. The growth of child trafficking during the 1990s led to the decision to carry out a detailed study in 2001, published in February 2002 as "Towards New Dynamics at the Service of Children in Togo: Research on child trafficking in Togo". The purpose of the study was to collect information and opinions, especially from the impoverished rural communities most affected, analyse the data collected, draw up an inventory of organisations working to assist victims and eradicate child trafficking in Togo, and identify priorities for future action. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | CHILD LABOR | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | IMPACT | LEGISLATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Communication | Diseases Document Number: 315795 |
| 17. Title: Birth registration called fundamental to alleviating health disparities. [L'enregistrement des naissances est reconnu comme une condition nécessaire pour réduire les inégalités en matière de santé] Author: Tarmann A Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2005 Aug. 5 p. Abstract: According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), an estimated one-third of all newborns worldwide are never officially registered—making gaining admittance to school, accessing health care, and gaining legal protection or standing difficult for these children. But a new campaign by UNICEF and the nonprofit development organization Plan is pushing governments and the United Nations to recognize birth registration as a basic human right. "Having an identity is children's first right," said Maja Cubarrubia, Plan USA 's chief operating officer. "Once they have that, they can get access to other essential services." (excerpt) French Abstract: Selon l'UNICEF, environ un tiers de tous les nouveaux-nés dans le monde entier ne sont pas enregistrés officiellement à la naissance. Sans état-civil, ces enfants auront des difficultés à s'inscrire à l'école, à recevoir des soins médicaux et à obtenir un statut et une protection civiques. Cependant, une nouvelle campagne lancée par l'UNICEF et l'organisation de développement à but non lucratif Plan fait pression sur les gouvernements et sur les Nations Unies pour que l'enregistrement des naissances soit reconnu comme un droit humain fondamental. " Le premier droit d'un enfant est d'avoir une identité " a déclaré Maja Cubarrubia, chef des opérations de Plan USA. " Une fois qu'un enfant a une identité, il peut avoir accès au reste des services essentiels ". (extrait) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | MALAYSIA | TOGO | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD | BIRTH RECORDS | CHILD HEALTH | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Africa, Western | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Health | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 292560 |
| 18. Title: A new model for child survival in Africa: four combined health actions for children in Togo. Un nouveau modèle pour la survie de l’enfant en Afrique: initiative polyvalente de santé publique au Togo. Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record / Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2004 Dec;(51-52):459-460. Abstract: In the first nationwide campaign of its kind, Togo's children will receive 4 life-saving interventions at once. The landmark campaign, launched on 13 December 2004, intends to reach 1 million children under 5 years of age with vaccines to prevent measles and poliomyelitis, mosquito nets to prevent malaria, and deworming tablets. Measles and malaria are the two biggest child killers in Africa. If widely implemented, these nationwide integrated campaigns may become the single most important step towards reducing child deaths in Africa. Creative new approaches like this are the key to ensuring the survival of thousands. Togo's integrated campaign, which runs from 13 to 19 December, aims to reach almost 1 million children around the country, many of whom live in rural areas - some completely inaccessible by road. Immunization campaigns can reach almost every child in poor countries. Using them to deliver other life-saving interventions would be a major contribution towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal for reducing child mortality. (excerpt) Language: EnglishFrench Keywords: TOGO | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | MEASLES | POLIO | VACCINATION | BED NETS | MALARIA PREVENTION | PARASITE CONTROL | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunization | Public Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases Document Number: 281262 |
| 19. Title: A new kind of war. PSI arms African militaries against AIDS. [Une nouvelle forme de guerre. L'organisation PSI arme les militaires africains contre le SIDA] Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, 2004 Feb. [2] p. (PSI Profile) Abstract: The militaries of Africa are trained to defend their borders against foreign enemies. Increasingly, Population Services International (PSI) arms them to face a far more insidious kind of foe — the stealthy AIDS virus — which can decimate their armies as surely as any human invaders. HIV prevalence rates are typically higher among the military than the general populace, a trend which threatens the stability and security of developing countries as well as cross-border transmission. As the scale of the threat to the military has become increasingly apparent, PSI has responded with HIV/AIDS prevention programs targeted at members of the military and uniformed services, especially in Africa, arming them with the means to protect themselves against the virus. Most of these programs are supported by the U.S. Department of Defense. (excerpt) French Abstract: Les militaires en Afrique sont formés pour défendre leurs frontières contre les forces ennemies étrangères. L'organisation Population Services International (PSI) arme de plus en plus ces militaires en vue d'affronter un genre d'ennemi beaucoup plus insidieux - le virus furtif du SIDA - capable de décimer leurs armées aussi sûrement que des envahisseurs humains. Les taux de prévalence du VIH sont généralement plus élevés chez les militaires que chez les civils, une tendance qui menace la stabilité et la sécurité des pays en développement, de même que les relations inter-frontalières. Face à la gravité de cette menace de plus en plus sérieuse pour les militaires, l'organisation PSI a réagi en lançant des programmes de prévention contre le VIH / SIDA visant à cibler les membres des services militaires, et plus particulièrement en Afrique, en leur fournissant des moyens leur permettant de se protéger contre le virus. La plupart de ces programmes sont soutenus par le Département de la Défense des États-Unis. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | ERITREA | MALI | MOZAMBIQUE | NAMIBIA | TOGO | MILITARY PERSONNEL | HIV PREVENTION | PREVALENCE | CONDOM USE | SEX WORKERS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Western | Africa, Southern | Government | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sex Behavior Document Number: 191093 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: High prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia related to folate deficiency and the 677C T mutation of the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coastal West Africa. [Prévalence élevée de l'hyperhomocystéinémie liée à la déficience en folate et mutation 677C T de la réductase de méthylène tétrahydrofolate de codage de gènes sur la zone côtière d'Afrique de l'Ouest] Author: Amouzou EK; Chabi NW; Adjalla CE; Rodriguez-Guéant RM; Feillet F Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 Apr 1;79(4):619-624. Abstract: Background: Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk for neural tube defect and neurodegenerative and vascular diseases and has nutritional, metabolic, and genetic determinants. Its prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa remains unknown. Objective: Our goal was to evaluate the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and the influence of nutritional, metabolic, and genetic determinants in savanna and coastal regions of Togo and Benin. Design: Volunteers were recruited from coastal (C groups; n = 208) and savanna (S group; n = 68) regions. Vitamin B-12, folate, total homocysteine (tHcy), cystatin C (a marker of glomerular filtration), and inflammatory and nutritional protein markers were measured in plasma, and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C?T and 1298A?C polymorphisms and the methionine synthase 2756A?G polymorphism were examined in genomic DNA. Results: Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (tHcy > 15 /µmol/L) was recorded in 62.3% and 29.4% of the subjects from the coast and savanna, respectively (P < 0.0001). A histogram distribution of tHcy in the coastal groups showed a distinct group, C2 (15% of the total group), with tHcy > 28 /µmol/L. Folate < 6.75 nmol/L (lower quartile) and MTHFR CT/TT genotype were the 2 main risk factors for moderate hyperhomocysteinemia in the whole population [odds ratios: 5.3 (95% CI: 2.5, 11.2; P < 0.0001) and 4.9 (1.6, 14.8; P = 0.0048), respectively] and in the C2 group [odds ratios: 15.9 (4.5, 56.8; P < 0.0001) and 9.0 (2.3, -35.2; P = 0.0017), respectively]. Cystatin C was another potent risk factor in the C2 group. Conclusion: A high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in coastal West Africa, related to folate concentrations and the MTHFR 677 T allele, suggests the need to evaluate the influence of hyperhomocystiemia on disease in this area. (author's) French Abstract: Contexte : L'hyperhomocystéinémie modérée constitue un risque dans le cas d'une anomalie du tube neural, de même que pour les maladies neurodégénératives et vasculaires. Elle présente également des déterminants nutritionnels, métaboliques, et génétiques. Sa prévalence en Afrique sud-saharienne reste inconnue. Objectif : Nous avons eu pour dessein d'évaluer la prévalence de l'hyperhomocystéinémie ainsi que l'influence des déterminants nutritionnels, métaboliques, et génétiques dans les régions de la zone côtière et de la savane au Togo et au Bénin. Conception : Des volontaires ont été recrutés au sein des régions de la zone côtière (Groupes C; n = 208) et de la savane (Groupe S; n = 68). La vitamine B-12, la folate, l'homocystéine totale (tHcy), la cystatine C (un marqueur de filtre glomérulaire), et les marqueurs des protéines inflammatoires et nutritionnelles ont été mesurés dans du plasma, et la réductase de méthylène tétrahydrofolate (MTHFR) les polymorphismes 677C?T et 1298A?C, et les polymorphismes de méthionine synthase 2756A?G ont été examinés dans de l'ADN génomique. Résultats : Nous avons enregistré une hyperhomocystéinémie modérée (tHcy > 15 /µmol/L) chez 62,3 % et 29,4 % des sujets issus des régions de zone côtière et de la savane, respectivement (P < 0,0001). Un histogramme du tHcy dans les groupes issus de la zone côtière a montré un groupe distinct, C2 (15 % du total), avec tHcy > 28 /µmol/L. La folate < 6.75 nmol/L (quartile le plus bas) et le génotype MTHFR CT/TT constituaient les deux principaux facteurs de risque d'hyperhomocystéinémie modérée au sein de la population totale [taux de probabilité : 5,3 (95 % EC : 2,5, 11,2 ; P < 0.0001) et 4,9 (1,6, 14,8 ; P = 0.0048), respectivement] et dans le groupe C2 [taux de probabilité : 15,9 (4,5, 56,8 ; P < 0.0001) et 9,0 (2,3, -35,2 ; P = 0.0017), respectivement]. La cystatine C constituait un autre puissant facteur de risque dans le groupe C2. Conclusion : Un fort taux de prévalence de l'hyperhomocystéinémie au sein de la zone côtière d'Afrique de l'Ouest, lié à des concentrations de folate et à l'allèle MTHFR 677 T, semble indiquer la nécessité d'évaluer l'influence de l'hyperhomocystiémie sur les maladies au sein de cet espace géographique. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, WESTERN | TOGO | BENIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | PREVALENCE | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | BLOOD PROTEINS | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Examinations and Diagnoses | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System | Health Document Number: 191497 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The tolling of the bell: women's health, women's rights. [Son du glas : Santé des femmes et droits des femmes] Author: Dickerson VM Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 Oct;104(4):653-657. Abstract: As physicians for women’s health, we are inextricably involved in women’s lives. We cannot be less than fully engaged. The poet John Donne expressed this most eloquently in his poem For Whom the Bell Tolls: “. . .And therefore, never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.” A tenet of leadership is to seek the truth and embrace it. As the third female President of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the truth is that my years in ACOG have coincided with the coming of age of women in our society, in the workplace, in leadership roles, and in this fellowship. Over time, I have watched female physicians grow in number, acceptance, and distinction as they achieve fulfillment of their goals. Today, however, the truth is that who we are transcends gender. Our future must be based on active membership and leadership by both male and female colleagues. It is time to embrace our wholeness rather than to dwell on our differences. The truth is that not only has our membership changed, but so has the world of health care. The provision of health care today requires new definitions, new roles, and a markedly expanded scope. My own awareness was born of a brief sojourn into public health in Togo, West Africa, before I became a physician. Working with women and children in clinics, schools, and communities, it was overwhelming to see the poverty, the treatment of women in society, the ubiquitous illness and suffering, and most of all, the futility. The sense of helplessness was pervasive. For me, it emphasizes the true definition of women’s health, namely a coalescence of emotional, social, cultural, spiritual, and physical well-being. Thus, it is determined not only by biology but by the milieu in which women live their lives. (excerpt) French Abstract: En qualité de médecins spécialisés en santé féminine, nous sommes intimement impliqués dans la vie des femmes. Notre engagement à leur égard ne saurait être partiel. Comme le disait si bien le poète américain John Donne dans son poème " Pour qui sonne le glas " : " ... Ne demande pas pour qui sonne le glas ; il sonne pour toi. ". L'une des qualités d'un vrai dirigeant est de rechercher la vérité et d'y faire face. En tant que troisième femme à occuper les fonctions de présidente du Collège américain des Obstétriciens et des Gynécologues [American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)], j'observe que les années que j'ai passée auprès de l'ACOG ont coincidé avec l'avénement des femmes dans la société et dans le milieu du travail et leur accession à des postes de responsabilité dans des organisations telles que la nôtre. Au fil des ans, j'ai vu les femmes médecins se multiplier en nombre, se faire accepter et recevoir des honneurs pour avoir atteint d'ambitieux objectifs. Aujourd'hui, pourtant, la vérité veut que ce nous sommes dépasse toute considération de sexe. Le futur de tous doit reposer sur la participation active et les qualités de chef d'acteurs masculins comme féminins. L'heure est venue de célébrer le caractère indivisible de tout un chacun plutôt que de s'attarder sur nos différences. La vérité est que ce n'est pas seulement notre corps d'adhérents qui a changé, c'est l'ensemble du monde de la santé. La fourniture de soins de santé exige désormais de nouvelles définitions, de nouveaux rôles et un cadre d'action nettement plus étendu. J'en ai pris personnellement conscience lors d'un bref séjour au Togo, en Afrique de l'Ouest, durant lequel j'ai été exposée à l'univers de la santé publique avant de devenir médecin. Il m'était insupportable, alors que je travaillais avec des femmes et des enfants dans des cliniques, des écoles et des communautés locales, de voir la pauvreté, la manière dont les femmes étaient traitées par tradition, les maladies et la souffrance omniprésentes et, surtout, la futilité. Partout on pouvait sentir un profond sentiment d'impuissance. Pour moi, cela donne toute sa mesure au véritable sens du terme " santé féminine ", à savoir la fusion de tous les aspects du bien-être : émotionel, sociologique, culturel, spirituel et physique. La santé des femmes ne se limite donc pas à des considérations d'ordre biologique mais dépend également du milieu dans lequel chaque femme vit sa vie. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | ADVOCACY | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Human Rights | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 275659 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluation of the ATBEF youth centre in Lome, Togo. Author: Speizer IS; Kouwonou K; Mullen S; Vignikin E Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2004;8(3):38-54. Abstract: In 1998, the Association Togolaise Pour le Bien Etre Familiale launched a youth centre in Lome, Togo. To evaluate the centre, a three-year panel study was undertaken. Three years after being launched, about 10% of surveyed youth had visited the centre. Youth who lived close to the centre had contact with a peer educator and were exposed to television were more likely to have visited the youth centre than all others. Visiting the youth centre and having contact with a peer educator were associated with greater contraceptive use in the matched sample. Youth centre clinical users were younger, less likely to be married and less likely to have ever been pregnant than clinical users of other sites. The youth centre is meeting its goal of providing services to high-risk youth in Lome. To increase youth centre access for all youth, it will be necessary to increase the number of youth centres. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | YOUTH | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PEER EDUCATORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 310268 |
| 23. Title: Meeting a fundamental need. Social marketing of micronutrients prevents anemia, saves lives. [Répondre à un besoin fondamental. Le marketing social des micronutriments prévient l'anémie et permet de sauver des vies][Satisfacción de una demanda fundamental. La comercialización social de micronutrientes previene la anemia y salva vidas] Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, 2003 Nov. [2] p. (PSI Profiles) Abstract: The social marketing of micronutrient supplements, pioneered by Population Services International (PSI) in seven developing countries, is preventing anemia in women of reproductive age and averting maternal deaths due to lack of iron. In 2002, PSI sold 16.3 million micronutrient supplements. PSI has assessed micronutrient supplement markets in all regions of the world with consistent findings: Although shelves are crowded with vitamin products, they are high-priced and typically containing so little iron that they are useless in addressing iron deficiency. Most are not packaged attractively or promoted actively, nor is any effort made to target low-income groups. In every country where PSI has conducted market research, there is a clear unfilled niche for micronutrient supplements affordable to low-income people. PSI markets supplements for women of reproductive age in Bolivia, India, Pakistan, Paraguay, Togo, Venezuela and Zambia, and iron folate tablets in India. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: La comercialización social de suplementos de micronutrientes, lanzada por primera vez por Population Services International (PSI) en siete países en vías de desarrollo, previene la anemia en las mujeres en edad reproductiva, evitando la muerte materna por falta de hierro. En 2002, PSI vendió 16,3 millones de suplementos de micronutrientes. La firma ha evaluado los mercados de estos productos en todo el mundo con el mismo resultado: si bien hay una abundante oferta de productos vitamínicos, éstos son costosos y normalmente contienen tan poco hierro que no resuelven la deficiencia de este mineral. En general, los envases no son atractivos y no existe una promoción activa ni un esfuerzo por alcanzar a los grupos de bajos ingresos. En cada uno de los países en los que PSI ha realizado un estudio de mercado, existe un claro nicho insatisfecho de suplementos de micronutrientes accesibles para las personas de bajos ingresos. PSI comercializa suplementos para mujeres en edad reproductiva en Bolivia, India, Pakistán, Paraguay, Togo, Venezuela y Zambia, y tabletas de hierro y folato en India. (extracto) French Abstract: Le marketing social des suppléments de micronutriments, que Population Services International (PSI) a été le premier à instaurer dans sept pays en développement, prévient l'anémie chez les femmes en âge de procréer et permet d'éviter les décès maternels du fait d'une carence en fer. En 2002, PSI a vendu 16,3 millions de suppléments de micronutriments. PSI a procédé à l'évaluation des marchés de micronutriments dans toutes les régions du monde avec les résultats systématiques suivants : bien que les étagères soient remplies de produits vitaminiques, ceux-ci sont très chers et contiennent généralement si peu de fer qu'ils sont pratiquement incapables de remédier aux carences en fer. La plupart sont conservés dans des emballages peu attrayants et ne sont pas activement mis en valeur, et aucun effort n'est fait pour cibler les groupes à faible revenu. Dans chaque pays où PSI a effectué des études de marché, il existe un créneau manifestement inexploité pour des suppléments de nutriments abordables pour les personnes à faible revenu. PSI commercialise des suppléments pour femmes en âge de procréer en Bolivie, en Inde, au Pakistan, au Paraguay, au Togo, au Venezuela et en Zambie, et des comprimés de folate/fer en Inde. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | INDIA | PAKISTAN | TOGO | VENEZUELA | ZAMBIA | PARAGUAY | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | ANEMIA | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | SOCIAL MARKETING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | South America, Northern | Africa, Southern | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Marketing | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Document Number: 189413 |
| 24. Title: [Contraceptive methods used by young women in the township of Lomé, Togo] Utilisation des méthodes contraceptives par les jeunes femmes de Lomé (Togo). Author: Agbere AR; Tchagafou M; Houedji K; Baeta S; Boukari B Source: Sante. 2003 Oct-Dec;13(4):243-251. Abstract: Despite intensive development of reproductive health services among Togolese youth over the past ten years, contraceptive prevalence remains low, particularly among young women. To help understand the reasons for the low rate of use of reproductive health services by young women (adolescents and young adults) and to assess prevalence of their contraceptive use in Lomé. In a cross- sectional study in the five precincts of Lomé township from March 08, 1999, to April 17, 1999, approximately 500 adolescent girls and young women (aged 10-24 years) were interviewed according to a semi-structured questionnaire. The variables studies were: social and demographic characteristics; knowledge about family planning, including whether they had discussed sexual issues with their parents; conditions of contraceptive use (method used by the interviewee or her sexual partner, who made the decision, geographical and financial accessibility of the method); suggestions to improve contraceptive prevalence. Data were analysed with Epi-Info 6.3(r) and comparisons tested with the chi-square test (significance set at 5%). 63.6% (318 of 500) of the young women and female teenagers lived with a partner; 43.4% discussed some aspects of reproductive health with their parents, especially menstruation and STDs, including AIDS. Although 93.4% of the interviewees knew about condoms and 68.2% about the calendar (rhythm) method, few of them used these (respectively 33.6% and 31.8%). The interviewees decided about contraceptive use with their partners (37%) or alone (28%), and rarely asked their parents (1%). Contraceptives were obtained at a health facility by 3.8% of the subjects, and at the drugstore or market by 20.6%. The main reason for the low rate of use health facilities (10.4%) and of medical contraceptive methods (11.2% of all contraceptive methods used) were: lack of means, information, and interest (in such facilities and methods), and finally, lack of sexual activity. The condom was essentially the only modern contraceptive method used. The main reason for the low rate of use of reproductive health services may be that apart from the condom, women and female teenagers rarely use modern contraceptive methods. Improving information about reproductive health, creating more "young friendly clinics", and developing peer educators might improve the contraceptive prevalence rate among young women in Togo. (author's) French Abstract: Malgré la multiplication continue, depuis une dizaine d'années, des activités pour la promotion de la santé reproductive (SR) de la jeunesse togolaise, l'on assiste à une faible utilisation des services relatifs à cette santé de la reproduction, en particulier la contraception, par les jeunes femmes à Lomé. À seule fin de contribuer à comprendre les raisons d'une telle situation, nous avons mené une étude transversale dans les cinq arrondissements de la commune de Lomé du 8 mars 1999 au 17 avril 1999, auprès de 500 jeunes et adolescentes de 10 à 24 ans au travers d'entretiens directs semi-structurés. Les paramètres d'étude comprenaient: les caractéristiques socio-démographiques; les connaissances en matière de planification familiale; la méthode utilisée par l'enquêtée ou son partenaire sexuel, l'auteur de la prise de décision d'utiliser la méthode utilisée par l'enquêtée ou son partenaire sexuel, l'auteur de la prise de décision d'utiliser la méthode, l'accessibilité géographique et financière vis-à-vis de la méthode; les suggestions des femmes interrogées pour améliorer l'utilisation des services de SR, donc la prévalence contraceptive. Nous avons traité les données recueillies sur Epi-info 6.3(r) et utilisé le test de ?2 dans la comparaison de certaines variables, avec 5% comme seuil de significativité. Trois cent dix-huit sur 500 (soit 63,6%) des jeunes et adolescentes vivaient en copinage; 43,4% discutaient avec leurs parents des sujets de santé de la reproduction, notamment de la menstruation et des MST/Sida. Si 93,4% des interviewées connaissaient le préservatif masculin et 68,2% la méthode du calendrier, elles étaient peu nombreuses à les utiliser (respectivement 33,6% et 31,8%). Les interviewées décidaient avec leurs partenaires (37%) ou seules (28%) de l'utilisation d'une méthode contraceptive, où ls parents étaient rarement sollicités (1%). Par ailleurs, 3,8% des enquêtées ont déclaré s'approvisionner dans un centre de santé et 20,6% à la pharmacie ou au marché. Le manque de moyens, d'informations et d'intérêt, voire l'absence de besoins de rapports sexuels, étaient les principales raisons de la faible utilisation tant des centres de santé (don't le taux de fréquentation était de 10,4%), que, surtout, des méthodes contraceptives médicales (11,2%). Le faible taux d'utilisation des services était lié au fait que les jeunes et adolescentes, en dehors du préservatif masculin, utilisaient moins les autres méthodes modernes. Il pourrait être amélioré par le renforcement de la sensibilisation appropriée de la population en matière de santé reproductive dans la jeunesse (40%). Les méthodes médicales étaient très peu utilisées par rapport aux méthodes non médicales, d'où la raison fondamentale du faible taux d'utilisation des services de SR. La redéfinition de nouvelles stratégies impliquant les jeunes dans la prise en charge de leur santé de la reproduction devrait tenir compte des résultats de cette étude. (de l'auteur) Language: French Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | CONDOMS | INFORMATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Contraception | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Evaluation Document Number: 277579 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Monitoring compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in West Africa : multisite cross sectional survey in Togo and Burkina Faso. [Surveillance du respect du Code International du Marketing des Substituts du Lait Maternel en Afrique de l'ouest : enquête transversale multi-site au Togo et au Burkina Faso] Author: Aguayo VM; Ross JS; Kanon S; Ouedraogo AN Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2003 Jan 18;326(7381):127-132. Abstract: Objectives: To monitor compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in health systems, sales outlets, distribution points, and the news media in Togo and Burkina Faso, west Africa. Design: Multisite cross sectional survey. Participants: Staff at 43 health facilities and 66 sales outlets and distribution points, 186 health providers, and 105 mothers of infants aged <5 months in 16 cities. Results: Six (14%) health facilities had received donations of breast milk substitutes. All donations were being given to mothers free of charge. Health providers in five (12%) health facilities had received free samples of breast milk substitutes for purposes other than professional research or evaluation. Health professionals in five (12%) health facilities had received promotional gifts from manufacturers. Promotional materials of commercial breast milk substitutes were found in seven (16%) health facilities. Special displays to market commercial breast milk substitutes were found in 29 (44%) sales and distribution points. Forty commercial breast milk substitutes violated the labelling standards of the code: 21 were manufactured by Danone, 11 by Nestle, and eight by other national and international manufacturers. Most (148, 90%) health providers had never heard of the code, and 66 mothers (63%) had never received any counselling on breast feeding by their health providers. Conclusion: In west Africa manufacturers are violating the code of marketing of breast milk substitutes. Comparable levels of code violations are observed with (Burkina Faso) or without (Togo) regulating legislation. Legislation must be accompanied by effective information, training, and monitoring systems to ensure that health care providers and manufacturers comply with evidence based practice and the code. (author's) French Abstract: Objectifs : Surveillance du respect du Code International de Commercialisation des Substituts de Lait Maternel par les systèmes de santé, les points de vente, les points de distribution et les médias au Togo et au Burkina Faso, en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conception : Enquête transversale sur sites multiples. Participants : Le personnel de 43 structures de santé et 66 points de vente et de distribution, 186 fournisseurs de services de santé et 105 mères de bébés de moins de 5 mois dans 16 villes. Résultats : 6 (14%) des structures de santé ont reçu des dons de substituts de lait maternel. Tous ces dons ont été gratuitement distribués à des mères. Les fournisseurs de services de santé de 5 (12%) structures ont également reçu des spécimens gratuits de substituts de lait maternel pour des raisons autres que la recherche ou l'évaluation professionnelle. Des professionnels de santé se sont vus recevoir des cadeaux promotionnels de la part de fabricants. Du matériel promotionnel de substituts de lait maternel a été trouvé dans 7 (16%) structures de santé. Des présentations spéciales pour la commercialisation de substituts du lait maternel ont été trouvées dans 29 (44%) points de vente et de distribution. Quarante substituts de lait maternel ont révélé une violation des normes d'étiquetage du code : 21 étaient fabriqués par Nestlé, 11 par Danone et 8 par d'autres entreprises nationales et internationales. La plupart (148,90%) des fournisseurs de services de santé n'ont jamais entendu parler du code, et 66 mères (63%) n'ont jamais reçu de counselling sur l'allaitement de la part de leurs fournisseurs de services de santé. Conclusion : En Afrique de l'Ouest, les producteurs violent le code de commercialisation des substituts de lait maternel. Des niveaux comparables de violation de code ont été observés avec (au Burkina Faso) ou sans (au Togo) législation. La législation doit s'accompagner de systèmes efficaces d'information, de formation et de surveillance en vue d'obtenir des fournisseurs de services de santé et des industriels producteurs se conformant au code et aux bonnes pratiques fondées sur des preuves solides. Language: English Keywords: TOGO | BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | MILK SUBSTITUTES | MARKETING | MONITORING | HEALTH FACILITIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 174951 |
| 26. Title: Borderline slavery : child trafficking in Togo. [A la limite de l'esclavage : le trafic d'enfants au Togo] Author: Cohen J Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2003 Apr. [92] p. (Togo Vol. 15, No. 8 (A)) Abstract: This report documents the trafficking of children in Togo, in particular the trafficking of girls into domestic and market work and the trafficking of boys into agricultural work. Hundreds of children are trafficked annually in Togo, either sent from, received in or transited through the country. They are recruited on false promises of education, professional training and paid employment; transported within and across national borders under sometimes life-threatening conditions; ordered into hazardous, exploitative labor; subjected to physical and mental abuse by their employers; and, if they escape or are released, denied the protections necessary to reintegrate them into society. Their stories disclose an appalling chain of events that the Togolese government has thus far failed to break. (excerpt) French Abstract: Ce rapport documente la traite des enfants au Togo, en particulier la traite des filles pour le travail domestique et les activités d'emploi et la traite des garçons pour le travail agricole. Tous les ans, des centaines d'enfants sont victimes de trafic au Togo, que ce soit depuis, à destination ou à l'intérieur du pays. Ils sont recrutés avec de fausses promesses d'éducation, de formation professionnelle et d'emploi rémunéré, transportés au-delà des frontières nationales parfois dans des conditions dangereuses, contraints au travail forcé ou dangereux, sujets à des abus physiques et psychologiques par leurs employés et, s'ils s'enfuient ou sont libérés, se voient refusés la protection nécessaire à leur réinsertion dans la société. Leur récit révèle une chaîne d'événements effroyables que le gouvernement togolais n'a jusqu'à présent par réussi à rompre. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | TECHNICAL REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CHILD | SLAVES | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | POVERTY | CHILD LABOR | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | LEGISLATION | GOVERNMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Political Factors Document Number: 177438 |
| 27. Title: Report of the workshop on "Women's Capacity Building in Leadership within Organisations". Author: d'Almeida M Source: Echo. 2003 Apr;(12):24-30. Abstract: The Togolese section of the Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) organised a training workshop on women's capacity building in leadership within organisations, from 12 to 15 February. The workshop was meant for members of women's associations, students, civil servants, teachers and pofitical leaders. Some twenty participants took part in the workshop which was held in Hotel Corinthia 2 Février' in Lomé. The main purpose of the training workshop was to improve and increase women's participation and leadership in various decision making and social relations fields. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | TEACHING MATERIALS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LEADERSHIP | WOMEN | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORKSHOPS | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | TRAINING TECHNIQUES | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Sustainability | Programs | Education | Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Training Programs | Psychological Factors Document Number: 181124 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa: the critical role of weaning. [Déterminants de l'exposition aux aflatoxines chez les enfants en bas âge du Bénin et du Togo, en Afrique de l'Ouest : le rôle critique du sevrage] Author: Gong YY; Egal S; Hounsa A; Turner PC; Hall AJ Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;32:556-562. Abstract: Background: Dietary exposure to high levels of the fungal toxin, aflatoxin, occurs in West Africa, where long-term crop storage facilitates fungal growth. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Benin and Togo to investigate aflatoxin exposure in children around the time of weaning and correlated these data with food consumption, socioeconomic status, agro-ecological zone of residence, and anthropometric measures. Blood samples from 479 children (age 9 months to 5 years) from 16 villages in four agro-ecological zones were assayed for aflatoxinalbumin adducts (AF-alb) as a measure of recent past (2–3 months) exposure. Results: Aflatoxin-albumin adducts were detected in 475/479 (99%) children (geometric mean 32.8 pg/mg, 95% CI: 25.3–42.5). Adduct levels varied markedly across agro-ecological zones with mean levels being approximately four times higher in the central than in the northern region. The AF-alb level increased with age up to 3 years, and within the 1–3 year age group was significantly (P = 0.0001) related to weaning status; weaned children had approximately twofold higher mean AF-alb adduct levels (38 pg AF-lysine equivalents per mg of albumin [pg/mg]) than those receiving a mixture of breast milk and solid foods after adjustment for age, sex, agro-ecological zone, and socioeconomic status. A higher frequency of maize consumption, but not groundnut consumption, by the child in the preceding week was correlated with higher AF-alb adduct level. We previously reported that the prevalence of stunted growth (height for age Z-score HAZ) and being underweight (weight for age Z-score WAZ) were 33% and 29% respectively by World Health Organziation criteria. Children in these two categories had 30–40% higher mean AF-alb levels than the remainder of the children and strong dose– response relationships were observed between AF-alb levels and the extent of stunting and being underweight. Conclusions: Exposure to this common toxic contaminant of West African food increases markedly following weaning and exposure early in life is associated with reduced growth. These observations reinforce the need for aflatoxin exposure intervention strategies within high-risk countries, possibly targeted specifically at foods used in the post-weaning period. (author's) French Abstract: Contexte : L'exposition alimentaire à des niveaux élevés d'aflatoxine, une toxine fongique, est observée en Afrique de l'Ouest, où le stockage à long terme des récoltes facilite la croissance fongique. Méthodes : Nous avons mené une étude transversale au Bénin et au Togo pour étudier l'exposition aux aflatoxines chez les enfants vers le moment du sevrage, et mis ces données en corrélation avec la consommation alimentaire, le statut socioéconomique, la zone de résidence agro-écologique et les mesures anthropométriques. Des échantillons sanguins prélevés sur 479 enfants (âgés de 9 mois à 5 ans) originaires de 16 villages situés dans quatre zones agro-écologiques ont été testés en adduits albumine-aflatoxine pour mesurer une exposition récente ou passée (2 à 3 mois). Résultats : Des adduits aflatoxine-albumine ont été détectés chez 475 enfants sur 479 (99 %) (moyenne géométrique de 32,8 pg/mg, IC à 95 % : 25,3 à 42,5). Les niveaux d'adduits présentaient de nettes variations d'une zone agro-écologique à une autre, les taux moyens étant dans la région centrale environ quatre fois supérieurs à ceux relevés dans la région du Nord. Le taux d'aflatoxine-albumine augmentait avec l'âge jusqu'à 3 ans et il était, au sein du groupe d'âge des 1 à 3 ans, sensiblement (P = 0,0001) lié au statut du sevrage ; après ajustement en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, de la zone agro-écologique et du statut socioéconomique, les enfants sevrés présentaient des niveaux moyens d'adduits aflatoxine-albumine environ deux fois supérieurs (38 pg d'équivalents d'aflatoxine-lysine par mg d'albumine [pg/mg]) à ceux recevant un mélange de lait maternel et d'aliments solides. Une consommation de maïs, et non d'arachide, plus fréquente par l'enfant la semaine précédente a été mise en corrélation avec des taux d'adduits aflatoxine-albumine plus élevés. Nous avons auparavant signalé que la prévalence des arrêts de croissance prématurés (Z score de la taille par rapport à l'âge) et les cas d'atrophie (Z score du poids par rapport à l'âge) s'élevaient respectivement à 33 % et 29 % selon les critères de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé. Les enfants appartenant à ces deux catégories présentaient des niveaux d'aflatoxine-albumine moyens 30 à 40 % supérieurs à ceux des autres enfants et on a observé des relations dose / effet marquées entre les niveaux d'aflatoxine-albumine et l'étendue des cas d'arrêt de croissance prématuré et d'atrophie. Conclusions : L'exposition à ce contaminant toxique commun de la nourriture ouest africaine augmente sensiblement après le sevrage et l'exposition à un stade précoce de la vie est associée avec une diminution de croissance. Ces observations renforcent le besoin en stratégies d'intervention contre l'exposition aux aflatoxines dans les pays à risque élevé, ciblant si possible spécifiquement les aliments utilisés lors de la période suivant le sevrage. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: BENIN | TOGO | AFRICA, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILD | INFANT | DIET | TOXICITY | WEANING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition Document Number: 182635 |
| 29. Title: La Révolte des Femmes: Economic upheaval and the gender of political authority in Lomé, Togo, 1931-33. [La Révolte des Femmes : Les bouleversements économiques et le genre des figures de l'autorité politique à Lomé, au Togo, de 1931 à 1933. Author: Lawrance BN Source: African Studies Review. 2003 Apr;:[30] p.. Abstract: In 1932 the governor of French Togoland announced an increase in taxes on Lomé market women because of the economic downturn caused by the Depression. Both the indigenous city council and a clandestine resistance movement opposed this fiscal plan, warning of social unrest. The strain triggered a protest by market women that spread beyond the colonial capital. This article offers a new explanation of the explosive tension by arguing that an organized male political campaign conjoined with a socioeconomic protest led by market women. It explores women's resistance as a performance of vodou ritual as a vehicle of shame and protest. Ultimately the violent, culturally marked protests marked the gendered perimeters of political authority for both Ewe women and men and further defined Ewe market women's conception of an Ewe self and the emergence of conflicting and contested notions of "Eweness" as a prelude to the independence struggle. (author's) French Abstract: En 1932, le gouverneur du Togo français annonça une augmentation des impôts sur les femmes du marché de Lomé en raison de la récession économique provoquée par la Dépression. Le conseil indigène de la ville et un mouvement de résistance clandestin s'opposèrent tous deux à ce plan fiscal, faisant apparaître ainsi les prémices d'une agitation sociale. Cette tension déclencha une vague de protestation chez les femmes du marché qui s'étendit au delà de la capitale coloniale. Cet article propose une nouvelle explication à cette tension explosive en argumentant qu'il y a eu association entre une campagne politique organisée et composée d'hommes, et une protestation socioéconomique menée par les femmes du marché. Il explore la résistance des femmes en tant qu'interprétation d'un rituel vodou comme véhicule de honte et de protestation. En fin de compte, ces manifestations violentes et culturellement marquées ont défini les périmètres sexués de l'autorité politique, tant pour les femmes que pour les hommes des tribus Ewe, et ont permis de définir de manière plus approfondie la conception par les femmes du marché Ewe d'une identité tribale Ewe, de même que l'émergence de notions contestées et conflictuelles d'" Ew-esse " en tant que prélude à la lutte pour l'indépendance. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | HISTORICAL REVIEW | INTERVIEWS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ETHNIC GROUPS | TAXATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Culture Document Number: 296519 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Problems with HIV / AIDS prevention, care and treatment in Togo, West Africa: professional caregivers' perspectives. Author: Moore AR; Williamson DA Source: AIDS Care. 2003 Oct;15(5):615-627. Abstract: This paper used accounts of professional caregivers to HIV/AIDS patients in Lomé, Togo, West Africa to explore the impacts of cultural, institutional and socio-economic factors in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Thirteen health professionals and 17 non-health professionals who work with people living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed in June and July 2002 in Lomé, Togo. The study found that, in Togo there are some cultural, socio-economic and institutional practices that put Togolese at risk of contracting HIV and complicate the care of those who become infected. People with HIV/AIDS face socio-economic, emotional and psychological battles as they attempt to deal with their physical health and the social reactions to such a stigmatizing disease. Thus, in order to contain the spread of HIV/AIDS, people living with HIV/AIDS, family caregivers, traditional healers as well as the public must be educated about the importance of preventing the disease and how each group can help achieve success in its control. Interventions in prevention and care should be designed with an awareness of these structural factors that contribute to the spread of AIDS and compromise the quality of care given to those who become infected. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TRANSMISSION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | POLYGYNY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SAFER SEX | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | SEX EDUCATION | POVERTY | WOMEN | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Education | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 184995 |
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