Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 3001 records

Your search found 3001 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

Subscription may be needed for full text

Peer Reviewed

Title: Twenty or thirty microgram ethinyloestradiol in an oral contraceptive: Does it make a difference in the mind and the daily practice of gynaecologists and general practitioners?
Author: Bitzer J; Frey B; von Schonau M; Sabler N; Tschudin S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun 5;:1-10.
Abstract: Objectives Currently, evidence-based guidelines concerning the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) containing either 20 or 30 mug ethinyloestradiol (EE) and the same progestogen, are lacking. We wanted to identify whether Swiss gynaecologists and general practitioners (GPs) have specific criteria on which they base their prescribing habit. Methods Two questionnaires were submitted to 158 physicians. The first one contained a list of possible criteria relevant for decision making and a description of specific clinical situations. The second one concerned actual patients who received either a 20 mug (Yasminelle(R)) or a 30 mug (Yasmin(R)) OC containing the same progestogen drospirenone. Results The most relevant criteria for decision making (in hierarchical order) were family history of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), headache, smoking, age beyond 35, stability of the menstrual cycle, breast tenderness, body mass index, irregular bleeding and acne. The 20 mug dosage was preferred for women older than 35, those smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day, those with a family history of VTE, and those complaining of breast tenderness or headache. The 30 mug dosage was preferred for patients with a history of irregular bleeding, a family history of osteoporosis, expected poor compliance and acne. Conclusion Swiss gynaecologists and GPs do not preferentially prescribe the lowest possible dosage of EE. They use indirect markers they consider relevant for differential prescribing. For some markers, there is inconsistency, indicating that preferences for 20 mug and 30 mug preparations may be influenced by other factors.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | DECISION MAKING | TOBACCO USE | HEADACHE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | AGE FACTORS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Population Characteristics | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services
Document Number: 341601

2.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Exposure to maternal and paternal tobacco consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion.
Author: Blanco-Munoz J; Torres-Sanchez L; Lopez-Carrillo L
Source: Public Health Reports. 2009 Mar-Apr;124(2):317-22.
Abstract: Conclusive evidence shows that maternal tobacco consumption increases the risk of infertility, subfertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, low birthweight, and stillbirth. Nevertheless, evidence with respect to the risk of spontaneous abortion (SA) (i.e., miscarriage) is inconsistent. In a case-control study, Kline et al. identified an increase in miscarriages in women who were smokers. In Canadian women, Armstrong et al. found a 20% increase in the risk of SA for every 10 cigarettes consumed daily. Other authors have also shown a positive association between cotinine levels in urine and SA. On the other hand, in Rasch's study, after adjusting for other risk factors, women who smoked 10 to 19 cigarettes and 20 or more cigarettes per day did not have significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for having SAs. The role of paternal tobacco exposure in adverse reproductive effects has been scarcely evaluated. Some reports in the literature assert that tobacco consumption in men is associated with morphological alterations in sperm, a decrease in sperm density and motility, and a reduction in semen volume,11 which could have implications for male fertility and embryo viability. However, the scarce studies that to date have evaluated the association between exposure to paternal tobacco and SA are also contradictory. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | COUPLES | ABORTION RATE | RISK FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases
Document Number: 331257

Title: Barriers to best outcomes in breastfeeding for Maori: mothers' perceptions, whanau perceptions, and services.
Author: Glover M; Waldon J; Manaena-Biddle H; Holdaway M; Cunningham C
Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2009 Aug;25(3):307-16.
Abstract: This research explores the perceptions of New Zealand Maori women and their whanau (customary Maori extended family) toward barriers to achieving best outcomes in infant feeding: exclusively breastfed infants at 6 months. Interviews are undertaken with 59 Maori women who have given birth in the previous 3 years and 27 whanau members. Although mothers and whanau members feel positively toward breastfeeding and generally expect to breastfeed exclusively, these expectations are unmet in many cases because of lack of support when establishing breastfeeding; lack of support when life circumstances change; lack of timely, culturally relevant, and comprehensible information; confusion about smoking while breastfeeding; uncertainty about the safety of bed-sharing, and perceived lack of acceptability of breastfeeding in public. The relatively high rates of tobacco use by Maori create a tension for breastfeeding mothers, cited by some as a reason for ending breastfeeding prematurely.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW ZEALAND | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | INFANT | BREASTFEEDING | TOBACCO USE | SAFETY | Oceania | Developed Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Behavior | Public Health
Document Number: 342916

Peer Reviewed

Title: The role of biological fertility in predicting family size.
Author: Joffe M; Key J; Best N; Jensen TK; Keiding N
Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Aug;24(8):1999-2006.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is plausible that a couple's ability to achieve the desired number of children is limited by biological fertility, especially if childbearing is postponed. Family size has declined and semen quality may have deteriorated in much of Europe, although studies have found an increase rather than a decrease in couple fertility. METHODS: Using four high-quality European datasets, we took the reported time to pregnancy (TTP) as the predictor variable; births reported as following contraceptive failure were an additional category. The outcome variable was final or near-final family size. Potential confounders were maternal age when unprotected sex began prior to the first birth, and maternal smoking. Desired family size was available in only one of the datasets. RESULTS: Couples with a TTP of at least 12 months tended to have smaller families, with odds ratios for the risk of not having a second child approximately 1.8, and for the risk of not having a third child approximately 1.6. Below 12 months no association was observed. Findings were generally consistent across datasets. There was also a more than 2-fold risk of not achieving the desired family size if TTP was 12 months or more for the first child. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the available data quality, family size appears to be predicted by biological fertility, even after adjustment for maternal age, if the woman was at least 20 years old when the couple's first attempt at conception started. The contribution of behavioural factors to this result also needs to be investigated.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST PREGNANCY INTERVALS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL AGE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Pregnancy Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior
Document Number: 342795

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive use and pregnancy outcome in three generations of Swedish female teenagers from the same urban population.
Author: Lindh I; Blohm F; Andersson-Ellstrom A; Milsom I
Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):163-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary objective of the study was to describe contraceptive use, reasons for discontinuation of contraception and pregnancy outcome in three generations of female teenagers over a period of 20 years. The secondary objective was to describe the relationship between contraception, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparison of 19-year-old women born in 1962, 1972 and 1982 and living in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1981, 1991 and 2001 was conducted. Contraceptive use, pregnancy outcome, smoking and weight/height were assessed by a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: Current contraceptive use was unchanged between the 62 (60%) and 72 cohorts (62%) but had increased (p<.01) in the 82 cohort (78%); there was no difference in contraceptive use between SES groups at any time. Condom use alone increased over time (p<.01), and the use of oral contraception and a condom together had increased in the 72 and 82 cohorts compared to the 62 cohort (p<.01). Reasons given for using and discontinuing oral contraceptives in three generations of teenagers were studied over 20 years. In addition to contraception, oral contraception was used to reduce dysmenorrhea and heavy bleeding. Discontinuation due to bleeding disturbances decreased (p<.01) over time, whereas discontinuation due to mental side effects increased (p<.01). The percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age in the 82 cohort (7%) was lower (p<.01) than in the 1962 (11%) and 1972 (13%) cohorts. However, there was a successive increase (p<.001) in the percentage of women who had been pregnant more than once at < or =19 years of age (1962/1972/1982: pregnant more than once, 8%/21%/31%). Smoking decreased over time (p<.01) and was no longer related to SES in the 82 cohort. BMI increased (p<.01) over time. There was no difference in BMI between SES groups in the 62 and 72 cohorts but was higher in the low-SES group in the 82 cohort compared to the middle (p<.01) and high (p<.05) SES groups. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive use was higher in the 82 cohort where there was a corresponding reduction in the percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age compared with the 62 and 72 cohorts. Discontinuation of oral contraception due to mental side effects increased over time. The prevalence of smoking decreased and BMI increased, and there were changes in smoking prevalence and BMI in the different SES groups over time.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | TOBACCO USE | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342305

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive pill compared with metformin on blood coagulation tests and endothelial function in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of obesity and smoking.
Author: Luque-Ramirez M; Mendieta-Azcona C; Del Rey J; Maties M; Escobar-Morreale H
Source: European Journal of Endocrinology. 2009;160:469-480.
Abstract: Objective: To study the blood clotting tests and endothelial function of PCOS patients and non-hyperandrogenic women, and their changes during PCOS treatment, as a function of the presence of obesity and smoking. Design: Case-control study followed by a randomized clinical trial. Methods: Blood clotting and endothelial function were analyzed in 40 PCOS patients and 20 non-hyperandrogenic women. 34 PCOS women were randomized to Diane35Diario or metformin (850 mg twice daily), monitoring the changes on these parameters during 24 weeks of treatment. The influence of obesity and smoking was also analyzed. Results: Blood clotting and endothelial function tests were similar among PCOS patients and controls with the exception of a higher platelet count in the former. Obesity increased circulating fibrinogen levels, prothrombin activity and platelet counts, and reduced prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. Smoking increased fibrinogen levels, platelet counts and prothrombin activity, andreduced prothrombin time, in relation to the larger waist circumference of smokers. Irrespective of the treatment received, PCOS patients showed a decrease in prothrombin time and an increase in prothrombin activity, with a parallel increase in homocysteine levels with metformin. The activated partial thromboplastin time decreased markedly with Diane35Diario. Finally, flow-mediated dilation improved in non-smokers irrespective of the drug, but worsened in smokers. Conclusions: Oral contraceptives and metformin may exert deleterious effects on blood clotting tests of PCOS women, yet the effects of metformin appear to be milder. Because smoking potentiates some of these effects and deteriorates endothelial function, smoking cessation should be promoted in PCOS patients.
Language: English
Keywords:
SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | BLOOD | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | TOBACCO USE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Behavior
Document Number: 329669

Title: [Contraception in adolescence and perimenopause] Kontrazeption zu Beginn und Ende der fertilen Lebensphase.
Author: Neulen J; Thaler C; Birkhauser M; Braendle W; Keller PJ
Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):109-15.
Abstract: The risk-benefit-ratio of hormonal contraception (OC) is positive in adolescents as well as in women over 40 years of age if some essential rules are respected. In adolescents, the acquirement of a normal peak bone mass has to be guaranteed by the use of the OC. The dosage of the OC has to be adapted individually to the basic hormonal situation. In women over 40, contraindications such as hypertension, obesity, smoking or dyslipidemia have to be actively excluded. In both groupes of age, the risk of a correctly indicated OC is inferior to the risk of an unwanted pregnancy.
Language: German
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HYPERTENSION | OBESITY | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 329571

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Risk factors for inadequate prenatal care use in the metropolitan area of Aracaju, Northeast Brazil.
Author: Ribeiro ER; Nery AM; Bettiol H; Lima DD; Almeida ML; de Souza L; Silva AA; Gurgel RQ
Source: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2009 Jul 22;9(1):31.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of prenatal care is to promote good maternal and foetal health and to identify risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in an attempt to promptly manage and solve them. Although high prenatal care attendance is reported in most areas in Brazil, perinatal and neonatal mortalities are disproportionally high, raising doubts about the quality and performance of the care provided. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the adequacy of prenatal care use and the risk factors involved in inadequate prenatal care utilization in the metropolitan area of Aracaju, Northeast Brazil. METHODS: A survey was carried out with puerperal women who delivered singleton liveborns in all four maternity hospitals of Aracaju. A total of 4552 singleton liveborns were studied. The Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index, modified according to the guidelines of the Prenatal Care and Birth Humanization Programme, was applied. Socioeconomic, demographic, biological, life style and health service factors were evaluated by multiple logistic regression. Results: Prenatal care coverage in Aracaju was high (98.3%), with a mean number of 6.24 visits. Prenatal care was considered to be adequate or intensive in 66.1% of cases, while 33.9% were considered to have inadequate usage. Age < 18 to 34 years at delivery, low maternal schooling, low family income, two or more previous deliveries, maternal smoking during pregnancy, having no partner and prenatal care obtained outside Aracaju were associated with inadequate prenatal care use. In contrast, private service attendance protected from inadequate prenatal care use. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care coverage was high. However, a significant number of women still had inadequate prenatal care use. Socioeconomic inequalities, demographic factors and behavioural risk factors are still important factors associated with inadequate prenatal care use.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MOTHERS | ANTENATAL CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | TOBACCO USE | MATERNAL AGE | BREAST EXAM | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 342289

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Suicidal behavior among female sex workers in Goa, India: the silent epidemic.
Author: Shahmanesh M; Wayal S; Cowan F; Mabey D; Copas A; Patel V
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul;99(7):1239-46.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to study suicidal behavior prevalence and its association with social and gender disadvantage, sex work, and health factors among female sex workers in Goa, India. METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, we recruited 326 sex workers in Goa for an interviewer-administered questionnaire regarding self-harming behaviors, sociodemographics, sex work, gender disadvantage, and health. Participants were tested for sexually transmitted infections. We used multivariate analysis to define suicide attempt determinants. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of sex workers in the sample reported attempted suicide in the past 3 months. Attempts were independently associated with intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38, 5.28), violence from others (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.15, 4.45), entrapment (AOR = 2.76; 95% CI = 1.11, 6.83), regular customers (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.61, 6.35), and worsening mental health (AOR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.11). Lower suicide attempt likelihood was associated with Kannad ethnicity, HIV prevention services, and having a child. CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal behaviors among sex workers were common and associated with gender disadvantage and poor mental health. India's widespread HIV-prevention programs for sex workers provide an opportunity for community-based interventions against gender-based violence and for mental health services delivery.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SUICIDE | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342170

12.

Title: Oral manifestations as predictors of immune suppression in a HIV-/AIDS-infected population in south India.
Author: Sharma G; Pai KM; Setty S; Ramapuram JT; Nagpal A
Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 2009 Jun;13(2):141-8.
Abstract: The objectives of the study are to evaluate the relationship between common HIV-related oral lesions and absolute CD4+ count, age, gender, and medication used and to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of oral manifestations for low absolute CD4+ counts. HIV-positive patients, 200, from south India were selected, whose absolute CD4+ counts were determined within 2 weeks of oral examination. Sociodemographic data was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Oral manifestations were diagnosed according to presumptive criteria of EEC-clearinghouse classification (1993). Four or more concurrent oral lesions were statistically significant with low CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 (P = 0.005). The highest and lowest mean CD4+ cell counts were seen in individuals with linear gingival erythema (LGE; 172.5 cells/mm(3)) and pseudomembranous candidiasis (PC; 87 cells/mm(3)), respectively. Smoking, age (<35 years), and males had a positive association with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL; P < 0.05). Patients with CD4+ counts < 200 cells/mm(3) were associated with 15 times greater risk of PC and four times at greater risk for occurrence of any oral manifestation. Concurrent oral manifestations (>or=4) were good predictors (80-100%) of severe immune suppression. In most resource poor countries where facilities for undertaking CD4+ counts are not available, the presence of concurrent oral manifestations may be used as an indicator of deteriorating immune status.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ORAL EFFECTS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CANDIDIASIS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | DRUGS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Immunity | Immune System | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342646

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reasons for ineffective contraceptive use antedating adolescent pregnancies: part 2: a proxy for childbearing intentions.
Author: Sheeder J; Tocce K; Stevens-Simon C
Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 May;13(3):306-17.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Compare the relationship between childbearing intentions, maternal behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes in a group of early/middle adolescents versus a group of late adolescents (specifically high school seniors, high school graduates, and GED certificate recipients). METHODS: The reasons given by a racially/ethnically diverse group of 1,568 pregnant 13-18 year olds for not using contraception were used to classify their pregnancies as intended or unintended. Proportion comparison tests and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationship between childbearing intentions, maternal behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: Regardless of age, adolescents who intended to become pregnant conceived in an objectively more hospitable and supportive childbearing milieu than those who conceived unintentionally. This is evidenced by their greater likelihood of having goals compatible with adolescent childbearing, cohabitation with the father of the child, and living in a non-chaotic environment. However, pregnancy planning was not associated with improved compliance with preventive health care recommendations during gestation nor with infant outcomes. As such, the consequences among adolescents with intended pregnancies were negative, as evidenced by a higher rate of smoking, STDs late in gestation, school dropout, and repeat conception. CONCLUSIONS: Like adults, adolescents with intended pregnancies conceived in an objectively more supportive environment than their counterparts with unintended pregnancies. However, this advantage did not translate into better support, healthier maternal behavior during gestation, or improved pregnancy outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | TOBACCO USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 342484

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Smoking and oral contraceptive continuation.
Author: Westhoff C; Jones K; Robilotto C; Heartwell S; Edwards S; Zieman M; Cushman L
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):375-8.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Smoking may be related to early discontinuation of oral contraceptives (OC). STUDY DESIGN: This was a planned secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Women aged less than 25 initiating OC at three inner-city publicly funded family planning clinics enrolled in the study. Subjects reported smoking status at enrollment; 3- and 6-month interviews assessed OC continuation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-nine (12%) of 1598 participants were current smokers. Smokers were more often lost to follow-up than nonsmokers (P<.01). Among participants with a 6-month interview, only 26% of smokers and 46% of nonsmokers were continuing OC (P<.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, smokers were still somewhat less likely to be continuing OC (adjusted OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-1.0). This association was unrelated to number of cigarettes smoked per day. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that young smokers may be more likely to discontinue OC within 6 months than nonsmokers. Smoking may be a marker for risk-taking behavior that extends to the premature discontinuation of OC.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | TOBACCO USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 330941

15.

Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume II.
Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR]
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68b)
Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | NUTRITION | HYPERTENSION | TOBACCO USE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTION | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 329543

16.

Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate combined oral contraceptives.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. [3] p.
Abstract: Research findings have established that combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are safe and effective for use by most women, including those who are at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and those living with or at risk of HIV infection. However, for some women with certain medical conditions -- such as breast cancer, ischemic heart disease, or stroke -- COC use is not recommended. Women who wish to use COCs should therefore be screened for such medical conditions in order to determine if they are appropriate candidates for this method. Based on the recently revised recommendations from Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO, 2004; updated 2008), Family Health International (FHI) has developed a simple checklist for use by both clinical and nonclinical health care providers, including community-based distributors, to help screen clients who have made an informed decision to use COCs. The COC Checklist consists of 17 questions designed to identify medical conditions that would prevent safe COC use or require further screening. It also provides further guidance and directions based on clients' responses.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | STANDARDS | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | COUNSELING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | SCREENING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SAFETY | BREASTFEEDING | TOBACCO USE | HEADACHE | DIABETES | TUBERCULOSIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Distributional Activities | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Behavior | Diseases | Infections
Document Number: 331507

17.

Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate DMPA (or NET-EN).
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. [3] p.
Abstract: Research findings have established that depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone enantate (NET-EN) are safe and effective for use by most women, including those who are at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and those living with or at risk of HIV infection. However, for some women, use of these injectables is not usually recommended due to the presence of certain medical conditions, such as breast cancer or most types of liver tumors. For this reason, women who wish to use DMPA must be screened for certain medical conditions in order to determine if they are appropriate candidates for this method. Based on the recently revised recommendations of the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO, 2004; updated 2008), Family Health International (FHI) has developed a simple checklist for use by both clinical and nonclinical health care providers, including community-based distributors, to help screen clients who have made an informed decision to use DMPA. The DMPA Checklist consists of 14 questions designed to identify medical conditions that would prevent safe DMPA use or require further screening. It also provides further guidance and directions based on clients' responses.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | STANDARDS | CLIENTS | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | SAFETY | SCREENING | BREASTFEEDING | TOBACCO USE | HEADACHE | DIABETES | TUBERCULOSIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Public Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Behavior | Infections
Document Number: 331508

18.

Title: Iraq Family Health Survey 2006/7.
Author: Iraq. Ministry of Health; Iraq. Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology; Iraq. Kurdistan. Ministry of Health; Iraq. Kurdistan. Regional Statistics Office; World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: [Amman, Jordan], WHO, [2008]. [64] p.
Abstract: The Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS) 2006/7 is a nationally representative survey of 9,345 households and 14,675 women of reproductive age and covers all governorates in Iraq. This is the second nationally representative health survey since the Family Gulf Survey in 1989, although it is the first survey to disseminate the results. The IFHS 2006/7 was conducted in the central and southern governorates during August and September 2006, in Anbar during October and November 2006, while fieldwork in the Kurdistan region was carried out during February and March 2007. The survey had gone through a detailed and intensive planning and preparatory phases which was particularly important given the dire security situation in Iraq at the time of the survey. Not only were rigorous training and pre-testing undertaken, but a planning approach based on a number of different scenarios was adopted to respond to anticipated challenges. All interview teams were carefully supervised and given continuous support through out the period of the survey. The principle objective of the survey is to provide critical information for policy-makers and programme managers working in health and development. It complements other surveys recently conducted in Iraq on the situation of women and children, namely the Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Survey (ICMMS 1999), the Iraq Living Conditions Survey ILCS 2004, and the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey MICS III 2006. Also the survey results will present data on a wide range of indicators related to women's and family health. It is also the first national survey ever conducted to present data on adult mortality, including the causes of deaths. The IFHS is the first national survey in Iraq to investigate domestic violence, as well as chronic illnesses. Detailed information was also collected on health expenditures and health care seeking behaviour, as well as a range of other health and demographic indicators. Blood test was carried out to measure the level of anaemia among women of reproductive age including pregnant and lactating women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | HEALTH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ANEMIA | MENTAL HEALTH | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy | Reproduction | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 327824

19.

Title: Tobacco use among students aged 13 - 15 years - Sri Lanka, 1999 - 2007.
Author: United States. Center for Disease Control [CDC]
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 May 23;57(20):545-549.
Abstract: Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of premature death and disease in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) attributes approximately 5 million deaths per year to tobacco use, a number expected to exceed 8 million per year by 2030. In 1999, the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was initiated by WHO, CDC, and the Canadian Public Health Association to monitor tobacco use, attitudes about tobacco use, and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among students aged 13-15 years. Since 1999, the survey has been completed by approximately 2 million students in 151 countries. A key goal of GYTS is for countries to repeat the survey every 4 years. This report summarizes results from GYTS conducted in Sri Lanka in 1999, 2003, and 2007. The findings indicated that during 1999-2007, the percentage of students aged 13-15 years who reported current cigarette smoking decreased, from 4.0% in 1999 to 1.2% in 2007. During this period, the percentage of never smokers in this age group likely to initiate smoking also decreased, from 5.1% in 1999 to 3.7% in 2007. Future declines in tobacco use in Sri Lanka will be enhanced through development and implementation of new tobacco-control measures and strengthening of existing measures that encourage smokers to quit, eliminate exposure to SHS, and encourage persons not to initiate tobacco use. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WHO | TOBACCO USE | EXPOSURE | MASS MEDIA | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Risk Factors | Biology | Communication | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 327213

20.

Title: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008. The MPOWER package.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. 329 p.
Abstract: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. This year, tobacco will kill more than five million people - more than tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. By 2030, the death toll will exceed eight million a year. Unless urgent action is taken tobacco could kill one billion people during this century. Tobacco is the only legal consumer product that can harm everyone exposed to it - and it kills up to half of those who use it as intended. Yet, tobacco use is common throughout the world due to low prices, aggressive and widespread marketing, lack of awareness about its dangers, and inconsistent public policies against its use. Most of tobacco's damage to health does not become evident until years or even decades after the onset of use. So, while tobacco use is rising globally, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun. But we can change the future. The tobacco epidemic is devastating - but preventable. The fight against tobacco must be engagedforcefully and quickly - with no less urgency than battles against life-threatening infectious diseases. We can halt the tobacco epidemic and move towards a tobacco-free world - but we must act now. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | POPULATION AT RISK | TOBACCO USE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TAXATION | ADVERTISING | PROMOTION | Research Methodology | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Diseases | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Financial Activities | Marketing
Document Number: 324513

21.

22.

Title: Prevalence of tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years in health ministers' council / gulf cooperation council member states, 2001 - 2004.
Author: Al-Mulla AM; Helmy SA; Al-Lawati J; Nasser SA; Rahman SA
Source: Journal of School Health. 2008 Jun;78(6):337-343.
Abstract: This article examines differences and similarities in adolescent tobacco use among Member States of the Health Ministers' Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council (HMC/GCC) using Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data. Nationally representative samples of students in grades associated with ages 13-15 in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Schools were selected proportional to enrollment size, classes were randomly selected within participating schools, and all students in selected classes were eligible to participate. GYTS results confirmed that boys are significantly more likely than girls to smoke cigarettes or use shisha (water pipe). Students had higher rates of tobacco use than adults in Bahrain, Oman, and United Arab Emirates. For boys and girls, shisha use was higher than cigarette smoking in almost all countries. Susceptibility to initiate smoking among never smokers was higher than current cigarette smoking in all countries. Exposure to secondhandsmoke in public places was greater than 30%, direct protobacco advertising exposure was greater than 70% on billboards and in newspapers, and more than 10% of students were influenced by indirect advertising. Finally, less than half of the students were taught in school about the dangers of tobacco use in the past year. For boys and girls, high prevalence of cigarette smoking, high prevalence of shisha use, and high susceptibility of never smokers to initiate smoking in the next year are troubling indicators for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality in the Member States of the HMC/GCC. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | TOBACCO USE | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Behavior
Document Number: 326860

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Maternal smoking: Determinants and associated morbidity in two areas in Lebanon.
Author: Bachir R; Chaaya M
Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2008 May;12(3):298-307.
Abstract: This study assessed the factors related to smoking during pregnancy in two areas in Lebanon, and the association of smoking to selected maternal and newborn health related factors. This was a secondary analysis of data on 538 women who delivered in nine hospitals in two areas in Lebanon. Women were interviewed about their smoking practices, and on demographic and psychosocial variables. 396 women were followed up and re-interviewed about their smoking status, and the mother's and baby's health after delivery. Smoking during pregnancy included both cigarettes and narghile smoking. About 25.7% of women were smoking some kind of tobacco during pregnancy. Older women, Muslim women, women with poor education, those who had financial difficulty, nervousness, lower support, and delay in seeking prenatal care were more likely to smoke during pregnancy. Women who smoked during pregnancy were more likely to have a low birth weight baby and to stop breastfeeding. It is important to address smoking among women in general, and not only during pregnancy. We discuss the role of public and private sectors in smoking cessation and interventions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | TOBACCO USE | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Middle East | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Child Health | Behavior | Measurement | Biology | Economic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology
Document Number: 325984

24.

Title: Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease?
Author: Barnett GC; Shah M; Redman K; Easton DF; Ponder BA
Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008 Jul 10;26(20):3310-6.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Risk factors that influence the incidence of breast cancer may also affect survival after diagnosis. METHODS: Data from 4,560 women with invasive breast cancer who had taken part in the population-based Studies of Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Cancer Heredity (SEARCH) breast cancer study were used to investigate the influence on survival of variables related to pregnancy, menarche and menopause, prior use of exogenous hormones, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, and alcohol intake. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, there was no association between prognosis and age at menarche and menopause, menopausal status at diagnosis, smoking history, or prior use of the oral contraceptive pill. Women whose most recent pregnancy was more than 30 years ago had a 35% reduced risk of dying (95% CI, 8% to 54%) compared with women who had a full-term pregnancy in the past 15 years, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for more than 4 years was associated with a similar risk reduction. BMI was associated with a 3% (95% CI, 1% to 4%) increase in mortality per unit increase. Improved prognosis was seen with increasing current alcohol consumption, with a 2% (95% CI, 1% to 3%) reduction in the risk of death per unit of alcohol consumed per week. CONCLUSION: The apparent benefit of alcohol intake has not been described before, and our data need to be interpreted with some caution. However, our finding that an increase in BMI is associated with a poorer prognosis supports previously published data and suggests that advice on weight loss should be given to all obese patients with breast cancer.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY | MENARCHE | MENOPAUSE | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Reproduction | Menstruation | Physiology | Behavior
Document Number: 328315

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A grim contradiction: The practice and consequences of corporate social responsibility by British American Tobacco in Malaysia.
Author: Barraclough S; Morrow M
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(8):1784-1796.
Abstract: In the wake of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is among the few remaining mechanisms for tobacco corporations publicly to promote their interests. Health advocates may be unaware of the scale, nature and implications of tobacco industry CSR. This investigation aimed to construct a typology of tobacco industry CSR through a case study of the evolution and impact of CSR activities of a particular tobacco corporation in one country - British American Tobacco, Malaysia (BATM), the Malaysian market leader. Methods included searching, compiling and critically appraising publicly available materials from British American Tobacco, BATM, published literature and other sources. The study examined BATM's CSR strategy, the issues which it raises, consequences for tobacco control and potential responses by health advocates. The investigation found that BATM's CSR activities included assistance to tobacco growers, charitable donations,scholarships, involvement in anti-smuggling measures, 'youth smoking prevention' programs and annual Social Reports. BATM has stated that its model is predominantly motivated by social and stakeholder obligations. Its CSR activities have, however, had the additional benefits of contributing to a favourable image, deflecting criticism and establishing a modus vivendi with regulators that assists BATM's continued operations and profitability. It is imperative that health advocates highlight the potential conflicts inherent in such arrangements and develop strategies to address the concerns raised. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | TOBACCO USE | INDUSTRY | CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP | SOCIAL MARKETING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Marketing
Document Number: 325440

26.

Title: Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum in Valdivia, Chile.
Author: Barria RM; Santander G; Victoriano T
Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008 Nov;24(4):439-45.
Abstract: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 315 mother-newborn dyads from Valdivia, Chile. A questionnaire was administered to mothers before 48 hours postpartum, and sociodemographic, obstetric, and neonatal data were collected. At 3 months postpartum, a follow-up by telephone interview or home visit was made, determining the proportion of mothers providing exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify variables significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Follow-up data showed 98.1% were breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding reached 69.5%. Withdrawal of exclusive breastfeeding was positively associated with single marital status (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.20) and smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.60), while maternal education greater than 8 years was associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.84). Breastfeeding education strategies addressed to high-risk pregnant women (single with a low education level) must be emphasized in addition to prevention of nonhealthy habits, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption during gestation.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | MARITAL STATUS | TOBACCO USE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education
Document Number: 329186

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Maternal-child health in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: major conclusions from comparisons of the 1982, 1993, and 2004 birth cohorts.
Author: Barros FC; Victora CG
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S461-7.
Abstract: Important changes were observed in maternal characteristics, health care indicators, and child health during the 22 years covered by the three population-based birth cohort studies conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Maternal education levels improved, cigarette smoking during pregnancy was reduced, and birth intervals became longer. Also, there were more single mothers, and maternal obesity increased. Coverage of antenatal and delivery care by professionals improved, but inductions and caesarean sections increased markedly, the latter accounting for 45% of deliveries in 2004. With regard to child health, the reductions in neonatal and infant mortality rates were modest, and the significant increase in preterm births--14.7% of all births in 2004--appears to have colluded with this stagnation. Other infant health indicators, such as immunization coverage and breastfeeding duration, showed improvements over the period. Regarding infant nutrition, malnourishment at age 12 months decreased, but the prevalence of overweight was higher in 2004. The existence of three population-based birth cohorts using comparable methodology allowed for the study of important secular trends in maternal and child health.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | PREVALENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | TOBACCO USE | BIRTH INTERVALS | OBESITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health | Child Health
Document Number: 330447

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: an investigative survey of women in 9 developing nations.
Author: Bloch M; Althabe F; Onyamboko M; Kaseba-Sata C; Castilla EE
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct;98(10):1833-1840.
Abstract: The author's examined pregnant women's use of cigarettes and other tobacco products and the exposure of pregnant women and their young children to secondhand smoke (SHS) in 9 nations in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Face-to-face surveys were administered to 7961 pregnant women (more than 700 per site) between October 2004 and September 2005. At all Latin American sites, pregnant women commonly reported that they had ever tried cigarette smoking (range: 78.3% [Uruguay] to 35.0% [Guatemala]). The highest levels of current smoking were found in Uruguay (18.3%), Argentina (10.3%), and Brazil (6.1%). Experimentation with smokeless tobacco occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and India; one third of all respondents in Orissa, India, were current smokeless tobacco users. SHS exposure was common: between 91.6% (Pakistan) and 17.1% (Democratic Republic of the Congo) of pregnant women reported that smoking was permitted in their home. Pregnant women's tobacco use and SHS exposure are current or emerging problems in several low- and middle-income nations, jeopardizing ongoing efforts to improve maternal and child health.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | INDIA | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY | CHILD HEALTH | QUESTIONNAIRES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Behavior | Reproduction | Health | Population
Document Number: 328358

29.
Title: [Myocardial infarction and oral contraceptives] Infarctus du myocarde et contraceptifs oraux.
Author: Bounhoure JP; Galinier M; Roncalli J; Assoun B; Puel J
Source: Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine. 2008 Mar;192(3):569-79; discussion 579.
Abstract: Shortly after the introduction of oral contraceptives in 1960, myocardial infarction (MI) started to emerge as a major adverse effect. Its mechanism and pathophysiology have remained elusive. Many epidemiological studies identified smoking, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors for coronary thrombosis in young women using oral contraceptives. The pathogenesis of MI involves two phases: atherosclerotic plaque formation, and thrombotic arterial occlusion. The use of very low doses of estrogen (less than 50 microg of ethinyl estradiol) and new progestagens have minimized the vascular risks. However, the risk remains in women who smoke or have other atherosclerotic risks factors. We report 12 cases of MI in women aged 35 +/- 5 years who were using different types of oral contraceptive. All the women had several risks factors, such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and type II diabetes. Coronarography during the acute phase showed either occlusions on severe atherosclerotic stenoses or thrombosis of arteries with non significant atherosclerotic plaque. In two cases coronarography was normal after thrombolysis. Ten women recovered without sequelae, but reversible left ventricular dysfunction occurred in the other two women, who did not have acute-phase revascularization. Recent case-control studies show that the cardiovascular risk is very low with new, third-generation combined contraceptives. But the risk of MI increases with age, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. The absolute risks associated with oral contraceptives and smoking are higher in women over 35, because of the steeply rising incidence of atherosclerosis. It is mandatory to respect the classical contraindications of oral contraception.
Language: French
Keywords:
RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | WOMEN | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TOBACCO USE | DIABETES | HYPERTENSION | VASCULAR DISEASES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Biology
Document Number: 329006

30.


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy