1.  Title: IAPAC recommendations to the Obama administration for the US response to the global HIV pandemic [editorial] Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;8(1):13-20. Abstract: Includes the text from a January 5, 2009 letter from the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (IAPAC) to the Obama-Biden Presidential Transition Team outlining top-line recommendations for the administration's response to the global HIV pandemic. Recommendations are made for HIV care and treatment, HIV prevention, HIV testing, Human resources, Access to treatment, and PEPFAR. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | PHYSICIANS | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | AIDS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | HIV TESTING | HUMAN RESOURCES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 331305 |
| 2. Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6. Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 342395 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in prenatal care settings: Association with medical liability. Author: Coco AS; Cohen D; Horst MA; Gambler AS Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 22;9(1):257. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Medical liability concerns centered around maternity care have widespread public health implications, as restrictions in physician scope of practice may threaten quality of and access to care in the current climate. The purpose of this study was to examine national trends in prenatal care settings based on medical liability climate. METHODS: Analysis of prenatal visits in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1997 to 2004 (N = 21,454). To assess changes in rates of prenatal visits over time, we used the linear trend test. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was developed to determine characteristics associated with visits made to hospital outpatient departments. RESULTS: In regions of the country with high medical liability (N = 11,673), the relative number, or proportion, of all prenatal visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments increased from 11.8% in 1997-1998 to 19.4% in 2003-2004 (p < .001 for trend); the trend for complicated obstetrical visits (N = 3,275) was more pronounced, where the proportion of prenatal visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments almost doubled from 22.7% in 1997-1998 to 41.6% in 2003-2004 (p = .004 for trend). This increase did not occur in regions of the country with low medical liability (N = 9,781) where the proportion of visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments decreased from 13.3% in 1997-1998 to 9.0% in 2003-2004. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a shift in prenatal care from obstetrician's offices to safety net settings in regions of the country with high medical liability. These findings provide strong indirect evidence that the medical liability crisis is affecting patterns of obstetric practice and ultimately patient access to care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PHYSICIANS | HIGH RISK WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | ANTENATAL CARE | MEDICAL LIABILITY | OBSTETRICS | PHYSICIAN'S OFFICE | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH INSURANCE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Medicine | Health Facilities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Grants Document Number: 342287 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Incarcerated women and abortion provision: a survey of correctional health providers. Author: Sufrin CB; Creinin MD; Chang JC Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):6-11. Abstract: CONTEXT: Many women entering jail or prison are pregnant, and correctional facilities are therefore an important venue for providing a range of pregnancy-related care, including access to abortion services. However, the availability of abortion services to inmates in the United States is unknown. METHODS: Between October 2006 and March 2007, surveys about abortion provision were mailed to 951 health professionals who provided clinical care in correctional facilities. Descriptive statistics were tabulated, and measures of association were calculated using chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Of the 286 respondents who returned analyzable surveys, 68% indicated that inmates at their facility can obtain "elective" abortions. Eighty-eight percent of this group indicated that their facility provides transportation, but only 54% said that they help arrange appointments. Responses did not differ by providers' individual or institutional characteristics. However, providers from states with a Republican-dominated legislature or with a Medicaid policy that severely restricted coverage for abortion were more likely to indicate that availability of abortion services was limited than were those whose state had a predominantly Democratic legislature or a Medicaid program that covered all or most medically necessary abortions. CONCLUSIONS: Although incarceration does not preclude women's need for access to abortion, full access to services is not available in all settings. Improving women's overall health care in correctional settings should include increasing the accessibility of abortion services. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ABORTION | PRISONS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 341657 |
5.  Peer Reviewed Title: Prenatal care initiation among pregnant teens in the United States: An analysis over 25 years. Author: Hueston WJ; Geesey ME; Diaz V Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Mar;42(3):243-248. Abstract: The purpose was to examine changes in the initiation of prenatal care by teenage girls in the United States between 1978 and 2003. Using birth certificate data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003 we described initiation of prenatal care in preteens (aged 10-14 years), young adolescents (aged 15-16), and older adolescents (aged 17-19) by the trimester in which care began. Although all three age groups showed trends toward earlier prenatal care, shifts to earlier prenatal care were mainly the result of more girls starting care in the first trimester and fewer in the second trimester. Younger teens were more likely to delay prenatal care or to receive no prenatal care for every year studied. Less education and prior births were also associated with increased likelihood of receiving delayed care. Shifts in timing of prenatal care initiation occurred in the U.S from 1978 to 2003. Much of the change corresponded to expanded eligibility in Medicaid coverage, suggesting that lack of health care coverage was a significant impediment to early prenatal care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ANTENATAL CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 324883 |
| 6. Title: Public funding for family planning, sterilization and abortion services, FY 1980-2006. Author: Sonfield A; Alrich C; Gold RB Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2008 Jan. 36 p. (Occasional Report No. 38) Abstract: This report presents the results of a survey of FY 2006 public expenditures for family planning client services, family planning education and outreach activities, sterilization services and abortion services. We look at expenditures nationally, for each state and for each funding source. We also compare FY 2006 data for family planning client services with those from a series of prior surveys between FY 1980 and FY 2001. As in past reports, we also look at data on abortion utilization; because of restrictive reporting requirements and other policies around abortion, it is the only of the services for which reasonable estimates of utilization are universally available. The data in this article represent the most complete summary of public funding available. Given the methodological concerns mentioned below, however, the data (along with data from prior surveys) should be considered an approximation, rather than a precise accounting. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | EXPENDITURES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | FUNDS | ABORTION | SOCIAL POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 324692 Notification |
| 7. Title: State funding of abortion under Medicaid. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p. Abstract: First implemented in 1977, the Hyde Amendment, which currently forbids the use of federal funds for abortions except in cases of life endangerment, rape or incest, has guided public funding for abortions under the joint federal-state Medicaid programs for low-income women. At a minimum, states must cover those abortions that meet the federal exceptions. Although most states meet the requirements, one state is in violation of federal Medicaid law, because it pays for abortions only in cases of life endangerment. Some states use their own funds to pay for all or most medically necessary abortions, although most do so as a result of a specific court order. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | ABORTION | FUNDS | RAPE | INCEST | SAFETY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 310895 Notification |
| 8. Title: State Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p. Abstract: In recent years, several states have expanded eligibility for Medicaid coverage of family planning services by securing approval (officially known as a "waiver" of federal policy) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration). Some states have obtained approval to continue Medicaid coverage of family planning services for women who would otherwise lose Medicaid coverage postpartum. (All states are required to fund pregnancy-related care, including family planning services, for 60 days postpartum to women with incomes up to at least 133% of the federal poverty level--far above states' regular Medicaid eligibility ceilings.) Other states have granted coverage solely on the basis of income to individuals not previously covered under Medicaid. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Puerperium | Reproduction | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning Document Number: 310897 |
| 9. Title: State Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions. State policies in brief as of June 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jun 1. [3] p. (State Policies in Brief) Abstract: In recent years, several states have expanded eligibility for Medicaid coverage of family planning services by securing approval (officially known as a "waiver" of federal policy) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration). Some states have obtained approval to continue Medicaid coverage of family planning services for women who would otherwise lose Medicaid coverage postpartum. (All states are required to fund pregnancy-related care, including family planning services, for 60 days postpartum to women with incomes up to at least 133% of the federal poverty level-far above states' regular Medicaid eligibility ceilings.) Other states have granted coverage solely on the basis of income to individuals not previously covered under Medicaid. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FAMILY PLANNING | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 318025 |
| 10. Title: Public savings from the prevention of unintended pregnancy: a cost analysis of family planning services in California. Author: Amaral G; Foster DG; Biggs MA; Jasik CB; Judd S; Brindis CD Source: Health Services Research. 2007;:21 p. Abstract: The objective was to assess the short-term economic savings associated with the prevention of unintended pregnancies through California's Medicaid family planning demonstration project. Secondary data from health and social service programs available to pregnant or parenting women at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty level in California in 2002 and data on the quantity and type of contraceptives dispensed to clients of California's 1115 Federal Medicaid demonstration project. The cost of providing publicly funded family planning services was compared with an estimate of public savings resulting from the prevention of unintended pregnancies. To estimate costs and participation rates in each health and social service program, we examined published program-reports, government budgetary data, analyses conducted by federal and state level program managers, and calculations from national datasets. The unintended pregnancies averted by California's family planning demonstration project in 2002 would have incurred $1.1 billion in public expenditures within 2 years and $2.2 billion within 5 years, significantly more than the $403.8 million spent on the project. Each dollar spent generated savings of $2.76 within 2 years and $5.33 within 5 years. The California 1115 Medicaid family planning demonstration project resulted in significant public cost savings. The cost of the project was substantially less than the public sector health and social service costs which would have occurred in its absence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 308405 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Extending Medicaid coverage for family planning services: Alabama's first four years. Author: Bronstein JM; Vosel A; George SK; Freeman C; Payne LA Source: Public Health Reports. 2007 Mar-Apr;122(2):190-197. Abstract: This study examines whether Alabama's Medicaid family planning demonstration program reaches a different segment of the population than the health department-based Title X family planning program, whether service use rates differ across clients using care within and outside of the Title X provider system, and whether additional risk assessment and care coordination services provided by health department personnel increase the likelihood that family planning clients return for follow-up visits over time. Administrative data from four years of operation of the program were used to examine characteristics of the clientele, differences in services used across provider types included in the program, and the impact of risk assessments and care coordination on return visit rates. The number of family planning service users increased dramatically over the four-year period, but were more similar demographically to Title X clients than to Medicaid maternity clients. Growth was greatest among clients of non-Title X providers. Newly covered services, including risk assessments and care coordination, were available mostly to Title X clients, and these services were associated with a greater likelihood that clients returned for care in subsequent years. Expanded provider networks can increase the number of low income women using family planning services while risk assessment and care coordination can improve the effectiveness of these services. However, enhanced services may not be equally available across provider systems. Additional outreach efforts are needed to reach women eligible for publicly supported family planning services who are not currently using these services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | HEALTH INSURANCE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315918 |
| 12. Title: Stronger together: Medicaid, Title X bring different strengths to family planning effort. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2007 Spring;10(2):[7] p. Abstract: This is the second in a two-part investigation into the ways the Medicaid eligibility expansions are changing how family planning services for low-income individuals are financed in the United States, and the optimal role for Title X in a system under which service providers may be able to rely on Medicaid to fund at least the most basic package of health care for most of their clients. The first looked at lessons learned from a similar, although considerably more established, transition in maternal and child health financing and service delivery. This article is based on discussions with staff from Title X grantees in several states with Medicaid waivers: Arkansas, Oregon, South Carolina and Wisconsin. In addition, the article was greatly informed by a site-visit to the primary Title X grantee and two of its delegate-agency clinics in California-a state whose Medicaid family planning expansion serves twice as many clients as all the other state expansions combined. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELING | HEALTH SERVICES | LEGISLATION | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | CLINIC VISITS | NEEDS | EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Facilities | Service Statistics Document Number: 319143 |
| 13. Title: The effect of Medicaid family planning expansions on unplanned births. Author: Lindrooth RC; McCullough JS Source: Women's Health Issues. 2007 Mar-Apr;17(2):66-74. Abstract: Medicaid covers nearly 50% of all family planning services nationally. Between 1994 and 2001, 11 states implemented demonstration programs that expand coverage of family planning beyond the federally mandated minimum coverage levels. We estimate the effect of income- and postpartum-based eligibility expansions on birth rates using states that did not expand coverage as a control for states that did expand coverage. Our data span 1991--2001 and include all 50 states. We also estimate net expansion costs from societal and state perspectives for 5 expansions that published incremental expansion costs. We find that Medicaid eligibility expansions lowered average annual birth rates in all states. Birth rates were reduced on average by 1.95 points in income-based expansions and by 0.87 points in postpartum-based expansions. The cost offset of maternal and child health expenditures of the expansions exceed program costs in all states but California. This result is likely because the objectives and scope of the California program goes beyond just unplanned births, which makes the program cost higher relative to the reduction in births. Both income- and postpartum-based family planning expansions either yield financial benefits or, at the very least, are cost neutral from the perspective of state governments. Income-based expansions are significantly more effective because eligibility is not limited to only postpartum women. The experience of these early family planning expansions should be a guide for other states considering family planning benefit expansions. From the national perspective, 4 out of 5 programs were cost neutral, although California had significantly higher costs. From the state's perspective, all of the expansions were either budget neutral or yielded a net cost savings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCOME | FEES | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | BIRTH RATE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | IMPACT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Family Planning Document Number: 313344 |
| 14. Title: The response of abortion demand to changes in abortion costs. Author: Medoff MH Source: Social Indicators Research. 2007;:[18] p. Abstract: This study uses pooled cross-section time-series data, over the years 1982, 1992 and 2000, to estimate the impact of various restrictive abortion laws on the demand for abortion. This study complements and extends prior research by explicitly including the price of obtaining an abortion in the estimation. The empirical results show that the real price of an abortion has a statistically and numerically significant negative impact on abortion demand. Over the period 1982-2000 approximately 20% of the decline in the incidence of abortion was due solely to the increase in the real price of obtaining an abortion. A state Medicaid funding restriction of abortion and a parental involvement law reduce the abortion demand, but a state waiting period and a mandatory counseling law have no statistically significant impact on the abortion demand. The empirical results also provide support for the hypothesis that increases in abortion costs not only reduce the number of abortions, but also reduce the number ofpregnancies by altering women's sexual/contraceptive practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | ABORTION RATE | FEES | NEEDS | ABORTION LAW | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | COUNSELING | DECISION MAKING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 324901 Notification |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Consent to sterilization section of the Medicaid-Title XIX form: is it understandable? Author: Zite NB; Philipson SJ; Wallace LS Source: Contraception. 2007 Apr;75(4):256-260. Abstract: We sought to assess readability and comprehension characteristics of the Consent to Sterilization section of the Medicaid-Title XIX form (Title XIX-SCF) in order to determine if it was likely providing informed consent to the Medicaid population. The current Title XIX-SCF was evaluated using the Readability and Processability Form (RPF). The RPF, designed to assess the format of informed consent documents, assigns points to each of 20 areas of comprehension analysis according to established scoring criteria. Finally, a modified Title XIX-SCF was developed and evaluated using the RPF. The overall RPF score for the current Title XIX-SCF was in the "poor" range (total = 37), while the Fry reading level was at the ninth grade. The modified Title XIX-SCF scored in the "excellent" range (total = 92), while the Fry reading level was at the sixth grade. The readability and comprehension demands of the current Title XIX-SCF exceed recommended guidelines for patient education and informed consent materials.The current Title XIX-SCF should be revised to ensure that women understand, desire and consent to permanent sterilization. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | TUBAL LIGATION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INFORMED CONSENT | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | LITERACY | EDUCATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 313018 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Development and validation of a Medicaid Postpartum Tubal Sterilization Knowledge Questionnaire. Author: Zite NB; Wallace LS Source: Contraception. 2007 Oct;76(4):287-291. Abstract: We sought to describe the development and validation of the Postpartum Tubal Sterilization Knowledge Questionnaire (PTSK-Q), a survey designed to assess Medicaid recipients' understanding of the postpartum tubal sterilization process. Initially, the investigators generated a list of 17 potential items to include in the PTSK-Q. Eleven content experts reviewed two drafts of the PTSK-Q and provided qualitative and quantitative assessments. Eight women completed a field test to determine suitability and clarity of individual PTSK-Q items, while 26 women completed a pilot test to determine internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the PTSK-Q. The Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) was used to assess reading grade level of the PTSK-Q. Seven items were rated as "essential" (content validity ratio=p<.05) by content experts and composed the final PTSK-Q. Internal consistency, using Kuder Richardson-20, was 0.68. Test-retest reliability, using intraclass correlation coefficient, was 0.93. The FRE score of the PTSK-Q was 85.14 (sixth reading grade level). The PTSK-Q is a valid, readable and reliable knowledge assessment instrument for assessing understanding of postpartum sterilization and Medicaid sterilization consent requirements. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TENNESSEE | RESEARCH REPORT | RELIABILITY | QUESTIONNAIRES | VALIDITY | WOMEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | TUBAL LIGATION | KNOWLEDGE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | LITERACY | INFORMED CONSENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 320547 |
| 17. Title: Estimating the impact of expanding Medicaid eligibility for family planning services. Author: Frost JJ; Sonfield A; Gold RB Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2006 Aug. 84 p. (Occasional Report No. 28) Abstract: In this report, we examine the potential of this strategy, if adopted nationwide, to further help low-income women avoid unintended pregnancy, and we predict the number of abortions and unintended births that would be averted. Specifically, we estimate the potential impact of four scenarios for expanding eligibility for Medicaid-covered contraceptive services: requiring all states to expand eligibility for Medicaid-covered family planning services to women with incomes less than 200% of poverty (Scenario 200); giving each state the option to expand eligibility to women with incomes less than 200% of poverty (Scenario 200 Optional); requiring all states to expand eligibility to women with incomes less than 250% of poverty (Scenario 250); and requiring all states to establish parity between the income level used to determine eligibility for Medicaid-funded pregnancy-related services and the level that would be used for family planning services (Scenario Pregnancy Care). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ABORTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Contraception | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 311195 Notification |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive health, criminal activity, and abuse among 10- to 15-year-old females enrolled in Medicaid. Author: Gessner BD Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Jul;108(1):111-118. Abstract: The objective was to quantify the degree of abuse or criminal behavior among young females presenting for reproductive health care services. An evaluation was conducted among Alaskan females age 10 through 15 years enrolled in Medicaid. Subjects were identified who had experienced reproductive health outcomes. The Medicaid file was linked to a Child Protective Services database and a Juvenile Justice database to identify episodes of abuse by a caretaker and criminal behavior. Of 21,350 Alaskan females aged 10--15 years enrolled in Medicaid during 1999--2003, 841 (3.9%) presented for reproductive health care, 2,930 (14%) were referred to Child Protective Services and 1,858 (8.7%) were referred to Juvenile Justice for criminal activity. Among the subjects with a reproductive health-related claim, 39% were referred to Child Protective Services while 31% were referred to Juvenile Justice at some point during the study period. Reproductive health care was strongly associated with referral to Child Protective Services (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5--3.4), substantiated sexual abuse (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7--3.2), and referral to Juvenile Justice (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.5--3.4). These associations remained regardless of the type of reproductive health care, including contraceptive management. Females aged 10--15 years enrolled in Medicaid who present for any type of reproductive health care are at increased risk of abuse by a caretaker and criminal behavior. Clinicians caring for low-income females should consider routine screening for sexual activity and the experience of violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | CRIME | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | GROUP HOMES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Violence | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Housing | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 302885 |
| 19. Title: New federal authority to impose Medicaid family planning cuts: a deal states should refuse. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2006 Spring;9(2):2-6. Abstract: The joint federal-state Medicaid program has long been of central importance to low-income women's health care in general and to the provision of subsidized family planning services in particular. Since 1972, family planning has been one of a handful of services the federal government has required all state Medicaid programs to cover, and it is one of the very few services for which patient cost-sharing is prohibited. According to the most recent data available, nearly 12% of all women of reproductive age rely on Medicaid for their health care, and the program provides just over six in 10 public dollars spent on family planning across the country (see table). However, a recently enacted federal law giving states significant new latitude to reshape their Medicaid programs could change all that. For the first time in more than three decades, states have the authority to exclude family planning from the package of benefits offered to some groups of enrollees under the program. In addition, they now may charge fees for at least some contraceptives or drugs used to treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are prescribed as part of a family planning visit. In deciding whether to make changes to coverage of family planning in their Medicaid programs, state policymakers would be well served by looking at the experience of several states that, after examining the costs and benefits of Medicaid-covered family planning in recent years, have sought not to reduce but to increase coverage for their residents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | CRITIQUE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM DESIGN | FAMILY PLANNING BENEFITS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | LEGISLATION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 303385 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: The provision and funding of contraceptive services at publicly funded family planning agencies: 1995-2003. Author: Lindberg LD; Frost JJ; Sten C; Dailard C Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Mar;38(1):37-45. Abstract: Publicly funded family planning agencies face significant challenges in delivering quality services to low-income women because of the higher costs of newer contraceptive methods, changes in health care financing and a growing uninsured population. In 2003, 627 of a nationally representative sample of 956 U.S. agencies receiving public funding for family planning services responded to an eight-page survey. Responses were compared with results from similar surveys in 1995 and 1999 to describe changes in the availability of contraceptive methods, policies on method provision and funding issues. Variation was examined by agency type and Title X funding status. Between 1995 and 2003, the number of contraceptive methods available to women increased and agencies reduced barriers to oral and emergency contraceptives by liberalizing policies for their provision. By 2003, many agencies offered the newest contraceptive methods available--the progestin-only IUD (58%), the patch (76%) and the vaginal ring (39%). However, more than half of agencies did not stock certain methods because of their cost, and some key funding sources had declined. Between 1995 and 2003, the proportion of agencies receiving Medicaid funding fell from 91% to 80%, and the proportion of clients paying full fee for their contraceptive services fell from 19% to 14%. The share of agencies waiving fees for adolescents fell from 66% in 1999 to 44% in 2003. Continued funding challenges limit the ability of publicly funded providers to offer all available methods to all women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS | FUNDS | FEES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Contraception | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Assistance | Government Financing Document Number: 297458 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to obtaining a desired postpartum tubal sterilization. Author: Zite N; Wuellner S; Gilliam M Source: Contraception. 2006 Apr;73(4):404-407. Abstract: The objective was to determine why women do not undergo postpartum sterilization despite expressing desire during antepartum care. In a retrospective chart review, we identified all women between March 2002 and November 2003 who requested postpartum sterilization during antepartum care but did not undergo the procedure. We report the reasons why sterilizations were not performed. We reviewed 6589 prenatal care and delivery records identifying 324 women meeting inclusion criteria. One hundred and four women changed their mind. Of women still desiring sterilization at discharge, the most common reasons for not undergoing the procedure were lack of valid Medicaid sterilization consent forms [n = 121; 37.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 32.0-42.6%]; a medical condition precluding the procedure (n = 47; 14.5%, 95% CI 10.7-18.3%); lack of availability of an operating room (n = 2; 6.5%, 95% CI 3.8-9.2%). We found that the Medicaid consent process, medical conditions and insufficient operating room space prevented women from having the desired surgery. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | TUBAL LIGATION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 298539 |
| 22. Title: State funding of abortion under Medicaid. State policies in brief as of August 1, 2005. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2005 Aug 1. [3] p. Abstract: First implemented in 1977, the Hyde Amendment, which currently forbids the use of federal funds for abortions except in cases of life endangerment, rape or incest, has guided public funding for abortions under the joint federal-state Medicaid programs for low-income women. At a minimum, states must cover those abortions that meet the federal exceptions. Although most states meet the requirements, one state is in violation of federal Medicaid law, because it pays for abortions only in cases of life endangerment. Some states use their own funds to pay for all or most medically necessary abortions, although most do so as a result of a specific court order. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | LEGISLATION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 290085 Notification |
| 23. Title: State Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions. State policies in brief as of August 1, 2005. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2005 Aug 1. [2] p. Abstract: In recent years, several states have expanded eligibility for Medicaid coverage of family planning services by securing approval (officially known as a “waiver” of federal policy) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration). Some states have obtained approval to continue Medicaid coverage of family planning services for women who would otherwise lose Medicaid coverage postpartum. (All states are required to fund pregnancy-related care, including family planning services, for 60 days postpartum to women with incomes up to at least 133% of the federal poverty level—far above states’ regular Medicaid eligibility ceilings.) Other states have granted coverage solely on the basis of income to individuals not previously covered under Medicaid. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | HEALTH INSURANCE | AGE FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 289465 |
| 24. Title: Legislatures in three states seek to expand medicaid family planning services eligibility. Author: Gold R Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2005 Aug;:13-14. Abstract: Three additional states will be seeking permission from the federal government to expand Medicaid-funded family planning services within their borders under legislation passed this year in Connecticut, Indiana and Texas. If the applications are approved, almost half the states will have established family planning “waiver” programs—so called because they require a waiver of the normal Medicaid eligibility rules—over the past dozen years. Since 1993, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has approved the requests of 21 states to expand eligibility for Medicaid-covered family planning services and contraceptive supplies to groups of women (and in some cases men) who are otherwise ineligible for Medicaid coverage. Eight of these programs continue family planning coverage for women who are leaving the general Medicaid program, either because they were enrolled on the basis of their pregnancy and are reaching the end of the postpartum period or because for whatever reason they no longer meet the program’s strict eligibility requirements. The remaining 13 states cover individuals based solely on their income. These programs typically extend family planning coverage to individuals with incomes under 185% or even 200% of poverty— far above most states’ regular eligibility ceilings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | LEGISLATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ADVOCACY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Communication Document Number: 290405 |
| 25. Title: Conservatives' agenda threatens public funding for family planning. Author: Sonfield A; Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2005 Feb;:4-7. Abstract: On both fiscal and ideological grounds, conservatives are expected to renew and expand their attacks on a range of public health and social services programs, including Medicaid and Title X. These attacks threaten to undermine a network of funding that federal and state policymakers have crafted to subsidize family planning services for Americans who need assistance. The federal and state governments have a long history of helping to subsidize family planning services and supplies for disadvantaged Americans. In recent years, the largest source of this funding has been the joint federal-state Medicaid program, which provides health insurance coverage for millions of low-income parents and children, among others. Equally critical has been Title X of the Public Health Service Act, the federal government's only program dedicated to family planning. In addition, many states draw on other federal sources, such as the maternal and child health block grant and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) welfare program, as well as on their own revenues. Together, these programs have helped millions of women and their partners to better plan the size and timing of their families and to maintain a healthy reproductive life. Almost 17 million women in the United States were in need of such publicly subsidized services in 2002, the most recent year for which data is available. This population grew by nearly 400,000 since 2000. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONSERVATISM | LEGISLATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH INSURANCE | EXPENDITURES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Assistance | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 280866 |
| 26. Title: CMS study of Medicaid family planning waiver programs [memorandum] Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2004 Jan 26. 6 p. Abstract: A total of 18 states currently have programs approved by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), commonly known as "waivers," that allow the states to expand eligibility for Medicaid-covered family planning services to individuals who otherwise would not be eligible for such care-that is, to low-income individuals whose family incomes are between the state's regular Medicaid eligibility ceiling and a somewhat higher income ceiling set by the state for the waiver program. In September 2002, CMS contracted with the CNA Corporation to conduct the first national evaluation of Medicaid family planning waiver programs. CNA partnered with the Schools of Public Health at Emory University and at the University of Alabama at Birmingham to conduct the research. The study sought to address four major questions: whether the programs were "budget neutral," as required by CMS; whether they increased access to and use of family planning services among the targeted group of eligible low-income women; whether they were associated with measurable reductions in unintended pregnancy in the state; and whether they resulted in an overall increase in family planning expenditures or substituted for other sources of family planning funds. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FUNDS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception Document Number: 320745 |
| 27. Title: Medicaid: a critical source of support for family planning in the United States. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI]; Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2004 Apr. 12 p. (Issue Brief) Abstract: Medicaid is the joint federal-state program that finances health services for millions of low-income individuals. Over the years, the program has become increasingly important as a source of public funding for family planning. Since the mid-1980s, it has been the single largest source of public dollars supporting family planning services and supplies nationwide. As such, the policies set by Medicaid are critical to the delivery of publicly supported family planning in the United States. Medicaid is now the nation's largest health care program and the largest source of federal support to states. Medicaid expenditures comprise approximately 20% of all state spending? With so many dollars at stake, Medicaid's future has been the subject of widespread debate. Over the last few years, many states confronting serious budget shortfalls have cut back on Medicaid eligibility and services in a variety of ways; a recent study found that all 50 states implemented Medicaid cost-control strategies in 2003 and planned additional action in 2004. Moreover, the Bush administration proposed to fundamentally restructure the program and greatly increase the latitude given states to structure their efforts. Together, these developments make this a critical time to understand and appreciate the importance of Medicaid to the provision of publicly funded family planning services and what is at stake for the individuals who need this important preventive health care. To that end, this IssueBrief reviews: the extent to which women of reproductive age rely on Medicaid for their care; the unique preferential status that family planning has long had under Medicaid; the range of services covered under the rubric of family planning; the 18 state-initiated federal waiver programs that have extended eligibility for Medicaid-funded family planning to 1.7 million men and women who otherwise would not be covered; and, the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of subsidized family planning in reducing unintended pregnancies and births, as well as abortions, especially among teenagers and unmarried women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | HEALTH POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Financial Activities | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 187386 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Family planning waivers work, research shows. Author: Gold RB Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 May;25(5):[2] p.. Abstract: Over the past decade, 18 states have obtained federal approval to extend eligibility for Medicaidcovered family planning services to individuals who would otherwise not be eligible. In 2001, these programs served 1.7 million clients, with 1.3 million served in California alone. The first national evaluation of these efforts — commissioned by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in Baltimore — found that every one of the programs studied not only met the requirement that they not result in additional costs to the federal government, but actually saved money. Although saving public funds while expanding government services is laudable at any time, doing so is particularly significant at a time when states are in financial crisis and resorting to painful cuts to their Medicaid programs. In general, states have taken one of three approaches to their programs, which technically require a federal waiver of specific provisions of the Medicaid statute. By law, states are required to cover pregnancy-related care, including family planning, for 60 days postpartum for women with incomes up to 133% of the federal poverty level ($15,670 for a family of three in 2004), which is far above states’ regular Medicaid eligibility ceilings. Six states — Arizona, Florida, Maryland, Missouri, Rhode Island, and Virginia — extend the postpartum period for family planning services for one to five years. Two additional states, Delaware and Illinois, extend family planning coverage to women who leave Medicaid for any reason. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Planning Document Number: 281854 |
| 29. Title: Choosing when to menstruate: the role of extended contraception. Author: Association of Reproductive Health Professionals; National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women's Health Source: Clinical Proceedings. 2003 Apr;(Spec No):[18] p.. Abstract: After completing this Clinical Proceedings, participants will be able to: 1. Describe the impact of menstruation on lifestyle and medical conditions. 2. Name five health advantages of medically regulating menstruation. 3. Name four types of candidates for extended contraceptive regimens. 4. List six hormonal methods for reducing bleeding. 5. Describe obstacles to extended contraceptive regimens. 6. Explain recommended approaches to counseling. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | INTERVIEWS | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | CLIENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN | SURVEYS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | VAGINAL RING | AMENORRHEA | HEALTH INSURANCE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Clinic Activities Document Number: 178045 |
| 30. Title: Medicaid family planning expansions hit stride. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2003 Oct;:11-14. Abstract: Over the last decade, 18 states have expanded eligibility for Medicaid-covered family planning services to large numbers of their residents who would otherwise not be eligible for such care. These states have taken a variety of approaches in their expanded programs, both in regard to the populations they cover and to the specific services they provide. Together, these expanded programs provided critical contraceptive services as well as testing for cervical cancer, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV to 1.7 million clients in FY 2001, with 1.3 million served in California alone. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | CRITIQUE | PROGRESS REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 185860 |
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