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Peer Reviewed

Title: Mother-to-child transmission of GB virus C in a cohort of women coinfected with GB virus C and HIV in Bangkok, Thailand.
Author: Bhanich Supapol W; Remis RS; Raboud J; Millson M; Tappero J; Kaul R; Kulkarni P; McConnell MS; Mock PA; McNicholl JM; Vanprapar N; Asavapiriyanont S; Shaffer N; Butera S
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul 15;200(2):227-35.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: GB virus C (GBV-C) is an apathogenic virus that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of GBV-C has been observed in multiple small studies. Our study examined the rate and correlates of MTCT of GBV-C in a large cohort of GBV-C-HIV-coinfected pregnant women in Thailand. METHODS: Maternal delivery plasma specimens from 245 GBV-C-HIV-infected women and specimens from their infants at 4 or 6 months of age were tested for GBV-C RNA. Associations with MTCT of GBV-C were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred one (41%) of 245 infants acquired GBV-C infection. MTCT of GBV-C was independently associated with maternal antiretroviral therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.21 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.12-12.81]), infant HIV infection (AOR, 0.05 [95% CI, 0.01-0.26]), maternal GBV-C load (8.0 log(10) copies/mL: AOR, 86.77 [95% CI, 15.27-481.70]; 7.0-7.9 log(10) copies/mL: AOR, 45.62 [95% CI, 8.41-247.51]; 5.0-6.9 log(10) copies/mL: AOR, 9.07 [95% CI, 1.85-44.33]: reference, <5 log(10) viral copies/mL), and caesarean delivery (AOR, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.12-0.59]). CONCLUSIONS: Associations with maternal GBV-C load and mode of delivery suggest transmission during pregnancy and delivery. Despite mode of delivery being a common risk factor for virus transmission, GBV-C and HIV were rarely cotransmitted. The mechanisms by which maternal receipt of antiretroviral therapy might increase MTCT of GBV-C are unknown.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | INFANT | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | HIV
Document Number: 342692

Peer Reviewed

Title: Independent association between rate of clearance of infection and clinical outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: analysis of a combined cohort of 262 patients.
Author: Bicanic T; Muzoora C; Brouwer AE; Meintjes G; Longley N; Taseera K; Rebe K; Loyse A; Jarvis J; Bekker LG; Wood R; Limmathurotsakul D; Chierakul W; Stepniewska K; White NJ; Jaffar S; Harrison TS
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Sep 1;49(5):702-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Progress in therapy for cryptococcal meningitis has been slow because of the lack of a suitable marker of treatment response. Previously, we demonstrated the statistical power of a novel endpoint, the rate of clearance of infection, based on serial quantitative cultures of cerebrospinal fluid, to differentiate the fungicidal activity of alternative antifungal drug regimens. We hypothesized that the rate of clearance of infection should also be a clinically meaningful endpoint. METHODS: We combined data from cohorts of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis from Thailand, South Africa, and Uganda, for whom the rate of clearance of infection was determined, and clinical and laboratory data prospectively collected, and explored the association between the rate of clearance of infection and mortality by Cox survival analyses. RESULTS: The combined cohort comprised 262 subjects. Altered mental status at presentation, a high baseline organism load, and a slow rate of clearance of infection were independently associated with increased mortality at 2 and 10 weeks. Rate of clearance of infection was associated with antifungal drug regimen and baseline cerebrospinal fluid interferon-gamma levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the use of the rate of clearance of infection or early fungicidal activity as a means to explore antifungal drug dosages and combinations in phase II studies. An increased understanding of how the factors determining outcome interrelate may help clarify opportunities for intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | THAILAND | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | MENINGITIS | HIV INFECTIONS | DRUGS | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Africa, Eastern | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Central Nervous System Effects | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342967

4.
Title: Causes of death in HIV-infected persons who have tuberculosis, Thailand.
Author: Cain KP; Anekthananon T; Burapat C; Akksilp S; Mankhatitham W; Srinak C; Nateniyom S; Sattayawuthipong W; Tasaneeyapan T; Varma JK
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb;15(2):258-64.
Abstract: Up to 50% of persons with HIV and a diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Thailand die during TB treatment. In a prospective observational study, a team of physicians ascribed the cause of death after reviewing verbal autopsies (interviews of family members about events preceding death), laboratory data, and medical records. Of 849 HIV-infected TB patients enrolled, 142 (17%) died. The cause of death was TB for 38 (27%), including 6 with multidrug-resistant TB and 20 with disseminated TB; an HIV-associated condition other than TB for 50 (35%); and a condition unrelated to TB or HIV for 22 (15%). Twenty-three patients (16%) were judged not to have had TB at all. Death from all causes except those unrelated to TB or HIV was less common in persons receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). In addition to increasing the use of ART, death rates may be reduced through expanded use of modern TB diagnostic techniques.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | CAUSES OF DEATH | AUTOPSY | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DRUGS | PNEUMONIA | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Treatment | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341840

Peer Reviewed

Title: AIDS and the stigma of sexual promiscuity: Thai nurses' risk perceptions ofoccupational exposure to HIV.
Author: Chan KY; Rungpueng A; Reidpath DD
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):353-368.
Abstract: This paper examines the culturally shaped meanings of AIDS and perceptions of accidental occupational exposure to HIV among a group of twenty nurses in Bangkok, Thailand. The findings are based on data collected as a part of a larger mixed-methods study that examined how perceptions of risk behaviours (including sexual promiscuity) shape health workers' perceptions of patients living with HIV/AIDS. Nurses' narratives revealed that despite acknowledgement of the low probability of occupational exposure to HIV, the fear of HIV infection remained and was largely driven by the enormity of the anticipated social (rather than the health) consequences of being HIV-positive. The perceived certainty of social ostracism was reinforced by participants' observations of the social rejection experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS both within and outside clinical settings. For female nurses, the dominant social perception that women living with HIV/AIDS were violators of gender norms, and thus 'guilty' victims, was an issue central to their self-identities. Ways of improving care for people living with HIV in the light of the nurses concerns and future research are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | NURSES AND NURSING | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | PERCEPTION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341088

Peer Reviewed

Title: National expansion of antiretroviral treatment in Thailand, 2000-2007: program scale-up and patient outcomes.
Author: Chasombat S; McConnell MS; Siangphoe U; Yuktanont P; Jirawattanapisal T; Fox K; Thanprasertsuk S; Mock PA; Ningsanond P; Lertpiriyasuwat C; Pinyopornpanich S
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Apr 15;50(5):506-12.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Thailand began a national antiretroviral (ARV) treatment program in 2000, and all government and some private and university hospitals now provide treatment to eligible HIV-infected patients. We describe program scale-up and patient outcomes from 2000 to 2007. METHODS: Data from 839 hospitals in all 76 provinces of Thailand were included in this analysis. Outcomes were assessed for patients initiating ARV treatment from January 2000 to December 2005. Follow-up data through March 2007 were included; lost to follow-up was defined as >3 months late for a follow-up visit. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess risk factors for death; the Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival probabilities. RESULTS: Outcome data are reported for 58,008 patients. Among these, 52.2% were male; at treatment initiation, the median age was 34 years, the median CD4 count was 41 cells per cubic millimeter, and 50.5% had AIDS. The initial regimen was nevirapine and 2 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for 92.4% of patients; median follow-up time was 1.6 years (interquartile range = 0.8-2.4 years). Lost to follow-up occurred in 8.8% of patients. Overall 1-year survival was 0.89 (95% confidence interval = 0.88 to 0.89). Death was significantly associated with male sex, age >40 years, baseline CD4 count <100 cells per cubic millimeter, symptomatic HIV or AIDS, receipt of services at a district or community hospital, and treatment initiation before 2005. CONCLUSIONS: National ARV treatment programs can be scaled up rapidly with good patient outcomes. Treatment outcomes among patients in Thailand are comparable to those reported in smaller cohorts in other countries, and survival rates have improved since 2004.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331223

Peer Reviewed

Title: The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted infections, and associated risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in the Mekong Subregion and China: implications for policy and programming.
Author: de Lind van Wijngaarden JW; Brown T; Girault P; Sarkar S; van Griensven F
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 May;36(5):319-24.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little systematic knowledge is available regarding risk behaviors and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in populations of men having sex with men (MSM) in the Mekong Subregion and China. METHODS: Data on HIV/STI prevalence and risk behavior of MSM in the region were collected through Internet searches, were summarized and assessed for their policy and programming implications. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles, reports and abstracts of research studies were identified for review. High levels of HIV, STI and associated risk behavior were reported among MSM throughout the region. The HIV prevalence among MSM in urban areas varied between 5.5% and 28.3% in Thailand and Cambodia and between 0.0% and 9.4% in Vietnam and China. No HIV/STI prevalence data were available for Lao PDR and Myanmar. CONCLUSION: Levels of HIV/STI prevalence and risk behavior among MSM in the Mekong Subregion and China are high. Continued monitoring and surveillance and targeted preventive interventions are necessary to stop the spread of HIV in this vulnerable population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | VIETNAM | LAOS | CAMBODIA | MYANMAR | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA AGGREGATION | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 341442

Peer Reviewed

Title: Challenge and co-operation: civil society activism for access to HIV treatment in Thailand.
Author: Ford N; Wilson D; Cawthorne P; Kumphitak A; Kasi-Sedapan S; Kaetkaew S; Teemanka S; Donmon B; Preuanbuapan C
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Mar;14(3):258-66.
Abstract: Civil society has been a driving force behind efforts to increase access to treatment in Thailand. A focus on HIV medicines brought civil society and non-governmental and government actors together to fight for a single cause, creating a platform for joint action on practical issues to improve care for people with HIV/AIDS (PHA) within the public health system. The Thai Network of People with HIV/AIDS, in partnership with other actors, has provided concrete support for patients and for the health system as a whole; its efforts have contributed significantly to the availability of affordable generic medicines, early treatment for opportunistic infections, and an informed and responsible approach towards antiretroviral treatment that is critical to good adherence and treatment success. This change in perception of PHA from 'passive receiver' to 'co-provider' of health care has led to improved acceptance and support within the healthcare system. Today, most PHA in Thailand can access treatment, and efforts have shifted to supporting care for excluded populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ADVOCACY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USER COMPLIANCE | PERCEPTION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Health | HIV | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Decision Making
Document Number: 330957

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A comparison of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in four countries: negative attitudes and perceived acts of discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS.
Author: Genberg BL; Hlavka Z; Konda KA; Maman S; Chariyalertsak S; Chingono A; Mbwambo J; Modiba P; Van Rooyen H; Celentano DD
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2279-87.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination have a substantial impact on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the associations of two constructs of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination (negative attitudes towards PLHA and perceived acts of discrimination towards PLHA) with previous history of HIV testing, knowledge of antiretroviral therapies (ARVs) and communication regarding HIV/AIDS and (2) to compare these two constructs across the five research sites with respect to differing levels of HIV prevalence and ARV coverage, using data presented from the baseline survey of U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Project Accept, a four-country HIV prevention trial in Sub-Saharan Africa (Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Africa) and northern Thailand. A household probability sample of 14,203 participants completed a survey including a scale measuring HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination. Logistic regression models determined the associations between negative attitudes and perceived discrimination with individual history of HIV testing, knowledge of ARVs and communication regarding HIV/AIDS. Spearman's correlation coefficients determined the relationships between negative attitudes and perceived discrimination and HIV prevalence and ARV coverage at the site-level. Negative attitudes were related to never having tested for HIV, lacking knowledge of ARVs, and never having discussed HIV/AIDS. More negative attitudes were found in sites with the lowest HIV prevalence (i.e., Tanzania and Thailand) and more perceived discrimination against PLHA was found in sites with the lowest ARV coverage (i.e., Tanzania and Zimbabwe). Programs that promote widespread HIV testing and discussion of HIV/AIDS, as well as education regarding and universal access to ARVs, may reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | TANZANIA | ZIMBABWE | SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TESTING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Southern | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342737

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Emotional development and nutritional status of HIV/AIDS orphaned children aged 6-12 years old in Thailand.
Author: Isaranurug S; Chompikul J
Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jan;13(1):138-43.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the emotional development and nutritional status of HIV/AIDS orphans by their infection status. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted during January and December 2005 in four provinces and Bangkok Metropolis where the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women was high. The study population consisted of 388 HIV/AIDS orphans who were maternal or paternal or double orphans aged 6-12 years old. The orphans' main caregivers gave informed consent to the project and assessed the emotional development of their orphaned children. The children were measured for weight, height, and emotional development by standard instruments. They were divided into three groups regarding their HIV/AIDS infection status reported by their caregivers: infected, non-infected, and unknown. The chi(2) test was used to determine the association between nutritional status and infection status. RESULTS: Regarding HIV/AIDS infected children, 19.1% were infected, 57.5% were not infected, and 23.4% were unknown. The main caregivers of all types of orphans were grandparents. Only 13.7% of infected orphans lived with their mothers. Most caregivers were females and more than 40 years old. Infected orphans had mean scores of overall emotional development and for each domain less than other groups. The mean scores of self-control and quick recovery were significantly different between infected and non-infected groups (P-value < 0.05). Nearly 50% of infected orphans were rather short and approximately 42% were under weight and light. The findings revealed a significant association between height for age, weight for age and infection status of orphans at a P-value of <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Orphanhood itself is a vulnerable status and HIV/AIDS infected orphans are most vulnerable. Acceptable and friendly services for orphans and their families are crucial. The services should continue and protect stigmatization.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | NUTRITION INDEXES | CHILD NUTRITION | EMOTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 330859

12.

Title: The Thai Government's Repatriation and Reintegration Programmes: responding to trafficked female commercial sex workers from the Greater Mekong Subregion.
Author: Jayagupta R
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(2):227-253.
Abstract: Since the 1990s, trafficked women and girls from neighbouring countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), including Myanmar, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos), Cambodia, Viet Nam, and Yunnan province in southern China, have increasingly migrated to Thailand and worked in the country's thriving commercial sex industry. In response, the Thai government has launched a range of programmes to supplement its earlier programmes designed primarily to combat internal trafficking. This paper concentrates on one component of the Thai government's response: repatriation and reintegration. The paper is organized as follows: First, a definition of human trafficking, particularly as it relates to women and children, is provided. Second, a succinct discussion of the history of the domestic trafficking of women and girls into commercial sex work in Thailand, focusing especially on the Thai government's broad response to this dilemma, is given. Third, the dynamics of the relatively recent surge of trafficked women and girls from neighbouring GMS countries working in Thailand's commercial sex industry and the Thai government's efforts to combat this are discussed. Finally, the paper focuses on repatriation and reintegration in Thailand; by briefly discussing the situation that trafficked women and girls confront in this process, and by defining repatriation, reintegration, and reintegration assistance. The Thai government's repatriation and reintegration programmes are then described and critically reviewed, focusing particularly on the Kredtrakarn Protection and Occupational Development Centre. Recommendations on how to improve existing repatriation and reintegration programmes are provided. Above all, greater collaboration must take place in order to effectively and efficiently implement policies, plans, and projects to more successfully reintegrate trafficked women and girls back into neighbouring GMS countries, in particular at the local level.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | CRITIQUE | SEX WORKERS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL PROTECTION | POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors
Document Number: 341297

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Social stigma and knowledge of tuberculosis and HIV among patients with both diseases in Thailand.
Author: Jittimanee SX; Nateniyom S; Kittikraisak W; Burapat C; Akksilp S; Chumpathat N; Sirinak C; Sattayawuthipong W; Varma JK
Source: PloS One. 2009;4(7):e6360.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Disease-related stigma and knowledge are believed to be associated with patients' willingness to seek treatment and adherence to treatment. HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) presents unique challenges, because TB and HIV are both medically complex and stigmatizing diseases. In Thailand, we assessed knowledge and beliefs about these diseases among HIV-infected TB patients. METHODS: We prospectively interviewed and examined HIV-infected TB patients from three provinces and one national referral hospital in Thailand from 2005-2006. At the beginning of TB treatment, we asked patients standardized questions about TB stigma, TB knowledge, and HIV knowledge. Responses were grouped into scores; scores equal to or greater than the median score of study population were considered high. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with scores. RESULTS: Of 769 patients enrolled, 500 (65%) reported high TB stigma, 177 (23%) low TB knowledge, and 379 (49%) low HIV knowledge. Patients reporting high TB stigma were more likely to have taken antibiotics before TB treatment, to have first visited a traditional healer or private provider, to not know that monogamy can reduce the risk of acquiring HIV infection, and to have been hospitalized at enrollment. Patients with low TB knowledge were more likely to have severe TB disease, to be hospitalized at enrollment, to be treated at the national infectious diseases referral hospital, and to have low HIV knowledge. Patients with low HIV knowledge were more likely to know a TB patient and to have low TB knowledge. DISCUSSION: We found that stigma and low disease-specific knowledge were common among HIV-infected TB patients and associated with similar factors. Further research is needed to determine whether reducing stigma and increasing TB and HIV knowledge among the general community and patients reduces diagnostic delay and improves patient outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CLIENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | STIGMA | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection
Document Number: 342222

14.

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with tuberculosis treatment default among HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in Thailand.
Author: Kittikraisak W; Burapat C; Kaewsa-ard S; Watthanaamornkiet W; Sirinak C; Sattayawuthipong W; Jittimanee S; Pobkeeree V; Varma JK
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jan;103(1):59-66.
Abstract: Ensuring completion of tuberculosis (TB) treatment remains a major public health problem. In HIV-infected patients, TB is the most common severe opportunistic infection. Few studies have evaluated risk factors for TB treatment default in HIV-infected patients. We conducted a prospective, observational study of HIV-infected TB patients in Thailand. Patients underwent standardised evaluations at the beginning of TB treatment, at the end of the intensive phase and at the end of TB treatment. TB treatment outcomes were assessed according to WHO guidelines. The analysis was limited to patients who defaulted or who had treatment success. Of the 554 patients analysed, 61 (11%) defaulted. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with TB treatment default included incarceration history [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7), smoking (AOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-4.1) and having a symptom complaint score >15 (AOR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8.0); one marker of wealth, namely owning a refrigerator, was protective (AOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8). Default during TB treatment was a significant problem in HIV-infected patients. Reducing default may require enhancing services for patients with a history of incarceration or smoking and designing patient-centred systems to address poverty and patient wellness.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK ASSESSMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330836

16.

Title: Mother to child transmission of HIV-1 in a Thai population: role of virus characteristics and maternal humoral immune response.
Author: Kittinunvorakoon C; Morris MK; Neeyapun K; Jetsawang B; Buehring GC; Hanson CV
Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2009 May;81(5):768-78.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing mother to child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand, where HIV-1 CRF01_AE, the major subtype in Southeast Asia, predominates. Samples from 84 HIV-1 infected, anti-retroviral treatment-naive, non-breast feeding mothers, 28 who transmitted HIV-1 to their babies (transmitters) and 56 who did not (non-transmitters), were studied for maternal humoral immune response and virus characteristics. Maternal humoral immune response was measured by lymphocyte phenotyping; neutralizing antibodies to laboratory HIV-1 MN strain and two clinical isolates; peptide binding antibody to gp41 and V3 from strains CRF01_AE, B, and MN; autologous antibodies; and quasispecies diversity. Virus characteristics studied were viral load, co-receptor usage, and viral replication capacity. No significant difference between transmitters and non-transmitters was found for any parameter of maternal humoral immune response. However, viral load and viral replication capacity were significantly higher in transmitters versus non-transmitters and were not correlated with each other. This suggests that viral replication capacity may be a transmission factor independent of viral load, which is already well established as a risk factor for transmission of HIV-1. All except four viral isolates used the CCR5 co-receptor. This is one of few studies of vertical transmission in a population where HIV-1 CRF01_AE predominates. The data suggest that in this population the maternal humoral immune response was not important in preventing transmission at parturition, but that virus characteristics were key factors, and that viral replication capacity may contribute to birth-associated mother to child transmission of HIV-1.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV | AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341024

17.

Title: Oral contraceptive and D-dimer level [letter]
Author: Kittisupamongkol W
Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2009 Feb;145(2):210; author reply 210-1.
Abstract: I read with interest the article by Dompmartin and colleagues. A number of participants in the study were women of reproductive age. I was wondering if an important factor elevating D-dimer level was considered: the oral contraceptive pill, a widely prescribed drug, could contribute to such an event. Failure to be aware of this would lead to an incorrect incidence of high D-dimer levels. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | WOMEN | PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 330226

18.

Title: Relationships between social norms, social network characteristics, and HIV risk behaviors in Thailand and the United States.
Author: Latkin C; Donnell D; Celentano DD; Aramrattna A; Liu TY; Vongchak T; Wiboonnatakul K; Davis-Vogel A; Metzger D
Source: Health Psychology. 2009 May;28(3):323-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Social norms have been associated with a wide range of health behaviors. In this study, the authors examined whether the social norms of HIV risk behaviors are clustered within social networks and whether the norms of network members are linked to the risk behaviors of their social network members. DESIGN: Data were collected from the baseline assessment of 354 networks with 933 participants in a network-oriented HIV prevention intervention targeting injection drug users in Philadelphia, United States, and Chiang Mai, Thailand. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four descriptive HIV risk norms of sharing needles, cookers, and cotton and front- or back-loading among friends who inject were assessed. Results: Three of 4 injection risk norms (sharing needle, cookers, and cotton) were found to be significantly clustered. In Philadelphia, 1 network member's (the index participant) norms of sharing needles and front- or back-loading were found to be significantly associated with the network members' risk behaviors, and the norm of sharing cotton was marginally associated. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that among injection drug users, social norms are clustered within networks; social networks are a meaningful level of analyses for understanding how social norms lead to risk behaviors, providing important data for intervening to reduce injection-related HIV risks.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | IV DRUG USERS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 342066

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The efficacy of a network intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors among drug users and risk partners in Chiang Mai, Thailand and Philadelphia, USA.
Author: Latkin CA; Donnell D; Metzger D; Sherman S; Aramrattna A; Davis-Vogel A; Quan VM; Gandham S; Vongchak T; Perdue T; Celentano DD
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Feb;68(4):740-8.
Abstract: This HIV Prevention Trials Network study assessed the efficacy of a network-oriented peer education intervention promoting HIV risk reduction among injection drug users and their drug and sexual network members in Chiang Mai, Thailand and Philadelphia, USA. The study was designed to test impact on HIV infection, but the infection rate was low and the study was terminated early. This paper reports efficacy on outcomes of self-reported HIV risk behaviors. We enrolled 414 networks with 1123 participants. The experimental intervention consisted of six small group peer educator training sessions and two booster sessions delivered to the network index only. All participants in both arms received individual HIV counseling and testing. Follow-up visits occurred every six months for up to 30 months. There were 10 HIV seroconversions, 5 in each arm. The number of participants reporting injection risk behaviors dropped dramatically between baseline and follow-up in both arms at both sites. Index members in the intervention arm engaged in more conversations about HIV risk following the intervention compared to control indexes. There was no evidence of change in sexual risk as a result of the intervention. Reductions in injection risk behaviors were observed: 37%, 20%, and 26% reduction in odds of sharing cottons, rinse water and cookers, respectively, and 24% reduction in using a syringe after someone else. Analysis of the individual sites suggested a pattern of reductions in injection risk behaviors in the Philadelphia site. In both sites, the intervention resulted in index injection drug users engaging in the community role of discussing reduction in HIV injection risk behaviors. The intervention did not result in overall reductions in self-reported sexual risk behaviors, and although reductions in injection risk behaviors were observed, the overall efficacy in reducing risk was not established.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | IV DRUG USERS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PEER EDUCATORS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication
Document Number: 341555

20.

Title: Risk-taking behaviors among vertically HIV-infected adolescents in Northern Thailand.
Author: Lee B; Oberdorfer P
Source: Epidemiology and Social Science. 2009 Jul-Aug;8(4):221-228.
Abstract: This study reports on a quantitative survey conducted from 2007 to 2008 at two pediatric HIV clinics in northern Thailand among vertically HIV-infected adolescents aged =13 years, with disclosed HIV status. The survey assessed sociodemographics, substance use, sexual behavior, peer behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes regarding HIV disclosure. Fifty-four adolescents (median age 14.6 years) participated; 18.5% reported previous alcohol use but none reported drug use; 35.2% reported presexual activity, and 3.7% reported sexual activity. Nearly all (96.3%) knew that HIV could be transmitted sexually, but knowledge regarding other sexually transmitted infections was poor. Nearly half (48.1%) had never disclosed their status to anyone.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Transmission | Infections | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 339911

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behavior and risk factors for HIV infection among homosexual and bisexual men in Thailand.
Author: Li A; Varangrat A; Wimonsate W; Chemnasiri T; Sinthuwattanawibool C; Phanuphak P; Jommaroeng R; Vermund S; van Griensven F
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):318-327.
Abstract: HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors were examined among Thai bisexually active men (MSMW, n = 450) and men who have sex with men only (MSM-only, n = 1,125). Cross sectional venue-day-time sampling was used to collect data. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to identify HIV risk factors. HIV prevalence was 8.2% among MSMW and 21.2% among MSM-only. Consistent condom use with male partners was higher among MSMW (77.6%) than MSM-only (62.9%), and lower with female partners (44.4%). Lack of family confidant, migration, concern about acquiring HIV infection, and self-reported STD were associated with HIV prevalence among MSMW. Older age, lower educational level, residing in Bangkok or Chiang Mai, living away from family, recruitment from a sauna, increased frequency of visiting the surveyed venue, practicing receptive or both receptive and insertive anal intercourse, inconsistent condom use with male paying partners, and a history of drug use were associated with HIV prevalence in MSM-only.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | BISEXUALS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340130

22.
Title: Epidemiology and the effect of treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in pregnant women in southern Thailand.
Author: Liabsuetrakul T; Chaikongkeit P; Korviwattanagarn S; Petrueng C; Chaiya S; Hanvattanakul C; Kongkitkul P; Sinthuuthai C; Kalong N; Ongsawang D; Ungsathapornpon S; Ameeroh A; Bavonnarongdet P; Buadung A
Author: Southern Soil-Transmitted Helminthes and Maternal Health; (SSTH and MH) Working Group
Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2009 Mar;40(2):211-22.
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the current situation of STH in pregnant women, explore factors associated with STH and evaluate the effects of its treatment. A cohort study was conducted in four southernmost provinces. All pregnant women who presented at their first prenatal care visit at participating hospitals were interviewed by trained health care providers and their stool specimens were examined for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm eggs. Women with STH were treated with 400 mg of albendazole after 14 weeks of gestation and treatment outcomes were evaluated three weeks after treatment. Of 1,063 pregnant women, STH were detected in 190 patients (17.9%) without seasonal variation for a combined infection of 21.6%. Ascaris, hookworm and Trichuris were detected in 10.3, 5.7 and 6.3%, respectively. The cure rate with a single dose was 92% but was 100% when repeated treatment was given as a three-day course. The risk of infection was higher in Muslim women, those with a family income < or = USD300/month, those bathing outside the house and those with no knowledge of STH. These results showed that southern Thailand is still an endemic area for STH and there appears to be no seasonal variation in incidence. Although the cure rate for treatment with albendazole was good, the low cure rate and egg reduction rate for trichuriasis needs to be considered.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREGNANT WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | SEASONAL VARIATION | PARASITES | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 341784

23.
Title: Characteristics of HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in Thailand.
Author: Mankatittham W; Likanonsakul S; Thawornwan U; Kongsanan P; Kittikraisak W; Burapat C; Akksilp S; Sattayawuthipong W; Srinak C; Nateniyom S; Tasaneeyapan T; Varma JK
Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2009 Jan;40(1):93-103.
Abstract: To improve understanding about the epidemiology and clinical features of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) infection we conducted a prospective, multi-center observational study of HIV-infected TB patients in Thailand. We enrolled HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB at public health facilities from three provinces and the national infectious diseases referral hospital in Thailand. Patients underwent standardized interviews, evaluations, and laboratory testing at the beginning of TB treatment. We analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and stratified our findings by level of immune-suppression and whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) was used before TB diagnosis. Of 769 patients analyzed, pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 461 (60%). The median CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) count was 63 cells/microl [interquartile range (IQR), 23-163.5] and the median HIV RNA viral load was 308,000 copies/ml (IQR, 51,900-759,000) at the time of TB diagnosis. Methamphetamine use was reported by 304 patients (40%), marijuana by 267 patients (35%), and injection drug use by 199 patients (26%). Three hundred three patients (40%) reported having been previously incarcerated. Among sexually active patients, 142 (42%) reported never using condoms at all. Patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/microl were significantly more likely than patients with CD4 counts > or =200 cells/microl to have extra-pulmonary TB, fever, fatigue, muscle weakness, no hemoptysis, tachycardia, low body mass index, jaundice, or no pleural effusion. Of the 94 patients that received ART before TB diagnosis, the median time from ART initiation to TB diagnosis was 105 days (IQR, 31-468). HIV-infected patients who developed TB after ART initiation were more likely than other HIV-infected TB patients to have extra-pulmonary TB, a normal chest radiograph, low HIV RNA viral load, or a history of previous TB treatment.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | TESTING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Measurement
Document Number: 341779

24.

Title: Serodeconversion of HIV antibody-positive AIDS patients following treatment with V-1 Immunitor.
Author: Metadilogkul O; Jirathitikal V; Bourinbaiar AS
Source: Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2009;2009:934579.
Abstract: It is extremely rare when HIV seropositive adult patients experience spontaneous loss of antibodies, that is, seroreversion. The disappearance of HIV antibodies was occasionally attributed to iatrogenic intervention-serodeconversion. Such interventions include: HAART; oral interferon; Chinese herbal remedies; and therapeutic AIDS vaccines derived from pooled blood. Oral therapeutic, alloimmune AIDS vaccine, V-1 Immunitor (V1), was administered to 60000 HIV-positive Thai patients. The administration of V1 resulted in serodeconversion among 23 individuals. The patient group consisted of 9 females (39%) and 14 males (61%) including two 2-year-old boys. The age range was 2-58 years with mean/median 29/29.3 years. Patients were tested seropositive for HIV at least once before being enrolled on V1. The duration of treatment until discovery of seronegative status ranged between 2 weeks and 15 months with average/median 7.2/8 months. Time to seronegativity was correlated with baseline disease stage (R = 0.62; P = .002). The seronegative status was positively associated with V1-induced undetectable or low viral load (R = 0.65; P = .0008). The odds ratio analysis comparing the outcome of our study with published surveys of diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests suggested that the probability of HIV antibody testing error was remote (P < .000001). The possible causes responsible for this unusual phenomenon are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | ANTIBODIES | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 329746

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand.
Author: Michinobu R
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8.
Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341173

26.
Title: Perinatal death pattern in the four districts of Thailand: findings from the Prospective Cohort Study of Thai Children (PCTC).
Author: Mo-suwan L; Isaranurug S; Chanvitan P; Techasena W; Sutra S; Supakunpinyo C; Choprapawon C
Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2009 May;92(5):660-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the magnitude and investigate causes of perinatal deaths of a cohort of the Prospective Cohort Study of Thai Children. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A semi-structured verbal autopsy questionnaire and review of medical records were used to ascertain the causes of deaths during the perinatal period in four districts of Thailand. RESULTS: The total numbers of 3,522 babies (with 28 pairs of twins) were born from 3,494 pregnant women. The perinatal mortality rate was 10.69 per 1,000 total births, the stillbirth rate was 6.75 per 1,000 births, and the early neonatal mortality rate was 3.97 per 1,000 live-births. About 37.8% of the perinatal deaths were agreed to by two pediatricians and a neonatologist as preventable. About 90% of the preventable stillbirths occurred in the antepartum period. CONCLUSION: Findings from the present study indicates that to further reduce the perinatal death rate, attention should be focused on reducing the stillbirths by a quality antenatal care.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERINATAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | FETAL DEATH | INFANT MORTALITY | PREMATURE BIRTH | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341770

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Penile oil injection, penile implantation and condom use among Myanmar migrant fishermen in Ranong, Thailand.
Author: Ohnmar -; Geater AF; Winn T; Chongsuvivatwong V
Source: Sexual Health. 2009 Aug;6(3):217-221.
Abstract: Background: The present study describes sexual risk behaviours including penile oil injection and implantation among migrant Myanmar fishermen in Thailand, and their determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among 639 Myanmar fishermen in Ranong, Thailand was conducted in 1999 following in-depth interviews. Results: Prevalence of penile oil injection, penile implantation, and both practices were 48 (7.5%), 79 (12.4%) and nine (1.4%) respectively. Over one-third (38.6%) of those who had injected oil had various kinds of problems during sex. One-year period prevalence of sex with commercial sex workers (CSW) was higher in those with unusual practices than others (61.9% v. 22.8%, P < 0.0001). The condom use rate with CSW at all times was non-significantly lower among those with unusual practices (32.9%) than others (44.5%). From multivariate analysis, oil injections are associated with young age, low education, ethnicity, and longer stay in Thailand, whereas the duration of stay in Thailand is the only factor associated with the practice of penile implantation. Both oil injection (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.60), and penile implantation (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.19-3.99) have independent predictive risk of having sex with CSW in addition to other factors (younger age, single, and Walat boat type). Conclusion: These exorbitant practices were common, associated with not using condoms and probably resulted from the working environment in Thailand. Further study is needed to reduce this risk behaviour.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | FISHING | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENITALIA, MALE | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Data Collection
Document Number: 342418

28.

Title: Evolution of hematological parameters in HIV-1-infected patients with and without thalassemia carriages during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Author: Pornprasert S; Sonboon P; Kiatwattanacharoen S; Klinbuayaem V; Leenasirimakul P; Promping C; Inta P; Ajhan S; Leechanachai P
Source: HIV Clinical Trials. 2009 Mar-Apr;10(2):88-93.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on hematological parameters in HIV-1-infected patients with and without thalassemia carriages. METHODS: Prospective study was conducted in HIV-1-infected Thai patients receiving HAART. Their hematological parameters were measured at baseline and during follow-up of 1 year. beta-thalassemia and hemoglobin-E trait were diagnosed using HPLC. PCR-genotyping techniques were used to investigate alpha-thalassemia-1 Southeast Asian type deletion and beta-thalassemia mutation. The changes of hematological parameters were compared according to thalassemia carriage. RESULTS: During follow-up, increased levels of CD4 counts, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were observed in the groups of patients with and without thalassemia. The changes in mean hemoglobin level, MCV, and MCH in both groups appeared parallel, with consistently lower levels in patients with thalassemia. At Months 6 and 12, mean MCV of patients with thalassemia was shifted from microcytic levels (<80 fL) to normocytic levels (80-100 fL) while their mean MCH was increased to normal levels (27-31 pg). CONCLUSION: Although HAART altered hematological parameters such as MCV and MCH, it did not induce worsening anaemia, especially in patients with thalassemia carriages. However, the increased levels of MCV and MCH crucially affect the thalassemia screening.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANEMIA | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342435

29.
Title: Leveraging the role of public health nursing in managing HIV/AIDS in Thailand: a journey of international collaboration.
Author: Potempa K; Phancharoenworakul K; Glass N; Chasombat S; Cody BJ
Source: Collegian. 2009;16(2):49-53.
Abstract: Thailand is one of the first countries to have achieved significant advances in control over the HIV/AIDS epidemic occurring within its borders. Despite this impressive accomplishment, the disease continues to be a Leading cause of death in Thailand and is migrating into Thai populations heretofore relatively free of it, such as married women. In 2003, a unique Thai, American, academic, and government collaboration formed to address the on-going challenges of HIV/AIDS in Thailand and its emerging characteristics. The objective of this collaboration was to increase the capacity of Thailand's public health infrastructure to address the challenges of HIV/AIDS by utilizing a Larger and more empowered role for nurses within the country's existing health care system. This collaboration consisted of the Deans' Consortium of Nursing Educational Institutions, the Thai Ministry of Public Health, the Faculty of Nursing at Mahidol University, and United States university nursing educators. This paper describes the process that brought this collaboration into being. It also describes the outcomes achieved by this collaboration; a collaboration that realized a national strategy to Leverage and expand the role of public health nurses and the initiation of a nurse practitioners' role in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. This collaboration and strategy increased the capacity of the health care system in Thailand to more effectively meet the challenges posed by all infectious diseases in Thailand and, in particular, HIV/AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | SUMMARY REPORT | NURSES AND NURSING | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | CURRICULUM | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education
Document Number: 342653

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in three decades of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Thailand by nonparametric backcalculation method.
Author: Punyacharoensin N; Viwatwongkasem C
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jun 1;23(9):1143-52.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To reconstruct the past HIV incidence and prevalence in Thailand from 1980 to 2008 and predict the country's AIDS incidence from 2009 to 2011. METHODS: Nonparametric backcalculation was adopted utilizing 100 quarterly observed new AIDS counts excluding pediatric cases. The accuracy of data was enhanced through a series of data adjustments using the weight method to account for several surveillance reporting issues. The mixture of time-dependent distributions allowed the effects of age at seroconversion and antiretroviral therapy to be incorporated simultaneously. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess model variations that were subject to major uncertainties. Future AIDS incidence was projected for various predetermined HIV incidence patterns. RESULTS: HIV incidence in Thailand reached its peak in 1992 with approximately 115,000 cases. A steep decline thereafter discontinued in 1997 and was followed by another strike of 42,000 cases in 1999. The second surge, which happened concurrently with the major economic crisis, brought on 60,000 new infections. As of December 2008, more than 1 million individuals had been infected and around 430,000 adults were living with HIV corresponding to a prevalence rate of 1.2%. The incidence rate had become less than 0.1% since 2002. The backcalculated estimates were dominated by postulated median AIDS progression time and adjustments to surveillance data. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicated that, thus far, the 1990s was the most severe era of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Thailand with two HIV incidence peaks. A drop in new infections led to a decrease in recent AIDS incidence, and this tendency is likely to remain unchanged until 2011, if not further.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DATA ADJUSTMENT | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 342452


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