1.  Title: mHealth for development: The opportunity of mobile technology for healthcare in the developing world. Author: Vital Wave Consulting Source: Washington, D.C., United Nations Foundation, 2009. 66 p. Abstract: Mounting interest in the field of mHealth -- the provision of health-related services via mobile communications -- can be traced to the evolution of several interrelated trends. In many parts of the world, epidemics and a shortage of healthcare workers continue to present grave challenges for governments and health providers. Yet in these same places, the explosive growth of mobile communications over the past decade offers a new hope for the promotion of quality healthcare. Among those who had previously been left behind by the 'digital divide,' billions now have access to reliable technology. There is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates the potential of mobile communications to radically improve healthcare services -- even in some of the most remote and resource-poor environments. This report examines issues at the heart of the rapidly evolving intersection of mobile phones and healthcare. It helps the reader to understand mHealth's scope and implementation across developing regions, the health needs to which mHealth can be applied, and the mHealth applications that promise the greatest impact on heath care initiatives. It also examines building blocks required to make mHealth more widely available through sustainable implementations. Finally, it calls for concerted action to help realize mHealth's full potential. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PUBLIC HEALTH | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | EDUCATION | AWARENESS | DATA COLLECTION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DISEASE PREVENTION | TECHNOLOGY | TREATMENT | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUGS | HIV TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Training Programs | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases Document Number: 331450 |
| 2. Title: Communicating with youth: Using the Internet and mobile phones in reproductive health programs. The Internet and mobile phones hold promise as tools for reaching youth, but more evaluation is needed. Author: Fazekas K; Moffett J Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2009 May. [4] p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 28) Abstract: A growing number of programs are turning to the Internet and mobile phones to communicate with young people about reproductive health and HIV / AIDS prevention. The surge in availability and popularity of these technologies among youth offers new opportunities but also raises important questions. How can the Internet and mobile phones best be used in reproductive health interventions for youth? What are the advantages and challenges of using these technologies? Is there evidence to demonstrate that interventions using the Internet or mobile phone are effective? (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | COMMUNICATION | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERNET | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Health | Information Networks | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331497 |
| 3. Title: A text messaging trial in family planning clinics. Author: Mackenzie H Source: Studies In Health Technology and Informatics. 2009;146:154-9. Abstract: The New Zealand Family Planning Association (Family Planning) is a national not-for-profit organization providing sexual and reproductive primary care health services as well as health promotion, professional training and advocacy on issues of sexual and reproductive health. By 2006 Family Planning had become acutely aware of the increasing amount of staff time being used to make phone calls to clients, particularly about appointment reminders and laboratory results, and the associated escalation in telephone costs. Much of the increased cost related to the trend for the clients, who are predominantly under 25 year of age, to have only a mobile phone as their phone contact. This paper describes a project to identify and implement an alternative means of communication with these clients, with the outcome being the introduction of a text messaging program (txt2remind) integrated with the Practice Management System (Medtech 32) into clinics by June 2008. Language: English Keywords: NEW ZEALAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | FAMILY PLANNING | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | CONTACTING CLIENTS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Clients | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342050 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Accuracy of information given by Los Angeles County pharmacies about emergency contraceptives to sham patient in need. Author: Nelson AL; Jaime CM Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):206-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: As emergency contraception (EC) becomes increasingly available without prescription, it is important that women in need be provided accurate information about its use. STUDY DESIGN: A telephone survey of all retail pharmacies in Los Angeles County was conducted by women posing as a 23-year-old who wanted to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected act of intercourse. RESULTS: One thousand four hundred sixty unduplicated pharmacies listed in the Yellow Pages 2007 were called between October 2007 and April 2008. Sixty-nine percent had EC available on site; 19% referred the caller elsewhere. The remainder said nothing could be done or hung up. Multiple calls and multiple recitations of the situation were needed in over one third of calls. Isolated incidents of inappropriate comments occurred. CONCLUSION: While most pharmacies provided information about EC that was consistent with labeling, barriers still exist to both accurate information and timely access to that product. Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | PHARMACISTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 330057 |
| 5. Title: E-health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a decade of challenges and achievements. Author: Al-Shorbaji N Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008;14 Suppl:S157-73. Abstract: The World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has made huge progress in terms of use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the healthcare sector. Despite the late entry of ICT in health in the Region, there have been many impressive developments both as public health applications and in medical care. The article attempts to draw a picture of the current status of e-health applications in the Region with some specific examples of milestones and achievements made. The overall ICT situation and economic factors coupled with the health situation in the Region dictate the state-of-the-art of e-health. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WHO | INTERNET | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | TECHNOLOGY | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INFORMATION NETWORKS | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Economic Factors | Health Document Number: 330596 |
| 6. Title: Telecommunications and Health Care: an HIV/AIDS warmline for communication and consultation in Rakai, Uganda. Author: Chang LW; Kagaayi J; Nakigozi G; Galiwango R; Mulamba J Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2008 May-Jun;7(3):130-132. Abstract: Hotlines and warmlines have been successfully used in the developed world to provide clinical advice; however, reports on their replicability in resource-limited settings are limited. A warmline was established in Rakai, Uganda, to support an antiretroviral therapy program. Over a 17-month period, a database was kept of who called, why they called, and the result of the call. A program evaluation was also administered to clinical staff. A total of 1303 calls (3.5 calls per weekday) were logged. The warmline was used mostly by field staff and peripherally based peer health workers. Calls addressed important clinical issues, including the need for urgent care, medication side effects, and follow-up needs. Most clinical staff felt that the warmline made their jobs easier and improved the health of patients. An HIV/AIDS warmline leveraged the skills of a limited workforce to provide increased access to HIV/AIDS care, advice, and education. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HOTLINES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | HIV | AIDS | INFORMATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education Document Number: 340232 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Using telemedicine for termination of pregnancy with mifepristone and misoprostol in settings where there is no access to safe services. Author: Gomperts RJ; Jelinska K; Davies S; Gemzell-Danielsson K; Kleiverda G Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008 Aug;115(9):1171-5; discussion 1175-8. Abstract: Women on Web is a service that uses telemedicine to help women access mifepristone and misoprostol in countries with no safe care for termination of pregnancy (TOP). This study reviews the telemedicine service. After an online consultation, women with an unwanted pregnancy of up to 9 weeks are referred to a doctor. If there are no contraindications, a medical TOP is conducted by mail. After maximising the follow up from 54.8 to 77.6%, 12.6% decided not to do the TOP and 6.8% of the women who did the medical TOP at home needed a vacuum aspiration. Telemedicine can provide an alternative to unsafe TOP. Outcomes of care are in the same range as TOP provided in outpatient settings. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERNET | WOMEN | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | MISOPROSTOL | RU-486 | HOME CARE | ABORTION | SAFETY | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Information Networks | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Care and Support | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health | Program Evaluation Document Number: 328830 Notification |
| 8. Title: Mobile phones: exceptional tools for HIV/AIDS, health, and crisis management [letter] Author: Lester R; Karanja S Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2008 Dec;8(12):738-9. Abstract: The Leading Edge in the August 2008 issue questioned, "Does HIV/AIDS still require an exceptional response" in relation to the potential imbalance of global health-care resources? In the midst of the unchecked and deadly pandemic the answer is yes; especially if local resources are used and management of other endemic health problems can also benefit. Perhaps one of the most promising emerging health systems tools, which can build capacity around the HIV/AIDS response and filter into the global health response, lies increasingly in the palms of our hands. Mobile telephones are reaching people in Africa's cities, towns, villages, and countrysides more rapidly than anywhere else in the world (figure 1). The overlap with the global health-care crisis does not go unnoticed. We previously reported that despite very low incomes, most clients attending two University of Nairobi clinics (serving sex workers and providing HIV services for the general population in Pumwani district) had access to mobile phones and knew how to use them. Surprisingly, mobile phone communication featured in most aspects of patients' personal lives and business, but not their health management. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | USER COMPLIANCE | MANAGEMENT | MALARIA | TUBERCULOSIS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation Document Number: 329727 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: SMS STI: a review of the uses of mobile phone text messaging in sexual health. Author: Lim MS; Hocking JS; Hellard ME; Aitken CK Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 May;19(5):287-290. Abstract: Short messaging service (SMS) (a.k.a. text messaging) is a fast, low cost and popular mode of communication among young people, and these advantages can be used in a variety of ways in the field of sexual health. This paper reviews the current published and grey literature and discusses applications of SMS in sexual health and the evidence base for their effectiveness. Examples of uses of SMS in sexual health include: communication between sexual health clinics and patients, partner notification and contact tracing, contraception reminders and sexual health promotion and education. However, although SMS has been applied in many ways to improve sexual health and there is some evidence of its effectiveness, very few of the applications described in this article have been evaluated. As SMS is likely to become more and more commonly used for sexual health purposes, evaluation of its benefits and effectiveness is essential. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | YOUTH | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | NOTIFICATION | CONTACTING CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PROMOTION | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Developed Countries | Oceania | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Clients | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Health Document Number: 327696 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Information and communications technology for future health systems in developing countries. Author: Lucas H Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(10):2122-2132. Abstract: There has been much discussion of the role that recent advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) could play in improving health systems in developing countries, but limited independent analysis of existing applications. Combining a case study approach with a general discussion of the issues, this paper attempts to assess the potential benefits of a diverse range of ICT innovations and some of the constraints they will need to overcome. Four broad areas are considered: improvements in traditional health information systems; computer-aided diagnosis and treatment monitoring; a range of applications generically labelled 'telemedicine'; and the use of ICT to inform general populations on health and healthcare. The final section speculates on the possible medium-term impacts of ICT in terms of improving the performance of existing systems, allowing scope for radical innovations, or even changing basic assumptions about the provider-patient relationship. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HEALTH FACILITIES | INFORMATION NETWORKS | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | TECHNOLOGY | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Information Processing | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Economic Factors Document Number: 326192 |
| 11. Title: Mobile phone text messaging for pharmaceutical care in a hospital in China. Author: Mao Y; Zhang Y; Zhai S Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2008;14(8):410-4. Abstract: We have developed a mobile pharmacy service system (MPSS) to deliver individualized pharmaceutical care via text messages sent to the mobile phones of patients. The text messages were: (1) reminders about medication - from the day following discharge, reminder messages were automatically sent to patients approximately 10 minutes before their medication was due to be taken. The system stopped sending messages when the prescription ran out and suggested that patients should come to hospital to renew any prescribed medicines; (2) practical information about medicines, such as information about methods of administration; (3) information about adverse drug reactions. In a 3-month trial in a general hospital, 100 patients were provided with pharmaceutical care using the MPSS for an average of 3.5 medicines per patient (range 1-9). They received pharmaceutical care for an average of 12 days per patient (range 3-19). A survey was then conducted which indicated that most patients were satisfied with the pharmaceutical care provided by MPSS through text messages, and that they had positive attitudes despite some limitations. The use of the MPSS should improve pharmaceutical care, widen the knowledge of pharmacists, reduce the burden on pharmacy staff, improve pharmacist-patient interaction, and improve the effect and safety of medication. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | TARGET POPULATION | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | INTERNET | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | TIME FACTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | DRUGS | PRESCRIPTIONS | SATISFACTION | SAFETY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Information Networks | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Public Health Document Number: 330047 |
| 12. Title: [Long-distance learning on surgical material sterilization processes] Educacao a distancia em processos de esterilizacao de materiais. Author: Quelhas MC; Lopes MH; Ropoli EA Source: Revista Da Escola De Enfermagem Da U S P. 2008 Dec;42(4):697-705. Abstract: This study had the following goals: describing the development of a distance learning (DL) course on Surgical Material Sterilization Processes, to be given over the Internet; having the course evaluated by specialists in sterilization processes and in DL; describing students' and evaluators' profiles, and to evaluate the students' participation and their opinions about the course. The chosen course environment was TelEduc, and the teaching method was Case-Based Learning. The target population consisted of nurses from the greater Campinas area and other cities of the state of Sao Paulo. Fifty-eight nurses were invited, 14 were enrolled and 11 finished the course. The course was evaluated by specialists before and after its application. In order to evaluate the students' opinion of the course, a Likert questionnaire was used. The Case-Based Learning methodology helped student participation and the course was evaluated positively. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | NURSES AND NURSING | STUDENTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | SURGERY | INTERNET | TEACHING MATERIALS | PARTICIPATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Technology | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Information Networks | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 341432 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrant women in male-dominated sectors of the labour market: A research agenda. Author: Raghuram P Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):43-57. Abstract: There is a growing literature on female labour migration, but much of this focuses on women who move to work in labour-market sectors where a large proportion of workers are women. This paper argues that there has been much less study of women who migrate to work in male-dominated sectors of the labour market, and explores the nature of this lacuna within research on female migration. It then highlights the increasing presence of women migrants in the ICT sector as one example of an area that has received little study. Finally, the paper explores some reasons why a study of female migrant's experiences in male-dominated sectors of the labour market is important, and what it can add to existing research on female migration more generally. In particular, it urges us to view gender as it intersects and overlaps with other social divisions to produce complex landscapes of female mobility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | GENDER ISSUES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | INFORMATION SERVICES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | EMPLOYMENT | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323245 |
| 14. Title: The use of information and communications technology for health service delivery in Namibia: perspectives of the health service providers. Author: Shivute MI; Maumbe BM; Owei VT Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2008;14(6):285-9. Abstract: We surveyed health service providers in Namibia to find out how they used information and communication technologies (ICTs) to deliver health services to their patients. A structured questionnaire was administered to 21 health service providers in two regions of the country (one urban, one rural). There was overwhelming consensus among the health service providers that ICTs were very important, especially for medical services (100%). Ninety-one percent of health service providers viewed ICT as helping them to interact with other providers in other health institutions. The most commonly used ICT was the telephone, which was used in the admission areas of most health institutions (36%); the next most commonly used ICT was the PC (23%). The most commonly used channels for communication with patients were the telephone followed by TV. Some of the problems common to all health institutions in Namibia were poor budgetary resources and lack of basic infrastructure such as electricity or telephone lines. There is a need to promote ICT use for health service delivery and also to stimulate patients to use ICT to access health services and relevant information. Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | COMPUTERS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | TECHNOLOGY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | COMMUNICATION | CLIENT-STAFF RELATIONS | TELEVISION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 329340 |
| 15. Title: Keeping children in school: A review of open education policies in Lesotho and Malawi. Author: Yates C Source: London, United Kingdom, University of London, Institute of Education, Department of Education and International Development, SOFIE, 2008. 22 p. (SOFIE Opening Up Access Series No. 5) Abstract: This paper looks at the situation of out of school children in Lesotho and Malawi in the context of HIV/AIDS and the role that open and distance and flexible learning might come to play in the future. It provides a brief consideration of scale and nature of exclusion, before moving on to look at some of the recent history of theories of inclusion and exclusion. The paper then provides a review of government policies in Lesotho and Malawi with respect to improving access to, and equity through, education for out of school youth particularly in the areas of non formal education, information and communication technologies, and HIV/AIDS. The paper concludes by reflecting on what the review points to, in relation to some of the questions being posed by the research project. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LESOTHO | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | DISTANCE EDUCATION | SOCIAL POLICY | EDUCATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INEQUALITIES | HIV INFECTIONS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | INTERNET | AIDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Information Networks Document Number: 326044 |
| 17. Title: Measuring trends in access to modern infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa: results from Demographic and Health Surveys. Author: Banerjee S; Diallo AB; Wodon Q Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Operations Results and Learning Unit, 2007 Oct. [6] p. (FindingsPoverty Data, Measurement and Policy) Abstract: Household surveys have long been used to estimate poverty and inequality trends but not to the same extent to assess trends in access to infrastructure services. A recent study for sub-Saharan Africa by Banerjee et al. (2007) uses Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 22 countries that have conducted at least two such surveys between 1990 and 2005 in order to collect comparable information across countries on access to modern and alternative infrastructure services over time. In addition to national, urban, and rural trends in access, the study includes a distributional analysis of how access rates have evolved since 1990. That is, households are divided into five quintiles of population according to their level of wealth, with wealth defined using a principal components analysis. The objective of this note is to provide a summary of key findings from the study regarding access trends to electricity, piped water, flush toilets, and landline telephones over the period 1990-2005. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MEASUREMENT | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POVERTY | SOCIAL CLASS | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | WATER SUPPLY | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Public Health | Health | Energy Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Planning | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 322883 |
| 18. Title: Youth, ICTs and development. Author: McKenzie DJ Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Global Information and Communication Technologies Department, [2007]. 12 p. Abstract: The first few years of the new millennium saw extremely rapid increases in internet, mobile phone, and computer use in developing countries. Between 2000 and 2003, the developing world gained more than one-quarter of a billion internet users and almost half a billion mobile phones. These new technologies are growing much faster than older information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as television, radio, mainline telephones, and newspapers (definition 1 and table 1). Mobile phones have overtaken mainline phones in coverage in many parts of the world, and there are more internet users per 1,000 people than there are daily newspapers purchased in every region except South Asia. Even so, internet use remains low in poorer developing countries, and radios and televisions are much more prevalent. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | YOUTH | TECHNOLOGY | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | MASS MEDIA | COMPUTERS | INTERNET | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | PARTICIPATION | HIV PREVENTION | PROMOTION | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Communication | Information Processing | Information | Information Networks | Social Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marketing Document Number: 318699 |
| 19. Title: Remittance trends 2007. Author: Ratha D; Mohapatra S; Vijayalakshmi KM; Xu Z Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Prospects Group, Migration and Remittances Team, 2007 Nov 29. 6 p. (Migration and Development Brief No. 3) Abstract: Recorded remittances to developing countries are estimated to reach $240 billion in 2007. The true size of remittances including unrecorded flows is even larger. A near stagnation in remittance flows to Mexico and a deceleration in other Latin American countries contributed to a slowdown in the rate of growth of remittances. Nevertheless, the growth of remittances to developing countries remains robust because of strong growth in Europe and Asia. The remittance industry is experiencing some positive structural changes with the advent of cell phone and internet-based remittance instruments. The diffusion of these changes, however, is slowed by a lack of clarity on key regulations (including those relating to money laundering and other financial crimes). Remittance costs have fallen, but not far enough, especially in the South-South corridors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANTS | REMITTANCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNET | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | CRIME | FEES | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 325684 |
| 20. Title: Family planning choices for women with HIV. Author: Richey C; Setty V Source: Population Reports. Series L: Issues in World Health. 2007 Aug;(15):1-23. Abstract: With access to family planning services, supportive care, and the information needed to make good choices, women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including women with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), in many cases can lead healthy sexual and reproductive lives. Like all other women, women with HIV have the right to make their own decisions about their reproductive and sexual health. Health care programs and providers can help women with HIV and their partners make and carry out informed reproductive health decisions. Women with HIV who decide to prevent or delay pregnancy can safely use almost any family planning method. Preventing unintended pregnancies among women with HIV is an important and cost-effective way to avoid the birth of HIV-infected infants. For those who are considering having children, providers can help them weigh the risks and consider the responsibilities. For clients with HIV who want children now, providers can help them minimize the risk of transmitting the virus to their partners or to the infant. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TEACHING MATERIALS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | PREGNANCY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | SAFER SEX | DUAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | MATERNAL HEALTH | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Reproduction | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 308831 |
| 21. Title: [Family planning choices for women with HIV] Opciones de planificacion familiar para mujeres que viven con VIH. Author: Richey C; Setty V Source: Population Reports. Series L: Issues in World Health. 2007 Aug;(15):1-23. Abstract: With access to family planning services, supportive care, and the information needed to make good choices, women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including women with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), in many cases can lead healthy sexual and reproductive lives. Like all other women, women with HIV have the right to make their own decisions about their reproductive and sexual health. Health care programs and providers can help women with HIV and their partners make and carry out informed reproductive health decisions. Women with HIV who decide to prevent or delay pregnancy can safely use almost any family planning method. Preventing unintended pregnancies among women with HIV is an important and cost-effective way to avoid the birth of HIV-infected infants. For those who are considering having children, providers can help them weigh the risks and consider the responsibilities. For clients with HIV who want children now, providers can help them minimize the risk of transmitting the virus to their partners or to the infant. (excerpt) Language: Spanish Keywords: GLOBAL | TEACHING MATERIALS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | PREGNANCY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | SAFER SEX | DUAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | MATERNAL HEALTH | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Reproduction | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 323079 |
| 22. Title: Perfect condom use in a less than perfect world [letter] Author: Adam MB Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2006 Mar;160(3):321-322. Abstract: Dr. Paz-Bailey and colleagues are to be applauded for their careful assessment of perfect condom use and its impact on risk reduction for gonococcal and chlamydial infections in young women. In their study, they have clearly used important methodological advances in assessing proper condom use like examining how the condom is used in each act of intercourse. In defining variables for analysis, they state, "Consistent and correct use included those with consistent condom use who reported none of the 5 assessed condom errors; consistent but not correct use included those who used condoms for every act of vaginal intercourse but reported 1 or more condom errors; and inconsistent use of condoms was defined as no use or some use but less than 100%." This delineation of the variable for "correct and consistent" makes one important error. The use of this variable does not acceptably identify the difference between user and method failure. It would be incorrect to attribute all episodes of slippage and breakage to "user failure." When used consistently and correctly, condoms will substantially reduce but not eliminate one's risk of acquiring gonorrhea or chlamydia infection because some slippage and breakage will occur even in experienced individuals, which is the result of method failure, not user failure. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | PARENTS | YOUTH | DIABETES | MANAGEMENT | TREATMENT | HOME CARE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Care and Support | Evaluation | Technology | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 298826 |
| 23. Title: Improving health, connecting people: the role of ICTs in the health sector of developing countries. Author: Chetley A; Davies J; Trude B; McConnell H; Ramirez R Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Information for Development Program [infoDev], 2006 May 31. 65 p. Abstract: This framework paper is aimed at policy makers who are involved in the development or management of programmes in the health sector in developing countries. It provides a 'snapshot' of the type of information and communication technology (ICT) interventions that are being used in the health sector, and the policy debates around ICTs and health. It draws from the experience of use in both the North and South, but with a focus on applicability in the South to identify the most effective and relevant uses of ICTs. The paper describes the major constraints and challenges faced in using ICTs effectively in the health sector of developing countries. It draws out good practice for using ICTs in the health sector, identifies major players and stakeholders and highlights priority needs and issues of relevance to policy makers. The paper also looks at emerging trends in technologies that are likely to shape ICT use in the health sector and identifies gaps in knowledge. For the purposes of this paper, ICTs are defined as tools that facilitate communication and the processing and transmission of information by electronic means. This definition encompasses the full range of ICTs, from radio and television to telephones (fixed and mobile), computers and the Internet. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | COMMUNICATION | TECHNOLOGY | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH POLICY | COORDINATION | RISK ASSESSMENT | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Programs | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Management | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 314877 |
| 24. Title: The use of cell phone reminder calls for assisting HIV-infected adolescents and young adults to adhere to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a pilot study. Author: Puccio JA; Belzer M; Olson J; Martinez M; Salata C Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2006;20(6):438-444. Abstract: Long-term medication regimen adherence is challenging in all populations, but in the HIV-infected adolescent population the frequency of poverty, homelessness, substance abuse, and mental illness make highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence even more challenging. In 2003, we developed a pilot program for HIV-infected adolescents and young adults between the ages of 16 and 24 who were either going to begin a HAART regimen for the first time or begin a new HAART regimen. Participants received a free cell phone with a local service plan for approximately 6 months. Participants received phone call reminders for 12 weeks. Call frequency was tapered at 4-week intervals. Patients were assessed at 4-week intervals to determine the perceived intrusiveness or helpfulness of receiving calls, and missed medication doses. Eight consecutive patients were recruited for the study, and five were able to complete it through the 24 weeks. Most participants found the calls to be helpful and the level of intrusion into their daily lives acceptable. Using cell phone reminders to assist patients does not require an extensive amount of daily staff time. Tapering calls rapidly over 3 months, followed by discontinuation of calls provided inadequate support for subjects, especially those with significant psychosocial issues such as substance abuse. Use of cell phone reminders to assist adolescents adhere with HIV medications was practical and acceptable to pilot study participants. Viral suppression waned for all but two patients after termination of cell phone reminders and suggests that a 12-week intervention was not adequate for most subjects. Larger prospective studies of cell phone observation of therapy will be needed to determine if this intervention can improve long-term adherence and health outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | USER COMPLIANCE | INTERVENTIONS | CONTACTING CLIENTS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clients | Program Activities | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 303623 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Fruity, fun and safe: Creating a youth condom brand in Indonesia. Author: Purdy CH Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2006 Nov;14(28):127-134. Abstract: DKT Indonesia, a social marketing enterprise, undertook research among young people in Indonesia to develop a strategy to heighten understanding of safer sex and increase the availability and use of condoms among sexually active youth. The centerpiece of this campaign was the launch in 2003 of Fiesta condoms, with a range of flavours, colours, shapes and pricing aimed to appeal to young people. Working with key commercial and NGO partners, distribution has focused on places where young people often congregate and shop. The campaign relies heavily on the media, including TV commercials, radio talk shows, print media and mobile text messaging. DKT has also partnered with MTV, the Staying Alive campaign and other NGO and private sector partners to educate young people on a range of reproductive and sexual health issues. Based on retail audits and focus group discussions, the Fiesta brand has been a success. In three years, it has gained a 10% share of the condom market and helped to increase overall condom sales by 22%. Young people identify Fiesta as ''their'' brand and have started to use Fiesta condoms in significant numbers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | PROGRESS REPORT | YOUTH | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | SOCIAL MARKETING | MASS MEDIA | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | CAMPAIGNS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Communication | Broadcast Media | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Programs | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 311645 |
| 26. Title: Remote consultations and HIV / AIDS continuing education in low-resource settings. Author: Zolfo M; Lynen L; Dierckx J; Colebunders R Source: International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2006 Sep;75(9):633-637. Abstract: Telemedicine is a way to support physicians working in resource-poor settings, providing remote consultations and continuing medical education on HIV/AIDS care. A hybrid E-mail/web support telemedicine service was created in 2003 at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, with a discussion forum hosting more than 170 healthcare professionals from 40 different countries, generally resource constrained. Interesting posts and recurring questions from this discussion forum have been elaborated as case studies or frequently asked questions, available on the website for consultation. Education and support are also provided through interactive quizzes, user-friendly guidelines, and policy documents with a particular focus on HIV/AIDS care in developing countries. From April 2003 to March 2005, 342 questions were sent from over 17 countries in Africa, Asia, and South America. The vast majority of these questions (93%) were patient-oriented, with only 7% being general questions. Of the patient-oriented questions, 49%were related to antiretroviral therapy, and 44% were related to the diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections. Telemedicine is a cheap and effective method of providing clinical support and continuing education to healthcare workers treating HIV-positive patients in resource-poor settings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PHYSICIANS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | EDUCATION | MEDICINE | HIV INFECTIONS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs Document Number: 306378 |
| 27. Title: Global Exchange Network for Reproductive Health Latin America virtual conference final report. [Informe final sobre la conferencia virtual latinoamericana de la Red Global de Intercambio para la Salud Reproductiva] Author: Galdos S Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Management Sciences for Health [MSH], Management and Leadership Program, 2005 Apr. [11] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-00-00014-00) Abstract: In response to a request from USAID, the Management and Leadership (M&L) Program of Management Sciences for Health (MSH) created the Global Exchange Network (GEN) for Reproductive Health to support countries that no longer receive population and reproductive health funding from USAID: countries that have "graduated" from USAID assistance. The goal of the Global Exchange Network is to encourage the exchange of ideas, lessons learned and good practices in the area of reproductive health and family planning in the countries that have received or receive population funds from USAID. One of the primary activities of the Global Exchange Network in 2004-2005 was the planning and implementation of a virtual conference led by organizations in the three "graduated countries" of Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico, and supported by MSH. The Latin American Virtual Conference was the first virtual conference to have ever been conducted by MSH and the Latin American partners. It proved highly successful and participants have requested more exchanges such as this one. It was agreed that a three-day conference would be held and that each country would present two successful experiences or lessons learned in adolescent reproductive health where they had implemented an interesting approach and had produced demonstrated results. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: En respuesta a un pedido de la Agencia Estadounidense para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, United States Agency for International Development), el Programa de Gestión y Liderazgo (M&L, management and leadership) de Ciencias de Gestión de la Salud (MSH, management sciences for health) creó la Red Global de Intercambio (GEN, Global Exchange Network) para la Salud Reproductiva a fin de apoyar a aquellos países que hayan dejado de recibir fondos de USAID para la población y para la salud reproductiva: los países que se han “graduado” en la asistencia de USAID. El objetivo de la red es alentar el intercambio de ideas, lecciones aprendidas y prácticas eficaces en las áreas de salud reproductiva y planificación familiar en los países que han recibido o reciben fondos de USAID para la población. Entre las principales actividades de la red durante el período 2004-2005 se incluyeron la planificación e implementación de una conferencia virtual realizada por organizaciones de los tres “países graduados” (Colombia, Ecuador y México) y apoyada por MSH. La conferencia virtual latinoamericana fue la primera conferencia virtual realizada en forma conjunta entre MSH y socios latinoamericanos. La iniciativa resultó sumamente satisfactoria y los participantes han solicitado que se multipliquen los intercambios de este tipo. Se acordó realizar una conferencia de tres días en la que cada país presentará dos experiencias exitosas o lecciones aprendidas a nivel de salud reproductiva en adolescentes, área en la que han implementado una interesante metodología y obtenido probados resultados. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | INFORMATION NETWORKS | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 300919 |
| 28. Title: ICT for mitigating HIV / AIDS in Southern Africa. Final report. Author: Geers B; Page S Source: Kista, Sweden, Royal Institute of Technology [KTH], Swedish Program for ICT in Developing Regions [SPIDER], 2005. 47 p. Abstract: Sida is exploring the opportunities for using ICT for mitigating HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa. For this purpose it has commenced a study in February 2005 with the aim to find answers on the following questions: How can ICT contribute to the empowerment of people living with HIV/AIDS?; and How can ICT improve ongoing and planned HIV/AIDS programs in the region? The study has been carried out through a participatory approach in which stakeholder, involved in the process of mitigating HIV/AIDS have been asked to bring in their experiences, views, suggestions and ideas on how ICT can be used for mitigating HIV/AIDS. In addition the stakeholders were asked to define priority areas. Stakeholder meetings have been held in Lusaka (Zambia), Gaborone (Botswana) and Maputo (Mozambique). The directions and priorities defined by the stakeholders have been used as starting point for drawing the outlines of interventions recommended for support. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | AIDS | Programs Document Number: 300753 |
| 29. Title: Digital dangers: information and communication technologies and trafficking in women. Author: Maltzahn K Source: Toronto, Canada, Association for Women's Rights in Development [AWID], 2005 Jun. 11 p. (Spotlight No. 6) Abstract: A 19-year-old is filmed by her 30-year-old lover while they have sex. They break up, and years later, without her consent, the video hits the internet. Suddenly, the woman's image is crossing the world, making some people a lot of money in the process. Is this trafficking? The woman herself hasn't been transported across any international boundaries - but her image has. The word 'trafficking' suggests something very physical. Stories of trafficking of women often include details of stolen passports, border crossings, and foreign countries. But what happens when a concept that suggests the actual movement of people is taken into the virtual world of the web? What happens when trafficking is combined with information and communication technologies (ICTs)? It seems unlikely that whoever coined the term 'information superhighway' anticipated that the traffic on the internet would be in people, as well as information. How, and how much, the internet and other ICTs are implicated in trafficking is the subject of this paper. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | INTERNET | SEXUAL ABUSE | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | TECHNOLOGY | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Information Networks | Communication | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media Document Number: 315668 |
| 30. Title: Looking at information technology from a gender perspective: the call centers in India. Author: Pande R Source: Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 2005 Jan 31;11(1):[10] p.. Abstract: The impact of information technology on women's work in the context of globalization has been viewed differently by feminist scholars, depending on where they are located. As in the case of globalization, the impact of information technology on women's work through globalization has been more evident in Asia. Examining the impact of information and communication technology on women's work in the context of globalization leads us to another issue -- differences pertaining to IT and women's work between the developed and the developing countries. In the former, most of the literature on the impact of information technology on gender and work deals with the association of men with technology and power. In developing countries, women are looking at this issue not only in terms of gender relations with the men in their own society, but also at western domination over innovation and sources of technology. Globalization is based on the concept that the globe is a single unit for decision-making. It implies free movement of goods, services and capital through out the world. However, some critical issues emerge such as the extent to which globalization should be allowed to undermine the State's capacity to formulate policies -- especially for the benefit of the poor. In India, feminists have asked whether globalization should also connote free movement of labor, trade and goods. Questions have been raised on women's health and environmental concerns and economic reforms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | FEMINISM | COMPUTERS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | INTERNET | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors | Information Processing | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Information Networks Document Number: 301433 |
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