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Title: Use of and unmet need for injectable contraception.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] 2009 Jun 8. 12 p.
Abstract: Understanding trends in contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning is critical to creating policies which respond to current gaps in service delivery and address future needs for services to meet existing and unmet demand. Creating non clinic-based mechanisms to deliver services has the potential to expand access to underserved populations and reduce pressure on weak health systems. This document examines patterns of the current use of and unmet demand for injectable services. Trends in use of clinic and non clinic-based services for injectables, differentials in injectable use by place of residence, and potential negative consequences of increased use of injectables are explored. Information described in this paper is intended to inform the Technical Consultation on Expanding Access to Injectable Contraception. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331836

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth.
Author: Chiao C; Mishra V
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15�24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 322987

Title: HIV / AIDs in Namibia: Behavioral and contextual factors driving the epidemic.
Author: de la Torre C; Khan S; Eckert E; Luna J; Koppenhaver T
Source: [Windhoek], Namibia, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 May. [98] p. (SR-09-53USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: This report identifies and describes what current evidence indicates are the main behavioral and contextual factors that are driving the HIV epidemic in Namibia. The report is intended to assist in the development of a national prevention strategy for combating the HIV / AIDS epidemic. Data from several sources are triangulated to assess which factors are most likely to contribute to the spread of HIV across the population. In the absence of a national seroprevalence survey, the following were examined to identify the main drivers of the Namibian HIV epidemic: 1. The prevalence, distribution, and trends over time of proximate determinants of HIV infection within Namibia (obtained from an analysis of the Namibia Demographic and Health Surveys [NDHS] and other local surveys); 2. Socio-demographic factors associated with HIV infection among clients who were tested for HIV in select New Start voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) facilities throughout Namibia (obtained from analysis of these data); 3. The findings and conclusions of other researchers who have investigated various aspects of HIV / AIDS vulnerability in Namibia; 4. Factors most associated with HIV infection in neighboring countries, and in other generalized epidemics for which representative HIV prevalence surveys exist. A number of factors are likely contributing to the high levels of HIV in Namibia. As described in this report, these various factors are often inter-related and operate in unison to create one of the worst HIV epidemics in the world. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NAMIBIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SEX BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MALE CIRCUMCISION | PERCEPTION | CONDOM USE | MIGRATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 331841

Title: A comparative analysis of select health facility survey methods applied in low and middle income countries.
Author: Edward A; Matsubiyashi T; Fapohunda B; Becker S
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Jul. 47 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series WP-09-111USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GHA-A-00-08-00003-00)
Abstract: A majority of health systems in developing countries have severe limitations in the technical expertise and research capacity needed to perform independent assessments. Most are heavily reliant on donor support and engage other institutions and academia to undertake these surveys. Hence, it is important to examine the perspectives of the implementers to determine the management utility and plans for future sustainability. A key informant interview guide was developed for interviews with policy planners, implementing agencies, and health providers to examine their perspectives on the management utility of selected approaches. Key informants were interviewed, including policy planners, project directors, systems supervisors / coordinators, and enumerators, and the findings are presented later in this paper. A comparison of the approach to health facility assessment in the specific methods appears next. Based on the results of the review and key informant interviews, this paper discusses the comparative advantage and limitation of HF surveys and their management utility. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | HEALTH FACILITIES | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | INTERVIEWS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | DECISION MAKING | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Data Collection | Management | Behavior
Document Number: 331840

Peer Reviewed

Title: Improving control of African schistosomiasis: towards effective use of rapid diagnostic tests within an appropriate disease surveillance model.
Author: Stothard JR
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Apr;103(4):325-32.
Abstract: Contemporary control of schistosomiasis is typically reliant upon large-scale administration of praziquantel (PZQ) to school age children. Whilst PZQ treatment of each child is inexpensive, the direct and indirect costs of preventive chemotherapy for the whole school population are more substantive and, at the national level where many schools are targeted, maximising cost effectiveness and the health impact are essential requirements for ensuring longer-term sustainability (i.e. >5 years). To this end, the WHO has issued a set of treatment guidelines, inclusive of re-treatment schedules, such that, where possible, treatment decisions by school are based upon local disease prevalence as determined by parasitological and/or questionnaire methods. As each diagnostic method has known shortcomings, presumptive treatment of at-risk schools may initially be preferred, especially if the existing infrastructure for disease surveillance is poor. It is against this background of school-based preventive chemotherapy that a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for schistosomiasis is most urgently needed, not only to improve initial disease surveillance but also to focus drug delivery better through time. In this paper, the development, evaluation and application of selected diagnostic tests are reviewed to identify barriers that impede progress, foremost of which is that a new disease surveillance and evaluation model is required where the in-country price of each RDT ideally needs to be less than US$1 to be cost effective both in the short- and long-term perspective.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | DRUGS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | PREVALENCE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ANTIGENS | WHO | OBSTACLES | Africa | Developing Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Measurement | Research Methodology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342377

Title: Assessing the impact of scaling-up the Standard Days Method in India, Peru, and Rwanda.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [225] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: This study was designed to assess the impact of integrating the Standard Days Method� (SDM) into existing services in India, Peru, and Rwanda. The method was introduced on a large scale and information was collected for two years through simulated clients, survey statistics, and household surveys in the intervention and control areas. Results of this study will help shape efforts to scale-up the SDM in various countries. The specific objectives of the study were to test the effect of SDM integration on provider behavior, client behavior and community perceptions, attitudes, and practices. The study spanned three years, beginning in the second half of 2004 and ending in early 2007. It was implemented in each country by local research organizations with supervision from the IRH local office and IRH-Washington. The intervention was tailored to each country and involved integrating the SDM into existing public health and family planning services in all facilities in the intervention areas, so that it became one of the family planning options available to couples. Integration included advocating at the national, regional, and local level, making CycleBeads� available in all area facilities, training providers and supervisors to provide the SDM, monitoring and supervising services, and extensive information, education and communication (IEC) activities. In some areas the SDM was also made available in selected non-governmental organizations and private facilities. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | PERU | RWANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | CLIENT-STAFF RELATIONS | QUESTIONNAIRES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior
Document Number: 327613

Title: AWARENESS Project. Benin country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [16] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Benin became the first African country to introduce the SDM when the Ministry of Health (MOH) and IRH agreed in December 2000 to conduct a pilot introduction study in two urban centers, Cotonou and Parakou. The study determined that strong demand for the method existed; that the SDM could be offered effectively through existing service delivery channels; that there was a high degree of acceptability and continuation of use; and that the SDM could be used correctly and consistently. The government requested IRH?s help to expand delivery of the method nationwide, an effort that began in December 2004. As service sites multiplied, Benin participated in other international, multisite studies, including a long-term (up to two-year) follow up of users and a study to determine the impact of social marketing campaigns on SDM use, particularly comparing pharmacy and clinic-based services. There was no significant difference in correct use between clients who obtained the SDM through clinics and those who obtained it in pharmacies. The government has included the SDM in national reproductive health norms, policies, and training protocols and materials. The AWARENESS Project, in collaboration with local partners, trained more than 600 providers countrywide, recording more than 12,000 SDM acceptors between 2004 and 2007. The SDM is currently offered in more than 150 public, community, and commercial sites in all 12 departments of the country. An evaluation of the integration process after three years showed that the SDM is well integrated into the health system, and was offered in all visited clinics, where 57% of providers had been trained on the SDM. The Benin program serves as a demonstration site for neighboring francophone countries. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BENIN | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | PILOT PROJECTS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Nonclinical Distribution
Document Number: 327616

10.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Bolivia country report, 2001-2006.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [12] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: IRH collaborated with the MOH and the PROCOSI (Programa de Coordinaci�n en Salud Integral) network of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to integrate the SDM into public- and private sector services. As a result, in 2001, the MOH included the SDM in its national family planning (FP) norms and in 2004 added it to services covered by its public health insurance policy, thereby requiring that the method be provided free of charge to qualifying women at all MOH clinics. The MOH, key NGOs, and EngenderHealth (the USAID cooperating agency [CA] now responsible for TA to the MOH on family planning), all have integrated the SDM into their pre-service curricula, as have two auxiliary nursing programs in Trinidad and Beni departments. Efforts continue to integrate the SDM into the Cochabamba school of public health?s auxiliary nursing curriculum, as this school is responsible for certifying curriculum changes for all public-sector auxiliary nursing programs nationally. USAID/Bolivia discontinued field support to IRH after FY05, and IRH phased out activities in Bolivia by September 2006. By then the SDM was available in 270 MOH networks in six departments, and seven NGOs; over 2,100 providers had been trained; and over 14,000 couples were registered as SDM users. With a grant from EngenderHealth, IRH has continued to transfer capacity for further consolidation of SDM integration. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BOLIVIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | IEC | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | NEEDS | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Program Evaluation | Health Services Evaluation | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327617

11.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Burkina Faso country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [14] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2002, the MOH invited IRH to conduct a pilot study of the acceptability and feasibility of introducing the SDM through public and private-sector services. Results showed high acceptability with clients and providers. The SDM appeared to be an acceptable family planning method because, similar to traditional methods familiar to approximately half of Burkinab� women and men, the method does not have any effect on women?s health and has no side effects. The study also showed the feasibility of providing the SDM though the public-sector family planning program. The MOH therefore decided to expand SDM availability throughout the country and include it in national reproductive health norms. Scale-up efforts began in June 2005 when the MOH included the SDM on the list of methods to promote and CycleBeads on its essential family planning commodities procurement list. To expand coverage, IRH and JHPIEGO developed alliances across a broad network of faith-based and secular organizations. Strong endorsement from top Catholic clerics, the MOH, and community leaders (both Muslim and Christian) has been key to making SDM an integral part of the family planning program in Burkina Faso. IRH and JHPIEGO have trained 17 master trainers on the SDM and 13 on LAM. These trainers have trained over 120 SDM providers and more than 150 LAM providers. The SDM is available in 57 sites and LAM in nine. Eight other partners have started providing the SDM and/or LAM and together these organizations have registered more than 5,000 SDM users and more than 300 LAM users (under-reporting is significant). IRH and JHPIEGO are seeking options for continued support for LAM and SDM in Burkina Faso. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | IEC | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Education
Document Number: 327618

12.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Comparison of Standard Days Method user tools.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [67] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: The Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MOH) collaborated with Georgetown University Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH) to conduct a study comparing two service delivery tools for providing the Standard Days Method� (SDM). The tools were CycleBeads� and a user card printed on paper with an image of CycleBeads and instructions for use. The study, implemented by APROVIME, a local NGO experienced in family planning service delivery research, compared provider and user perspectives, correct use, couple communication, and costs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Sociocultural Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation
Document Number: 327637

13.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Democratic Republic of Congo country report, 2003-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [17] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2003, the USAID Mission and the National Reproductive Health Program (PNSR) invited IRH to introduce the SDM in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The strategy focused on training providers and integrating the SDM into existing clinic, community, and pharmacy services in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Bukavu, and the rural area of Katako Kombe. By 2004, 14 organizations were able to offer the SDM. CycleBeads are included in the national list of essential medicines and the five-year contraceptive security plan. The SDM is part of in-service family planning training curricula. The PNSR is developing national norms and protocols and intends to include the SDM. IRH also worked with the MOH to incorporate the SDM into national policies and logistics and reporting systems. However, the lack of overall government norms and functioning distribution and reporting systems is an obstacle requiring more comprehensive attention than the AWARENESS Project could offer. The program leveraged significant resources, as most partners paid for their own training programs and CycleBeads. The Congolese program participated in a study to determine the impact of the social marketing campaign, a general evaluation of SDM integration in the DRC. Major findings from the simulated client study showed that 89% of clinic providers gave spontaneous information on the SDM as opposed to only 38% of pharmacists; confidentiality was observed in over 70% of both clinics and pharmacies; 96% of providers in clinics told clients that CycleBeads represent a woman?s cycle while only 35% of pharmacists did so; and 7% of clinic providers attempted to convince clients to use other methods of family planning as opposed to 23% of pharmacists. The success of recent initiatives in DRC to introduce the TDM through services of an faith-based organization (FBO) suggest that this method may also be an appropriate addition to family planning services. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 327619

14.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Ecuador country report, 2001-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [13] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: CEMOPLAF (the Centro M�dico de Orientaci�n y Planificaci�n) wanted to include SDM in its services in an effort to address unmet need. A pilot study showed a strong potential for the SDM to address this need and demonstrated feasibility of service provision in clinics and in the community. It also showed that clients were able to use the SDM correctly with a single counseling session. The longterm follow-up of pilot study participants continuing with the SDM demonstrated that while the majority of discontinuation during the first quarter of year one was due to cycles out of range; discontinuation during the second and third year had more to do with birth spacing and other life circumstances. Based on these results, CEMOPLAF provided training and technical input to its close partner, the MOH, and executed a social marketing program that introduced the SDM into pharmacies with mass media support. A study of the social marketing approach, conducted with the Population Council, showed awareness of the SDM increased from 4% to 34%, intention to use increased from 27% to 32%, demand for the SDM increased five-fold in pharmacies and clinics in one month during the mass media campaign, and both clinic-based providers and pharmacists provided correct information. CEMOPLAF used research results to advocate successfully for integrating the SDM into MOH norms and training curricula. Currently, the SDM is available in all CEMOPLAF and 11 MOH clinics in 11 of 22 departments. A number of local NGOs have also adopted the SDM. By including the SDM in national norms and the maternity program, the MOH committed to expanding the SDM to all its clinics by purchasing materials in exchange for training and technical assistance from CEMOPLAF. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ECUADOR | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 327620

15.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Guatemala country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [21] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: With a population of 12 million, Guatemala is the largest country in Central America. Contraceptive prevalence in 2002 was relatively low, at 43% for women aged 15-49, and was even lower among rural (under 35%) and indigenous women (24%). In 2002, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Social Security Institute (IGGS) requested assistance from the AWARENESS Project to expand contraceptive choice through the integration of fertility awareness-based methods (FAM) into the method mix. The program functioned in USAID priority zones including the largely indigenous departments of the Altiplano (Quetzaltenango, Solola, and Huehuetenango), Santa Rosa, Chimaltenango, and Alta Verapaz. It focused primarily on building evidence for the future scale-up of the Standard Days Method� (SDM), while also assessing the effectiveness and feasibility of the TwoDay Method � (TDM). IRH used a diversified strategy to build the evidence base for FAM and subsequently establish the necessary support and conditions for scale up. With approximately 200 trainers and 2000 trained SDM providers, Guatemala has substantial capacity for offering SDM services. In the last three years, more than 13,000 women began using the SDM, most of whom previously had not used family planning. The SDM also is supported in norms and gradually is being included in management information and logistics systems, pre- and in-service training, and communication strategies. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 327621

16.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) projects in India.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [90] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2006, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) asked the Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University (IRH) to resume the role of providing technical assistance for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), which IRH had developed under a previous project. In light of the weak state of LAM programs worldwide, IRH developed and pilot tested strategies to reinvigorate LAM. This included emphasizing LAM's potential to serve as a gateway to other family planning methods, simplifying messages to clients, and streamlining training and counseling for LAM. To pilot IRH's approach to LAM, IRH engaged in programs to integrate LAM in three countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, and India. This report focuses on the experience in India. IRH worked with three non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas of India to incorporate LAM into their programs. These organizations were World Vision in Uttar Pradesh, URMUL Seemant in Rajasthan, and People's Rural Education Movement (PREM) in Orissa. All three organizations offered LAM through community level workers as part of a basket of family planning methods. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | ADVOCACY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COUNSELING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327638

17.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Mali country report, 2006-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [16] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Mali, a large, landlocked country in western sub-Saharan Africa, has high fertility and low contraceptive use. Only 8% of married women use any method of contraception, with 6% using modern methods. Its approximately 13 million people are mainly Muslim (90%), and 80% live in rural areas with limited access to family planning services. The total fertility rate was seven children per woman in 2006, compared to an average of five in Africa. The government of Mali (GOM) actively promotes family planning and contraceptive security as part of improving quality of life. Unlike other countries in the AWARENESS Project, the GOM committed to national integration of the Standard Days Method� (SDM) without undertaking a pilot study. A relative newcomer to the AWARENESS Project, Mali began implementing project activities in 2006, utilizing the SDM and LAM as an approach to repositioning family planning. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | CAPACITY BUILDING | AWARENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Program Sustainability | Knowledge
Document Number: 327639

18.

Title: Evaluation of the acceptability of the Standard Days Method in the Democratic Republic of Congo: executive summary.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. 4 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Georgetown University's Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH) and its partners introduced the Standard Days Method� (SDM) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2004, beginning with health centers and pharmacies in the province of Kinshasa. IRH's partners included the National Reproductive Health Program, Action Sant� Familiale/Population Services International, Catholic Relief Services, and Conduite de la F�condit�. In 2006, IRH contracted a local research organization, Bureau d'Etudes M�dicales (BEM) to conduct a qualitative and quantitative study to determine the degree of SDM integration into family planning services. The study explored issues related to choice and use of the SDM, intra-couple communication, sources of SDM information, client satisfaction, service provider and community animator attitudes and experiences, and suggestions for improving informational campaigns and services. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | HEALTH FACILITIES | PHARMACIES | FOCUS GROUPS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 327615

19.

Title: Introducing the TwoDay method to experienced national family planning providers in Africa.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. [12] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: The TwoDay Method� (TDM) is a fertility awareness-based method of family planning, developed by the Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH) at Georgetown University. This natural method relies on noticing the presence or absence of cervical secretions to determine whether or not a woman is fertile each day. An efficacy trial found that the TDM was more than 96% effective with correct use and more than 86% effective with typical use. These effectiveness rates are similar to those of a number of other user-dependent methods1. IRH piloted the TDM with two faith-based organizations (FBOs): Action Familiale Rwandaise (AFR) in Rwanda and Conduite de la F�condit� (CF) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in August and September 2007 respectively. In Rwanda, IRH's Country Representative and the Director of AFR trained 18 female instructors working for AFR on the TDM from May 7 to 8, 2007. In the DRC, the Country Representative and the CF Director trained 14 instructors from June 25 to 26, 2007. A one-day refresher training was held approximately one month after the initial training in Rwanda and three months after the initial training in the DRC to assess how well the instructors were able to use the method, answer questions, and reinforce concepts as necessary. Focus groups discussions (FGDs) were conducted the same day as the refresher trainings. At the time, most providers had started using the method themselves and a few had begun offering it to clients. The instructors participating in the focus groups demonstrated knowledge of the TDM and a theoretical ability to offer it; however, many of the participants had not yet had the opportunity to offer the method to clients. Instructors who used the method (about half) found the method to be simple. Some believed that the TDM is easier for clients than the Billings Ovulation Method because women are more likely to notice the presence or absence of secretions rather than to be able to distinguish qualities of secretions. They also felt that the accompanying materials, such as the client card, helped simplify the method. They did not report any potential problems for integrating the TDM into their current programs. However, some providers disliked the fact that post-partum women must wait at least three menstrual cycles before beginning to use the TDM. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RWANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | FERTILITY AWARENESS | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | RECOMMENDATIONS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Programs | Training Programs | Education | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 327646

20.

Title: Triple jeopardy: Female adolescence, sexual violence, and HIV / AIDS.
Author: International Women's Health Coalition [IWHC]
Source: New York, New York, IWHC, 2008 Jun. 6 p. (On Health and Rights)
Abstract: Pervasive gender inequalities mean that girls especially face numerous violations to their sexual and reproductive health and rights, including sexual initiation before they are physically or emotionally ready. Girls who live in extreme poverty, among marginalized populations, without family support, or in situations of conflict and displacement are particularly vulnerable to coerced sexual encounters and abuse. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | HIV | AIDS | RECOMMENDATIONS | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 327907

21.

Title: Motivating healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies -- lessons from the field.
Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Health Communication Partnership
Source: Communication Impact!. 2008 Jan;(24):[2] p.
Abstract: There is strong evidence that healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy saves lives from six key studies conducted between 2000 and 2005 (supported by USAID). These studies indicate the lack of appropriate spacing significantly harms maternal and child health. Birth-to-pregnancy intervals of less than six months were associated with a 150% increased risk of maternal mortality. Risk of induced abortion was 650% greater, and miscarriage 230% greater among women with short intervals. Child health was also adversely affected, including a 223% increased risk of newborn death. Studies conducted in 2007 in Jordan, Uganda, and Egypt by the Health Communication Partnership (HCP) illustrate how health communication approaches can help change community norms and promote birth spacing. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
JORDAN | UGANDA | EGYPT | TECHNICAL REPORT | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, North | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Communication
Document Number: 327607

22.

Title: HIV / AIDS in Haiti: Key findings of the Mortality, Morbidity, and Utilization of Services Survey, EMMUS-IV, 2005-2006. VIH / sida en Haiti. Resultats de Enquete Mortalite, Morbidite et Utilisation des Services, EMMUS-IV, 2005-2006.
Author: Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, [2008]. [26] p.
Abstract: The Mortality, Morbidity, and Utilization of Services Survey (Enquete Mortalite, Morbidite et Utilisation des Services en Haiti), or EMMUS-IV, was carried out on a nationally representative sample. It is the fourth survey of its kind in Haiti and it updates the health and demographic indicators collected during the previous surveys of 1994-1995 and 2000. EMMUS-IV field staff interviewed approximately 10,000 households between October 2005 and June 2006, including 10,000 women between the ages of 15 and 49 and 5,000 men between the ages of 15 and 59. The data are representative at the national level, for urban and rural residence, for the Capital Area, and for all administrative departments (North, North-East, North-West, Center, Artibonite, South, South-East, Grande-Anse, Nippes, and West excluding the Capital Area of greater Port-au-Prince). In the course of the EMMUS-IV, approximately 10,000 respondents agreed to provide a small blood sample for an anonymous HIV test. The results of this test were used to estimate HIV prevalence in the general population. This report presents survey findings on HIV prevalence in Haiti and other related results, including knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes toward people living with HIV, and sexual behavior. (excerpt)
Language: EnglishFrench
Keywords:
HAITI | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ATTITUDES | STIGMA | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | CONDOM USE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Sexual Partners | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household
Document Number: 327001

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Progress in global measles control and mortality reduction, 2000 -- 2006.
Author: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008 Jan 30;299(4):400-402.
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) comprehensive strategy for measles mortality reduction is focused on 47 priority countries. Components include (1) achieving and maintaining high coverage (greater than 90%) with the first dose of measles vaccine by age 12 months in every district of each priority country through routine immunization services; (2) ensuring that all children receive a second opportunity for measles vaccination; (3) maintaining effective case-based surveillance and monitoring of vaccination coverage; and (4) providing appropriate clinical management, including vitamin A supplementation. In 2005, the World Health Assembly set a goal for global measles control as part of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS): a 90% reduction in measles mortality by 2010, compared with 2000 levels. In January 2007, WHO/UNICEF reported that implementation of measles mortality reduction strategies had reduced measles mortality by 60%, from an estimated 873,000 deaths in 1999 to 345,000 deaths in 2005. This reduction exceeded the goal of 50% measles mortality reduction by 2005 (compared with 1999 levels) that had been set in 2002. This report updates previous reports by detailing (1) measles mortality reduction activities implemented during 2006 and (2) the impact of activities since 2000 on the global burden of measles and progress toward the GIVS mortality reduction goal for 2010. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | WHO | UNICEF | CDC | CHILDREN | MEASLES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMMUNIZATION | MORTALITY DECLINE | GOALS | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323998

24.

25.

Title: Saving children's lives: Why equity matters.
Author: Save the Children
Source: London, United Kingdom, Save the Children, 2008. [31] p.
Abstract: The death of a child in infancy is an unbearable loss. In wealthy countries, this occurrence is now thankfully pretty rare. But in many of the poorest countries in the world, it is still shockingly commonplace. Save the Children believes and can demonstrate that, with determined action, it is possible to save millions of children's lives every year. The new Wealth and Survival Index - an innovative measure of performance on child mortality - highlights the critical importance of political and policy choices made at the national level, and the opportunity for all countries to enhance the survival prospects of their children. In the year 2000, world governments committed themselves to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - eight targets for poverty reduction and development. MDG 4 is specifically focused on child survival, calling for a reduction by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, in the under-five mortality rate. While a small number of countries are on track, at current rates of progress this target will not be achieved globally until 2045. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | CAUSES OF DEATH | DISEASE PREVENTION | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | CHILD HEALTH | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health
Document Number: 324220

26.

Title: Children and AIDS: Second stocktaking report. Actions and progress.
Author: UNICEF; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2008 Apr. 48 p.
Abstract: This report will focus on three major themes. First, strengthening communities and families is crucial to every aspect of a child-centred approach to AIDS. Support by governments, NGOs and other actors should therefore be complementary to and supportive of these family and community efforts, through, for example, ensuring access to basic services. Second, interventions to support children affected by HIV and AIDS are most effective when they form part of strong health, education and social welfare systems. Unfortunately, because maternal and child health programmes are weak in many countries, millions of children, HIV-positive and -negative alike, go without immunization, mosquito nets and other interventions that contribute to the overall goal of HIV-free child survival. A final theme of this report is the challenge of measurement. Documenting advances and shortfalls strengthens commitment and guides progress. A number of countries have data available on the 'Four Ps', and targeted studies are being developed to assess the situation of the marginalized young people who are most at risk but often missed in routine surveys. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | UNAIDS | CHILDREN | HIV | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CARE AND SUPPORT | DATA COLLECTION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology
Document Number: 325835

27.

Title: The state of Africa's children 2008. Child survival.
Author: UNICEF
Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2008 May. 54 p.
Abstract: Every year, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) publishes The State of the World's Children, the most comprehensive and authoritative report on the world's youngest citizens. The State of the World's Children 2008, published in January 2008, examines the global realities of maternal and child survival and the prospects for meeting the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - the targets set by the world community in 2000 for eradicating poverty, reducing child and maternal mortality, combating disease, ensuring environmental sustainability and providing access to affordable medicines in developing countries. This year, UNICEF is also publishing the inaugural edition of The State of Africa's Children. This volume and other forthcoming regional editions complement The State of the World's Children 2008, sharpening from a worldwide to a regional perspective the global report's focus on trends in child survival and health, and outlining possible solutions - by means of programmes, policies and partnerships - to accelerate progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CAUSES OF DEATH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | UNICEF | Developing Countries | Africa | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal-Child Health Services | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 327008

28.

Title: Gender-based violence in Iraq. The effects of violence -- real and perceived -- on the lives of women, girls, men and boys in Iraq. [Draft].
Author: United Nations. Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit
Source: [Unpublished] 2008. 47 p.
Abstract: Since 2003, the media has documented the rising civilian death toll in Iraq. A few reports have described the increase in violence against women. However, most government, UN and human rights organisations' reports fail to disaggregate the numbers of casualties and injured or accounts of violence by sex and, accordingly, it is almost impossible to know the incidence of gender-based attacks. The issue of disaggregated data is decisive; without a complete understanding of who is being targeted and the nature of the violence, it is difficult to analyse the crisis accurately or to optimise the protection response. However, the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH) does not publish statistics about whom or even how many Iraqis are being killed. And, as crimes against women and girls are not reported because of stigma, fear of retaliation/re-victimisation ('honour killing') or lack of confidence in the police to investigate the complaint, where data is available, it is reasonable to assume that the actual number of women who are attacked, abducted, raped and killed is much higher than the data indicates. The Inter-agency Information and Analysis Unit (IAU) is a group composed of analytical staff members from the different participating UN agencies and NGOs in Iraq. The IAU was formed in early 2008 to improve the effectiveness of programming, advocacy, policy and coordination of the international response in Iraq and, therefore, the impact of the humanitarian and development response through the strategic use of information. The IAU identified the dearth of data and information on gender-based violence (GBV) against women and men coming out of Iraq. This gap in knowledge meant that the unit was not in a position to analyse the challenges, threats and opportunities that would guide the UNCT and the UN's partners on the optimal intervention for response and prevention. Accordingly, the purpose of this report is to set out the landscape in Iraq for gender equality, gender relations and systems of gendered power in order to understand and then explore the issue of GBV in Iraq and to make recommendations to the UNCT and its operational partners for moving forward on the issue. A second report by the IAU, to be finalised by mid-August 2008 will focus on the gender perspective of access to essential services. After the publication of this second report, all further reports will be prepared by the gender coordination body in conjunction with the IAU. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | TECHNICAL REPORT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Religion | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327628

29.

Title: Trafficking in persons report. Revised ed.
Author: United States. Department of State
Source: Washington, D.C., United States Department of State, Office of the Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs, 2008 Jun. 292 p.
Abstract: The Department of State is required by law to submit a Report each year to the U.S. Congress on foreign governments' efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. This Report is the eighth annual TIP Report. It is intended to raise global awareness, to highlight efforts of the international community, and to encourage foreign governments to take effective actions to counter all forms of trafficking in persons. The U.S. law that guides anti-human trafficking efforts, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), states that the purpose of combating human trafficking is to punish traffickers, to protect victims, and to prevent trafficking from occurring. Freeing those trapped in slave-like conditions is the ultimate goal of this Report-and of the U.S. government's antihuman trafficking policy. There is an ever-growing community of nations making significant efforts to eliminate this atrocious crime. A country that fails to make significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, as outlined in the TVPA, receives a "Tier 3" assessment in this Report. Such an assessment could trigger the withholding by the United States of nonhumanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance. In assessing foreign governments' efforts, the TIP Report highlights the "three P's"-prosecution, protection, and prevention. But a victim-centered approach to trafficking requires us also to address the "three R's"-rescue, rehabilitation, and reintegration- and to encourage learning and sharing of best practices in these areas. We must go beyond an initial rescue of victims and restore to them dignity and the hope of productive lives. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | MIGRANT WORKERS | CHILD LABOR | HUMAN RIGHTS | POLICY | GOVERNMENT | LAWS AND STATUTES | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Political Factors
Document Number: 327634

30.

Title: Early marriage in Ethiopia: Causes and health consequences.
Author: Alemu B
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):4-6.
Abstract: Advocates for gender equality and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) argue that early marriage is one of the most harmful practices as it usually denies girls educational opportunities, leads to poverty and economic insecurity and has a serious negative impact on their health and decision-making capacities. It also reinforces other forms of gender-based violence and problems. Early marriage is mostly common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It is rampant in Ethiopia, although prevalence varies from one region to another. At the national level, 62% of Ethiopian women aged 20-49 get married before the age of 18. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325822


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