1.  Title: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008. The MPOWER package. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. 329 p. Abstract: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. This year, tobacco will kill more than five million people - more than tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. By 2030, the death toll will exceed eight million a year. Unless urgent action is taken tobacco could kill one billion people during this century. Tobacco is the only legal consumer product that can harm everyone exposed to it - and it kills up to half of those who use it as intended. Yet, tobacco use is common throughout the world due to low prices, aggressive and widespread marketing, lack of awareness about its dangers, and inconsistent public policies against its use. Most of tobacco's damage to health does not become evident until years or even decades after the onset of use. So, while tobacco use is rising globally, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun. But we can change the future. The tobacco epidemic is devastating - but preventable. The fight against tobacco must be engagedforcefully and quickly - with no less urgency than battles against life-threatening infectious diseases. We can halt the tobacco epidemic and move towards a tobacco-free world - but we must act now. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | POPULATION AT RISK | TOBACCO USE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TAXATION | ADVERTISING | PROMOTION | Research Methodology | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Diseases | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Financial Activities | Marketing Document Number: 324513 |
| 2. Title: And TB makes ten - 10 good reasons why Africa should stop growing and using tobacco. Author: Gordon S Source: Mera. 2006 Mar;(22):3-21. Abstract: Tobacco smoke is the world's most important preventable cause of death and currently causes 5 million deaths per year. Most of these deaths currently occur in parts of the world outside Africa, where tobacco is an important cash crop for several countries including Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Ghana, Cameroon, Mozambique, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. There are important and underappreciated issues of both health and wealth, however that make it an urgent priority for African nations to stop tobacco production and place high taxes on tobacco sales. The most recent of these is a startling association showing a four-fold higher incidence of tuberculosis among tobacco smokers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | TOBACCO USE | AGRICULTURE | TUBERCULOSIS | TAXATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | RISK FACTORS | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Financial Activities | Environment | Biology Document Number: 293820 |
| 3. Title: Recent changes in family policies in Austria and Germany: A response to very low fertility. Author: Prskawetz A; Buber I; Sobotka T; Engelhardt H Source: Entre Nous. 2006;(63):27-29. Abstract: Long-term trends in Austrian and West German fertility have evolved in parallel with the trends in western and northern European countries. After a marked rise in fertility during the period of economic and social recovery after World War II that culminated in the early 1960s, a substantial drop in fertility took place between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s (early 1970s in the case of Germany). The period total fertility rate (TFR) continued to decline after 1980, although less rapidly than before, and for both countries the TFR has hovered around the level of 1.4-1.5 in the last two decades. Completed fertility has gradually declined among women born after 1935 for Austria (1933 for Germany), dropping to a value of 1.7 and 1.5, respectively, among women born after 1965 for Austria and Germany. Low fertility levels combined with increasing survival and rather modest migration flows contribute to population ageing--in particular also to ageing of the labour force--both in Austria and in Germany. As a consequence, family policies aimed to increase fertility, have recently been implemented in both countries. Since differences in fertility levels between countries can be attributed to difference in demographic and socio-economic factors, family policies should be aiming to influence both of these factors. A key demographic factor leading to low birth rates, and hence should be subject to targeted family policies, is the postponement of childbearing. Among the socio-economic factors the increase in female labour force participation since the 1970s has put the focus on employment-related fertility policies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRIA | GERMANY | CRITIQUE | FAMILY POLICY | FERTILITY CHANGES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | EMPLOYMENT | INCENTIVES | TAXATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Child Rearing | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 308126 |
| 4. Title: Bush health "reform" agenda: implications for reproductive health. Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2005 Feb;:8-11. Abstract: Throughout the 2004 campaign, President Bush repeatedly emphasized the need to improve health care coverage, particularly for the millions of uninsured Americans. However, an examination of the various approaches being advanced by the administration and its allies indicates that the proposals would do little to expand coverage to the uninsured. Moreover, these approaches have serious implications for the coverage available to low-income Americans in general and for their reproductive health care specifically. Health care was a front-burner issue for both candidates in the recent presidential campaign. Concern over care was driven by the twin and interrelated issues of rising health care costs and the growing number of Americans who lack the insurance coverage needed to pay for those costs. In 2003, 45 million Americans--a number that has grown steadily in recent years--lacked insurance coverage, according to U.S. Census Bureau data. These issues are as critical for reproductive health care as they are for health care in general. Rising costs are putting an increasing burden on both the recipients and providers of reproductive health care ("Nowhere But Up: Rising Costs for Title X Clinics," TGR, December 2002, page 6). At the same time, a large proportion of women of reproductive age are insured. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH INSURANCE | HEALTH POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONSERVATISM | LEGISLATION | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | TAXATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Financial Activities | Policy | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Religion Document Number: 280865 |
| 5. Title: Japan's baby bust: causes, implications, and policy responses. Author: Retherford RD; Ogawa N Source: Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Center, 2005 Apr. 44 p. (East-West Center Working Papers, Population and Health Series No. 118) Abstract: This paper describes the trend in fertility in Japan, analyzes the causes and implications of the baby bust after 1973, and discusses the Japanese government’s efforts to raise fertility, which by 2003 had fallen to 1.29 children (i.e., births) per woman, as indicated by the total fertility rate. Also addressed are the questions of why the government’s efforts to raise fertility have not been effective and what additional steps the government might take. The total fertility rate (TFR) is the measure of fertility most frequently used in this paper. The TFR for a particular calendar year is defined as the number of births that a woman would have by age 50 if, hypothetically, she lived through her reproductive years experiencing the age-specific fertility rates that prevailed in the population in the particular calendar year. An age-specific fertility rate (ASFR) in a particular calendar year is calculated as the number of births that occurred during the year to women at a given age, divided by the midyear number of women at that same age. An ASFR has units of births per woman per year. The TFR is calculated by summing the ASFRs (births per woman per year at each age) between the ages of 15 and 50. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | POPULATION LAW | POPULATION POLICY | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | SOCIAL SECURITY | VALUE ORIENTATION | CHILD CARE | TAXATION | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Legislation | Social Policy | Policy | Population Decrease | Parity | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 290593 |
| 6. Title: Private sector needs incentives for AIDS vaccine [letter] Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2004 Oct 23;329:[2] p.. Abstract: Tucker and Mazithulela are right to identify the need to increase involvement of the private sector in the quest for a preventive vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Pharmaceutical companies are best placed to come up with vaccines and crucial new treatments for AIDS and other conditions for which no treatment exists, but as the major markets for such products are the poorest countries on the planet, there is little likelihood of a reasonable return on investment. We therefore need to develop incentives that will bring the private sector into the hunt for a vaccine; these may include tax incentives on vaccine research, guaranteed volume sales, tiered pricing alongside antireimportation measures, public and intergovernment subsidies and philanthropic donations, and perhaps patent extensions could be offered on other products. Big Pharma needs such carrots if it is to commit to HIV/AIDS busting vaccine research and development, rather than being damned if they do and damned if they don't—the current activist approach. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | HIV PREVENTION | INCENTIVES | TAXATION | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Technology | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Financial Activities Document Number: 276293 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Unveiling China's true population statistics for the pre-modern era with official census data. Author: Deng KG Source: Population Review. 2004;43(2):[38] p.. Abstract: Opinions have long been divided as to what the actual size of China’s population was in the past and how it fluctuated over time. When trying to make sense of pre-modern Chinese population dynamics, most scholars have been forced to resort to crude estimates or mere guesses. More often than not, these estimates/guesses do not agree with each other. The margin of disagreement can be as great as a half of the population. As a result, statistics related to China’s pre-modern population situation are marked by confusion and inaccuracies. Even though these estimates/guesses have become increasingly sophisticated over time, they are unsupported by China’s own census records. As a consequence, they are untrustworthy. By utilizing China’s real-time, adjusted dynastic official censuses to obtain a clearer and more accurate picture of China’s pre-modern population dynamics, the present research represents a departure from the typical methodological approach to the subject. Specifically, instead of avoiding the official data, this research tackles head on the seeming inconsistencies in China’s official censuses by investigating the institutional reasons for the disparities in the form of different taxation policies implemented by various regimes over the long run. In order to control the influence caused by taxation policies on China’s censuses, adjustments, minimal in nature, are made. The result is a consistent set of population data for the entire period of 2 A.D. throughout 1911. This is a breakthrough. A main task of this research is the vigorous testing of the accuracy of China’s pre-modern official censuses. The tests strongly indicate that the census-based series are fundamentally sound: institutionally, economically, sociologically and biologically (i.e., in terms of human reproductive parameters). The conclusion is that Chinese official census data are actually more accurate and reliable than all the modern-day estimates or guesses. This research sheds new light on how China's population grew and fluctuated. It also indicates how pre-modern Chinese society functioned, and how its economy performed over time. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DATA ANALYSIS | POPULATION | GOVERNMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION STATISTICS | TAXATION | CENSUS METHODS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Demographic Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Census | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 279947 |
| 8. Title: Formulating a good urban land policy for Nigeria. Author: Ogedengbe PS Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;15(2):91-96. Abstract: Urban land policy is a part of the overall urban development policy hence it should be viewed within the framework of general development policies whose goal is to mobilize the resources of a given country towards the achievement of socio economic development. Since all human activities that determine the existence of man are based on land, urban land policy has to be formulated using a socioeconomic approach. This implies that we have to examine carefully and carry out a detailed analysis of the roles land has played in the lives of the people and more importantly, how the existing land tenure system has affected the people. Economically, as with any other factor of production, the value of land is determined by the interaction of the market forces of demand and supply-whether overtly in a relatively free market or covertly as latent value in a controlled society. All these are some of the issues to be taken into consideration in the formulation of an urban land policy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | URBAN AREAS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | LAND TENURE | TAXATION | LAND SUPPLY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Natural Resources | Environment | Programs Document Number: 304586 |
| 9. Title: Moving toward a less consumptive economy. Author: Renner M Source: In: State of the world, 2004. A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society [by] Brian Halweil, Lisa Mastny, Erik Assadourian, Christopher Flavin, Hilary French. New York, New York, W. W. Norton, 2004. :96-119. Abstract: In 1895, traveling salesman King Camp Gillette came up with the idea of disposable razor blades--a product consumers would have to keep coming back for again and again. Sales soon soared, reaching more than 70 million by 1915, and today Gillette his a company with $10 billion annual turnover. What started out as one business- man's high-profit vehicle for ensuring an endless stream of sales became a widely embraced concept of great endurance-- planned obsolescence. Fast-forward to the present: in mid-2003, the Walt Disney company announced that it would soon test-market a new DVD that is intended to replace rental video discs and cassettes and that stops working after a short, pre-set time. Opening the DVD's airtight package kicks off a chemical countdown that renders the disc unusable after a mere 48 hours. The sophisticated technologies involved may be strictly from the twenty-first century, but the underlying philosophy hews to that time-honored concept pioneered by Gillette and his contemporaries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | GOVERNMENT | POPULATION | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | CONSUMPTION | COMMERCE | ECONOMICS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | TAXATION | ECOLOGY | WASTE MANAGEMENT | Political Factors | Technology | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Financial Activities | Environment Document Number: 186530 |
| 10. Title: Taxing times for childless couples. Soviet style incentives to start families draws scorn from impoverished Kazaks. Author: Abisheva V Source: London, England, Institute for War and Peace Reporting [IPRW], 2003 Jun 7. 4 p. (Reporting Central Asia No. 209) Abstract: A government initiative to boost Kazakstan’s population by taxing childless couples is being criticised by the public, who see it as a return to unpopular Soviet-style tactics of encouraging demographic growth by interfering in family life. The government’s latest initiative was announced late last month, but has yet to come into force. It follows growing concern over Kazakstan’s population, which has been declining steadily for the last decade. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KAZAKHSTAN | COUPLES | NULLIPARITY | TAXATION | POPULATION DECREASE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 181241 |
| 11. Title: Gender budgets and beyond: feminist fiscal policy in the context of globalisation. Author: Cagatay N Source: Gender and Development. 2003 May;11(1):15-24. Abstract: Macro-economic theories and macro-economic policies in general and fiscal policies in particular, are seldom, if ever, gender-neutral. Since the mid-eighties, gender budget analysis, which has been undertaken in many countries, has been a key strategy to challenge macro-economic theorising and policy-making. Such initiatives, along with a variety of pro-poor budget initiatives, constitute the major challenge to the prevailing fiscal policy stance in many countries. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changes in the fiscal policy stance in the context of liberalisation and globalisation in order to draw out their implications for social inequality, especially gender inequality. The article ends by discussing a variety of policy advocacy positions open to feminist activists, to build on the work of gender budget initiatives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | PROBLEM FORMULATION | ADULTS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | ECONOMIC POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | ADVOCACY | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | TAXATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Policy | Financial Activities | Communication | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 181016 |
| 12. Title: Macro-level operational barriers to family planning services in Ethiopia: taxation and importation of contraceptives and the role of NGOs. Author: Getahun H; Eshete H Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Futures Group International, POLICY Project, 2003 Oct. vii, 24 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00) Abstract: The family planning system in Ethiopia is hugely dependent on donors for contraceptives. Although the government has a supportive policy toward fertility reduction, the family planning system is highly entangled with macro- level operational barriers that have compromised the provision of effective family planning services in the country. These barriers have further fuelled the inaccessibility of contraceptives in Ethiopia, where unmet need for family planning stands at 36 percent, or equivalent to 3.2 million currently married who are in need of family planning services. Therefore, to expand access to family planning services and mitigate unmet need, all potential avenues that enhance the availability and accessibility of family planning services must be explored. The smooth importation of contraceptives and increased participation of the private sector and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are cases in point to be encouraged to increase effective provision of family planning services in Ethiopia. Taxation of contraceptives and tedious customs clearance procedures are major barriers to better access to family planning services. During the taxation process, bureaucratic procedures and paperwork cause delays that have a negative impact on effective services. Moreover, unequal access to the Ministry of Health’s (MOH’s) duty payment prohibits many capable NGOs with international affiliation from importing contraceptives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | PUBLIC SECTOR | PRIVATE SECTOR | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | TAXATION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPORTATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organizations | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Family Planning Program Administration | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 190773 |
| 13. Title: The effects of fiscal policies on the economic development of women in the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Laframboise N; Trumbic T Source: Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 2003 Dec. 31 p. (IMF Working Paper WP/03/244) Abstract: Statistics indicate that the economic and social development of women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) compares unfavorably with most regions in the world. This paper assesses the influence of governmental expenditure and taxation policies on the economic and social welfare of women in the region. On the expenditure side, we test the explanatory power of public social spending in the determination of key female social indicators. We find that the relatively weak social outcomes for MENA women are not explained by the amount of government social spending, suggesting the answer lies in the efficiency and reach of present spending. With respect to taxation, the main issues in the literature on gender bias in taxation are highlighted and applied in a general manner to the MENA context. Some simple policy recommendations are suggested. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, NORTHERN | ASIA, SOUTHWESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC POLICY | EXPENDITURES | TAXATION | INEQUALITIES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL WELFARE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Health Document Number: 287307 |
| 14. Title: La Révolte des Femmes: Economic upheaval and the gender of political authority in Lomé, Togo, 1931-33. [La Révolte des Femmes : Les bouleversements économiques et le genre des figures de l'autorité politique à Lomé, au Togo, de 1931 à 1933. Author: Lawrance BN Source: African Studies Review. 2003 Apr;:[30] p.. Abstract: In 1932 the governor of French Togoland announced an increase in taxes on Lomé market women because of the economic downturn caused by the Depression. Both the indigenous city council and a clandestine resistance movement opposed this fiscal plan, warning of social unrest. The strain triggered a protest by market women that spread beyond the colonial capital. This article offers a new explanation of the explosive tension by arguing that an organized male political campaign conjoined with a socioeconomic protest led by market women. It explores women's resistance as a performance of vodou ritual as a vehicle of shame and protest. Ultimately the violent, culturally marked protests marked the gendered perimeters of political authority for both Ewe women and men and further defined Ewe market women's conception of an Ewe self and the emergence of conflicting and contested notions of "Eweness" as a prelude to the independence struggle. (author's) French Abstract: En 1932, le gouverneur du Togo français annonça une augmentation des impôts sur les femmes du marché de Lomé en raison de la récession économique provoquée par la Dépression. Le conseil indigène de la ville et un mouvement de résistance clandestin s'opposèrent tous deux à ce plan fiscal, faisant apparaître ainsi les prémices d'une agitation sociale. Cette tension déclencha une vague de protestation chez les femmes du marché qui s'étendit au delà de la capitale coloniale. Cet article propose une nouvelle explication à cette tension explosive en argumentant qu'il y a eu association entre une campagne politique organisée et composée d'hommes, et une protestation socioéconomique menée par les femmes du marché. Il explore la résistance des femmes en tant qu'interprétation d'un rituel vodou comme véhicule de honte et de protestation. En fin de compte, ces manifestations violentes et culturellement marquées ont défini les périmètres sexués de l'autorité politique, tant pour les femmes que pour les hommes des tribus Ewe, et ont permis de définir de manière plus approfondie la conception par les femmes du marché Ewe d'une identité tribale Ewe, de même que l'émergence de notions contestées et conflictuelles d'" Ew-esse " en tant que prélude à la lutte pour l'indépendance. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: TOGO | HISTORICAL REVIEW | INTERVIEWS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ETHNIC GROUPS | TAXATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Culture Document Number: 296519 |
| 15. Title: Feminist responses to economic globalisation: some examples of past and future practice. Author: Pearson R Source: Gender and Development. 2003 May;11(1):25-34. Abstract: In order to challenge unfair international trade rules, it is essential to understand how each of them works. This article presents an overview of the various agreements concerning different kinds of economic activity, which are enforced by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It aims to make these agreements comprehensible to non-economists, so that proposals to make international trade more gender equitable can be understood. The argument goes beyond the usual rhetoric that women's concerns must be central to international trade regulation, and reviews some existing and new initiatives which seek to do just that. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | PROBLEM FORMULATION | ADULTS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FEMINISM | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DRUGS | COMMERCE | GENDER RELATIONS | GENDER ISSUES | EMPLOYMENT | LABOR UNIONS | TAXATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Treatment | Macroeconomic Factors | Organizations | Financial Activities | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 181017 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Expansion of global access to HIV / AIDS treatment. Source: Public Health Reports. 2002 Nov-Dec;17(6):592. Abstract: The International Treatment Access Center (ITAC), a new international alliance, was launched in Geneva and Dakar. The Center's aims are to provide access to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to the increasing population of those infected with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries. Countries where ARVs are widely available to those living with HIV/AIDS have had an extraordinary reduction in HIV related illnesses and deaths. A mere 5% of the total 42 million people with HIV/AIDS are located in low- or middle-income countries; however they account for over 99% of the 3.1 million HIV/AIDS related deaths this year. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | TAXATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Document Number: 188124 |
| 17. Title: [Public employment policy in Morocco: current status] La politique publique de l'emploi au Maroc: état des lieux. Author: Bouharrou A Source: In: La politique publique de l'emploi au Maroc: analyse et évaluation, [by] Ahmed Bouharrou. Rabat, Morocco, Revue Marocaine d'Administration Locale et de Développement, 2001. :15-54. (Thèmes Actuels No. 27) Abstract: This document approaches the phenomenon of unemployment in Morocco and the underlying causes, including the population explosion and aspects related to the present economic situation. The economic explanations for unemployment are connected to the economic slowdown and the weakness in job growth. These, in turn, are connected to the overall weakness in demand and by the fall in returns on investment capital. The document likewise presents tables showing the statistical aspects of unemployment and employment. Later, it cites the elements of public policy on employment in Morocco and how its active policies are being put into place, including professional training, training geared to placing candidates in jobs, and self-employment. In the area of self-employment, loans have been set up for the self-employed and the availability of loans for creating businesses has been increased. Finally, there are incentives for those who have finished their diplomas in areas of professional training, particularly in the form of tax exemptions, and sanctions for failing to complete projects and meet the goals set. In addition, the so-called "passive" employment policies include unemployment compensation, removing certain categories of workers from the labor market, for example by means of the age for retirement or for entrance into the work force, or by the limiting the number of hours allowed in a workday or the number of workdays in a week. Moreover, with respect to micro credit, which is one of the means of integrating people into society, there are micro credit associations that have committees to monitor their activities and also advisory councils and federations. There are sanctions in place for violations of the law governing micro credit. This document also deals with the institutions that implement employment policy, such as the decentralized offices, the Information and Orientation Centers for Employment (Centres d'Information et d'Orientation Pour l'Emploi) (CIOPE) and the National Employment and Job Skills Promotion Agency (Agence Nationale de Promotion de l'Emploi et des Compétences) (ANAPEC). In conclusion, unemployment is a serious scourge in Morocco, while measures to remedy it remain somewhat limited. French Abstract: Ce document aborde le phénomène du chômage au Maroc et les causes qui en sont à l'origine, parmi lesquelles sont citées l'explosion démographique ou les aspects conjoncturels. Les explications économiques de ce dernier s'intéressent à l'origine du ralentissement de l'activité et au fléchissement de l'emploi, et la situent dans l'insuffisance du niveau de la demande globale et expliquent ce fléau par la chute de la rentabilité du capital. Il présente également des tableaux signalétiques comportant les aspects statistiques du chômage et de l'emploi. Dans un deuxième temps, il évoque les éléments de la politique publique de l'emploi marocain, et la mise en place de ses politiques actives, comme entre autre la formation professionnelle, la formation-insertion professionnelle et l'auto-emploi, dans lequel s'est mis en place des bénéficiaires des prêts et la consistance des prêts de soutien à la création d'entreprise et enfin les mesures d'encouragement aux diplômés de la formation professionnelle, notamment par des formes d'exonérations fiscales et la sanction de la non réalisation des projets conformément à leur objet. Cependant les politiques passives de l'emploi sont l'indemnisation du chômage, l'éloignement du marché du travail de certaines catégories de travailleurs, à savoir l'âge de la retraite et d'admission au travail et la durée du travail et l'emploi. D'autre part et concernant le micro-crédit qui est parmi les moyen d'insertions sociales, se trouvent des associations de micro-crédit, ses organes qui sont le comité de suivi des activités de ces associations, leur conseil consultatif et leur fédération; et les sanctions des violations de la loi régissant ce micro-crédit. Ce document aborde aussi les institutions de la politique de l'emploi telles que les bureaux de déplacement, les Centres d'Information et d'Orientation Pour l'Emploi (CIOPE) et l'Agence Nationale de Promotion de l'Emploi et des Compétences (ANAPEC). En conclusion, le chômage constitue un fléau grave au Maroc et les mesures de remède restent un peu limités. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | ADULTS | UNEMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT | POLICY | INCENTIVES | INTERVENTIONS | TAXATION | INFORMATION CENTERS | LABOR FORCE | DECENTRALIZATION | RETIREMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | STATISTICS | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Communication | Human Resources | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education | Diseases | Research Methodology | Social Change Document Number: 187597 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Geographic diversity of inter-county migration in the United States, 1980-1995. Author: Rayer S; Brown DL Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2001 Jun;20(3):229-252. Abstract: This study focuses on the dynamics of internal migration since the 1970s nonmetropolitan turnaround period. In the first part of the study we analyze nationwide and regional net migration dynamics within an urban hierarchy framework for the three five-year periods 1980-85, 1985-90, and 1990-95. The analysis reveals the great diversity in spatial situations across the United States and provides a basis for evaluating alternative frameworks of population redistribution trends. We find that both the deconcentration and the restructuring perspective are helpful for understanding the situation in certain regions at particular points in time, but should not be applied to conceptualize metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population redistribution for the nation as a whole. The second part of the study identifies the factors associated with the dynamics of county level migration that are revealed in the descriptive analysis. Using both residual method and actual migration stream data in a multivariate regression framework, the study reveals that job-related and socioeconomic well being variables are the most important and most consistent determinants of inter-county migration differentials regardless of the direction of net migration exchanges among counties up and down the settlement structure. Finally, we find that factors associated with attracting migrants also frequently increase out-migration and thus the direction of net migration is typically a function of whether a particular variable is more strongly associated with in- or out-migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC ACCOUNTING | COUNTIES | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | TAXATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Administrative Districts | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 181898 |
| 19. Title: The fiscal impacts of immigrant and native households: does nativity really matter? Author: Garvey DL; Espenshade TJ; Scully JM Source: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University, Office of Population Research, 2000 Sep. 64, [30] p. Abstract: Accumulating research suggests that state-level expenditures on immigrant households modestly exceed revenues returned to state governments, while immigrants pose significant net fiscal burdens on local governments. Using 1990 census data for New Jersey, this paper examines the extent to which immigrant-native differences in household public service use and tax remittances are attributable to nativity status rather than to observable socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Differences in households' economic and demographic characteristics account for most of the differential impact of immigrant households on state and local governments. Little of the immigrant-native difference in net fiscal burdens is attributable to nativity status per se. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW JERSEY | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | NATIVE-BORN | IMMIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | TAXATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Family and Household | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 155287 |
| 20. Title: Some notes on principles of central transfers. Author: Jha R; Anand M; Gupta S Source: In: Fiscal federalism in India: contemporary challenges, edited by D.K. Srivastava. New Delhi, India, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 2000. :89-101. Abstract: In India, the theoretical literature in public finance has enunciated some important principles of devolution of tax and expenditure authority between various levels of government in a federal framework. However, the actual design of the formula that will guide resource transfers from the central governments to lower governments turns out to be a difficult problem. This paper presents some notes on the principles of resource transfers to better understand the effects of the system. It notes that while deciding on the amount of grants to be given to states, the Tenth Finance Commission (FC) took account of many factors. These include the central resources, state resources, and the buoyancy of the tax bases assigned to different levels of government, provisions for calamity relief and the debt position of states. Although most of the provisions have been done to ensure equity, it is not clear whether such grants are having the desired effects. Considering the limitations in knowledge, the FC still has to make recommendations. Several points that may be considered relevant are cited for this purpose. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | TAXATION | GRANTS | GOVERNMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 155656 |
| 21. Title: [Unemployment and poverty] Chômage et pauvreté. Author: Lahlou M Source: Bulletin Économique et Social du Maroc. 2000;(159):63-74. Abstract: After ten years of Structural Adjustment Policy (Politique d'Ajustement Structurel, "PAS") developed and implemented from 1983 to 1992, Morocco is now facing a very unequal economic and social situation. In spite of economic, financial, and institutional reforms, and the improvement of certain indicators, the PAS has indeed widened the gap between the rich and the poor. The high illiteracy rate, the deficiencies of the health care system, and the unemployment rate (climbing from 10% in 1982 to 16% in 1994), caused a real cut in salaries and income, representing an immediate and direct indicator of poverty. The production sector job creation capacity at a national level continues to experience the consequences of strong short term fluctuations of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and a weak growth in the long term, in spite of more than 17 years of structural adjustment, mainly financial. Job creation is also slowed by a very limited growth of domestic savings as well as national investments abroad and a very weak domestic demand. Job creation seems to be essentially linked to the informal sector, which is more prone to recruit illiterate workers. Therefore, the fight against unemployment must be part of a global strategy for poverty reduction involving a more equitable revenue policy and fiscal system. This strategy must include: boosting investments; implementing a tax system reform and a comprehensive program of access to basic equipment; ensuring the electrification of rural areas and their supply in drinking water; reforming the education system through training; and drawing children away from the work places. French Abstract: Après dix années de Politique d'Ajustement Structurel (PAS) élaborée et appliquée au Maroc en 1983-1992, ce dernier s'est affronté à une situation économique et sociale fortement contrastée. En effet, malgré les réformes économiques, financières et institutionnelles, et l'amélioration d'un certain nombre d'indicateurs, la PAS a accentué les écarts entre les catégories les plus riches et celles plus pauvres; le taux de l'analphabétisme, les déficiences du système de santé et le taux de chômage, qui est passé d'une moyenne de 10% en 1982 à 16% en 1994, provoquant ainsi une baisse des salaires réels et des revenus, ce qui représente un facteur immédiat et direct de pauvreté. Ainsi les capacités de création de l'emploi par les secteurs de production à l'échelle nationale continuent de subir, malgré plus de 17 années d'ajustement structurel, notamment financier, les effets d'une forte variation conjoncturelle dans l'évolution du Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB), et une faible croissance de cet agrégat sur le moyen et le long terme, d'une évolution très limitée de l'épargne domestique et de l'investissement national à l'étranger et d'une grande faiblesse de la demande intérieure. Ces créations semblent être essentiellement liées au secteur informel, lequel a davantage tendance à recruter la population illettrée. Donc la lutte contre le chômage doit faire partie d'une stratégie globale de résorption de la pauvreté impliquant une politique de revenu et un système fiscal plus justes, appelle au Maroc : la relance des taux d'investissement, la réforme de la fiscalité, un vaste programme d'équipement de base, l'électrification des zones rurales et leur alimentation en eau potable, la réforme du système d'enseignement et de formation et la généralisation de ce denier en permettant de pousser au retrait des enfants du marché du marché du travail. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | ILLITERATES | WORKERS | CHILD LABOR | POVERTY | UNEMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | ECONOMIC POLICY | SOCIAL CHANGE | INFORMAL SECTOR | INTERVENTIONS | TAXATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | COMMERCE | ELECTRICITY | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | EDUCATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Energy Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases Document Number: 187581 |
| 22. Title: [Morocco addressing the new international trade model] Le Maroc face à la nouvelle conception du commerce international. Author: Talbi N Source: Revue Marocaine d'Administration Locale et de Développement. 2000 Sep-Oct;(34):81-86. Abstract: Economic and commercial expansion in the mutual development of countries is related to the constant and growing exploration of the outside environment. Three essential factors condition the new economic approach: the sectoral aspect, the geographic aspect, and the effect of globalization. Internationalization of companies includes forms of operation, movement of a portion of production overseas or transferring it through subcontracting. Competitive companies provide better productivity; traditional commerce also represents an important part of the import-export flow, but the exigencies of globalization as dictated by the WTO ignore social components, leading to questions about development opportunities in the light of economic expansion in the face of new requirements. In this context, Morocco has deployed a strategy to manage new international transfers. The importance of companies in the national economy and the passage to an economy centered on commerce and industry provide the basis for the implementation of adequate legislation. The adoption of reforms in order to restructure the main economic sectors in favor of the private sector and the liberalization of the national economy, and domestic and foreign trade represent determining factors in the country's industrial and economic development. Effective cooperation with foreign partners shall create the exportation of competitiveness on the part of companies. Although exports have slowed due to different factors, the competitiveness of the exports itself has improved due to the quieting in the social climate. Strong points are presented in favor of economic development and of commercial promotion encouraging the small and medium sized companies to export and revision of the tax code. French Abstract: L'expansion économique et commerciale dans le développement mutuel des pays est liée à la recherche à la recherche constante et croissante de l'environnement extérieur. Trois facteurs essentiels conditionnent la nouvelle approche économique que sont le plan sectoriel, le plan géographique et l'effet de la mondialisation. L'internationalisation des entreprises revêt des formes d'exploitation, du déplacement d'une partie de la production à l'étranger ou la céder par le biais de la sous-traitance. Les entreprises compétitives assurent une meilleure productivité ; le commerce classique représente ainsi la part importante des flux export-import, cependant, les impératifs de la globalisation dictées par l'OMC ignorant les aspects sociaux amènent à s'interroger sur les opportunités du développement en vue d'une expansion économique face à de nouvelles exigences. C'est dans cette optique que le Maroc a avancé une stratégie face aux nouvelles mutations internationales. L'importance des entreprises dans l'économie nationale et le passage à une économie axée sur le commerce et l'industrie sont à la base de la mise en place d'une législation adéquate. L'adoption de réformes de restructuration des principaux secteurs d'activité économique en faveur du secteur privé et la libération de l'économie nationale et du commerce interne et externe représentent des déterminants au développement économique et industriel du pays. La coopération effective avec les partenaires étrangers engendre l'exportation la compétitivité de la part des entreprises. L'exportation étant ralentie face à différents facteurs, la compétitivité des exportations quat à elle s'est améliorée du fait de l'apaisement du climat social. Des points forts sont présentés en faveur du développement économique et de la promotion commerciale encourageant la PME à l'exportation et à la révision du système fiscal. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | COMMERCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | TAXATION | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Financial Activities | Social Change Document Number: 188601 |
| 23. Title: For love or money? The impact of income taxes on marriage. Author: Alm J; Whittington LA Source: ECONOMICA. 1999 Aug;66(263):297-316. Abstract: "In this paper [the authors] explore the impact of the [U.S.] federal individual income tax, as well as other economic and demographic variables, on the marriage decisions of individuals. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics for the period 1968-92, [the authors] estimate a discrete-time hazard model of the time to first marriage." The authors conclude that, although the probability of marriage is significantly affected by a number of economic and demographic variables, the impact of income tax variables on marriage is small. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARRIAGE | TAXATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Nuptiality | Financial Activities | Population Document Number: 257642 |
| 24. Title: Analyzing the fiscal impact of U.S. immigration. Author: Auerbach AJ; Oreopoulos P Source: AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW. 1999 May;89(2):176-80. Abstract: This paper reconsiders the fiscal impact of immigrants over time in the US by using the technique of generational accounting introduced by Auerbach et al. Generational accounting considers not only the net contribution of immigrants to fiscal balance, but also the size of this impact in relation to the overall balance. It further compares changes in immigration policy to other policies. From the analysis, three conclusions were formulated. 1) Whether immigration contributes to or helps alleviate fiscal stress depends on the future generations. If the entire fiscal imbalance currently estimated for the US is placed on future generations then the presence of new immigrants reduces the burden of the natives. 2) Fiscal gain from immigration is reduced when a policy of "fiscal responsibility" is followed. The gain is dependent on the extent to which government purchases rise with the immigrant population. 3) The impact of immigration on fiscal balance is extremely small in relation to the size of the overall imbalance itself. Thus, immigration should not be perceived as a major source of the existing imbalance or as a potential solution to it. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ACCOUNTING | IMMIGRANTS | POLICY | TAXATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy Document Number: 144349 |
| 25. Title: [Opinions on population development] Korkerdes a nepesedesrol. Author: Fekete GG Source: DEMOGRAFIA. 1999;42(3-4):227-30. Abstract: The birth rate has declined in Hungary and in the region of former socialist countries, however, this trend has been continuing for four decades in Hungary. The net reproduction rate rapidly deteriorated in 1995, when a fiscal austerity policy was introduced curtailing programs supporting families and children, and in subsequent years it resulted in the phenomenon of one-third of Hungarian society being unable to reproduce itself. A consequence of the antisocial measures was a 50% increase of those staying at home in the household. The dependency ratio of wage earners and dependents has been worsening and because of the low birth rate the retirement age has to be raised. Hungarian competitiveness on the world market is expected to deteriorate because of the high rate of taxation on wages. The social security expenditures for an aging population has increased taxes on employees and employers alike and resulted in neglecting necessary investments in industry which in turn resulted in the loss of jobs for workers. Only a policy creating a demographic balance could lead the country out of an economic spiral reinforcing decline. Hungarian young people will face lower prospects to find jobs on the labor market of a united Europe. 40% of children in Hungary live at the level of minimum living standards because of financial burdens placed upon those with families, whereas this rate is 3-4% in northern European countries and 5-7% in western European countries. One-third of pupils are hungry and do not have proper nutrition. If the anti-family tax system continues, further strengthening of the black economy can be expected. Language: Hungarian Keywords: HUNGARY | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WORKSHOPS | FERTILITY DECLINE | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | TAXATION | OLD AGE SECURITY | CHILD REARING | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Education | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Financial Activities | Microeconomic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 152113 |
| 26. Title: 22 countries: tax relief for vaccines, ORS, and contraceptives. Author: Krasovec K; Connor C Source: HEALTH REFORM AND PRIORITY SERVICES. 1999 Summer-Fall;:13-4. Abstract: This article presents the implementation of tax relief of the three key public health commodities--vaccines, oral rehydration salts (ORS), and contraceptives--in 22 countries. Tax relief was provided in the form of exemptions, waivers, reductions or some combination thereof, with the goal of improving the health status of the population. Tax relief is known to aid in the achievement of policy objectives, which include reduction of buyer's administrative cost, and budget needs, reduction of consumer prices and increase of product supply. Through a global e-mail survey in 1997, information on vaccine, ORS, and contraceptive tax exemptions was gathered. Results revealed that 68% of the countries granted tax relief. It was observed that 87% of the public sector benefits from tax relief for at least one commodity, 67% of the private nonprofit sector, and 53% of the private for-profit sector. On the other hand, the use of waiver procedures for tax relief greatly differs across countries. It was noted that tax exemptions rather than waiver procedures result in the greatest benefits. This article suggests further expansion of private nonprofit and for-profit sectors with appropriate guarantees of consumer savings, as well as implementation of tax relief. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | TAXATION | VACCINES | ORAL REHYDRATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Treatment | Contraception | Family Planning | Planning | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 147014 |
| 27. Title: The pronatalist undercurrent of the $500-per-child tax credit. Author: Powell M Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 May;20(5):455-65. Abstract: The $500-per-child tax credit in the US is discussed. The tax credit's pronatalist undercurrent has drawn comparisons to the tax structures used in other countries to encourage larger families. Policies endorsed by pro-family advocates and legislators in the US, which include tax credits for children and family allowances in addition to subsidies for health care, housing and child care bear parallel comparison with pronatalist measures used in democratic and Eastern Bloc nations: a European family allowance has been considered by tax credit supporters as a model for pro-family tax policies. Examples of financial incentives for large families implemented in Sweden, Japan, France and Canada are presented. No empirical analysis of the effect of tax credit on American fertility has been performed. Studies have shown that explicit reward granted to larger families through a tax credit may have greater fertility effect than an increase in dependent exemption. According to Whittington, personal exemption encourages fertility by decreasing the relative cost for children. Now that President Clinton has signed the $500 tax credit bill, the anticipated increase in the birth rate might alleviate demographic imbalances facing the social security system as the baby boomers begin to retire. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TAXATION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PRONATALIST POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Policy Document Number: 143137 |
| 28. Title: [Demographic aging and participation of the elderly in the financing of health and social expenses] Vieillissement demographique et participation des personnes agees au financement des depenses de sante et des depenses sociales. Author: Rochon M Source: CAHIERS QUEBECOIS DE DEMOGRAPHIE. 1999 Spring-Autumn;28(1-2):299-329. Abstract: The classical indicators typically used to understand the consequences of population aging upon the ability to finance social services fail to consider the active participation of older individuals. But such participation and contribution is not negligible in countries where the financing of social programs is mainly assured through governments general funds. This paper considers the actual and future importance of the participation of the elderly in funding public expenditures in Quebec, Canada. Specifically, the author attempts to determine the contribution of the elderly to the public financing of health and social expenditures taking into account overall government revenues, how that contribution will change over time and which related factors could be influenced, and up to what point can this contribution offset the projected growth in the financial burden of countries caused by an aging population. Governments revenue sources and indexes related to people s contributions are discussed with regard to taxation on consumption and income. The contribution of the elderly to the financing of public expenditures is then considered, followed by sections on the contribution of the elderly to government revenues and the financing of social expenses, and future trends in the contribution. Demographic and health factors such as the population s health status and the aging of the active population also affect expenditure trends and the ability of a population to finance them. French Abstract: Les indicateurs classiques qui sont d'habitude utilisés pour apprécier les conséquences du vieillissement démographique pour la capacité de financement des dépenses sociales, comme l'évolution des rapports de dépendance ou de la charge financière assumée par la population d'âge actif, n'admettent aucun apport des personnes âgées. Mais celui-ci n'est pas négligeable dans les pays où le financement des programmes sociaux est largement assuré par les fonds généraux des gouvernements. Cet article considère l'importance actuelle et future de la participation des personnes âgées au financement des dépenses publiques dans le contexte québécois. Spécifiquement, l'auteur essaie de déterminer l'apport des personnes âgées au financement publique des dépenses de santé et des dépenses sociales quand on tient compte de l'ensemble des revenus des gouvernements, comment pourra cet apport évoluer dans le futur ou quels sont les facteurs susceptibles d'influencer, et jusqu'à quel point cet apport peut atténuer l'augmentation prévisible du fardeau financier des gouvernements résultant du vieillissement démographique. Les sources des revenus des gouvernements et des indices relatifs de la contribution des personnes sont discutés à l'égard de l'impôt sur le revenu des particuliers, les taxes à la consommation, et l'impôt sur le revenu des sociétés et autres revenus gouvernementaux. Puis, la contribution des personnes âgées au financement des dépenses publiques de santé est considérée, suivi par des sections sur la contribution des personnes âgées aux revenus gouvernementaux et au financement des dépenses sociales, et l'évolution future de la contribution relative des personnes âgées. D'autres facteurs démographiques ou sanitaires, tels l'état de santé de la population ou le vieillissement de la population active, ont également une influence sur l'évolution des dépenses ou sur la capacité de la population de les financer. Language: French Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | OLDER ADULTS | PUBLIC SECTOR | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FUNDS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL WELFARE | TAXATION | EXPENDITURES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Health Document Number: 147249 |
| 29. Title: Jamming the net work. Source: ECONOMIST. 1998 Aug 1;348(8079):69. Abstract: The use of insecticide-treated bednets is one of the few effective interventions against the Anopheles mosquito, the chief vector of malaria. Such nets reduce the level of childhood deaths from malaria by almost one third, according to studies in Kenya, the Gambia, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. Such figures suggest that bednets are more successful at preventing deaths from malaria than are the vaccines currently being developed. While the nets may be less effective than sophisticated drugs, such drugs are too expensive for developing countries. Moreover, many antimalarial drugs have unpleasant side effects, especially if taken for several years. Bednets have no side effects and can be bought for as little as $2.50 each on the international market, although they typically cost far more in the most needy countries due to import duties. Import duties are levied upon such key medical supplies possibly because many developing countries consider bednets to be luxuries for the rich, and bednets are therefore taxed as textile imports. Under pressure from the World Trade Organization, some African countries, such as Guinea, have agreed to lower their bednet tariffs. At the same time, UNICEF and several other international organizations are trying to promote public awareness of the benefits of bednets. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | MALARIA PREVENTION | PESTICIDES | TAXATION | NEEDS | Developing Countries | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Ingredients and Chemicals | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 135147 |
| 30. Title: [Legislation stemming from a gender perspective] La legislacion tributaria desde una perspectiva de genero. Author: Barrantes R Source: In: Los derechos de la mujer: comentarios juridicos. Tomo II, edited by Maria Isabel Rosas Ballinas and Mery Vargas Cuno. Lima, Peru, DEMUS, Estudio para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer, 1998 Nov. :256-8. Abstract: A gender perspective on taxation requires consideration of the participation of women in the national economy, in addition to juridical, political, and technical aspects. Women were usually excluded from the economic and fiscal life of their nations, and were not viewed as potential taxpayers because they lacked the economic capacity to contribute. In Peru as elsewhere, however, masses of women have entered the labor force. Far fewer have become subject to income tax and other direct forms of taxation because of their concentration in very low income occupations. Women comprise only 20% of workers in the professional, technical, and administrative occupational groups that contribute the most in taxes. A medium term taxation policy guided by a gender perspective could take into account the successful results of credit programs offered to women, who promptly and responsibly meet their repayment obligations. Differentiated taxation policies that would aid women entrepreneurs and professionals and transition measures to permit consolidation of projects conducted by women appear to be feasible. Policies and programs that permit women to enter the economy as true generators of income would broaden the tax base quantitatively and qualitatively, and would further the goals of social justice and gender equality. Spanish Abstract: La perspectiva de género respecto a la tributación requiere que se considere la participación de las mujeres en la economía nacional, además de los aspectos jurídicos, políticos y técnicos. Generalmente, las mujeres eran excluidas de la vida económica y fiscal de sus naciones, y no se consideraban como posibles contribuyentes porque no tenían la capacidad económica para contribuir. Sin embargo, en el Perú como en otros lugares, el número de mujeres que ha entrado en la fuerza laboral es enorme. Pero es mucho menor el número de mujeres que han quedado sujetas al impuesto sobre la renta y otras formas directas de tributación porque están concentradas en ocupaciones de muy poca renta. Las mujeres constituyen sólo el 20% de la fuerza laboral en las ocupaciones profesionales, técnicas y administrativas que aportan la mayoría de los impuestos. Una política tributaria a plazo mediano guiada por una perspectiva de género podría tomar en cuenta los buenos resultados que han dado los programas de crédito que se ofrecen a las mujeres, que cumplen con sus obligaciones de pago en forma responsable. Parecen viables las políticas tributarias diferenciadas que ayudarían a las mujeres empresarias y profesionales y también las medidas de transición que permitirían la consolidación de proyectos dirigidos por mujeres. Los programas y las políticas que permitan a las mujeres entrar en la economía como verdaderas generadoras de ingresos ampliarían la base tributaria en forma cuantitativa y cualitativa, además de fomentar los objetivos de justicia social e igualdad de géneros. Language: Spanish Keywords: PERU | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | TAXATION | GENDER ISSUES | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 165847 |
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