1.  Title: Global action for health system strengthening: Policy recommendations to the G8 Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening. Author: Japan Center for International Exchange. Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening Source: Tokyo, Japan, Japan Center for International Exchange, 2009. 131 p. Abstract: On January 16, 2009, a high-level working group on global health convened by the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) released a report to the Japanese government outlining measures that the G8 countries should take to set them on a path toward fulfilling their existing commitments to contributing to an overall improvement in the health of individuals and communities around the world. The Working Group on Challenges in Global Health and Japan's Contributions (the "Takemi Working Group") is chaired by Japan's former Senior Vice Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare Keizo Takemi and directed by JCIE President Tadashi Yamamoto. The Japanese government will pass the report to the Italian government, encouraging them to put these recommendations on the agenda of the 2009 G8 Summit in Italy. The report includes chapters by an international team of researchers and advisors on three specific building blocks of health systems-health financing, health information, and the health workforce-that are generally acknowledged to be critical components of any strong health system. While each paper offers specific recommendations for improvements that can be made in each individual building block, they also come to several common conclusions: 1.) While there is still a dire need for more resources-financial, human, and knowledge resources-in the global health field, there is also a critical need to use existing resources more efficiently and more effectively. Recognizing that the current global financial environment will make it even more difficult to secure the resources needed to make health systems work better for everyone, the paper writers recommend complementing the quest for more resources with creative thinking on ways to achieve better health outcomes with the resources we already have. 2.) The human security concept, which has become a pillar of Japan's foreign policy, is identified as a promising approach that can be adopted globally for strengthening health systems. Human security's emphasis on the wellbeing of individuals and communities is very much in line with the ultimate goal of health system strengthening: improving people's health and making health services available to all so that they can be healthy, productive members of society. Human security also responds to the complexity of health system strengthening with its focus on integrating community empowerment with protection strategies and its recognition of the dynamic way in which health is interconnected with many other human security challenges. 3.) In all areas of health system strengthening, donor countries tend to tell their partners in developing countries how they should behave and make decisions. This can lead to confusion, with contradicting instructions often coming from multiple donors and even from single donors, and loss of motivation for stakeholders in partner countries to take ownership of processes to improve their own health sectors. Contributing to this challenge, capacity for making informed decisions on health is often weak, further discouraging domestic decision making in planning and management of health systems. The paper writers all recommend that donor countries invest in capacity building for health sector decision making at the national and local levels and, at the same time, encourage stakeholders in partner countries to drive their own planning and implementation processes. 4.) Finally, the paper writers all recommend that the G8 follow through on its commitment to accountability by establishing an annual review of its activities and accomplishments within each of these three building blocks. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH POLICY | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INFORMATION SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Information | Health Services Document Number: 328416 |
| 2. Title: Establishing support groups for HIV-infected women: using experiences to develop guiding principles for project implementation. Author: Visser MJ; Mundell JP Source: SAHARA J. 2008 Jul;5(2):65-73. Abstract: HIV-infected women need support to deal with their diagnosis as well as with the stigma attached to HIV. As part of their practical training, Master's-level psychology students negotiated with the staff of four clinics in townships in Tshwane, South Africa, to establish support groups for HIV+ women and offered to assist them in facilitating the groups. This study aimed to understand why the implementation of groups was successful in one clinic and not other clinics. The student reports on their experiences and interaction with clinic staff and clients were used as sources of data. Using qualitative data analysis, different dynamics and factors that could affect project implementation were identified in each clinic. The socio-ecological and systems theories were used to understand implementation processes and obstacles in implementation. The metaphor of building a bridge over a gorge was used to describe the different phases in and obstacles to the implementation of the intervention. Valuable lessons were learnt, resulting in the development of guiding principles for the implementation of support groups in community settings. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | THEORETICAL MODELS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SUPPORT GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior Document Number: 329228 |
| 3. Title: Central Asia Republics final report, January 2001, for USAIDS's Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT] Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, 2007 Jul. 7 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00) Abstract: In fiscal year 2000, the USAID/Central Asia regional mission requested the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project (IMPACT) to conduct an assessment to suggest where USAID could best respond to HIV prevention in the Central Asia Republics (CAR). The purpose of this initial assessment was to assess data gaps, contextual and policy constraints, identify implementing and collaborating groups, and to make recommendations regarding prevention interventions in three cities/regions - one each in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. IMPACT conducted this assessment in January 2001. The IMPACT assessment team recommended increasing local capacity to effectively and expeditiously mount a comprehensive prevention strategy to reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS. The recommended areas of focus were outreach and service delivery to high-risk groups, personnel, organizational capacity development, information technology, communication, training, and education. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | EVALUATION REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | CAPACITY BUILDING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | WORKSHOPS | AIDS PREVENTION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Education | AIDS Document Number: 323692 |
| 4. Title: Final report for the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in Brazil, January 1998 to September 2001. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT] Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, 2007 Apr. 13 p. Abstract: In the relatively short period of the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in Brazil, FHI contributed both direct technical assistance (TA) and capacity strengthening. With $2,905,000 in field support funds from the U.S. Agency for International Development, IMPACT provided assistance to state and municipal public sector STI/AIDS programs in four USAID target states (Ceara, Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro) and to the Ministry of Health National STI/AIDS Control Program (MOH/NACP). Beginning with technical capacity and management needs assessments, FHI and its partner, Management Sciences for Health (MSH) developed the Ferramenta de Avalicao de Capacidade Tecnica (FACT) tool for evaluation of technical capacity and the Avaliacao do Processo Gerencial (APROGE) tool to assess management processes. These tools were then used in nine high-priority states and municipal programs. Based on the results, capacity-building action plans included seven technical training workshops and the development and dissemination of a managerial and technical capacity-building tool kit. Second rounds of assessments followed to monitor and ensure the desired quality improvement. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | EVALUATION REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | CAPACITY BUILDING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | WORKSHOPS | AIDS PREVENTION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Education | AIDS Document Number: 323691 |
5.  Peer Reviewed Title: Causality chains in the international migration systems approach. Author: Jennissen R Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Aug;26(4):411-436. Abstract: Research into international migration lacks a commonly accepted theoretical framework, which would facilitate the accumulation of knowledge. This article aims to be a first attempt to construct such a framework and to incorporate causalities in the international migration systems approach. The author presents a theoretical framework in which four groups of factors acting on international migration are distinguished: economic, social, political and "linkages." The causalities in this framework are derived from different international migration theories. The various positions of these whole theories within the framework are shown as causality chains. In a way, these causality chains form the time dimension of an international migration system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL STUDIES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | THEORETICAL MODELS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology Document Number: 313792 |
| 6. Title: Food security in the era of HIV and AIDS, a policy analysis of food security and HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Malawi. Author: Jumbe CB Source: Lusaka, Zambia, Panos Southern Africa, 2007. [53] p. Abstract: This study was conducted, with financial and technical support from the Panos Global AIDS Programme in Lusaka, Zambia, to establish the extent to which government policies on agriculture and food security have changed in response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic in Malawi. The study also sought to examine the extent to which food security policies and strategies have been implemented, and their impact on poor and vulnerable groups of people. The study includes a review of government policies and strategies, and of past studies on HIV and AIDS and food security, as well as an analysis of newspaper articles published between January and July 2006 to assess the extent of media coverage on HIV and AIDS and food security issues. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | TECHNICAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | FOOD SECURITY | HIV | AIDS | GOVERNMENT | POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology Document Number: 324345 |
| 7. Title: Food security in the era of HIV and AIDS, a policy analysis of food security and HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Uganda. Author: Luutu BM; Kayanja R; Banoba P Source: Lusaka, Zambia, Panos Southern Africa, 2007. [77] p. Abstract: While Uganda has made great strides in mainstreaming HIV and AIDS as a priority in its national policies, the ensuing plans and strategies have not adequately addressed the two-way interface between HIV and AIDS and food security, especially for the poor. Existing interventions rarely specifically target households of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), citing funding and stigma problems. Those that do target PLWHA have done commendable work, but their experiences remain isolated, patchy and are rarely shared with or disseminated to others. There is a burning need for government, sectoral agencies, NGOs, community groups and international development partners to prioritise agriculture and nutrition security for the poor in general and households of PLWHA in particular. Current trends for key aspects of the livelihoods, health, food production, income security, social-cultural cohesion and natural resource base for PLWHA suggest that the 'market approach' is reinforcing - not mitigating - the effects of HIV and AIDS. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | FOOD SECURITY | HIV | AIDS | GOVERNMENT | POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology Document Number: 324344 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Emergency medical services in Islamabad, Pakistan: a public-private partnership. Author: Ali M; Miyoshi C; Ushijima H Source: Public Health. 2006;120:50-57. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the emergency medical services (EMS) based in Islamabad, Pakistan. Rescue-15 is an innovative EMS collaboration project between the police, the private sector and the community. Data from Rescue-15 were used for systems analysis. The institutional setup, private-public partnership, client satisfaction and sustainability issues were examined. The access and efficiency of EMS were assessed in terms of ambulance response time. Primarily, systems analysis showed community participation to explain the project's strength. Since its establishment, the project has been meeting its own recurrent expenditures without levying an extra burden on the Government. Sustainability issues such as amendments to legislation have been addressed at departmental and governmental levels. Data analysis showed that rescue time is, on average, 10.4 min (SD = 2.6 min). A client survey also demonstrated user satisfaction and increased confidence in the service. This EMS programme exemplifies the potential of public-private partnership involving the police and the private sector in project implementation and management in a developing country with scarce resources. This initiative to involve the public and the private sector may provide a model for implementation of such services in other resource-poor developing countries, which may in turn facilitate realistic solutions for better prehospital care in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | COMMUNITY | POLICE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EMERGENCY SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | TIME FACTORS | SATISFACTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Programs | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 295443 |
| 9. Title: Zimbabwe HIV and AIDS logistics system assessment. Author: Nyenwa J; Alt D; Karim A; Kufa T; Mboyane J Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow, Inc. [JSI], DELIVER, 2006 Jan. 73 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: In July and August 2005, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOHCW), with technical assistance from the USAID-funded JSI/DELIVER project, conducted an assessment of the performance of the logistics management and supply chain systems for selected commodities used by HIV & AIDS programs in Zimbabwe. The survey's overall objective was to assess how the logistics systems managed selected HIV & AIDS commodities at public health institutions. This report presents the findings of the assessment as well as the short- and long-term recommendations to improve the HIV/AIDS logistics systems in Zimbabwe. The study revealed high stockout rates for some antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), cotrimoxazole, and rapid HIV test kits. There is no effective logistics management system in place for these commodities. Proposed recommendations include improving supervision, increasing the resource capacity for the AIDS and TB Unit, strengthening the coordination of multiple HIV & AIDS supply chains, and integrating components of the essential drugs and HIV/AIDS logistics management systems. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | EVALUATION REPORT | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | LOGISTICS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USAID | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Treatment Document Number: 306082 |
| 10. Title: Assessment of pharmacy and inventory control in Ministry of Health hospitals in Jordan. Author: Talafha H Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Partners for Health Reform Plus, 2006 Mar. [170] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No: PN-ADF-999USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00019-00) Abstract: The pharmaceutical and medical supply system for Ministry of Health hospitals in Jordan is bureaucratic and centralized. Routine paperwork consumes staff time that ideally would go to patient care, procurement does not necessarily match medical needs, pharmacists have little access to the latest information, and resources are limited. This assessment looks at the pharmaceutical system in terms of structure, process, and outcomes to identify its strengths and weaknesses. Drug utilization is measured against internationally established indicators. Based on its findings, the assessment makes recommendations that are intended to lead to improvements in patient care, administrative procedures, use of staff, and financial resources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | INVENTORIES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | LOGISTICS | HOSPITALS | TIME FACTORS | CONSUMPTION | DRUGS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Management | Health Facilities | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Treatment Document Number: 306790 |
| 11. Title: Measuring the systems effects of the Global Fund with a focus on additionality, partnerships and sustainability. Resource document. Author: Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 2005 May. [89] p. (Resource Document) Abstract: To ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of the Global Fund, it is crucial that it demonstrate that it is an effective instrument that merits wider and increased support. The development of commonly agreed and time-bound measures of the Fund's progress towards achieving its purpose and core principles will help to focus the Fund's work strategically within the broader context of national and international efforts to combat mortality and morbidity from HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. The Secretariat has already made progress towards developing measures of performance in areas that are more directly under their "control". These measures appear in the Executive Dashboard, Progress Reviews and the Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit. However, the broader institutional responsibilities for ensuring the Fund achieves its purpose are less well understood. There has been less attention to the issues of systems effects, i.e. how activities of the Global Fund are affecting the wider health systems and other sectors of the economy. Having great clarity about systems effects is a high priority for the Fund and its partners. Strengthened systems effects can enhance and speed the movement towards positive impact, at the top of the pyramid. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION INDEXES | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | POLICYMAKERS | FUNDS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | GRANTS | HIV PREVENTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | TUBERCULOSIS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | MANAGEMENT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MONITORING | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 315771 |
| 12. Title: Nepal: Support for HIV / AIDS commodity security. Author: Allain L; Malyuta R; Takang E Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow, Inc. [JSI], DELIVER, 2005 Dec. [50] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in Nepal is estimated at 0.5 percent of the general population, but according to the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS/World Health Organization, the infection is concentrated in specific groups, mainly injecting drug users, sex workers, and labor migrants. The National Strategy for HIV/AIDS in Nepal (2002--2006) highlights the need for a comprehensive and multisectoral approach. A major component of this strategy is ensuring that HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment services are available to all Nepalese who need them, including HIV testing, the provision of antiretroviral treatment, the treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and the treatment of opportunistic infections (OIs). A key element is ensuring that products required for HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment are available and affordable. DELIVER/JSI was invited by USAID and His Majesty's Government of Nepal to prepare a three-year forecast of HIV tests for the public sector and a few specific nongovernmental organizations, and to prepare a three-year forecast of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), and STI and OI drugs. In addition, DELIVER/JSI was asked to assess the supply chain for these products and make recommendations for their logistics management. In the absence of a logistics system for the HIV/AIDS program commodities, consumption data did not exist. As a result, the forecasts that have been prepared are based on either program targets or morbidity data, or a combination of both, including informed assumptions from service providers and other stakeholders. As soon as a logistics system is established and consumption data becomes available, the forecasts should be reviewed and revised as needed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | EVALUATION REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | LOGISTICS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USAID | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MANAGEMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Treatment Document Number: 306085 |
| 13. Title: Tanzania: Integrated Logistics System pilot-test evaluation. Using the Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool. Author: Amenyah J; Chovitz B; Hasselberg E; Karim A; Mmari D Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow, Inc. [JSI], DELIVER, 2005 Oct. [70] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: The Tanzania Ministry of Health, in response to decentralization, is in the process of transferring responsibility for drug management from the central level, primarily through the kit system, to districts. A new system for drug ordering, called the Integrated Logistics System (ILS), was pilot tested in Dodoma and Iringa regions from April 2005 to September 2005. In October 2005, the Pharmaceuticals and Supplies Unit of the Ministry of Health, which is responsible for implementing the ILS, conducted an evaluation of the ILS using the JSI/DELIVER Logistics Indicator Assessment Tool (LIAT). The results show that the ILS is performing as expected and meets the needs of most facilities. Health care workers overwhelmingly prefer it to the previous system. Stockout rates are about the same or a little better than under the previous system, which is an accomplishment given that the transfer of responsibility to districts has taken place. Proposed recommendations are improvements to the ILS that can be applied as it is rolled out to additional regions. No major changes are proposed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | EVALUATION REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PILOT PROJECTS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | LOGISTICS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USAID | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Treatment Document Number: 306083 |
| 14. Title: Nigeria: Midterm evaluation of the Contraceptive Logistics System. Author: Bieze B; Teclemariam L; O'Hearn T Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow, Inc. [JSI], DELIVER, 2005. 71 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: Since 2002, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has been working to revitalize its contraceptive logistics system so it can improve product availability to clients and can move toward reproductive health commodity security. As an initial step, a baseline logistics system assessment was conducted in June 2002 to identify strengths and weaknesses of the system. In March 2005, a follow-on evaluation of the system was conducted to measure progress made since 2002, as well as to gather baseline data for five new USAID supported focus states. Two data collection instruments, the Logistics System Assessment Tool (LAST) and the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT), were used to gather qualitative and quantitative information during this assessment. A number of strengths were identified, including a significant increase in product availability for nearly all methods and an increase in the percentage of facilities updating their stock cards. However, many important weaknesses were also found, including a dearth of logistics system management tools in the facilities; a failure to order additional products, especially at the store level; and stock levels that are below minimum levels. Generally, the system has not been fully implemented as designed. As a result, the increased stock levels will not last because facilities are not using the system to maintain stock levels above minimum levels and to reorder additional products. Over the past several years, the reproductive health logistics system in Nigeria has seen some important improvements. However, if Nigeria is to avoid product shortages in the future, the contraceptive logistics management system (CLMS) must be fully implemented. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | EVALUATION REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | LOGISTICS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | USAID | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Treatment Document Number: 306084 |
| 15. Title: Defining standard of care in the developing world: the intersection of international research ethics and health systems analysis. Author: Hyder AA; Dawson L Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2005;5(2):142-152. Abstract: In recent years there has been intense debate regarding the level of medical care provided to 'standard care' control groups in clinical trials in developing countries, particularly when the research sponsors come from wealthier countries. The debate revolves around the issue of how to define a standard of medical care in a country in which many people are not receiving the best methods of medical care available in other settings. In this paper, we argue that additional dimensions of the standard of care have been hitherto neglected, namely, the structure and efficiency of the national health system. The health system affects locally available medical care in two important ways: first, the system may be structured to provide different levels of care at different sites with referral mechanisms to direct patients to the appropriate level of care. Second, inefficiencies in this system may influence what care is available in a particular locale. As a result of these two factors locally available care cannot be equated with a national 'standard'. A reasonable approach is to define the national standard of care as the level of care that ought to be delivered under conditions of appropriate and efficient referral in a national system. This standard is the minimum level of care that ought to be provided to a control group. There may be additional moral arguments for higher levels of care in some circumstances. This health system analysis may be helpful to researchers and ethics committees in designing and reviewing research involving standard care control groups in developing country research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | CLINICAL TRIALS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | POLICYMAKERS | STANDARDS | ETHICS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | CONTROL GROUPS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 306064 |
| 16. Title: Assessing a new logistics system. Lessons from Rwanda. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2004 Nov. [4] p. (On Track) Abstract: The Kibingo Health Center and the Mugonero District Hospital are roughly seventeen miles apart, each perched atop two of the more than one thousand hills that dot the landscape of Rwanda. Once a month, Bosco Kalisa sets out on a two-day roundtrip walk to the District warehouse to pick up a new supply of medical commodities for his health center. Upon arrival in Mugonero, he hands the District Pharmacy Director a report detailing the number of family planning supplies distributed to clients in Kibingo during the past month, the quantity remaining in the health center's storeroom, and the quantity needed to meet expected demand for the following month. As Kalisa leaves with a basket of contraceptives and other essential medical supplies balanced carefully on his head, the District Pharmacy Director must guarantee that she can continue fulfilling orders from Kibingo and the other health centers under her supervision. She compiles the reports they've submitted and calculates how many new contraceptivesupplies to request from the national Department of Reproductive Health in Kigali. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | WAR | BIRTH RATE | MANAGEMENT | RECORDS | DATA QUALITY | USAID | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Processing | Information | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 325153 |
| 17. Title: The district health system: experiences and prospects in Africa. Manual for public health practitioners. 2nd ed. Author: Görgen H; Kirsch-Woik T; Schmidt-Ehry B Source: Eschborn, Germany, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit [GTZ], 2004. 264 p. (GTZ Series No. 276) Abstract: The idea to publish a second and updated edition of the manual on the district health system (DHS) in Africa emerged when even the reprints of the first edition of 1993 had sold out, demonstrating its popularity and continuing relevance. Undoubtedly, the district health system is still the core piece of health system development, and with the decentralisation trends apparent in many countries, it has continued to increase in importance. The manual is intended to support those on the ground who are involved in the reform of health systems in general or in attempts to improve the district health systems in low-income countries, particularly in Africa. GTZ is strongly committed to health system development and has been supporting the implementation of district health systems in about 20 countries in Africa for the past 20 years. The manual is based on the rich experience of its collaborators gained on the African continent. However, this does not mean that district health systems are only appropriate for Africa. Districts also play a key role in the national health systems of Latin America and Asia. The manual’s focus on Africa is due to the fact that it is the most neglected continent, permanently hit by socioeconomic crisis and epidemics and therefore in obvious need for stronger support than other continents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | MANUAL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Research Methodology Document Number: 276391 |
| 18. Title: Bangladesh: NGO and public sector tuberculosis service delivery -- rapid assessment results. Author: Guda DR; Khandaker IU; Parveen SD; Whitson T Source: Bethesda, Maryland, University Research Company, Quality Assurance Project, 2004 Dec. [18] p. (Operations Research ResultsUSAID Contract No. GPH-C-00-02-00004-00) Abstract: The Quality Assurance Project commissioned a rapid assessment of the Bangladesh service delivery system for TB-DOTS, the internationally recommended strategy for tuberculosis control. The assessment was designed to inform the development of a context-specific strategy to ensure the delivery of high-quality TB-DOTS care to achieve sustained detection of 70% of new smear-positive patients and an 85% cure rate. Examining the various aspects of both the Government- and NGO-managed systems, the assessment measured the following elements of the Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Program, of which the USAID-funded NGO Service Delivery Program is also a part: awareness-raising efforts, identification of suspects, case detection, mode of DOTS, cure rate, physical facilities, technical capacity, record keeping, referrals, and facility-to-facility referrals. After a presentation of findings, the report makes recommendations to achieve the targeted case detection and cure rates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | EVALUATION REPORT | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | TUBERCULOSIS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC SECTOR | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322291 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Searching for justice for body and self in a coercive environment: sex work in Kerala, India. Author: Jayasree AK Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2004 May;12(23):58-67. Abstract: Sex workers in Kerala, India, live in a coercive environment and face violence from the police and criminals, lack of shelter, lack of childcare support and have many physical and mental health problems. This paper documents the environment in which women have been selling sex in Kerala since 1995, and their efforts to claim their rights. It is based on sex workers’ own reports and experiences, a situation analysis and a needs assessment study by the Foundation for Integrated Research in Mental Health. Involvement in HIV/AIDS prevention projects first gave sex workers in Kerala an opportunity to come together. Some have become peer educators and distribute condoms but they continue to be harassed by police. Most anti-trafficking interventions, including rescue and rehabilitation, either criminalise or victimise sex workers, and sex workers reject them as a solution to sex work. They understand that the lack of sexual fulfillment in other relationships and their own lack of access to other work and resources are the reasons why commercial sex flourishes. Sex workers are not mere victims without agency. They have a right to bodily integrity, pleasure, livelihood, self-determination and a safe working environment. Sex workers are organising themselves for these objectives and demand decriminalisation of sex work. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | INTEREST GROUPS | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SAFETY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUAL ABUSE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Public Health | Health Document Number: 194721 |
| 20. Title: Sustainability of Thailand's Family Planning Program: a system dynamics perspective. Author: Wongthanavasu S; Kammuansilpa P Source: Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2004 Jan;12(2):61-82. Abstract: In a comparative analysis of the common ingredients of success in family planning program and primary health care program of 5 countries with varying degrees of programs achievement, Klitsch and Walsh (1988), highlighted an integration of the two development programs into the rubric of existing health services systems, reflecting, though not fully explaining, a salient element of system management within the context of Thai cultural and social milieus. Ross and Stover (2001) used international data to construct scores of family planning program efforts in developing countries around the world; Thailand ranked fifth and was classified in the "strong group" in terms of program efforts. Theoretically, the declines in fertility in Thailand could not be exclusively explained by program efforts and, still a large part, could be attributable to socio-economic development. This strong program effort, however, was considered to be a precursor to sustainability of family planning program, which led further to a need to consider a dynamic view of program operations and a need to evaluate the sustainability of program from a system perspective. This raises a basic question, to which we wish to turn attention here. How was sustainability achieved? After international assistance declined and was cut off, the Thai government took full responsibility for the program, whose budget continued to grow. Figure I shows the total family planning budget and its various sources from 1970 to 2000. It can be seen from this figure that after adjusting inflation, the total budget for the program during the course of the history of this program reflects a pattern of sustainability. This indicates a remarkable sustained program achievement. How was this done? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | THEORETICAL MODELS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | CULTURE | FERTILITY RATE | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Programs | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy Document Number: 277359 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Health policy, systems and services research and the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Author: Wares DF; Chauhan LS Source: Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2003 Mar;101(3):177-179. Abstract: Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) has become the accepted standard for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. DOTS is the best treatment strategy available today, but it does not and cannot remain static. Health policy, systems and services research (HPSSR) described in the context of TB control, offers significant gains at relatively low cost and in a shorter timeframe. A rational framework is necessary to develop a research agenda and select priorities, especially when resources are limited. India has adopted, adapted and implemented DOTS strategy as the RNTCP. RNTCP has a clear set of programme objective ie, (a) cure of at least 85% of registered new smear positive pulmonary TB (NSP) cases and (b) detection of at least 70% of estimated NSP cases existing in the community. The RNTCP must be supported by research that continuously provides better tools for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | TUBERCULOSIS | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | LOGISTICS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | PROGRAMS | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Management | Organization and Administration Document Number: 191840 |
| 22. Title: Anthropocybernetic modeling -- from population demography to the concept of values. Author: Ivkovic V; Jovanovic V Source: Collegium Antropologicum. 2002 Dec;26 Suppl:15-23. Abstract: The »Values« model was conceived to integrate complex systems variables including genetic, memetic and demographic variables. Their respective integration in the »Values« model algorithm should enable us to better predict and estimate possible developments within complex anthropological systems such as human communities. The aim of this investigation was to test the ability of the »Values« model to approximately simulate the development and interaction of population size, kinship coefficient, environment and values within an imaginary population. The purpose of our research is to establish a basic model that could be used to simulate the behavior of complex anthropological systems, compare such simulations to available historical data for validation, predict demographic, socio-cultural, psychological and biological developments and finally set guidelines or suggestions for sustainable development of investigated communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | THEORETICAL MODELS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | COMMUNITY | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION SIZE | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demography | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 185081 |
| 23. Title: Voting for peace and democracy in Sierra Leone. Reflections on the May 2002 general elections. Author: Jalloh M Source: Africa Insight. 2002 Dec;32(4):59-63. Abstract: The May 2002 general elections represent a significant step forward in Sierra Leone's elusive search for peace and democracy after several years of bad governance and a devastating armed conflict. Though the elections did not result in a change of government, they were generally hailed as free, fair and peaceful. The participation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in the elections signalled a commitment to both peace and the democratisation process. Moreover, the level of civil society and public involvement in the electoral process coupled with the peaceful nature of the campaign stages further signify a clear trajectory towards stable electoral democracy in Sierra Leone. Nonetheless, the electoral process does reveal signs of inherited practices of neo-patrimonialism, weak political parties and a narrow representation. This raises fundamental questions regarding the relevance of electoral processes to post-conflict democracy, The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the May 2002 general elections, and to highlight the reasons for hope and concern in Sierra Leone's quest to build a peaceful democratic polity. Three basic issues underlie this paper. The first deals with the Sierra Leonean crisis and the background to the elections. The second is the dynamics of the electoral process. This involves a detailed analysis of the elections, the campaign process and the political parties. The third is an evaluation of the relevance of the elections for peace, democracy and political reconciliation in Sierra Leone. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SIERRA LEONE | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | VOTING | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL FACTORS | WAR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Political Systems Document Number: 178023 |
| 24. Title: Performance factors. Organizational support -- the critical responsibility of organizational leaders and managers to enable high-level performance. Source: [Unpublished] 2001 Jul 9. 4 p. Abstract: There are six factors that help PI practitioners analyze organizational performance. These factors, described below, are often interrelated or complementary in their impact, and they reflect the fact that PI is a systems approach to solving performance problems or creating effective new performance. Effective leaders and managers help their organizations pay attention to these factors, and are constantly looking for ways to use them to sustain the systems that will enable individuals to perform as well as possible. This attention to enabling the primary providers work is the most important responsibility that organizational leaders and managers have. In order to do this, organizational leaders and managers need to continuously examine how well the organization supports desired provider performance. Organizations - ministries, clinics, NGO's - have unique cultures that have profound effects on how work gets done. The principle supportive function of the organization is to make sure the providers' needs are met, in terms of the six performance factors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TEACHING MATERIALS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | WASTE MANAGEMENT | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation | Management | Research Methodology | Environment Document Number: 185807 |
| 25. Title: Monitoring the quality of hospital care. Author: Ashton J Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Center for Human Services, Quality Assurance Project, [2001]. 59 p. (Health Manager's GuideUSAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-96-90013) Abstract: A revolution is taking place in the field of healthcare. The concept of "quality of care," a major concern in the '90s, is now reverberating into the new millennium, speeded by the advent of healthcare reform in many countries. Providing quality healthcare within the constraints of available resources is a challenging undertaking. Nonetheless, even in an environment with limited resources, methods are available to regularly monitor the quality of care by collecting and analyzing a core set of health indicators, and thereby laying the groundwork for improvement. This guide provides a systematic approach to implementing quality monitoring in a hospital. Quality monitoring is only one part of a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of healthcare. Some of the other components include: providing feedback to healthcare workers, training and supporting staff to undertake improvements leading to quality care, and designing solutions for closing identified quality gaps. The focus of this guide ison measuring and analyzing processes rather than individuals. Seeking a culprit for poor outcomes is not the objective of monitoring. Too often individuals are held accountable for poorly designed systems and processes. In order to develop trust and involve staff in quality monitoring, the emphasis must be placed on the improvement of processes. The involvement of healthcare managers and providers in designing the monitoring process and assuming ownership are critical to establishing, implementing, and using an effective system that can lead to improved healthcare. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | HOSPITALS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MONITORING | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | USAID | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Management | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322286 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Participatory design of agroforestry systems: developing farmer participatory research methods in Mexico. [Diseño participativo de sistemas de agroforestación: desarrollo de métodos de investigación participativos para agricultores en México] Author: Haggar J; Ayala A; Diaz B; Reyes CU Source: Development in Practice. 2001 Aug;11(4):417-24. Abstract: Participatory research that combines the knowledge of farmers and researchers promotes the development of a variety of agroforestry options that may meet the various needs of different farmers, and thus exploits one of the greatest strengths of agroforestry--its plasticity. The design and evaluation of agroforestry systems with eight farmer research groups in southeast Mexico was conducted through surveys of individual production aims and limitations, and through group identification, testing, and analysis of production alternatives. Farmer trials were used as a basis for agroforestry development projects implemented by community and government organizations, thus disseminating technologies that had been tested and adapted by local farmers. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La investigación participativa que combina el conocimiento de los agricultores y de los investigadores promueve el desarrollo de una variedad de opciones agroforestales que pueden responder a las necesidades de los diferentes agricultores, y por lo tanto explota una de las mayores virtudes de la ciencia agroforestal(su plasticidad). El diseño y evaluación de sistemas agroforestales con ocho grupos de investigación agrícola en el sudeste de México fué conducido a través de encuestas de objetivos individuales de producción y limitaciones, y a través de identificación de grupos, pruebas, y análisis de alternativas de producción. Pruebas agrícolas fueron usadas como base para el desarrollo de los proyectos agroforestales implementados por organizaciones gubernamentales y comunitarias, diseminando de esta manera la tecnología que ha sido probada y adaptada por los agricultores locales. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | EVALUATION REPORT | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | TESTING | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Measurement | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Technology | Labor Force | Human Resources Document Number: 160344 |
| 27. Title: [Work and health: a gender study on systems analysts] Trabalho, saúde e gênero: estudo comparativo sobre analistas de sistemas. Author: Rocha LE; Debert-Ribeiro M Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2001;35(6):539-547. Abstract: To assess the health impact of working conditions among male and female systems analysts. In this cross-sectional study, 533 systems analysts of two data analysis companies located in the metropolitan area of São Paulo were studied. Data was collected using work ergonomic assessments, individual and group semi-structured interviews and a self-applied questionnaire. Data analysis was based on contingency tables, Chisquare values at 5% level, prevalence rates and ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals. Of the participants, 40.7% were women who on average were younger that the studied men (59.6% of women and 39% of men were in the age range 25 to 34). Though fatherhood was more frequently seen among men (57.6% x 34.2% for women), women spent more time with household tasks, including children care. There were more men in leading management positions. Work-related discomfort factors were seen in both sexes at similar frequencies. Men most commonly complained of work overload due to tight deadlines, high degree of responsibility, mental strain, and work complexity. Women more frequently complained of postural discomfort, higher exposure to video display terminal, and obsolete equipment. Women reported more visual, musculoskeletal and stress related symptoms, and higher work dissatisfaction and mental fatigue. The study suggests that the health impact on female systems analysts is associated with the work demands and the women’s social role. There is a need of further studies associating health, work and gender and an assessment of the intersection between the domestic and productive roles. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WORKERS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | STRESS | SATISFACTION | MANAGEMENT | HOUSEWORK | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 189931 |
| 28. Title: [System, information system, geographic information system: a method in human ecology] Systeme, systeme d'information, systeme d'information geographique: une methode en ecologie humaine. Author: Sandron F Source: In: Regulations demographiques et environnement. Actes des VIes Journees demographiques de l'ORSTOM, 22-24 septembre 1997 - Paris, sous la direction de Laurent Auclair, Patrick Gubry, Michel Picouet, Frederic Sandron. Paris, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 2001 Feb. :45-56. (Etudes du CEPED No. 18) Abstract: The highly complex relationship existing between population dynamics and environmental dynamics reflects the nature of the interactions between the two subjects. Many obstacles exist to modeling human ecology. In this paper, the author attempts to explain that complex modeling is required to understand a complex subject. One should therefore not hesitate to combine analytic methods and multiply angles of approach. The object of study must first be physically defined by determining a system by which properties and mode of function may be attributed. Next, using hypotheses, data are collected with the goal of more precisely describing how the system works. This involves information system definition and development. Finally, an information system, together with a geographic information system, can be used to produce visual representations of phenomena in space. It is both a tool and a model since it functions selectively to present the real. To function properly, the articulation of these three types of systems must operate in such a way as to respond to the usual grievances one attributes to research in human ecology, including the lack of theorization, modeling, and interdisciplinarity. The idea of the complex system, man and his environment as a complex system, an information system upon the population-environment dyad, and the restitution of data in a geographic information system are discussed. French Abstract: La relation entre les dynamiques d'une population et les dynamiques de son environnement est très complexe, reflétant la nature des interactions qui existent entre les deux objets. Il existe de nombreux obstacles à une modélisation simple de l'écologie humaine. Dans ce texte, l'auteur veut communiquer au lecteur que la compréhension d'un objet complexe passe par une modélisation complexe. Il ne faut pas donc hésiter à coupler les méthodes d'analyse et à multiplier les angles d'approche. Il faut d'abord délimiter physiquement l'objet de l'étude par une détermination d'un système auquel on attribue des propriétés et un mode de fonctionnement. Ensuite, à partir de quelques hypothèses, on recueille une information qui visera à décrire de manière plus fine le fonctionnement de ce système. Cela constitue l'élaboration d'un système d'information. On peut avoir des allers et des retours entre la définition du système d'information. Enfin, la représentation visuelle des phénomènes dans l'espace à partir d'un système d'information peut se faire à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique. C'est à la fois un outil et un modèle au sens faible puisqu'il opère une sélectivité sur la représentation du réel. Pour bien fonctionner, l'articulation de ces trois genres de systèmes doit s'opérer de manière à répondre aux griefs habituels qu'on attribue à la recherche en écologie humaine, à savoir le manque de théorisation, de modélisation, et d'interdisciplinarité. L'idée de système complexe, l'homme et son environnement comme système complexe, un système d'information sur le système population-environnement, et la restitution des données dans un système d'information géographique sont discutés. Language: French Keywords: METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | ECOLOGY | Research Methodology | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Population | Geography | Social Sciences | Environment Document Number: 158126 |
| 29. Title: Bangladesh: contraceptive logistics system. Review of accomplishments and lessons learned. Author: Kinzett S; Bates J Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], Family Planning Logistics Management [FPLM], 2000. x, 67 p. (USAID Contract No. CCP-C-00-95-00028-00) Abstract: This report documents the status of technical assistance provided by the USAID-funded Family Planning Logistics Management project to the Bangladesh Family Planning Program in developing a countrywide contraceptive logistics system. A study conducted in November 1999 to evaluate the impact of technical assistance on logistics management and contraceptive security is detailed. The report concludes with findings from the study, lessons learned, and recommendations to continue improvements in the system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | EVALUATION REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | PUBLIC SECTOR | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | WORLD BANK | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | INVENTORIES | HEALTH POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CHANGES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organizations | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Equipment and Supplies | Policy | Family Planning | Social Change Document Number: 180915 |
| 30. Title: The origins and evolution of the field. Author: Rosenberg MJ; Coscarelli WC; Hutchison CS Source: In: Handbook of human performance technology. 2nd. ed. Improving individual and organizational performance worldwide, edited by Harold D. Stolovitch, Erica J. Keeps. San Francisco, California, Jossey-Bass / Pfeiffer, 1999. :24-46. Abstract: In this chapter, the emerging field of HPT will be described from both a process and a management point of view. Specifically, this chapter will examine the significant contributions an viewpoints of the discipline’s pioneering practitioners, as well as the more established scientific fields from which they came. This chapter will also note the significant contributions of learning psychology, instructional systems, analytical systems, information technology, cognitive engineering, ergonomics and human factors, feedback systems, organizational development, and change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | WORKERS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | HUMAN RESOURCES | TRAINING TECHNIQUES | MANAGEMENT | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Labor Force | Economic Factors | Training Activities | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 290062 |
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