2.  Title: The role of education level in the intergenerational pattern of adolescent pregnancy in Brazil. Author: Almeida MC; Aquino EM Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;35(3):139-146. Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with the early childbearing experience of the mothers of adolescents, and young people's education level is believed to be an important factor in this phenomenon. In 2002, a representative household survey collected data from 3,050 young men and women ages 20–24 in three Brazilian cities. The main measures were mother's age at first birth, daughter's age at first pregnancy, and son's age when he first impregnated a partner. Ages were dichotomized as younger than 20 and 20 or older. The distribution of respondents, by both their own and their mothers' reproductive experience, was analyzed in relation to various characteristics, and logistic regressions assessed possible associations between these variables and pregnancy experience. Thirty percent of women reported getting pregnant before age 20, and 21% of men said they were younger than 20 when they first impregnated a partner. Of these groups, 34% of women and 31% of men reported that their mothers had first given birth at the same age. Both women and men were more likely to have had an early pregnancy experience if their mother had had a child before age 20. Among women, this positive association disappeared in the final model after adjusting for their education level, whereas among men the association remained after similar adjustment. Spanish Abstract: Contexto: El embarazo durante la adolescencia se ha asociado con la experiencia de la maternidad temprana de las madres de los y las adolescentes; y se considera el nivel educativo de la gente joven como un factor importante en este fenómeno. Métodos: En 2002, una encuesta representativa de hogares recolectó datos de 3,050 hombres y mujeres jóvenes de 20-24 años en tres ciudades brasileñas. Las principales medidas fueron la edad de la madre de los encuestados en el momento de su primer parto, la edad de la joven en el primer embarazo y la edad del joven al embarazar por primera vez a una pareja; los grupos de edad se dividieron en menores de 20 y de 20 años o mayores. La distribución de las personas encuestadas (tanto por su propia experiencia reproductiva como la de su madre), se analizó en relación con varias características, y se valoró mediante regresiones logísticas las posibles asociaciones entre estas variables y la experiencia del embarazo. Resultados: Treinta por ciento de las jóvenes reportaron haberse embarazado antes de los 20 años; y 21% de los hombres dijeron que eran menores de 20 años cuando su pareja se embarazó. De estos grupos, 34% de las mujeres y 31% de los hombres reportaron que sus madres habían dado a luz por primera vez a la misma edad. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres tuvieron mayor probabilidad de experimentar un embarazo temprano si su madre había tenido un hijo antes de los 20 años (razones de momios, 2.0 y 2.3, respectivamente). En las mujeres, esta asociación positiva desapareció en el modelo final, después de ajustar por nivel de educación, mientras que entre los hombres la asociación permaneció después de un ajuste similar (1.8). Conclusiones: El nivel de educación de las hijas e hijos parece ser un factor importante en la repetición de la fecundidad adolescente a través de las generaciones. Se necesita esfuerzos para aumentar el acceso a la educación y para alentar a la gente joven a que permanezca en la escuela. French Abstract: Contexte: Les grossesses d'adolescentes ont été associées à l'expérience de la maternité précoce des mères des adolescents concernés et le niveau d'instruction des jeunes semble jouer un rôle important. Méthodes: En 2002, une enquête de ménages représentative a recueilli des données auprès de 3.050 jeunes hommes et femmes de 20 à 24 ans dans trois villes du Brésil. Les principales mesures ont porté sur l'âge de la mère à la première naissance, l'âge de la fille à la première grossesse et l'âge du fils au moment de la fécondation d'une partenaire. Les âges ont été dichotomisés entre moins de 20 ans et 20 ans ou plus. La distribution des répondants en fonction de leur propre expérience génésique et de celle de leur mère a été analysée selon différentes caractéristiques, tandis que les associations possibles entre ces variables et l'expérience d'une grossesse étaient évaluées par régressions logistiques. Résultats: Trente pour cent des femmes ont déclaré avoir été enceintes avant l'âge de 20 ans, tandis que 21% des hommes déclaraient avoir eu moins de 20 ans au moment de la fécondation de leur partenaire. De ces groupes, 34% des femmes et 31% des hommes ont déclaré que leur mère avait accouché pour la première fois à ce même âge. Tant les femmes que les hommes sont apparus plus susceptibles d'avoir connu une grossesse précoce si leur mère avait eu un enfant avant l'âge de 20 ans (rapports de probabilités, 2,0 et 2,3, respectivement). Côté féminin, cette association positive disparaît dans le modèle final après correction du niveau d'instruction; côté masculin, elle se maintient après correction similaire (1,8). Conclusions: Le niveau d'instruction des filles comme des fils semble jouer un rôle important dans la répétition de la fécondité adolescente d'une génération à l'autre. Des efforts sont nécessaires pour accroître l'accès à l'éducation et encourager les jeunes à poursuivre leur scolarisation. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 343004 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: [Sexual behavior and emergency contraception among adolescents from public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil] Comportamento sexual e contracepcao de emergencia entre adolescentes de escolas Author: Araujo MS; Costa LO Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):551-62. Abstract: This study examined knowledge and use of emergency contraception among 4,210 adolescents (14-19 years) enrolled in public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The authors collected information with the Global School-Based Student Health Survey, previously validated. Knowledge, frequency, and form of use of emergency contraception were investigated. Independent variables were classified as sociodemographic and those related to sexual behavior. Most adolescents reported knowing and having received information about the method, but among those who had already used it, only 22.1% had done so correctly. Adjusted regression analysis showed greater likelihood of knowledge about the method among girls and the sexually initiated, while rural residents were 68% less knowledgeable. Rural residents showed 1.68 times higher odds of incorrect use, while girls showed 71% lower likelihood of incorrect use. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX EDUCATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Evaluation Document Number: 330737 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Media saturation, communication exposure and HIV stigma in Nigeria. Author: Babalola S; Fatusi A; Anyanti J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(8):1513-20. Abstract: HIV-related stigma constitutes an impediment to public health as it hampers HIV/AIDS control efforts in many ways. To address the complex problems of increasing HIV infection rate, widespread misinformation about the infection and the rising level of HIV-related stigma, the various tiers of government in Nigeria are working with local and international non-governmental organizations to develop and implement strategic communication programs. This paper assesses the link between these communication efforts and HIV-related stigma using data from a nationally representative household survey. The results show that accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV are more prevalent among men than among women. Exposure to HIV-related communication on the media is associated with increased knowledge about HIV, which is in turn a strong predictor of accepting attitudes. Communication exposure also has a significant and positive association with accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV. In contrast, community media saturation is not strongly linked with accepting attitudes for either sex. The findings strongly suggest that media-based HIV programs constitute an effective strategy to combat HIV/AIDS-related stigma and should therefore be intensified in Nigeria. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STIGMA | MASS MEDIA | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341694 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Alcohol and illicit drug use and its influence on the sexual behavior of teenagers from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Uso de alcool e drogas e sua influencia sobre as praticas sexuais de adolescentes de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Author: Bertoni N; Bastos FI; de Mello MV; Makuch MY; de Sousa MH; Osis MJ; Faundes A Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;25(6):1350-1360. Abstract: This article summarizes the findings of a survey of 5,981 students from public schools in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The analysis assessed the influence of drug use on sexual practices. Among the boys who stated having used illicit drugs and who were engaged in relationships with casual partners, 56% reported consistent condom use, as compared to 65% among those not reporting such habits. Among boys who reported illicit drug use and who were engaged in relationships with stable partners, consistent condom use was reported by 43%, versus 64% among those not reporting such habits. In the subgroup of boys engaged in stable relationships who did not report illicit drug use, consistent condom use was less frequent among those who used alcohol or cigarettes, compared to those who did not drink or smoke (61% versus 71%). Girls were less likely than boys to use condoms consistently, regardless of the nature of their relationships, without a noticeable influence of drug use. Policies to prevent drug abuse, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy should be fully integrated. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RISK FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Document Number: 340175 |
| 6. Title: Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four african countries. Author: Biddlecom A; Awusabo-Asare K; Bankole A Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):72-81. Abstract: Data were collected in 2004 in nationally representative surveys of 12- to 19-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Bivariate analysis was used to compare gender differences for two outcomes among unmarried 15- to 19-year-olds having had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and, among those who had had sex in this period, having used contraception at last sex. Unmarried adolescents reported moderate to high levels of parental monitoring and low levels of parent-child communication about sexual matters. In all countries, adolescent males who reported low monitoring were at elevated risk of having had sex in the last year, as were their female counterparts in three of the countries. Communication with parents was positively associated with sexual activity among Malawian males and Ugandan females. Parental monitoring was not associated with contraceptive use at last sex, whereas parent-child communication was associated with such use among Ghanaian females and among Ugandan adolescents of both genders. The authors conclude that programs to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health should include dimensions of parental involvement. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Health | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342142 |
| 7. Title: Contraceptive use among canadian women of reproductive age: results of a national survey. Author: Black A; Yang Q; Wu Wen S; Lalonde AB; Guilbert E; Fisher W Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009 Jul;31(7):627-40. Abstract: Objective: Past studies indicate that despite a wide range of contraceptive options, Canadian women tend to use a narrow selection of contraceptive methods. New contraceptive methods have recently been introduced in Canada. The objective of this research is to characterize Canadian women's current contraceptive choices and adherence to contraceptive regimens. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2006. A standardized, confidential, Internet questionnaire was administered to female members of a previously recruited national market research panel. Percentages of current contraceptive use and consistency of use were calculated by age group, marital status, and province and were weighted according to age and region. Chi-square test was used to detect within-group differences for consistency of contraceptive use, oral contraceptive (OC) use, and condom use. Multivariate logistic regression analyses predicting consistent contraception use, OC use, and condom use were performed. Results: Of 5597 survey respondents, 3253 were eligible for data analysis. Of these women, 2751 had had vaginal intercourse in the previous six months, were not trying to conceive, and reported whether they or their partner had used contraception. Of these 2751 women, 410 (14.9%) never used contraception. Among contraception users, the most frequently used methods of contraception were condoms (54.3%), OCs (43.7%), and withdrawal (11.6%). Newer contraceptive methods were used by less than 4%. Choice of contraceptive method varied by age. Only 65.2% of respondents who were sexually active and not trying to conceive "always used" contraception. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found significantly higher odds of no contraception use in women over 40 years of age, without higher education, living in PEI or Newfoundland, married or living common-law, or having annual household incomes under $100 000. Conclusion: Despite many contraceptive options, Canadian women continue to use a narrow range of contraceptive methods and to use contraception inconsistently. Consistent contraceptive use is influenced by a number of independent social variables. Future public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness of contraception options, increased access to a variety of contraceptive methods, and assisting with contraceptive adherence. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CONDOM USE | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproduction | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 342765 |
| 8. Title: Acquiring allergen information from condom manufacturers: a questionnaire survey. Author: Blyumin ML; Rouhani P; Avashia NJ; Jacob SE Source: Dermatitis. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):161-70. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis from condoms is a problem that carries significant morbidity and that has been increasingly reported due to the use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases as well as for birth control. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the process by which condom manufacturing companies divulge product allergen information to health care professionals. METHODS: An interviewer-administered telephone questionnaire eliciting the staff member's knowledge of condom allergens was utilized. Eligible respondents were condom manufacturers' service staff over 18 years of age. RESULTS: Complete surveys were obtained regarding 36 (85.7%) of the 42 subtypes of condoms. Telephoning was the primary (75%) method of obtaining allergen information. The majority (63.9%) of the information was obtained within minutes to hours of the initial contact. Nearly two-thirds of the interviews evaluated the condom manufacturers' service staff as good and effective in their knowledge base and in providing product information. CONCLUSION: The study determined that the extent of knowledge, helpfulness, and effectiveness of the customer service personnel in relaying product allergen information to clinicians were generally good. The study additionally generated a reference table outlining the common allergens in major manufactured condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | CONDOMS | ALLERGIC REACTION | DERMATITIS | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 341311 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Improvement of the patient flow in a large urban clinic with high HIV seroprevalence in Kampala, Uganda. Author: Castelnuovo B; Babigumira J; Lamorde M; Muwanga A; Kambugu A; Colebunders R Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):123-4. Abstract: Antiretroviral treatment roll-out programmes in Africa often have difficulties to cope with the increasing number of clients. Based on the findings of a survey carried out in 2005 that showed long waiting times, innovative organizational changes (nurse visits and pharmacy-only refill visits) were introduced in our clinic. In August 2007, the survey was repeated to evaluate the impact of these changes. During both surveys we used the same standardized questionnaire. In 2007, 400 patients visited the clinic on the study day compared to 250 in 2005. The median time spent at the clinic decreased from 157 minutes in 2005 (range 22-426) to 124 minutes (15-314). All the waiting times for different services decreased except the time between the visit to the triage nurse and the doctors' visit. A similar methodology could be used by other health services to evaluate and compare different models of care. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | CLINIC VISITS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | TIME FACTORS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | WAITING AREAS AND QUEUES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | HIV | AIDS | Program Sustainability | Population Dynamics | Workplace | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331091 |
| 10. Title: HIV stigma and nurse job satisfaction in five African countries. Author: Chirwa ML; Greeff M; Kohi TW; Naidoo JR; Makoae LN; Dlamini PS; Kaszubski C; Cuca YP; Uys LR; Holzemer WL Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;20(1):14-21. Abstract: This study explored the demographic and social factors, including perceived HIV stigma, that influence job satisfaction in nurses from 5 African countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of nurses (n = 1,384) caring for patients living with HIV infection in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Total job satisfaction in this sample was lower than 2 comparable studies in South Africa and the United Kingdom. The Personal Satisfaction subscale was the highest in this sample, as in the other 2. Job satisfaction scores differed significantly among the 5 countries, and these differences were consistent across all subscales. A hierarchical regression showed that mental and physical health, marital status, education level, urban/rural setting, and perceived HIV stigma had significant influence on job satisfaction. Perceived HIV stigma was the strongest predictor of job dissatisfaction. These results provide new areas for intervention strategies that might enhance the work environment for nurses in these countries. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | NURSES AND NURSING | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SATISFACTION | MANAGEMENT | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330878 |
| 11. Title: Induced abortion and anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders: isolating the effects of abortion in the national comorbidity survey. Author: Coleman PK; Coyle CT; Shuping M; Rue VM Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2009 May;43(8):770-6. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between abortion history and a wide range of anxiety (panic disorder, panic attacks, PTSD, Agoraphobia), mood (bipolar disorder, mania, major depression), and substance abuse disorders (alcohol and drug abuse and dependence) using a nationally representative US sample, the national comorbidity survey. Abortion was found to be related to an increased risk for a variety of mental health problems (panic attacks, panic disorder, agoraphobia, PTSD, bipolar disorder, major depression with and without hierarchy), and substance abuse disorders after statistical controls were instituted for a wide range of personal, situational, and demographic variables. Calculation of population attributable risks indicated that abortion was implicated in between 4.3% and 16.6% of the incidence of these disorders. Future research is needed to identify mediating mechanisms linking abortion to various disorders and to understand individual difference factors associated with vulnerability to developing a particular mental health problem after abortion. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MENTAL HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health Document Number: 342106 Notification |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent Comprehension of Emergency Contraception in New York City. Author: Cremer M; Holland E; Adams B; Klausner D; Nichols S; Scott Ram R; Alonzo TA Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Apr;113(4):840-844. Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To estimate comprehension of the over-the-counter emergency contraception label among female adolescents aged 12 through 17 years, and to compare the results with a similar study that focused on adults. METHODS:: Surveys were administered to female adolescents in New York City in public venues such as malls, movie theaters, and parks. Participants were asked to read the emergency contraception (levonorgestrel) label before answering survey questions. Comparisons were made in SPSS version 13.0 using chi tests of independence and Fisher exact tests for sparse data. RESULTS:: One thousand eighty-five girls between the ages of 12 and 17 participated in the study. Overall, adolescents demonstrated high comprehension of the key points of emergency contraception: (1) that it is a method of preventing pregnancy 92% (confidence interval [CI] 91-94%); (2) that it has to be taken within the first 72 hours after unprotected intercourse 83% (CI 83-87%); (3) that if you are already pregnant emergency contraception will not be effective 87% (CI 85-89%); (4) that emergency contraception will not protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 95% (CI 94-96%); and (5) that emergency contraception should not be used as a method of long-term birth control 85% (CI 83-87%). CONCLUSION:: After reading the emergency contraception (levonorgestrel) label, female adolescents aged 12 to 17 understood the information necessary to use emergency contraception safely and effectively as well as their adult counterparts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: III. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | INFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330854 |
| 13. Title: Condom provision and education in Minnesota public schools: a telephone survey of parents. Author: Eisenberg ME; Bernat DH; Bearinger LH; Resnick MD Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Sep;79(9):416-24; quiz 438-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing correct and consistent condom use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a critical public health goal, with schools serving as key agents for achieving this goal through sexuality education and condom use provision. This research aims to describe the views of parents regarding school-based condom distribution and education programs, and examines how these views differ across demographic groups. METHODS: Parents of school-age children in Minnesota were surveyed in telephone interviews (N = 1605; 63% participation) regarding their beliefs about condom availability and education. Chi-square tests of significance were used to detect differences in agreement with each statement for 10 demographic and personal characteristics. RESULTS: A majority of respondents held supportive views about condom availability and education programs. Strongest support centered on statements in the survey about teenagers needing information about condoms (86%) and showing actual condoms during classroom lessons (77%). Approximately two thirds of the parents agreed that school-based instruction about condoms should be "allowed" at the high school level (65%), and one fifth (21%) believed that this type of education should be "required." Support for condom availability and education programs differed significantly according to certain personal characteristics, with less supportive views from self-identified Born Again Christians and politically conservative parents. CONCLUSIONS: Public discourse regarding school-based sexuality education should include the viewpoints of parents of school-aged children as key stakeholders. Parents' perspectives provide unique and critical insights that school administrators and educators should consider as they develop educational and programmatic offerings regarding condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MINNESOTA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | BELIEFS | SEX EDUCATION | CONDOMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342559 |
| 14. Title: Compliance with mandated emergency contraception in New Mexico emergency departments. Author: Espey E; Ogburn T; Leeman L; Buchen E; Angeli E; Qualls C Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 May;18(5):619-23. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: New Mexico enacted a law in 2003 requiring that emergency departments (EDs) offer emergency contraception (EC) to survivors of sexual assault and that both doses be administered in the ED. This investigation sought to examine practices and knowledge of ED providers about EC in the setting of sexual assault. METHODS: We visited hospitals in New Mexico from July 2005 to December 2005 and administered an 18-item questionnaire to three providers-a physician, a nurse, and a clerk-in the ED. The questionnaire included items related to characteristics of the hospital, knowledge of providers about EC and the law, and ED practices relevant to EC for sexual assault survivors as well as for women who had consensual unprotected intercourse. RESULTS: Surveys were completed at 33 of 38 hospitals (87%). Overall, 52% of respondents reported that EC was routinely offered to sexual assault survivors, and 33% reported that both doses were administered in the ED. Forty-one percent of RNs, MDs, and clerks reported that EC was offered to sexual assault survivors who were minors regardless of age. Overall, 64% of respondents knew that EC may prevent pregnancy up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, and only 12% of respondents reported awareness of any requirements to offer EC to sexual assault survivors. Respondents reported that physicians in the ED more often routinely offered EC to sexual assault survivors (52%) than to women who requested it after consensual sex (20%). Thirty-three percent of respondents indicated parental consent was necessary for minors in the setting of sexual assault, although there is no requirement for parental notification in New Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: EDs in New Mexico are not universally complying with the law. Better dissemination of the law and education about EC could improve care of sexual assault survivors in New Mexico. Language: English Keywords: NEW MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY SERVICES | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | HEALTH SERVICES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | NEEDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Economic Factors Document Number: 342561 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent sexual behavior during periods of increase and decrease in the abortion rate. Author: Falah-Hassani K; Kosunen E; Shiri R; Jokela J; Liinamo A; Rimpela A Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jul;114(1):79-86. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study changes in adolescent sexual behavior in periods of increase (1994-2000) and decrease (2001-2007) in the abortion rate. METHODS: School surveys with self-administered questionnaires were carried out annually among eighth graders (mean age 14.8 years) and ninth graders (mean age 15.8 years) (N=286,665) in 1996/1997 and 2006/2007. Schools participated biennially. The proportions of respondents reporting noncoital (kissing, light petting, heavy petting) and coital (ever had sexual intercourse, intercourse at least 10 times, at least three partners) sexual experience and nonuse of contraception were studied. RESULTS: Among adolescents, both coital and noncoital sexual experiences and the proportion of those not using contraception increased between 1996-1997 and 2000-2001 (P for trend <.01, all) and decreased from 2000-2001 onward (P<.001, all), except the proportion of at least 10 coital events, which did not decrease. Among sexually experienced adolescents, a similar increase in coital experiences (intercourse at least 10 times from 38.2% to 41.5%, at least three partners from 27.8% to 30.7%, P<.001) and in not using contraception (from 17.2% to 19.1%, P=.002) was seen before 2000-2001, but after that the only significant change was a further increase in the proportion of those reporting intercourse at least 10 times (from 41.5% to 47.8%, P<.001). CONCLUSION: The proportion of adolescents reporting noncoital sexual experiences, intercourse, or not using contraception increased in the 1990s and decreased in the 2000s, reflecting the changes in the abortion rate. However, as the abortion rate decreased, the intensity of sexual activity further increased among sexually experienced adolescents, suggesting that the fall in the abortion rate may be due to contraception and more effective sexual education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: III. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ABORTION RATE | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 342595 Notification |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: High HIV prevalence detected in 2006 and 2007 among men who have sex with men in China's largest municipality: an alarming epidemic in Chongqing, China. Author: Feng L; Ding X; Lu R; Liu J; Sy A; Ouyang L; Pan C; Yi H; Liu H; Xu J; Zhao J Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):79-85. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Data from many large cities in China show HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) increasing dramatically over the recent years, making HIV transmission among MSM in China a growing concern. To facilitate targeted HIV prevention among MSM in Chongqing, surveys were conducted to examine HIV prevalence and its associated factors in 2006 and in 2007. METHODS: Surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in 3 districts of Chongqing at venues and cruising areas where MSM frequent. Univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted on demographic, behavioral, and biological data. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 19.7% in 2006 and 26.5% in 2007 among recruitees from bathhouses and saunas, more than 2 times higher than recruitees from other venues for both years. HIV prevalence increased from 10.4% in 2006 to 12.5% in 2007. HIV prevalence was more than 20% among those older than 40 years of age, much higher than HIV prevalence in younger age groups. HIV prevalence among married MSM was 15.9% in 2006 and 20.9% in 2007, compared with nonmarried MSM at 7.6% in 2006 and 9.2% in 2007. DISCUSSION: Urgent attention for prevention services is required to address the overall high HIV prevalence among MSM in the city, with special focus on subgroups as older, married MSM, and those recruited from bathhouses and saunas. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMICS | SYPHILIS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality Document Number: 342907 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of contraceptive services in Britain: findings from the second National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2). Author: French RS; Mercer CH; Johnson AM; Fenton KA; Erens B; Wellings K Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jan;35(1):9-14. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe contraceptive service use and identify demographic and sexual behavioural characteristics associated with use (and non-use) of different services. METHODS: Probability survey sample of men and women aged 16-44 years, resident in Britain. Participants comprised 3369 men and 4375 women reporting vaginal intercourse in the last year (excluding those reporting exclusive use of sterilisation or medical investigations for infertility). Main outcome measures were use of contraceptive services, grouped as: general practice, community contraceptive clinics, retail services and nonuse of services. RESULTS: General practice was the most commonly reported source of contraceptive supplies for women (59.2%), while retail services were most frequently reported by men (42.7%). 16.3% of women and 7.3% of men reported using more than one type of service. 20.7% of women and 45.1% of men had used no service in the last year, and amongst 16-17-year-olds the proportions reporting non-use of services was 13.8% and 31.2%, respectively. Use of community contraceptive clinics was associated with being younger, childless, single and reporting more heterosexual partners in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: There was relatively little 'shopping around' between different services, suggesting that choice of contraceptive providers ensures a range of needs is met for most people. While general practice is the most commonly used source of supplies, community contraceptive clinics are seeing those potentially at higher sexual health risk, particularly the young and those with multiple partners. Ways of improving young people's access to services for contraceptive supplies need to be addressed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | LIFE STYLE | ATTITUDES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329637 |
| 18. Title: Individual versus household migration decision rules: gender and marital status differences in intentions to migrate in South Africa. Author: Gubhaju B; De Jong GF Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):31-61. Abstract: This research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision-making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held "own-future" versus alternative "household well-being" migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender-marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the "maximizing one's own future" neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the "maximizing household income" proposition for married men with short-term migration intentions, and the "reduce household risk" proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | NEVER MARRIED | MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | GENDER ISSUES | MARITAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341299 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship-oriented information-motivation-behavioral skills model: a multilevel structural equation model among dyads. Author: Harman JJ; Amico KR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):173-84. Abstract: Transmission rates of HIV infection have increased steadily among heterosexual adults, however current theoretical models have not been tested statistically at the dyadic level in which risk behaviors occur. The purpose of the current study was to test an Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills (IMB) model of HIV risk behavior (IMB) specifically articulated for heterosexual couples in established relationships using data from both members of 75 dyads. The multilevel relationship-oriented information-motivation-behavioral skills (RELO-IMB) model was evaluated at the individual and dyadic level of analysis to examine partner differences on core variables. Results indicated that not only did the RELO-IMB model provide a good fit to the data when analyzed at the dyadic level, but that the structural relations among the core variables were quite different between the individual- and dyadic-level models. This is the first theoretical model of HIV risk behavior to be analyzed at the dyadic level, and the results suggest ways to effectively design intervention strategies for individuals in intimate relationships. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HETEROSEXUALS | COUPLES | HIV PREVENTION | MOTIVATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 342860 |
| 20. Title: Female college students' knowledge, perceptions, and use of emergency contraception. Author: Hickey MT Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009 Jul-Aug;38(4):399-405. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine female college students' knowledge, perceptions, and use of emergency contraception since its availability over-the-counter. DESIGN: Exploratory, descriptive survey design. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A convenience sample of female college students between the ages of 18 and 24 in a private suburban university in the Mid-Atlantic region. RESULTS: Six hundred and nine students responded to the survey (22% response rate). Findings revealed that 15% of respondents indicated having been pregnant previously; 87% of those pregnancies were unplanned. Ninety-eight percent had heard of emergency contraception; however, nearly 40% were unsure if emergency contraception was the same as RU-486 (the abortion pill). Ninety-five percent of respondents knew that emergency contraception is available in the United States; 33% believed that a prescription was required. Perceived side effects were reported by 71%; 60% did not believe they could obtain emergency contraception. Twenty-eight percent reported previously using emergency contraception; 27% of these purchased it over-the-counter. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicated that women who are considered at risk for unintended pregnancies are not aware of the use, availability, and accessibility of an effective means of prevention. In addition, misconceptions regarding emergency contraception, such as its side effects, were also a significant finding. Based on these findings, education about emergency contraception is warranted, particularly in this at-risk population. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | UNIVERSITIES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | RU-486 | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Schools | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342145 |
| 21. Title: Survey on prevalence and risk factors on HIV-I among pregnant women in North-Rift, Kenya: a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted between 2005 and 2006. Author: Kiptoo M; Mpoke S; Ng'ang'a Z; Mueke J; Okoth F; Songok E Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Apr 30;9(10):6 p. Abstract: Background: The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Kenya is a major public-health problem. Estimating the prevalence of HIV in pregnant women provides essential information for an effective implementation of HIV/AIDS control measures and monitoring of HIV spread within a country. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection, risk factors for HIV/AIDS and immunologic (lymphocyte profile) characteristics among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in three district hospitals in North-Rift, Kenya. Methods: Blood samples were collected from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in three district hospitals (Kitale, Kapsabet and Nandi Hills) after informed consent and pre-test counseling. The samples were tested for HIV antibodies as per the guidelines laid down by Ministry of Health, Kenya. A structured pretested questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data. Lymphocyte subset counts were quantified by standard flow cytometry. Results: Of the 4638 pregnant women tested, 309 (6.7%) were HIV seropositive. The majority (85.1%) of the antenatal attendees did not know their HIV status prior to visiting the clinic for antenatal care. The highest proportion of HIV infected women was in the age group 21-25 years (35.5%). The 31-35 age group had the highest (8.5%) HIV prevalence, while women aged more than 35 years had the lowest (2.5%). Women in a polygamous relationship were significantly more likely to be HIV infected as compared to those in a monogamous relationship (p = 0.000). The highest HIV prevalence (6.3%) was recorded among antenatal attendees who had attended secondary schools followed by those with primary and tertiary level of education (6% and 5% respectively). However, there was no significant relationship between HIV seropositivity and the level of education (p = 0.653 and p = 0.469 for secondary and tertiary respectively). The mean CD4 count was 466 cells/mm3 (9-2000 cells/mm3). Those that had less than 200 cells/mm3 accounted for 14% and only nine were on antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of HIV was found to be consistent with the reports from the national HIV sentinel surveys. Enumeration of T-lymphocyte (CD4/8) should be carried out routinely in the antenatal clinics for proper timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | QUESTIONNAIRES | ANTENATAL CARE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Health | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care Document Number: 341881 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual behaviour and HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviours in the general population of Slovenia, a low HIV prevalence country in central Europe. Author: Klavs I; Rodrigues LC; Wellings K; Weiss HA; Hayes R Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(2):132-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe sexual and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk behaviours in Slovenia. METHODS: A nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the general population aged 18-49 years in 1999-2001 was conducted. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews and anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Statistical methods for complex survey data were used. RESULTS: 849 men and 903 women were interviewed. In the past 5 years, both men and women reported a median of one heterosexual partner (means 3.2, 1.5, respectively), concurrent heterosexual partnerships were reported by 24.4% of men and 8.2% of women, heterosexual sex with non-Slovenian partners by 12.6% of men and 12.2% of women, forced sex by 4.8% of women, paid heterosexual sex by 2.6% of men, sex with another man by 0.6% of men and heterosexual sex with an injecting drug user by 1.2% of men and 1.3% of women. In the past year, 22.7% of men and 9.5% of women reported forming at least one new heterosexual partnership. The mean numbers of episodes of heterosexual sex in the previous 4 weeks were 6.1 for men and 6.0 for women. Consistent and inconsistent condom use was reported more frequently among men reporting multiple female partners and those not married or cohabiting. CONCLUSIONS: Recent patterns of reported sexual behaviour are consistent with a low risk of HIV and STI transmission in Slovenia. The results will inform Slovenian sexual health policies including HIV/STI prevention, and are particularly valuable because population-based data on HIV/STI risk behaviour have not previously been available in low HIV prevalence countries of central Europe. Language: English Keywords: SLOVENIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | INTERVIEWS | QUESTIONNAIRES | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Data Collection | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341850 |
| 23. Title: [Long-cycle treatment in oral contraception] Langzyklus bei Ovulationshemmern. Author: Kuhl H; Birkhauser M; Mueck A; Neulen J; Thaler C Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):101-8. Abstract: Surveys show that most women desire a change in their menstrual pattern in the sense that they would prefer less menstruations or even amenorrhea. On this behalf, there is no difference between women having spontaneous natural cycles and women taking the pill. The main reasons are less menstrual bleedings, better hygienic conditions, a better quality of life and less blood loss. In women wanting regular monthly periods, the opinion is dominant that suppression of menstrual bleedings is "unnatural". It is therefore primordial to inform women that contraceptive safety is even increased in users following the long-cycle principal and that a fertility decrease has not to be feared. The benefit of the long-cyle OC is a reduction of the hormonal fluctuations induced by the pill-free interval with its consecutive somatic and mental symptoms, as well as an increased contraceptive safety. The following cycle- and menstruation-dependent symptoms as listed as an indication for the long-cycle use: Endometriosis, hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis, uterine fibroma, polyzystic ovary syndrom, migraine due to estrogen-deficiency in the pill-free interval as well as premenstrual syndrome. Language: German Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | AMENORRHEA | MENSTRUATION | BLEEDING | QUALITY OF LIFE | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 329572 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Household survey of hepatitis B vaccine coverage among Brazilian children. Author: Luna EJ; Veras MA; Flannery B; de Moraes JC Author: the Vaccine Coverage Survey 2007 Group Source: Vaccine. 2009 Jul 16; Abstract: We conducted a multi-stage household cluster survey to calculate hepatitis B vaccine coverage among children 18-30 months of age in 27 Brazilian cities. Hepatitis B vaccine is administered at birth, 1 month and 6 months of age by Brazil's national immunization program. Among 17,749 children surveyed, 40.2% received a birth dose until the first day of life, 94.8% received at least one dose of hepatitis B vaccine, and 86.7% completed the three-dose series by 12 months of age. Increased coverage with the birth dose and administration of hepatitis B in combination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens could improve protection against hepatitis B. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDREN | HEPATITIS | IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | VACCINATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342281 |
| 25. Title: Fear and fertility in inflammatory bowel disease: a mismatch of perception and reality affects family planning decisions. Author: Mountifield R; Bampton P; Prosser R; Muller K; Andrews JM Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2009 May;15(5):720-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Smaller family size and voluntary childlessness has been reported in IBD; however, the disease-related reasons for this from a patient viewpoint are not described. The aims were to 1) determine whether IBD patients' perceptions of the issues surrounding IBD, pregnancy, and childbearing influence their reproductive behavior, and 2) describe these specific perceptions and concerns related to fertility and pregnancy. METHODS: All contactable subjects between 18-50 years of age from a hospital-based IBD database were surveyed by postal questionnaire. Data were obtained regarding age, gender, IBD diagnosis and treatment, body image and sexual relationships, as well as both objective and subjective data regarding fertility and pregnancy. Comparisons were made to community norms where data were available. Contingency tables with Fisher's exact test were used. RESULTS: Of 365 subjects, 255 responded (70%). The mean age was 35.5 years overall, 34.7 years for women. In all, 34% of participants were male, 127 had Crohn's disease (CD), 85 ulcerative colitis (UC), and 5 indeterminate colitis (IC). The average fertility rate was no different between women with CD and UC (1.0 and 1.2 births/woman, respectively; P = 0.553), compared with 1.81 for all Australian women. Although 42.7% of IBD patients reported a fear of infertility, patients only sought medical fertility advice at the same rate as the general population. Fear of infertility was most evident in women, those with CD, and those reporting previous surgery. Specific patient concerns, which appear to have decreased patients' family size, included IBD heritability, the risk of congenital abnormalities, and medication teratogenicity. CONCLUSIONS: The unusually high response rate indicates the centrality of reproductive issues to IBD patients. "Voluntary" childlessness in this group appears to result from concerns about adverse reproductive outcomes that may not be justified. Patients require accurate counseling addressing fertility and pregnancy outcomes in IBD to assist in their decision making. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CLIENTS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | PERCEPTION | FEAR | PREGNANCY | FERTILITY | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 342482 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Does sex of children matter? Implications for fertility in Pakistan. Author: Muhammad A Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):39-50. Abstract: Preference for children of either sex is considered a constraint on fertility decline as it induces many couples to keep adding on surviving children in the hope of having a desired sex composition of children. However, preferences for children of a particular sex may differ in relation to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women, traditional values and cultural practices, such as propagating a family name, providing economic advantages, and obtaining a medium of social and economic security in times of illness, unemployment and old age. Utilizing the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2001-02), this paper aims at investigating the existence of sex preference and examines sex preference differentials by different attributes of women in Pakistan. The results reveal that there is a desire to have another child in the presence of all children of one sex, either sons or daughters. The desire to have a son with only or mostly daughters, however, is stronger than the desire to have a daughter with only or mostly sons. This behaviour will retard fertility decline unless there is a shift in the desire to have children of both sexes in Pakistan. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SONS | DAUGHTERS | SEX PREFERENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes Document Number: 330511 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Accuracy of information given by Los Angeles County pharmacies about emergency contraceptives to sham patient in need. Author: Nelson AL; Jaime CM Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):206-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: As emergency contraception (EC) becomes increasingly available without prescription, it is important that women in need be provided accurate information about its use. STUDY DESIGN: A telephone survey of all retail pharmacies in Los Angeles County was conducted by women posing as a 23-year-old who wanted to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected act of intercourse. RESULTS: One thousand four hundred sixty unduplicated pharmacies listed in the Yellow Pages 2007 were called between October 2007 and April 2008. Sixty-nine percent had EC available on site; 19% referred the caller elsewhere. The remainder said nothing could be done or hung up. Multiple calls and multiple recitations of the situation were needed in over one third of calls. Isolated incidents of inappropriate comments occurred. CONCLUSION: While most pharmacies provided information about EC that was consistent with labeling, barriers still exist to both accurate information and timely access to that product. Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | PHARMACISTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 330057 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. Author: Neugebauer R; Fisher PW; Turner B; Yamabe S; Sarsfield JA Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;:1-13. Abstract: Background Epidemiological investigations of post-traumatic stress reactions in Sub-Saharan Africa, where atrocious violence against civilians is endemic, are rare. This article is the first complete report of the key community-based findings of a 1995 psychiatric epidemiological survey of young survivors of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Methods The National Trauma Survey (NTS) of Rwandans aged 8-19 measured traumatic exposures using an inventory of possible war time experiences and post-traumatic stress reactions with a checklist of symptoms of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals meeting assessed PTSD diagnostic criteria are classified as cases of 'probable PTSD'. The NTS interviewed youth residing in the community and others institutionalized in unaccompanied children's centres; the former (n = 1547) are the subject of the present report. Instrument change midway into the study divides respondents into two samples. Results Among respondents, over 90% witnessed killings and had their lives threatened; 35% lost immediate family members; 30% witnessed rape or sexual mutilation; 15% hid under corpses. In Sample 1, 95% of respondents reported one or more re-experiencing symptom, 95% reported three or more avoidance/blunting symptoms and 63% reported two or more arousal symptoms; in Sample 2, these figures were 96%, 95% and 56%, respectively. The overall rate of 'probable PTSD' was 62% and 54% in Samples 1 and 2, respectively, and exhibited a dose-response relationship with exposure. Among the most heavily exposed individuals the rate was 100%. Rates of 'probable PTSD' were higher among females than among males. Results for age were inconsistent. Conclusion In industrialized societies, most survivors of traumatizing violence experience symptoms only transiently. In the Rwanda survey, symptom levels and rates of 'probable PTSD' were exceptionally elevated, suggesting that at the limits of catastrophic man-made violence, psychological resilience among youth is all but extinguished. Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | CHILDREN | GENOCIDE | WAR | VIOLENCE | VIOLENT DEATHS | STRESS | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Measurement | Diseases Document Number: 340215 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Penile oil injection, penile implantation and condom use among Myanmar migrant fishermen in Ranong, Thailand. Author: Ohnmar -; Geater AF; Winn T; Chongsuvivatwong V Source: Sexual Health. 2009 Aug;6(3):217-221. Abstract: Background: The present study describes sexual risk behaviours including penile oil injection and implantation among migrant Myanmar fishermen in Thailand, and their determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among 639 Myanmar fishermen in Ranong, Thailand was conducted in 1999 following in-depth interviews. Results: Prevalence of penile oil injection, penile implantation, and both practices were 48 (7.5%), 79 (12.4%) and nine (1.4%) respectively. Over one-third (38.6%) of those who had injected oil had various kinds of problems during sex. One-year period prevalence of sex with commercial sex workers (CSW) was higher in those with unusual practices than others (61.9% v. 22.8%, P < 0.0001). The condom use rate with CSW at all times was non-significantly lower among those with unusual practices (32.9%) than others (44.5%). From multivariate analysis, oil injections are associated with young age, low education, ethnicity, and longer stay in Thailand, whereas the duration of stay in Thailand is the only factor associated with the practice of penile implantation. Both oil injection (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.60), and penile implantation (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.19-3.99) have independent predictive risk of having sex with CSW in addition to other factors (younger age, single, and Walat boat type). Conclusion: These exorbitant practices were common, associated with not using condoms and probably resulted from the working environment in Thailand. Further study is needed to reduce this risk behaviour. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | FISHING | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENITALIA, MALE | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Data Collection Document Number: 342418 |
| 30. Title: Improved estimates of India's HIV burden in 2006. Author: Pandey A; Reddy DC; Ghys PD; Thomas M; Sahu D; Bhattacharya M; Maiti KD; Arnold F; Kant S; Khera A; Garg R Source: Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan;129(1):50-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: HIV estimates in India were based on HIV sentinel surveillance (HSS) data and several assumptions. Expansion of sentinel surveillance to all districts and community based HIV prevalence measured by National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) in 2006 provided opportunity to replace many of the assumptions with evidence based information and improve the HIV estimate closer to reality. This article presents a detailed account of the methodology used for the 2006 HIV burden estimates for India. METHODS: State-wise adult HIV prevalence among different risk groups observed from HSS 2006 was adjusted for site level variations using a random effects model and for the previous four years the same was back calculated using trend equations derived from a mixed effects logistic regression model based on consistent sites prevalence. The adjusted HIV prevalence among the general population was calibrated to the estimates from NFHS-3. Overall point estimates of adult HIV prevalence in each State for 2002-2006 were derived from the UNAIDS Workbook and projected for the period 1985-2010. The results were put into Spectrum to derive estimates of the number of people living with HIV in all ages and other epidemic impacts. RESULTS: National adult HIV prevalence was 0.36 per cent (range 0.29-0.46%) and the estimated number of people living with HIV was 2.47 million (range 2.0-3.1 million) in 2006. The national adult HIV prevalence remains stable around 0.4 per cent between 2002 and 2006. The States with the highest estimated prevalence were Manipur, Nagaland and Andhra Pradesh. The States with the highest burden were Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The improvement in the 2006 estimates of the HIV burden in India is attributable to the expanded sentinel surveillance and representative data from the population-based survey in 2006, combined with an improved analysis. Despite the downward revision, India continues to face a formidable challenge to provide prevention, treatment and care to those in need. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | RELIABILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 341544 |
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