1.  Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after stigma related events in HIV infected individuals in Nigeria. Author: Adewuya AO; Afolabi MO; Ola BA; Ogundele OA; Ajibare AO; Oladipo BF; Fakande I Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2009 Sep;44(9):761-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the most distressing concerns of many people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is the stigma. Intense stigma may be traumatic. This study aimed to investigate the probability and correlates of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following intense stigmatizing events and situations in HIV infected individuals in Nigeria. METHODS: Adult sero-positive attendees of an HIV care centre (N = 190) completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographic and clinical details; the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The clients were then interviewed for the presence of stigma related PTSD with a modified version of the mini international neuropsychiatry interview (MINI). RESULTS: About 2/3 of the participants had experienced at least an intense HIV-related stigmatizing event or situation. The rate of HIV-stigma related PTSD was 27.4%. Independent predictors of HIV stigma-related PTSD included past history of traumatic events (Single event, OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.08-4.73; Multiple events, OR 9.47, 95% CI 2.97-32.20), low self esteem (OR 6.52, 95% CI 2.59-16.55), poor level of social support (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.24-9.79) and presence of general psychopathology (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.07-4.44). CONCLUSION: PTSD may not be specific to traumatic events alone. There is a possibility of PTSD after an intense stigmatizing event or situation. While the validity for the validity of HIV-stigma related PTSD warrants further investigation, stigma needs to be considered when planning rehabilitation strategies for HIV infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. A closer attention to self esteem, level of social support and presence of psychopathology is needed in these individuals. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STRESS | STIGMA | ANXIETY DISORDERS | HIV INFECTIONS | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342917 |
| 2. Title: Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study. Author: Bouma EM; Riese H; Ormel J; Verhulst FC; Oldehinkel AJ Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jul;34(6):884-93. Abstract: Studies on the influence of sex hormones on cortisol responses to awakening and stress have mainly been conducted in adults, while reports on adolescents are scarce. We studied the effects of gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on cortisol responses in a large sample of adolescents. Data come from TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a prospective population study of Dutch adolescents. This study uses data of 644 adolescents (age 15-17 years, 54.7% boys) who participated in a laboratory session including a performance-related social stress task (public speaking and mental arithmetic). Free cortisol levels were assessed by multiple saliva samples, both after awakening and during the laboratory session. No significant effects of gender and menstrual phase on cortisol responses to awakening were found, while girls using OC displayed a slightly blunted response (F(1, 244)=5.30, p=.02). Cortisol responses to social stress were different for boys and free-cycling girls (F(3, 494)=9.73, p<.001), and OC users and free-cycling girls (F(3, 279)=15.12, p<.001). Unexpectedly, OC users showed no response at all but displayed linearly decreasing levels F(1, 279)=19.03, p<.001) of cortisol during the social stress test. We found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on cortisol responses to social stress (F(3, 157)=0.58, p=.55). The absence of a gender difference in the adolescents' cortisol awakening response found in this study is consistent with previous reports. Our results further suggest that adolescent OC users display slightly blunted cortisol responses after awakening, and that gender differences in cortisol responses to social stress during adolescence are comparable to those described for adult populations, that is, stronger responses in men than in women. Whereas previous work in adults suggested blunted stress responses in OC users compared to men and free-cycling women, adolescent OC users showed no cortisol response. Effects of type of OC could not be studied because of low numbers of OC that were only progestin based. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENDER ISSUES | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | STRESS | HORMONES | TRANSCORTIN BOUND CORTISOL ALTERATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System Document Number: 342582 |
| 3. Title: Supportive friendships moderate the association between stressful life events and sexual risk taking among African American adolescents. Author: Brady SS; Dolcini MM; Harper GW; Pollack LM Source: Health Psychology. 2009 Mar;28(2):238-48. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether uncontrollable stressful life events were associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents across a 1-year period, and whether supportive friendships modified associations. DESIGN: Participants were 159 sexually active African American adolescents (57% male; mean age [SD] = 17.0 [1.5] years at baseline). Participants were recruited for in-person interviews through random digit dialing in one inner-city neighborhood characterized by high rates of poverty and crime relative to the surrounding city. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent variables included substance use before sexual activity and inconsistent condom use. RESULTS: Among adolescents who reported low levels of supportive friendships, uncontrollable stressors were associated with greater levels of sexual risk taking over time. In contrast, uncontrollable stressors were not associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents who reported high social support from friends; risk taking was typically moderate to high among these adolescents. CONCLUSION: Different processes may explain sexual risk taking among adolescents with varying levels of social support from friends. Adolescents with low support may be prone to engagement in health risk behavior as a stress response, while adolescents with high support may engage in risk behavior primarily due to peer socialization of risk. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341117 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Stress, needs, and quality of life of family members caring for adults living with HIV/AIDS in Taiwan. Author: Feng MC; Feng JY; Chen TC; Lu PL; Ko NY; Chen YH Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):482-9. Abstract: The stress, needs and quality of life (QoL) of family members of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are critical to explore in Taiwan where home care projects are not available to help the PLWHA families. We examined the extent of stress, needs, QoL and its correlates that family caregivers of PLWHA experienced with structural questionnaires survey. A total of 50 family caregivers of PLWHA visiting a medical center in Taiwan participated in the study from October 2005 to August 2006. Family caregivers felt most stressful on disclosure and stigma issues, and most worried about patients' interpersonal relationships. The most important needs were care-related needs including knowledge of the disease progression, methods of examination and treatment, and the related side effects. The level of stress significantly positively correlated with needs, and negatively correlated with QoL. Availability of alternative manpower to care PLWHA and being PLWHA's parents were two significant factors affecting family caregivers' QoL. In conclusion, family members of PLWHA experienced high level of stress, enormous caring needs, and poor QoL. A family-centered care for PLWHA and their families in the community is crucial to improve quality of care and to prevent family's overload, particularly for families with no alternative manpower and for those being PLWHA's parents. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | STRESS | QUALITY OF LIFE | NEEDS | STIGMA | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Data Collection Document Number: 341833 |
| 5. Title: Mama Jaja: the stresses and strengths of HIV-affected Ugandan grandmothers. Author: Kamya H; Poindexter CC Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):4-21. Abstract: This paper reports an exploratory qualitative project in the Entebbe-Kampala area of Uganda with 11 grandmothers who are raising orphans because of a parent's death from HIV infection. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the highest HIV infection and mortality rates are among women, especially in their childbearing years, leading to a tremendous number of orphaned HIV-infected and -affected children. Uganda has the world's highest rate of HIV-affected orphans. In Uganda, extended family members, especially grandmothers, provide general orphan care, AIDS care, and care for HIV-affected orphans. If orphans have places to stay, they are most often with grandparents and other elderly relatives in rudimentary village dwellings. Many of these elders are in poor health, recovering from nursing their adult children as they died of AIDS, and suffering from an extreme lack of financial resources. The burden of HIV-affected orphan care is enormously heavy. Services are not being provided adequately to custodial grandparents who are enormously challenged spiritually, socially, emotionally, financially, physically, and mentally. The following themes emerged from the interviews: experiencing extreme economic deprivation; feeling physically challenged with caregiving; being concerned for the children under their care; and struggling to cope through action, resilience, and relationships. Recommendations for research, practice, and policy are offered. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | GRANDPARENTS | WOMEN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD REARING | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTERVIEWS | POVERTY | STRESS | NEEDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 341957 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV infection, stressful life events, and intimate relationship power: the moderating role of community resources for black South African women. Author: Ketchen B; Armistead L; Cook S Source: Women and Health. 2009 Mar-May;49(2-3):197-214. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Black women in South Africa are vulnerable with limited power in intimate relationships. This study explored whether stressful life events and/or HIV infection were associated with relationship power and whether the impact was moderated by community resources. METHOD: One hundred four women living with HIV and 152 women not living with HIV participated in individual interviews. RESULTS: Undesirable life changes were negatively associated with relationship control. HIV infection and women's knowledge of community resources were associated with mutual decision-making, while frequency of family use of community resources was negatively related to female dominated decisions. Women living with HIV perceived their male partners as less dominant when they perceived their community resources to be more helpful. CONCLUSIONS: Power in intimate relationships may enhance the quality and length of life for black South African women living with HIV. Knowledge of and perceived helpfulness of community resources are avenues for promoting relationship power. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POWER | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | STRESS | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Clinic Activities Document Number: 342428 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Adjustment to termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a longitudinal study in women at 4, 8, and 16 months. Author: Korenromp MJ; Page-Christiaens GC; van den Bout J; Mulder EJ; Visser GH Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):160.e1-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We studied psychological outcomes and predictors for adverse outcome in 147 women 4, 8, and 16 months after termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a longitudinal study with validated self-completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Four months after termination 46% of women showed pathological levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms, decreasing to 20.5% after 16 months. As to depression, these figures were 28% and 13%, respectively. Late onset of problematic adaptation did not occur frequently. Outcome at 4 months was the most important predictor of persistent impaired psychological outcome. Other predictors were low self-efficacy, high level of doubt during decision making, lack of partner support, being religious, and advanced gestational age. Strong feelings of regret for the decision were mentioned by 2.7% of women. CONCLUSION: Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly has significant psychological consequences for 20% of women up to > 1 year. Only few women mention feelings of regret. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | POSTABORTION | POSTABORTION CARE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | DECISION MAKING | IMPACT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Communication Document Number: 342609 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Peer-group support intervention improves the psychosocial well-being of AIDS orphans: cluster randomized trial. Author: Kumakech E; Cantor-Graae E; Maling S; Bajunirwe F Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(6):1038-43. Abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that AIDS orphanhood status is accompanied by increased levels of psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, intense guilt, shame, and anger. However, few studies have examined the possible reduction of psychological distress in AIDS orphans through the help of interventions that promote well-being. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based peer-group support intervention combined with periodic somatic health assessments and treatment on the psychosocial well-being of AIDS orphans in the Mbarara District of southwestern Uganda. In a cluster randomized controlled design, 326 AIDS orphans aged 10-15 years were assigned to either peer-group support intervention combined with monthly somatic healthcare (n=159) or control group (n=167) for follow-up assessment. Baseline and 10 week follow-up psychological assessments were conducted in both groups using self-administered Beck Youth Inventories. Complete data were available for 298 orphans. After adjusting for baseline scores, follow-up scores for the intervention group in comparison with controls showed significant improvement in depression, anger, and anxiety but not for self-concept. This study demonstrated that peer-group support intervention decreased psychological distress, particularly symptoms of depression, anxiety and anger. Thus, the use of peer-group support interventions should be incorporated into existing school health programs. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PEER GROUPS | SUPPORT GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | AIDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | SELF ESTEEM | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Mental Disorders Document Number: 341167 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Psychometric evaluation of the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC) among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Author: Li X; Fang X; Stanton B; Zhao G; Lin X; Zhao J; Zhang L; Hong Y; Chen X Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):261-70. Abstract: The current study, utilizing the baseline data from a longitudinal assessment of psychosocial needs of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS or living with HIV-infected parents in China, was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC) among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. The psychometric properties assessed in this study include internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and construct validity. The sample in the current study include 296 double orphans, 459 single orphans, and 466 children living with HIV-infected parents in central China where many residents had been infected with HIV through unhygienic blood collection. The results demonstrate adequate reliability and validity of the TSCC among study population. Children who experienced more traumatic events scored significantly higher on all TSCC clinical scales and subscales than those children who experienced less such events. The Chinese version of the TSCC should provide mental health researchers and practitioners with a reliable and valid assessment instrument in studying posttraumatic distress and related psychological symptomology among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | STRESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANGER | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | TESTING | RELIABILITY | VALIDITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Mental Disorders | Measurement Document Number: 341831 |
| 10. Title: Nurses in abortion care: identifying and managing stress. Author: Lipp A; Fothergill A Source: Contemporary Nurse. 2009 Feb;31(2):108-20. Abstract: The psychological impact of abortion on the women undergoing the procedure is well researched, but little is known about the potential psychological impact on nurses working in abortion care. The proportion of medical abortions in the UK is rising compared to surgical abortions. A recent research study found that being more directly involved in the procedure places more emotional demands on the nurses. This emotional labour required by nurses working in abortion care may increase their stress levels. This paper examines the potential increase in stress in nurses caused by medical abortions. A model of stress comprising stressors, moderators and stress outcomes was used as a framework for this examination. Research on abortion and mental health nursing was applied to managing stress in abortion care; this included coping mechanisms, prevention and intervention strategies. This showed that stress, burnout and coping are important issues in abortion care. On this basis, recommendations for practice have been formulated to inform practice for nurses and managers in abortion care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | NURSES AND NURSING | ABORTION | STRESS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior Document Number: 342255 Notification |
| 11. Title: The phenomenology of bodily care: caregivers' experiences with AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapies in Lesotho. Author: Makoae MG Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):17-27. Abstract: This study provides an account of caregivers' experiences with the bodily care of AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapies were available in the public health sector in Lesotho. It describes the mechanisms through which the body may become a stressor in caregiving. The phenomenological method, guided by the notion of epoché, was used to understand caregiving experiences from the perspective of family caregivers. Data on caregivers' physical activities and what they saw and thought were collected through in-depth interviews with 21 caregivers (mostly females); the caregivers were identified with the help of HIV/AIDS counsellors at two hospitals where AIDS patients received medical treatment. The thematic analysis shows that a patient's body was central in caregiving experiences. Social interaction in caregiving was mediated through seeing and touching the bodies of the patients. The different aspects of caregiving and the close interaction with the body of an ill family member - especially seeing major changes in the patient's physical appearance, their declined capacity to perform the activities of daily living, and discovering the symptoms of their illness - contributed to the caregivers' experiences of sympathy and pain. The social meanings and boundaries that tended to persist regarding touching and accessing others' bodies and bodily matter also contributed to the caregivers' stress. Language: English Keywords: LESOTHO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | HOME CARE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | STRESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior Document Number: 341284 |
| 12. Title: Coming to terms with a diagnosis of HIV in Iran: a phenomenological study. Author: Mohammadpour A; Yekta ZP; Nikbakht Nasrabadi AR; Mohraz M Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 Jul-Aug;20(4):249-59. Abstract: The number of people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased in all Asian regions, including Iran. Discovering that one has any serious illness can be a traumatic experience, but coming to terms with an HIV diagnosis is made more difficult by social constructs and negative reactions to the infection. This interpretative phenomenological study was carried out to understand and describe the lived experience of HIV-infected Iranians during the period immediately following an HIV diagnosis. Audiotaped in-depth semistructured interviews with 13 participants were used to collect data, which were analyzed with critical hermeneutics. Two main themes emerged: (a) doubt and delay in coming to terms with the diagnosis and (b) testing and its associated impacts. Nine subthemes were also found. Many challenges face people who need to determine their HIV status, and these are compounded by the sociocultural context found in Iran. Iran needs more education, counseling, testing facilities, and support programs to encourage people to get tested for HIV and to help them deal with a positive test result. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERVIEWS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | HIV TESTING | FEAR | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | STRESS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Ethics | Social Problems | Religion Document Number: 342816 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. Author: Neugebauer R; Fisher PW; Turner B; Yamabe S; Sarsfield JA Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;:1-13. Abstract: Background Epidemiological investigations of post-traumatic stress reactions in Sub-Saharan Africa, where atrocious violence against civilians is endemic, are rare. This article is the first complete report of the key community-based findings of a 1995 psychiatric epidemiological survey of young survivors of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Methods The National Trauma Survey (NTS) of Rwandans aged 8-19 measured traumatic exposures using an inventory of possible war time experiences and post-traumatic stress reactions with a checklist of symptoms of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals meeting assessed PTSD diagnostic criteria are classified as cases of 'probable PTSD'. The NTS interviewed youth residing in the community and others institutionalized in unaccompanied children's centres; the former (n = 1547) are the subject of the present report. Instrument change midway into the study divides respondents into two samples. Results Among respondents, over 90% witnessed killings and had their lives threatened; 35% lost immediate family members; 30% witnessed rape or sexual mutilation; 15% hid under corpses. In Sample 1, 95% of respondents reported one or more re-experiencing symptom, 95% reported three or more avoidance/blunting symptoms and 63% reported two or more arousal symptoms; in Sample 2, these figures were 96%, 95% and 56%, respectively. The overall rate of 'probable PTSD' was 62% and 54% in Samples 1 and 2, respectively, and exhibited a dose-response relationship with exposure. Among the most heavily exposed individuals the rate was 100%. Rates of 'probable PTSD' were higher among females than among males. Results for age were inconsistent. Conclusion In industrialized societies, most survivors of traumatizing violence experience symptoms only transiently. In the Rwanda survey, symptom levels and rates of 'probable PTSD' were exceptionally elevated, suggesting that at the limits of catastrophic man-made violence, psychological resilience among youth is all but extinguished. Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | CHILDREN | GENOCIDE | WAR | VIOLENCE | VIOLENT DEATHS | STRESS | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Measurement | Diseases Document Number: 340215 |
| 14. Title: Post-traumatic stress in Asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: gender differences in symptomatology and coping. Author: Renner W; Salem I Source: International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2009;55(2):99-108. Abstract: Background: Internationally, a high number of refugees are in need of help as a consequence of post-traumatic stress or acculturation problems. Aims: The present study investigated the gender-specific requirements for such interventions taking clinical symptoms as well as coping strategies into account. Methods: Five psychometric instruments assessing anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, somatic symptoms, and social adaptation were administered and semi-structured interviews with n = 150 asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa were conducted. Results: On the level of total test scores, women reported significantly more somatic symptoms than men but there were no further gender differences. On the item level of the questionnaires as well as with respect to the categories obtained from the interview data, marked gender differences were found. Women, as compared to men, reported more somatic symptoms, emotional outbursts, and loss of sexual interest, while men reported detachment. For women, typical coping strategies were concentrating on their children and various indoor activities, while men preferred looking for work and socializing. Conclusion: Social psychiatric interventions should take gender-specific symptoms and coping strategies into account. For asylum seekers and refugees, same gender client-therapist dyads and groups are highly recommended. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | AFRICA, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REFUGEES | STRESS | SEX FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Diseases Document Number: 340213 |
| 15. Title: Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression, and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. Author: Roberts B; Damundu EY; Lomoro O; Sondorp E Source: BioMed Central. 2009 Mar 4;9(7):1-10. Abstract: Background: The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 marked the end of the civil conflict in Sudan lasting over 20 years. The conflict was characterised by widespread violence and large-scale forced migration. Mental health is recognised as a key public health issue for conflict-affected populations. Studies revealed high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst populations from Southern Sudan during the conflict. However, no studies have been conducted on mental health in post-war Southern Sudan. The objective of this study was to measure PTSD and depression in the population in the town of Juba in Southern Sudan; and to investigate the association of demographic, displacement, and past and recent trauma exposure variables, on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Methods: A cross-sectional, random cluster survey with a sample of 1242 adults (aged over 18 years) was conducted in November 2007 in the town of Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan. Levels of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (original version), and levels of depression measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the association of demographic, displacement and trauma exposure variables on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Multivariate logistic regression was also conducted to investigate which demographic and displacement variables were associated with exposure to traumatic events. Results: Over one third (36%) of respondents met symptom criteria for PTSD and half (50%) of respondents met symptom criteria for depression. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong associations of gender, marital status, forced displacement, and trauma exposure with outcomes of PTSD and depression. Men, IDPs, and refugees and persons displaced more than once were all significantly more likely to have experienced eight or more traumatic events. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of high levels of mental distress in the population of Juba Town, and associated risk-factors. Comprehensive social and psychological assistance is urgently required in Juba. Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | WAR | MENTAL HEALTH | NEEDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Migrants | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 340211 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: An event-level analysis of condom use as a function of mood, alcohol use, and safer sex negotiations. Author: Schroder KE; Johnson CJ; Wiebe JS Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Apr;38(2):283-9. Abstract: Daily self-reports of condom-protected intercourse were analyzed as a function of emotional states, alcohol consumption, and safer sex negotiations in a sample of single, low-income Hispanic students. The sample included 15 women and 17 men who reported a minimum of four sexual episodes as well as inconsistent condom use over a 3-month self-reporting period. The analyses focused on 829 days out of 2,586 daily self-reports on which sexual intercourse was reported. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict condom-protected intercourse as a function of mood states, substance use, and safer sex negotiations. Safer sex negotiation was the strongest positive predictor of condom use. Contrary to expectation, unprotected intercourse was less likely to occur in episodes characterized by greater negative affect and more likely in episodes in which greater positive mood was reported. No main effect of alcohol consumption on safer sex was observed; however, an interaction between alcohol consumption and positive mood emerged, indicating that unprotected intercourse was most likely to occur when positive mood was combined with alcohol consumption. The results contradict the assumption that emotional distress predicts engagement in more risky sexual behavior and indicate that safer sex negotiations are likely to outweigh any effects of mood or alcohol consumption on subsequent condom use. Language: English Keywords: TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | LINEAR REGRESSION | HISPANICS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SAFER SEX | EMOTIONS | STRESS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Statistical Regression | Data Analysis | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330970 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of social capital on HIV-related actions as mediated by personal and proxy efficacies in Namibia. Author: Smith RA; Rimal R Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):133-144. Abstract: Social capital is associated with the enactment of positive health behaviors and health outcomes because it provides people a means to cope with life's stresses. This study asked whether, and to what extent, efficacy beliefs serve as mediating mechanism in the relationship between social capital and HIV-prevention behaviors, and if it is differentially associated with HIV-prevention behaviors that are aligned on a continuum ranging from individual action (practicing monogamy) to collective action (use of HIV services). In an investigation with a sample from Gobabis, Namibia (N = 300), regression models revealed that bonding, bridging, and linking social capital differentially predicted personal and proxy efficacy. In addition, both social capital variables and types of efficacy differentially predicted HIV-related behaviors and intentions that varied in their social demand. Our findings did not support a mediation model for efficacy in between social capital and HIV-related behaviors and intentions. Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV | MORBIDITY | HUMAN CAPITAL | KNOWLEDGE | PARTICIPATION | STRESS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INFORMATION SOURCES | CONDOM USE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Information | Risk Reduction Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330153 |
| 18. Title: Domestic violence and forced sex among the urban poor in South India: implications for HIV prevention. Author: Solomon S; Subbaraman R; Solomon SS; Srikrishnan AK; Johnson SC; Vasudevan CK; Anand S; Ganesh AK; Celentano DD Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Jul;15(7):753-73. Abstract: This article examined the prevalence of physical and sexual violence among 1,974 married women from 40 low-income communities in Chennai, India. The authors found a 99% and 75% lifetime prevalence of physical abuse and forced sex, respectively, whereas 65% of women experienced more than five episodes of physical abuse in the 3 months preceding the survey. Factors associated with violence after multivariate adjustment included elementary/middle school education and variables suggesting economic insecurity. These domestic violence rates exceed those in prior Indian reports, suggesting women in slums may be at increased risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBAN AREAS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | HIV | AIDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | PAIN | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Signs and Symptoms | Health Document Number: 342986 |
| 19. Title: Neuroendocrine response to violence during pregnancy--impact on duration of pregnancy and fetal growth. Author: Valladares E; Pena R; Ellsberg M; Persson LA; Hogberg U Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(7):818-23. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the neuroendocrine release of cortisol in response to perceived stress among pregnant women exposed to partner violence and how this affects the duration of pregnancy and the intrauterine growth of the infant. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community-based study. SETTING: Health and Demographic Surveillance System of Leon, Nicaragua. POPULATION: One-hundred and forty-seven pregnant women. METHODS: Standardized scales to measure intimate partner violence, social resources, perceived stress, and socio-economic conditions were applied. Two salivary samples for cortisol were collected in the morning and afternoon on the same day. Linear regression and path analysis were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cortisol levels, gestational age, and weight at delivery. RESULTS: Partner violence during the pregnancy, low social resources, and perceived maternal stress were associated with high level of salivary cortisol. Pregnant women with high cortisol levels were significantly more likely to give birth to small-for-gestational age babies, but not to deliver preterm. A substantial decrease of birthweight, 121-186 g, was associated with an increase in cortisol in association with violence exposure. CONCLUSION: Partner violence during pregnancy is a stressor that provokes high levels of cortisol, which is associated with reduction of birthweight. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | BIRTH WEIGHT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | IMPACT | STRESS | ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 342237 |
| 20. Title: Puberty, contraception, and hormonal management for young people with disabilities. Author: Zacharin MR Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;48(2):149-55. Abstract: Assessment and management of a young person with a severe disability is multifaceted and complex. Variations of puberty can cause major concerns for parents and carers, with fears of imminent menstruation, peer and personal differences, concern for height outcome, as well as grief for a loss of childhood. Addressing physical, emotional, and social issues assists in optimizing outcomes. This article outlines specific evaluation and detailed management strategies for female and male pubertal problems in the context of disability, including treatments for extreme pubertal delay or acceleration, menstrual management at different ages, contraceptive issues, and sexual function and choices for both sexes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | PUBERTY | MANAGEMENT | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | MENARCHE | SEX FACTORS | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Family Planning | Reproduction | Organization and Administration | Menstruation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 330999 |
| 21. Title: Knowing kids dying of HIV: a traumatic event for AIDS orphans. Author: Zhao Q; Li X; Lin X; Fang X; Zhao G; Zhao J Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 Jul-Aug;20(4):275-82. Abstract: Data from 755 AIDS orphans living in a rural area of China with high rates of HIV infection were used to examine the association between a child's trauma symptoms and knowing a peer with HIV infection or one who had died of HIV. Trauma symptoms were measured by the Traumatic Symptoms Checklist for Children-Chinese Version (TSCC-CV). About 47% of participants reported they knew a child with HIV or one who had died of HIV. More orphans living in family-based care reported such knowledge, and trauma symptoms were significantly higher in children who reported such knowledge. Multivariate analysis showed that such knowledge was significantly associated with traumatic symptoms, controlling for gender, age, family socioeconomic status, orphan status (double vs. single), and care arrangement (family-based vs. institutional care). The results underscored the importance of psychosocial support and counseling to orphans in communities with high levels of HIV-related mortality. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PEER GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | DEATH | KNOWLEDGE | STRESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANGER | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Mental Disorders Document Number: 342815 |
22.  Title: HIV risk behaviors of Latin American and Caribbean men who have sex with men in Miami, Florida, USA. Author: Akin M; Fernandez MI; Bowen GS; Warren JC Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2008 May 20;23(5):341-348. Abstract: The goal of this study is to describe the sexual practices, drug use behaviors, psychosocial factors, and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in a sample of Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM) born in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries who currently reside in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Hispanic MSM (N = 566) recruited from community and Internet venues completed a computer-assisted self-interview assessing sociodemographic factors, drug use, sexual behaviors, and psychosocial factors. We focused on the 470 men who were born in LAC countries, including Puerto Rico. We first examined separately, by country of origin, the sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and psychosocial factors of the sample. We then collapsed the groups and examined the factors associated with UAI in the previous 6 months for the entire sample of Hispanic MSM from LAC countries. In the previous 6 months, 44% of the sample engaged in UAI, and 41% used club drugs. At the multivariate level, psychological distress, higher number of sexual partners, club drug use, HIV-positive status at the time of immigration, and greater orientation to American culture were significantly associated with UAI in the previous 6 months. Many MSM born in LAC countries engage in HIV-related risk behaviors in the AIDS epicenter of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Culturally appropriate interventions should address these risk behaviors in this underserved population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FLORIDA | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | URBAN POPULATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | STRESS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Ethnic Groups | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Sexual Partners | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326968 |
| 23. Title: Defying all odds: coping with the challenges of volunteer caregiving for patients with AIDS in South Africa. Author: Akintola O Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008 Aug;63(4):357-65. Abstract: AIM: This paper is a report of a study to explore the challenges experienced by volunteer caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS and the strategies employed in coping with these challenges. BACKGROUND: Informal caregiving is associated with stresses that often results in poor health outcomes for caregivers. In South Africa, volunteers play a major role in the provision of care for people living with HIV/AIDS and have been shown to experience burdens as a result of caring. However, little is known about stress and coping among volunteer caregivers. METHODS: An ethnographic study was conducted, using observation and in-depth interviews, to collect data with 20 volunteers and other stakeholders in two semi-rural communities in South Africa over a 19-month period in 2002/2003. FINDINGS: 'Defying all odds' emerged as the central theme that encompassed the various ways in which volunteer caregivers dealt with the many practical challenges confronting them. These challenges initially posed a threat to volunteering work but were gradually appraised by volunteers as challenges that could be dealt with using various strategies in order to continue providing care. Eight themes highlighting these challenges and the coping strategies employed by volunteers were identified. CONCLUSION: A clear understanding of how volunteers deal with challenges of caring for people living with HIV/AIDS can give insight into their weaknesses and strengths and can inform the design of interventions aimed at providing support. Studies are needed to facilitate better understanding of the processes of appraisal of challenges by volunteers and the effectiveness of coping strategies, and to track coping strategies over time. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | RURAL POPULATION | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | STRESS | HOME VISITS | HOME CARE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Care and Support | Health Services Document Number: 329214 |
| 24. Title: A comparison of the health of older hispanics in the United States and Mexico: Methodological challenges. Author: Angel RJ; Angel JL; Hill TD Source: Journal of Aging and Health. 2008 Feb;20(1):3-31. Abstract: This study compares various dimensions of physical and emotional health between older Mexican-origin individuals in the United States and in Mexico. The samples are drawn from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and the Hispanic Established Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H-EPESE) and include 3,875 Mexican residents with no history of residence in the United States and 2,734 Mexican-origin individuals 65 and older who live in the southwestern United States. Both immigrant and native-born Mexican-origin elders in the United States report more chronic conditions than elderly Mexicans, but they report fewer symptoms of psychological distress. Longer residence in the United States is associated with higher body mass index scores. The discussion addresses the possibility that access to care influences reports of diagnosed conditions and touches on issues of comparability in cross-cultural research and the difficulty in clearly distinguishing cultural and system-level factors in the productionand measurement of health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HISPANICS | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS | IMMIGRANTS | NATIVE-BORN | HEALTH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CHRONIC DISEASES | STRESS | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | HEALTH INSURANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Nationality | Behavior | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 324411 |
| 25. Title: The state of female youth in northern Uganda: Findings from the Survey of War-Affected Youth (SWAY) Phase II. Author: Annan J; Blattman C; Carlson K; Mazurana D Source: [Medford, Massachusetts], Tufts University, Feinstein International Center, 2008 Apr. [109] p. Abstract: The Survey for War Affected Youth (SWAY) is a research program dedicated to evidence-based humanitarian aid and development. SWAY employs new data, tools, and analysis to improve the design and targeting of protection, assistance, and reintegration programs for youth in northern Uganda. Youth have been both the primary victims and the primary actors in the protracted war between the Government of Uganda (GoU) and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). It is not clear, however, exactly who is suffering, how much, and in what ways. We also have little sense of the magnitude, incidence, and nature of the violence, trauma, and suffering of youth in northern Uganda. Our understanding of the effects of war on women and girls is especially lacking, whether they abducted or impacted in other ways. Government and NGO officials admit that they have little sense of the true scale of the problems facing young women and the proportion of females facing particular vulnerabilities. As a result, programming is based on immediate and observable needs and possibly erroneous assumptions about who requires assistance and what assistance they need. Likewise, with only rough measures of well-being available, targeting of services has been crude. The overarching purpose of SWAY is to work with service providers to generate better evidence-based programming. This report begins with a section describing methodology, before proceeding to theme-focused sections. As peace talks being brokered by the Government of Southern Sudan offer the prospect of an end to one of Africa's longest conflicts, we conclude by offering specific recommendations to the GoU and international and local agencies operating in northern Uganda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WAR | VIOLENCE | STRESS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LIVELIHOOD | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MENTAL HEALTH | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | RECOMMENDATIONS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Time Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Evaluation Document Number: 327510 |
| 26. Title: What matters most: An investigation of predictors of perceived stress among young mothers in Khayelitsha. Author: BeLue R; Schreiner AS; Taylor-Richardson K; Murray-Kolb LE; Beard JL Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Jul;29(6):638-648. Abstract: Our purpose in the present study was to examine how two different sets of stressors, one representing the physical environment and the other representing the social environment, related to perceived stress among new mothers served by a health clinic in Khayelitsha, South Africa. We found that among the chronic urban poverty-environmental stressors related to water, housing, transportation, toileting, and lack of food, that lack of drinkable water in the home had the strongest correlation with perceived stress. In terms of social stressors we found that 60% of new mothers had no partner, and 43% of those with a partner reported that they currently were not coresiding. In terms of the social stressors, the inability to depend on a partner in times of trouble had the strongest relationship to perceived stress. Other findings relating to partner support are discussed as well as sample and community characteristics. Given the importance of partner support, it is argued that the conditions of poverty itself serve to destabilize relationships, which in turn contributes to the cycle of poverty experienced by many residents of periurban settlements like Khayelitsha. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | URBAN AREAS | STRESS | MATERNAL HEALTH | POVERTY | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOCIAL WELFARE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior Document Number: 327071 |
| 27. Title: Adverse mood effects of combined oral contraceptives in relation to personality traits. Author: Borgstrom A; Odlind V; Ekselius L; Sundstrom-Poromaa I Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Dec;141(2):127-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Mood symptoms, such as depressed mood, anxiety and increased irritability, remain one of the major reasons for discontinuation of combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills. The aim of this study was to compare personality traits in women with ongoing or previous use of COCs and different experiences from these compounds with respect to adverse mood symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty women currently on COCs with no reports of adverse mood symptoms, 28 women currently on COCs and experiencing mood-related side effects, 27 women who had discontinued COC use for reasons other than adverse mood symptoms and 33 women who had discontinued COC use due to adverse mood effects were included. All participants were asked to fill out the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) to assess different personality traits. RESULTS: The women who were experiencing mood-related side effects on their current COC use exhibited higher scores on the somatic anxiety and stress susceptibility traits as comparedto the women who did not experience any mood-related side effects from their current COCs. Women who had discontinued COC treatment because of adverse mood effects had higher scores of detachment and mistrust compared to women who had discontinued COC for reasons unrelated to mood effects. CONCLUSION: Higher scores on specific personality traits such as somatic anxiety and stress susceptibility are found in women with ongoing experience of adverse mood symptoms from COC. Higher scores of mistrust and detachment are more common among women who have discontinued COC treatment due to adverse mood effects. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK ASSESSMENT | WOMEN | PERSONALITY | ESTROGENS | DEPRESSION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | STRESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330844 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual function after surgery for stress urinary incontinence: Vaginal sling versus Burch colposuspension. Author: Cayan F; Dilek S; Akbay E; Cayan S Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jan;277(1):31-36. Abstract: We prospectively investigated the effect of surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) on sexual function and also compared preoperative and postoperative sexual functions according to vaginal or abdominal surgery for SUI. The study included 94 women who underwent surgery for SUI, and the women were divided into two groups: 53 women had vaginal sling, and 41 women had Burch colposuspension. Female sexual function was evaluated with a detailed 19-item questionnaire, the female sexual function index (FSFI), including sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. In all women, sexual function was compared before and after surgery for SUI, and the differences in postoperative sexual functions were also compared between the women undergoing vaginal sling and Burch colposuspension. In all women, total sexual function score significantly decreased from 20.8 +or- 9 to 17.3 +or- 9.3 after surgery (P = 0.000). Total sexual function score decreased from 19.2 +or- 10 to 17.2 +or- 9.9in the vaginal sling group and decreased from 23.6 +or- 6.2 to 17.6 +or- 7.7 in the Burch colposuspension group, revealing significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.011). Statistically significantly higher decreases in postoperative sexual desire (P = 0.014), arousal (P = 0.026), lubrication (P = 0.004), and orgasm scores (P = 0.008) were also observed in the Burch colposuspension group than in the vaginal sling group. Based on total score, postoperative sexual function improved in 13 women (24.5%) of the vaginal sling group and in 5 women (12.2%) of the Burch colposuspension group, remained unchanged in 15 (28.3%) and 10 (24.4%), respectively, and deteriorated in 25 (47.2%) and 26 (63.4%), respectively. Our findings show that sexual functions may be impaired after surgery for SUI. Burch colposuspension may deteriorate sexual functions much more than vaginal sling surgery in women. Therefore, women who will need surgery for SUI should be informed of the risk of deterioration of sexual function after surgery. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | STRESS | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | UROGENITAL SURGERY | SEXUALITY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Personality Document Number: 322613 |
| 29. Title: Risk communication: Principles, tools, and techniques. Author: Covello VT Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health [INFO], 2008 Feb 27. [2] p. (Global Health Technical BriefsUSAID Grant No. GPH-A-00-02-00003-00) Abstract: Risk communication is central to informed decision-making. Guidelines exist to help programs and providers present risk information clearly and effectively. People under stress typically want to know that you care before they care about what you know. People under stress typically have difficulty hearing, understanding, and remembering information. Background on Topic Risk communication is the two-way exchange of information about threats, including health threats such as avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and HIV/AIDS. The goals of risk communication are to enhance knowledge and understanding, build trust and credibility, encourage dialogue, and influence attitudes, decisions, and behaviors. These goals apply to all four major types of risk communication: 1) information and education; 2) behavior change and protective action; 3) disaster warning and emergency notification; and 4) joint problem-solving and conflict resolution. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | STRESS | DECISION MAKING | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Communication | Psychological Factors Document Number: 327091 |
| 30. Title: Workplace peer educators and stress. Author: Dickinson D; Kgatea KD Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Nov;7(3):293-303. Abstract: Peer educators form an important component of company responses to HIV and AIDS. Based on interviews with peer educators working in and around a mining company in South Africa's North-West Province, the study examines the relationship between involvement in peer education and stress. The paper discusses how becoming a peer educator can be a response to the often personal stress brought about by the HIV epidemic. In addition, structural difficulties, skills deficiencies and other obstacles to effective communication with their peers can create stress. The stress that active peer education brings to individuals is discussed, particularly in regard to the embeddedness of peer educators within their communities. The need for confidentiality also magnifies stress in the case of individuals who disregard peer educators' advice. Peer educators face many stresses in managing and supporting their own lives, thus their (voluntary) work as peer educators should not be taken out of context. Using this approach, we discuss how the role of peer educator should be conceptualised and how they can be organised and supported in order that their stress be minimised and effective engagement maximised. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PEER EDUCATORS | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STRESS | INTERVIEWS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | WORKPLACE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341273 |
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