| 1. Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies] Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9. Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive. Language: Serbian Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 342047 |
2.  Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter] Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p. Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 331346 Notification |
| 3. Title: Catching up on contraception. Author: Allen K Source: Australian Family Physician. 2009 Jun;38(6):380-2. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Providing contraceptive advice is a core activity in general practice. There have been numerous changes to the contraceptive options available in Australia over the past 10 years. It is important that general practitioners are aware of these changes so that they can advise patients appropriately. OBJECTIVE: This article examines the changes that have occurred in contraception over the past decade and discusses the implications of these changes to clinical practice. DISCUSSION: Up-to-date knowledge about how the combined oral contraceptive pill works is reflected in changes to packaging and formulations, with varying success. Other changes include the over-the-counter availability of emergency contraceptive pills and the new combined hormonal vaginal ring. There has been a resurgence in intrauterine device use and their insertion has Level 1 (nonprocedural) indemnity status in most medical defence organisations. Bleeding with long acting progestogen only contraception remains a problem and management options include antiprostaglandins, tranexamic acid, doxycycline, the combined oral contraceptive pill and removal of the device. Sterilisation remains an option for older men and women and newer methods are available. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KNOWLEDGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SATISFACTION | VAGINAL RING | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | INFORMED CHOICE | Oceania | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 341574 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Analysis of pain and satisfaction with office-based hysteroscopic sterilization. Author: Levie M; Weiss G; Kaiser B; Daif J; Chudnoff SG Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug 13; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess pain and patient satisfaction with office-based hysteroscopic sterilization. DESIGN: This prospective, observational study was designed to assess patient pain perception and satisfaction with office-based hysteroscopic sterilization using the Essure device (Conceptus, Mountain View, CA). SETTING: Faculty practice office at an inner-city urban medical center. PATIENT(S): Women seeking hysteroscopic sterilization. INTERVENTION(S): Office hysteroscopic sterilization under local anesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pain assessed at the time of the procedure by a 0-10 visual scale and satisfaction by a 1-5 scale. RESULT(S): From June 2003 to June 2006, 209 patients were recruited. The mean scores for average procedural pain, most procedural pain, and average menstrual pain were 2.6 +/- 2.1, 3.3 +/- 2.5, and 3.6 +/- 2.6, respectively. Standardized pain scores revealed that 149 subjects (70%) experienced average pain that was less than or equal to the pain experienced with their menses. Mean satisfaction rating for the procedure was 4.7 +/- 0.71. CONCLUSION(S): Office-based hysteroscopic sterilization performed with local anesthesia alone is well tolerated, and patients are satisfied with this method for permanent sterilization. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PAIN | SATISFACTION | HEALTH SERVICES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | MENSTRUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Reproduction Document Number: 342551 |
| 5. Title: Negligence in sterilisation: the changing legal regime. Author: Noopur R; Sharma D Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009 Jan-Mar;6(1):40-1. Abstract: Negligence in a sterilisation operation is a crucial issue in a country like India where sterilisation operations form an important part of government programmes. This article seeks to highlight the medico-legal dilemmas that surround this issue, and the legal pronouncements on it. The article also deals with a recent policy initiative--the Family Planning Insurance Scheme--that has been formulated in this regard, its legal implications, and its impact on the medical fraternity as well as on society as a whole. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | SURGERY | HEALTH INSURANCE | IMPACT | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 330901 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: [Provision of voluntary surgical sterilization in the Campinas Metropolitan Area, Sao Paulo State, Brazil: perceptions of public health services managers and professionals] Atendimento a demanda pela esterilizacao cirurgica na Regiao Metropolitana de Author: Osis MJ; Carvalho LE; Cecatti JG; Bento SF; Padua KS Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):625-34. Abstract: This study describes the perceptions of public health services managers and professionals concerning provision of voluntary surgical sterilization in the Campinas Metropolitan Area, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The study adopted a qualitative approach in four municipalities (counties), where semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 health professionals and health services managers involved in the provision of surgical sterilization. The interviewees identified difficulties in scheduling visits at Outpatient Family Clinics or Reference Centers (APF/CR), and the number of available surgeries in the accredited hospitals was insufficient. They emphasized the lack of physical infrastructure and human resources for conducting family planning activities in the primary health units as well as in the APF/CR.They also criticized the legal criteria for authorizing surgical sterilization, and mentioned adaptations to make them more appropriate to the each municipality's situation. According to the health services managers and professionals, despite the efforts, meeting the demand for surgical sterilization in the Campinas Metropolitan Area was jeopardized by its centralization in the APF/CR, which in practice had to cover the gap in family planning activities in each municipality's primary care units. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERCEPTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MANAGEMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342581 |
| 7. Title: New technologies in contraception. Author: Rowlands S Source: BJOG. 2009 Jan;116(2):230-9. Abstract: New technologies in both reversible contraception and sterilisation are described. The review includes recent advances in the development of oral contraception, emergency contraception, injectable contraception, vaginal rings, subdermal implants, transdermal contraception, intrauterine devices, spermicides and barrier methods. It also covers methods of transcervical female sterilisation and more easily reversible male sterilisation. The emphasis is on the technology and its safety and effectiveness. Hormonal delivery systems are described in some detail. Mention is also made of research into vaccines and male hormonal methods, where progress has been disappointing. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | CONTRACEPTION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | VAGINAL RING | INJECTABLES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | BARRIER METHODS | CERVIX | SAFETY | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330720 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Placement of a permanent birth control device at a university medical center. Author: Shavell VI; Abdallah ME; Diamond MP; Berman JM Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2009 Apr;54(4):218-22. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the Essure placement failure rate and analyze factors associated with failure in an urban, nonstudy population at a university medical center. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was conducted of women who underwent attempted Essure hysteroscopic sterilization at the Detroit Medical Center (DMC) from January 1, 2003, to June 30, 2007. RESULTS: There were 316 Essure procedures attempted at the DMC from January 2003 through June 2007. Of the 316 attempted procedures, there were 22 device placement failures and 3 documented post-Essure pregnancies. Of the 22 placement failures, 11 were attributed to difficulty visualizing the tubal ostia. Other causes of failure included device malfunction, uterine perforation, tubal perforation, expulsion of the device, tubal spasm, tubal ostia too large for the device and unspecified. Difficulty visualizing the ostia (p < 0.001) and a longer procedure time (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with failure. CONCLUSION: The rate of successful placement of the Essure permanent birth control device at the DMC is 92.1%, with a post-Essure pregnancy rate of 0.95%. The majority of placement failures may be attributed to difficulty visualizing the tubal ostia. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY | TUBAL OCCLUSION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | SURGERY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproduction | Female Sterilization | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception Document Number: 341642 |
| 9. Title: Comparison of contraceptive choices of rural and urban US adults aged 18-55 years: an analysis of 2004 behavioral risk factor surveillance survey data. Author: Tobar A; Lutfiyya MN; Mabasa Y; Meena H; McGrath C; Brady S; Aguero C; Bales R; King M Source: Rural and Remote Health. 2009 Jul-Sep;9(3):1186. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although sexually active US adults wanting to prevent pregnancy have a wide variety of birth control methods readily available, there is little research that documents the contraceptive choices of rural adults in comparison to urban adults. This study compared the contraceptive choices of rural with urban adults. The comparative analysis joins the recent dialog in population health focused on assessing health related differences to detect if these are indicative of rural health disparities. METHODS: Design: This was a cross-sectional study analyzing 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data. Place of residence was ascertained by re-coding the state/county FIPS code as either urban or rural, based on 2003 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes from the US Office of Management and Budget (setting: US households; participants: US adults 18-55 years). Main outcome measures: characteristics and contraceptive method choice of rural adults using birth control. RESULTS: A multivariate regression model performed with 'use of birth control' as the dependent variable yielded that rural in comparison with urban adults 18-55 years were more likely to use female or male sterilization, non-injectable and injectable hormones for birth control. They were less likely to use: condoms, a diaphragm or NuvaRing, emergency contraception, withdrawal or rhythm methods. Additionally, in comparison with urban adults, rural persons younger than 35 years, those who had children younger than 18 years living with them, those who were partnered, males and those living in households with an income of less than US$35,000 were more likely to report using some form of contraception. CONCLUSION: There were differences in the contraception choices of urban and rural adults. How much primary care provider preferences explains the differences is not known and bears further exploration. These results should prove useful to healthcare providers as well as public health family planning programs. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | ADULTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HEALTH INSURANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 342311 |
| 10. Title: Access to surgical sterilization through the National Health System, Ribeirao Preto, Southeastern Brazil. Author: Vieira EM; Souza L Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;43(3):398-404. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the profile of individuals who were unable to obtain the surgical contraception procedure, and associated factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ribeirao Preto (Southeastern Brazil) in 2004, on 230 individuals who were unable to obtain sterilization surgery through the National Health System between 1999 and 2004. A questionnaire on sociodemographic information, use of contraceptive methods, aspects of sterilization and desire to undergo sterilization in the future was applied. The variables of sex, age, religion, per capita income, marital status and schooling level were compared between the total number of individuals who were unable to obtain this procedure and 297 individuals who were sterilized. RESULTS: Among the 230 interviewees, 21.3% were men and 78.7% were women. Most of them were married, white and Catholic and had had at least four years of schooling. The median monthly per capita income was R$ 140.00. Twenty-three of them (10%) had hopes of undergoing the operation. The remaining 207 were classified in two groups: 71% had decided to postpone the operation and 29% had faced obstacles in relation to gaining access to sterilization. The latter group was associated with being female, young and black. After logistic regression, being black was the only factor that remained associated with inability to obtain sterilization. Comparison with individuals who were able to obtain the procedure showed that being female, older, evangelical and single were associated with inability to obtain sterilization, while higher income and schooling levels favored access. CONCLUSIONS: Few of the individuals studied had not had access to sterilization. Most had postponed the procedure and a smaller proportion had encountered institutional obstacles. Blacks encountered more barriers than whites did. Language: EnglishPortuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Health | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342579 |
| 11. Title: Expanding access to contraception: The role of the commercial sector in providing long-acting and permanent methods of contraception. Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One] Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, PSP-One, [2008]. 2 p. (Global Research Brief. LAPM Brief 1USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: Strengthening the role of the commercial sector in contraceptive provision is an important strategy for reducing costs to donors and to local governments. Attention has focused on increasing the commercial market for short-acting methods of contraception like pills and condoms; less attention has been paid to commercial sector provision of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs): IUDs, implants, and female and male sterilization. This brief, based on a Private Sector Partnerships-One technical report, The Commercial Sector's Role in Providing Long-Acting and Permanent Methods, provides data on the use and source of LAPMs. Such data are useful in designing and evaluating interventions to increase the commercial sector's role. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331617 |
| 12. Title: Disputing contraception: Muslim reform, secular change and fertility. Author: Jeffery P; Jeffery R; Jeffrey C Source: Modern Asian Studies. 2008;42(2-3):519-548. Abstract: In South Asia, Muslim reformers have often attempted to 'rationalize' and gentrify the everyday behaviour of ordinary Muslims. Yet, despite the existence of discussions of contraceptive techniques in the yunan-itibb curricula of 19th century India and the apparent affinity between rationalism and fertility regulation, contraception was rarely discussed in public debates involving Muslim reformers. In this paper we discuss some of the relationships between ´elite debates among Muslim leaders and the grassroots behaviour of villagers in rural Bijnor, in western Uttar Pradesh. Villagers' voices are ambiguous, with fears for mother and child health surfacing as often as concerns for religious orthodoxy and one's destiny in the afterlife. In addition, many of the villagers' views of Islam were much more restrictive than those of the locally accepted authoritative voices: although the staff at Daru'l 'Ulum, Deoband, saw much modern contraception as an unwelcome sign of modernity, their discussions of the acceptability of family planning circled round notions of majburi [compulsion], repentance, and the unfathomable mercy of Allah. We conclude that focusing on local notions of Islam to understand the fertility behaviour of rural Muslims is less fruitful than considering a "political economy of hopelessness" that, increasingly since 1947, affects many Muslims in north India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 325791 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Sterilization. Author: Peterson HB Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jan;111(1):189-203. Abstract: Worldwide, sterilization (tubal sterilization and vasectomy) is used by more people than any other method of contraception. All techniques of tubal sterilization in widespread use in the United States have low risks of surgical complications. Although tubal sterilization is highly effective, the risk of pregnancy varies by age and method of occlusion. Pregnancies can occur many years after the procedure, and when they do, the risk of ectopic gestation is high. There is now strong evidence against the existence of a post-tubal ligation syndrome of menstrual abnormalities. Although women who have undergone tubal sterilization are more likely than other women to undergo hysterectomy subsequently, there is no known biologic basis for this relationship. Although sterilization is intended to be permanent, expressions of regret and requests for reversal are not uncommon and are much more likely to occur among women sterilized at young ages. Tubal sterilization has little or no effect on sexual function for most women. Vasectomy is less likely than tubal sterilization to result in serious complications. Minor complications, however, are not uncommon. Vasectomy does not increase the risk of heart disease, and available evidence argues against an increase in the risk of prostate cancer, testicular cancer, or overall mortality. Whether a postvasectomy pain syndrome exists remains controversial. Although the long-term effectiveness of vasectomy is less well-studied than that for tubal sterilization, it seems likely to be at least as effective. Intrauterine devices and progestin implants are long-acting, highly effective alternatives to sterilization. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | FEMALE STERILIZATION | MALE STERILIZATION | TUBAL LIGATION | VASECTOMY | SURGERY | COMPLICATIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 308606 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Denying postpartum sterilization to women with Emergency Medicaid does not reduce hospital charges. Author: Rodriguez MI; Edelman A; Wallace N; Jensen JT Source: Contraception. 2008 Sep;78(3):232–236. Abstract: Background: To assess the change in hospital reimbursement resulting from a 2004 policy requiring immigrants with Emergency Medicaid (EM) to pay for sterilization following vaginal delivery, we examined rates of tubal ligation following vaginal [postpartum bilateral tubal ligation (PPBTL)] and cesarean [cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation (CSBTL)] deliveries, and compared these to a Standard Medicaid (SM) population unaffected by the policy. Study design: Records of women who delivered at the Oregon Health and Science University between January 2000 and December 2006 were reviewed. Data examined included insurance, mode of delivery, sterilization and net revenue by delivery type. Results: A total of 3612 SM patients and 4220 EM patients delivered in the 5 years before the policy, and 1628 SM patients and 2066 EM patients delivered in the 2 years after the policy. The incidence of PPBTL among EM patients delivering vaginally dropped from 9.9% prepolicy to 0.9% postpolicy (pb.01). Concurrently, CSBTL among EM patients having cesarean section increased from 18.8% prepolicy to 23.5% postpolicy (p=.03). Notably, no significant change in PPBTL (pre: 8.7%, post: 9.2%, p=1.0) or CSBTL (pre: 22.9%, post: 22.9%, p=.62) occurred in the SM group. The net revenue change for all deliveries with tubal ligations in the EM population postpolicy was -US$5284. Conclusion: Requiring out-of-pocket payment for sterilization following vaginal delivery in an EM population results in a decrease in PPBTL and an increase in CSBTL, and does not reduce hospital financial losses. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | TUBAL LIGATION | CESAREAN SECTION | POSTPARTUM | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | HEALTH INSURANCE | HEALTH POLICY | IMMIGRANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Puerperium | Reproduction | Family Planning Programs | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 328356 |
| 15. Title: Public funding for family planning, sterilization and abortion services, FY 1980-2006. Author: Sonfield A; Alrich C; Gold RB Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2008 Jan. 36 p. (Occasional Report No. 38) Abstract: This report presents the results of a survey of FY 2006 public expenditures for family planning client services, family planning education and outreach activities, sterilization services and abortion services. We look at expenditures nationally, for each state and for each funding source. We also compare FY 2006 data for family planning client services with those from a series of prior surveys between FY 1980 and FY 2001. As in past reports, we also look at data on abortion utilization; because of restrictive reporting requirements and other policies around abortion, it is the only of the services for which reasonable estimates of utilization are universally available. The data in this article represent the most complete summary of public funding available. Given the methodological concerns mentioned below, however, the data (along with data from prior surveys) should be considered an approximation, rather than a precise accounting. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | EXPENDITURES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | FUNDS | ABORTION | SOCIAL POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 324692 Notification |
| 16. Title: Ten guiding principles for LAPM service programs. Long-acting and permanent methods of contraception [IUDs, implants and female and male sterilization]. Author: EngenderHealth. ACQUIRE Project Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2007. 8 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: The heart of LAPM service delivery is the encounter between client and provider. The fundamentals of care are the bedrock of quality LAPM service programs. LAPM service programs need to be holistic, integrating 'supply side' and 'demand side' program elements. Evidence-based advocacy for political support at all levels is important to sustain LAPM service programs. Stakeholder participation is critical to fostering ownership and sustainability. Use locally generated, context-specific data and other evidence to inform policy and program decisions. Apply principles and best practices of behavior change theory to achieve sustained LAPM program improvement. LAPM training and supervision need to be maintained and updated. Security of LAPM commodities, equipment and supplies is critical for reliable service availability. LAPMs must be accessible to be used. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | BEST PRACTICES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Contraceptive Availability | Program Evaluation Document Number: 325488 |
| 17. Title: The benefits of long-acting and permanent methods for individuals. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2007. [4] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: Long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) of contraception offer an untapped opportunity to meet the needs of a variety of people. They offer individuals and couples advantages that other methods of family planning do not, and their provision gives women who want to space or limit their pregnancies more choices. Use of LAPMs can also improve the health and well-being of entire families in several important ways. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | VASECTOMY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | BIRTH SPACING | REVERSIBILITY | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Male Sterilization | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 324292 |
| 18. Title: The case for long-acting and permanent methods. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2007. [4] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: All individuals and couples have a basic human right to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children. Fulfilling this right is an important intervention for improving maternal and child health, preventing HIV infections, and improving the overall well-being of entire families. Yet, only a small proportion of women in Africa who want to space or limit their pregnancies are using any form of family planning. Among those who are using contraception, most are using short-acting methods, such as oral contraceptives and injectables. Women and couples who want safe and effective protection against pregnancy would benefit from access to more contraceptive choices, including long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs). LAPMs are convenient for users and effectively prevent pregnancy. They are also cost-effective for programs over time, can result in substantial cost savings for governments, and contribute directly to reaching national and international health goals. Despitethese advantages, LAPMs remain a relatively small, and sometimes missing, component of many national reproductive health and family planning programs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | BIRTH SPACING | BIRTH LIMITING | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | VASECTOMY | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Africa | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Male Sterilization | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324293 |
| 19. Title: Strategies for improving availability, access, and acceptability. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], 2007. [4] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: Complex challenges hinder the availability, access, and acceptability of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) of contraception in Africa, but these challenges can be overcome. Programs in low-resource settings have demonstrated that when LAPMs are effectively introduced or revitalized, women and men will use them. National efforts have incorporated both traditional and innovative approaches to address key barriers, including responding to concerns about policies, training midlevel providers to provide clinical contraceptives, and launching media campaigns to increase awareness of LAPMs. However, the success of these endeavors has been limited. The continued development, evaluation, documentation, and refinement of effective evidence-based approaches will be essential for improving LAPM provision in the region. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | VASECTOMY | AWARENESS | CAMPAIGNS | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraceptive Methods | Male Sterilization | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication Document Number: 324290 |
| 20. Title: Refusing to provide health services. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p. Abstract: Almost every state has a policy explicitly allowing some health care professionals or certain institutions to refuse to provide or participate in abortion, contraceptive services or sterilization services. Even in states without explicit refusal statutes, an individual health care professional's actions may be legally protected by statutes prohibiting discrimination against employees, based on their religious objections. While some of the institutional policies are limited to private, or even religious, health care institutions, others apply to all institutions providing health care. (At the federal level, health care institutions and providers may refuse to participate in abortion services on the basis of their religious or moral beliefs.) A few states have enacted laws that specifically allow pharmacists or pharmacies to refuse to provide health care due to religious or moral objections. Several other states have broadly worded refusal clause statutes that might protect pharmacists or pharmacies from liability for their refusal. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | LEGISLATION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems Document Number: 310893 Notification |
| 21. Title: A commitment to fight HIV / AIDS: JHPIEGO in South Africa. Author: JHPIEGO Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2007]. [2] p. Abstract: The Republic of South Africa has the largest population of HIV-infected persons in the world. An estimated five million South Africans-many of them women of reproductive age-are HIV-positive. Since 2002, as an implementing partner of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), Jhpiego has worked closely with the South African government and other partners to establish and scale up a comprehensive program to address this critical and pervasive problem. Our efforts have focused on developing human capacity and strengthening health care providers’ ability to deliver high-quality services for HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | EVALUATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | POSTPARTUM | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | BREASTFEEDING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BARRIER METHODS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | TIME FACTORS | IUD Document Number: 331761 |
| 22. Title: Postpartum contraceptive options. Author: JHPIEGO. ACCESS-FP Source: [Baltimore, Maryland, JHPIEGO, 2007]. [1] p. Adapted from the MAQ Exchange: Contraceptive Technology Update. Abstract: This document from the ACCESS-FP Program graphically outlines when various contraceptive methods can be initiated during the postpartum period. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | EVALUATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | POSTPARTUM | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | BREASTFEEDING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BARRIER METHODS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | TIME FACTORS | IUD | Puerperium | Reproduction | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 308932 |
| 23. Title: The disappearing girl child: Possible role of sterilizations as a method of family planning. Author: Bhasin SK; Saini NK; Trikha VK; Joshi ID Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007 Jul-Sep;32(3):212-214. Abstract: The sex ratio in India has constantly been unfavorable to women. Although the 2001 census figures show it to be marginally better than the previous census figures, yet there was a marked decline in child sex ratio (0-6 years) from 945 females per 1000 males in 1991 to 927 in 2001. The anti-female bias is not limited to poor-performing states but also to better-performing states. There are a number of important demographic factors (e.g., sex composition of the previous children, birth order of children and sex differentials in mortality, ect.) which are responsible for this declining sex ration. A little lesser talked about factor is the possible role of sterilizations performed under the National Family Welfare Programme. The present study was aimed at finding out possible relationship of sterilizations as a method of family welfare with the declining sex ratio. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Family Planning Document Number: 321651 |
| 24. Title: Contraceptive options for your obese patients. Author: Cowett A Source: Contemporary Ob / Gyn. 2007 Mar 1;:[5] p. Abstract: You need to advise them, too, that combination oral contraceptives (COCs) may put overweight or obese women at increased risk for both arterial and venous thromboembolic disease-as may certain other birth control methods. These concerns, combined with the ever-growing obesity epidemic among reproductive-aged American women, make it imperative for us to focus family planning efforts on our overweight patients. The statistics speak volumes. The number of overweight and obese Americans has soared over the last few decades. Some 66% of adults in the United States are overweight or obese, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 and 30.0 kg/m2 or more, respectively, according to a recent national survey. The epidemic continues to worsen, with the figures for both overweight and obese adults up 10 percentage points in the last 20 years. Given the increased pregnancy-related morbidity in these women and the fact that nearly half of all pregnancies in the US are unintended, it's crucial that we help our overweight patients select the most appropriate birth control method. Obese women are at higher risk of unintended pregnancy than their non-obese counterparts. Data from a study of more than 24,000 women, which examined the intendedness of pregnancy, contraceptive use, body weight, and BMI at the time of conception, suggested that overweight and obese women using contraception were more likely than non-obese women to unintentionally get pregnant. This difference wasn't seen in women who weren't using birth control at the time they conceived. These findings suggest that the overall effectiveness of contraceptives is decreased in overweight and obese women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CLIENTS | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | OBESITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 317527 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive health and public health ethics. Author: Dickens BM; Cook RJ Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Oct;99(1):75-79. Abstract: Individuals' reproductive choices are private matters, but sexual conduct and pregnancy impose significant public health burdens. Ethical principles of public health are distinguishable from principles applied in modern bioethics. Bioethical principles have been developed at the clinical or microethical level, affecting relations among individuals, whereas pubic health ethics applies at the population-based or macroethical level. Resolution of issues, for instance of consent to healthcare interventions and preservation of privacy, is different in public health practice from in clinical medicine. Public health aspects of human reproduction concern reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity, particularly in resource-poor countries, and the contribution to high rates of each of unsafe abortion, most prevalent where abortion laws are restrictive. Further aspects of public health ethics concern limited access to contraceptive services, the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, causes of infertility, especially due to STIs, and responses to each of these concerns. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PUBLIC HEALTH | ETHICS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CONTRACEPTION | INFERTILITY | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Reproduction Document Number: 320186 |
| 26. Title: Post-it notes and family planning [editorial] Author: Guillebaud J Source: South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2007 Mar;13(1):8-9. Abstract: Chabikuli and Lukanu are to be congratulated on their paper, given the constraints of working in a country with unremitting conflict and deprivation. The few hundred women studied were fortunate in receiving good care and desired control of their own fertility, albeit only by a permanent method and at a higher mean family size than they probably would have chosen if they had had access to better provision of reversible contraception. The authors' main finding was that, at the point of being sterilised, there was no significant difference in the average birth interval between those who reported they were contraceptive users and non-users. They interpret this as suggesting a high prevalence of inconsistent or incorrect use of contraception. Yet surely this reflects more on the innumerable obstacles that all the women would have had, in obtaining continuity of supply and correct information about modern methods of contraception. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa | Developing Countries | Contraception | Education | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 318239 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Development of vaginal rings for sustained release of nonhormonal contraceptives and anti-HIV agents. Author: Han YA; Singh M; Saxena BB Source: Contraception. 2007 Aug;76(2):132-138. Abstract: The objectives were construction of vaginal rings to deliver nonhormonal contraceptives and 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) as an anti-HIV agent and determination of their daily release and efficacy in vitro. Intravaginal rings of 0.5-0.7 cm rim and 5-5.5 cm in diameter were cast in the molds. The rings were composed of biosoluble acacia gum or nonbiodegradable hydrogel of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and sodium methacrylate (SMA) [P(HEMAco-SMA)]. The rings were impregnated with nonhormonal contraceptives such as ferrous gluconate to cause spermiostasis, L-ascorbic acid to increase the viscosity of the cervical mucus, and pharmalytes of pH 4-5 or AZT. The daily release rate of nonhormonal contraceptives as well as AZT from the rings was efficacious in vitro. Cumulative effect of nonhormonal contraceptives showed complete spermiostasis within 30 s up to 10 and 28 days, respectively. Daily release of AZT from both rings was also likely to be efficacious to inhibit HIV proliferation in vitro for 10 and 28 days, respectively. The data indicate that the rings described here can be developed for intravaginal delivery of nonhormonal contraceptives and/or anti-HIV agents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | VAGINAL RING | DRUGS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Technology | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 318910 |
| 28. Title: Contraceptive practices and trends in Spain: 1997 -- 2003. Author: Lete I; Duenas JL; Martinez-Salmean J; Parrilla JJ; Serrano I Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007 Nov;135(1):73-75. Abstract: The objective was to know the contraceptive use and trends in the Spanish female population. Since 1997, we have conducted a survey every 2 years on the use of contraceptive methods among a representative sample of Spanish women of childbearing potential (15-49 years). In the period 1997-2003, the percentage of use of contraceptive methods in Spain rose from 55.6% to 71.2%. The most commonly used method was the condom (21% in 1997, 21.9% in 1999, 29.5% in 2001 and 35.7% in 2003), followed by the contraceptive pill (14.2%, 16.5%, 19.2% and 18.3%, respectively). Male or female sterilization remained stable with percentages of use of 5-7%. IUDs are used by about 5% of women. The use of contraceptive methods among Spanish women of childbearing potential generally fits quite well the patterns found in other developed countries, and we observed a trend towards increased use of effective methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | IUD | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 313956 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of contraceptive methods and risk of unwanted pregnancy in Spanish women aged 40-50 years: Results of a survey conducted in Spain. Author: Lete I; Bermejo R; Parrilla JJ; Duenas JL; Coll C Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Mar;12(1):46-50. Abstract: A survey intended to ascertain the rate of use and type of contraceptive methods applied by Spanish women aged 40 to 50 years, and to determine the proportion of women in this group at risk of an unwanted pregnancy, was designed and validated. To achieve representative national results for the study population, it was estimated that a sample size of 2000 women was required. Women were selected using probabilistic, stratified random sampling. The survey questionnaire was prepared by the research group with the collaboration of experts in the conduct of population studies of this type. Participants were interviewed face to face by qualified and trained staff from a specialised company external to the research group. Overall, 1039 women (52%) resorted to some contraceptive method, of which (male or female) sterilisation was the most common. We estimate that in Spain there are 840,000 women (31.8%) aged 40 to 50 years at risk of unwanted pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Evaluation Document Number: 313273 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive health in Iran: pragmatic achievements, unmet needs, and ethical challenges in a theocratic system. Author: Mehryar AH; Ahmad-Nia S; Kazemipour S Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2007 Dec;38(4):352-361. Abstract: Since its revival in 1989, the reproductive health and family planning program of Iran has made great strides in raising the contraceptive prevalence rate and reducing fertility. The majority of couples are using modern methods promoted and provided by the national program, although a sizable proportion of couples continue to depend on the traditional method of withdrawal. The longstanding urban-rural gap in contraceptive prevalence rates has been reduced to about 10 percent, which is mainly the result of better-educated urban couples' continued practice of withdrawal. Despite its enormous success in meeting the needs of married couples, in narrowing the urban-rural gap in access to and use of modern contraceptives, and in reducing fertility, the Iranian family planning program is open to criticism for confining its target audience to married couples and failing to address the issue of abortion. The restrictive aspects of the program are often justified on the grounds of religious values and fear of encouraging sexual promiscuity. Because of the theocratic nature of the political system and the immense power enjoyed by Shiite ulama (religious leaders), no step can be taken to address these restrictions without their implicit support and approval. This study describes some of the ethical issues facing the reproductive health program of Iran and indicates how pragmatic approaches adopted by the ruling Shiite ulama to solve some of the social and medical challenges of a rapidly modernizing society may be extended to overcome ethical hurdles faced by the reproductive health program. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | CRITIQUE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | NEEDS | ETHICS | ISLAM | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION LAW | JURISPRUDENCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Developing Countries | Middle East | Health | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 322351 Notification |
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