1.   Peer Reviewed Title: An end to secrecy [editorial] Source: Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):566. Abstract: As part of a special collection of articles on HIV, this week's issue contains a Feature by Linqi Zhang of Tsinghua University in Beijing and his colleagues on the status of HIV in southern China (see page 609). Their conclusions are alarming: HIV prevalence is no longer confined to high-risk groups such as those who inject themselves with drugs, but is now seeping into the general population. Some of the most rapid increases are among men in same-sex relationships. Moreover, the findings confirm what veteran outside-observers of China and those concerned with HIV globally have long suspected: patterns of infection in southern China are similar to those in other developing countries - especially those experiencing large-scale migration from rural areas to cities, which provides men and women with more opportunities for sex. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | PREVALENCE | STATISTICS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Measurement | Information | Communication Document Number: 329091 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Epidemiology of male same-sex behaviour and associated sexual health indicators in low- and middle-income countries: 2003-2007 estimates. Author: Caceres CF; Konda K; Segura ER; Lyerla R Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Aug;84 Suppl 1:i49-i56. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review of published and unpublished data from research and public health information systems on the prevalence of male-to-male sex in the total male population; as well as among men who have sex with men (MSM), data on prevalence of heterosexual activity and heterosexual unions; prevalence of condom use with male and female partners; and prevalence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: Key indicators were defined (a) among men in the general population: prevalence of sex with a man ever and last year; (b) among MSM: prevalence of heterosexual experiences ever and last year; proportion of male-female transgenders; proportion of sex workers; prevalence of HIV and other STIs, condom use in last sexual encounter; consistent condom use with men last year; never used a condom with a man. With help from key informants, study searches were conducted in Pubmed, LILLACS, institutional databases, conference records and other sources. Methodology and quality of information were assessed, and the best data available for 2003-7 were selected. Indicator estimates from each study were used to propose regional estimate ranges. RESULTS: A total of 83 new entries were entered into the database in addition to the previous 561, totalling 644. Of these, 107 showing 2003-7 data were selected. Many new studies came from sub-Saharan Africa, portraying hidden HIV epidemics among MSM. The most frequently reported estimate was HIV infection, with high estimate ranges in most of the regions, except for Middle East and North Africa and Eastern Europe. The next most frequently reported was lifetime frequency of heterosexual sex, showing that roughly 50% of MSM ever had sex with a woman. The small number of newer studies reporting prevalence of "sex with a man in last 12 months" between 2003 and 2007, did not warrant enough new evidence to revise our 2005 size estimates for MSM populations. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of new studies with estimates of relevance to understanding sexual behaviour and HIV among MSM were identified, with an encouraging amount of new data coming from sub-Saharan Africa. However, limitations in the quality, utility and comparability of available information persist. At least three measures could be promoted for use in surveillance and academic studies: standardised indicators for MSM studies; standardised operational definitions of, and instructions to describe, variables; and standardised research designs and data gathering strategies. A prerequisite for this all is intense advocacy to ensure a social climate in which research into such matters is prioritised, resources are made available as needed and the human rights of MSM are respected. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | HETEROSEXUALS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREVALENCE | CONDOM USE | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | STATISTICS | Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health Document Number: 328282 |
| 3. Title: Oh! So 'we' have been under-reporting Nairobi's primary school enrolment rates? Author: Epari C; Ezeh A; Mugisha F; Ogollah R Source: Nairobi, Kenya, African Population and Health Research Center [APHRC], 2008. 16 p. (APHRC Working Paper No. 35) Abstract: Progress towards universal primary education by 2015 is monitored by primary school enrolment rates, survival rates to grade 5 and youth literacy rates. For the period 2000-2004, official statistics show Nairobi's primary school gross and net enrolment rates as being much lower than any other province in Kenya. Nairobi's informal settlements (slums) are estimated to be home to over 50% of the city's population and are largely served by low cost private, community and non-formal schools managed by individual entrepreneurs, communities and non-governmental organizations. This paper examines Nairobi's slum and non-slum primary school enrolment rates and their under-reporting in government statistics. The study was conducted in two slum settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) as well as in two non-slum sites (Jericho and Harambee) in Nairobi. A total of 13,882 children aged 5-19 years were identified in 2005 regardless of whether or not they were in school in the four geographically-defined study sites.The study used retrospective schooling history data for six years (2000-2005) collected within the longitudinal framework of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Data were collected on a range of issues in modular form using five questionnaires, each addressing a specific theme. For children aged 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 years in 2005, only data for one (2005), two (2005 and 2004), three (2005-2003), four (2005-2002) and five (2005-2001) years were collected starting in 2005, respectively. For those aged 10 to 19 years, data for six years (2000-2005) were collected. We use these data to calculate the gross and net enrolment rates as well as the Gender Parity Index (GPI) and rate of underreporting of these enrolment rates in government statistics for the four sites in 2005. The results show high gross enrolment ratios of 100.7% and 106.8% for the slum and non-slum sites, respectively, for 2005. The net enrolment ratio is equally high at 83.3% and 94.5% for the slum and non-slum areas for thesame year. These are however under-reported in government statistics by up to 23.3% for all the four sites. At an average of 1.08 for the period 2000-2005, the GPI values in the slums are in favor of girls while the opposite is true for the non-slum sites at an average GPI value of 0.93 in favor of boys. This evidence shows that Nairobi's enrolment rates are quite high, contrary to official statistics which show these as much lower compared to the rest of the country. We largely attribute these low enrolment rates to under-reporting. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | DATA QUALITY | UNDERCOUNT | STATISTICS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Schools | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Data Analysis | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 326401 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of adult HIV prevalence from national population-based surveys and antenatal clinic surveillance in countries with generalised epidemics: implications for calibrating surveillance data. Author: Gouws E; Mishra V; Fowler TB Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Aug;84 Suppl 1:i17-i23. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimates of the impact of HIV in countries with generalised epidemics are generally based on antenatal clinic surveillance data collected over time. In an attempt to obtain geographically more representative estimates of HIV prevalence, many countries are now also conducting national population-based surveys in which HIV testing is included. We compare adult HIV prevalence estimates from antenatal clinic surveillance to those from national population-based surveys to assess the implications for calibrating surveillance data. METHODS: HIV prevalence estimates derived from fitting prevalence curves to antenatal clinic surveillance data are statistically compared to prevalence from national population-based surveys using data from 26 countries with generalised epidemics for the year in which the survey was conducted. Appropriate transformations are applied to inform the correction factors needed to adjust prevalence in countries where population-based surveys have not been conducted. RESULTS: HIV prevalence derived from antenatal clinic surveillance data generally overestimate population-based survey prevalence by about 20% (95% confidence interval: 10% to 30%) in both urban and rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: In countries where national population-based HIV surveys have been conducted, survey estimates of HIV prevalence (adjusted for potential survey biases as appropriate) can be used directly to calibrate antenatal clinic surveillance data. In countries where national HIV surveys have not been conducted, HIV prevalence derived from antenatal clinic surveillance data should be multiplied by about 0.8 to adjust for overestimation. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DATA COLLECTION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | STATISTICS | Africa | Developing Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health Document Number: 328284 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Alcohol and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men in South African township communities. Author: Lane T; Shade SB; McIntyre J; Morin SF Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S78-S85. Abstract: There are few studies of HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a behavioral survey of MSM in peri-urban "township" communities in Gauteng province, South Africa. Between October 2004 and March 2005, 199 MSM completed an interviewer administered pen-and-paper standardized questionnaire. The sample was 94% black, 83% identified as gay, and 12% as bisexual. Among those reporting sex with other men in the prior six months (n = 147), 59% reported unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Increased risk of UAI was associated with both regular drinking (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4, 12.6) regular drinking to intoxication (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0, 6.8), and reporting symptoms of rectal trauma resulting from anal intercourse (AI; OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.8, 10.4). Decreased risk of UAI was associated with the exclusive use of lubricants that are latex-compatible for AI (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1, 0.7). Township MSM in South Africa are at high risk of HIV infection. Targeted sexual health and risk reduction interventions that address the link between alcohol use and HIV risk are urgently needed. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ANAL SEX | INTERVIEWS | QUESTIONNAIRES | STATISTICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 328483 |
| 6. Title: Trends of rape in the Mthatha area, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Author: Meel BL Source: South African Family Practice. 2008 Jan-Feb;50(1):69-69c. Abstract: The epidemiology of rape is a very complex issue that is difficult to research. The meaning of rape is different for different countries, religions, and socio-economic groups, and it involves both stigma and discrimination. Therefore, rape statistics are either not available or incomplete. This study was an attempt to highlight the problem of rape in the Mthatha area of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The objectives were to estimate the trend of sexual assault in the Mthatha area of South Africa. This is a review of the Sinawe Centre's records of victims of sexual assault. The centre is the only official centre in this region that deals with cases of sexual assault. A total of 2 378 victims of sexual assault seen at Sinawe Centre over a period of six years (20012006). The average rate of sexual assault was 198 per 100 000 women a year. There was a tenfold increase of sexual assault from 39 per 100 000 women in 2001 to 417 per 100 000 women in 2006. Of the victims, 70.9% were children under the age of 20 years. In total, 46.3% were under the age of 16 years, and 22.9% were younger than 11 years. Children of five or younger represented 9.4% of the sexual assault victims. The least vulnerable age group (1.3%) is those between 46 and 50 years. The minimum cost for a successful conviction of a rape case is between R5 000 and R10 000, and, of course, does not account for the pain and suffering of the family involved. The rate of sexual abuse is increasing in the Mthatha area of South Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | STATISTICS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326082 |
| 7. Title: Towards a harmonization of European statistics on international migration. Author: Thierry X Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Feb;(442):1-4. Abstract: Immigration and emigration flows measured in the European Union vary considerably from one country to another. But statistics are not always established in the same way, making comparisons difficult. Xavier Thierry explains that these variations reflect differences between countries in the definition of what constitutes an international migrant, and in the data sources used, i.e. surveys or administrative records. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | DATA SOURCES | STATISTICS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Data Collection Document Number: 325598 |
| 8. Title: NGO joint statistics. Database report on trafficking and rape in Cambodia, 2005-2006. Author: End Child Prostitution, Abuse and Trafficking in Cambodia [ECPAT-CAMBODIA]; COSECAM; NGO Committee on the Right of the Child [NGOCRC] Source: Phnom Penh, Cambodia, ECPAT-CAMBODIA, [2007]. [140] p. Abstract: ECPAT-CAMBODIA Cambodia is a network of twenty-seven national and international organizations working together to ensure that all children in the country will enjoy their fundamental rights, free and secure from all kinds of sexual abuse and exploitation. It was established in 1995 by a group of NGOs dedicated to combat child sexual abuse and exploitation. As part of its mission, ECPAT-CAMBODIA with support from ANESVAD Foundation, Spain, implemented a project called "NGO Joint Statistics on Rape and Trafficking" which collected data and information on rape and trafficking of male and female children of all ages and nationalities in Cambodia from 2003 to 2004. The project was implemented in order to "to better understand the root causes of rape and trafficking, the chain process and dynamics of trafficking, and to guide NGOs in defining priority areas in order that their resources and assistance be channeled and utilized in a more efficient and effective way." The project, with ongoing support of ANESVAD Foundation, has continued to the second phase which collected data and information on rape and trafficking for 2005-2006 and continues the aim to provide a valid and reliable statistical analysis of rape and trafficking situation from 2005-2006. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | RAPE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | STATISTICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Political Factors Document Number: 327630 |
| 9. Title: Overview of contraceptive and condom shipments, FY 2006. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID] Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, 2007 Jun. 39 p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-775) Abstract: This report describes USAID's contraceptive and condom distribution activities in fiscal year (FY) 2006. It presents data on the values and quantities of commodity shipments by USAID region and country, affiliations of recipient organizations, and trends over the past decade. It should be noted that one-year fluctuations in contraceptive and condom shipments on the regional and country levels are not necessarily the result of programmatic shifts and that variations in the dates for year-to-year shipments and commodity production schedules most often account for these fluctuations. Also note that the figures and tables in this report show rounded values and may differ slightly when making comparisons with one another. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ASIA | EUROPE | LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | STATISTICS | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LOGISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Research Methodology | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Management | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 321126 |
| 10. Title: Demographic statistics in India: Why shall we take the electoral roll seriously? Author: Bhattacharya K; Das A; Mitra A Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):155-167. Abstract: This paper suggests an innovative approach to collection of demographic statistics in India that could dramatically improve the situation, culminating in an on-line register based approach to collection of demographic statistics. The author argues that with a little innovation, the electoral roll (ER) prepared by the Election Commission (EC) in India could be extended into an online population database (OPD). Proper documentation of changes in the records of this database over time would then be an invaluable source to estimate demographic measures, as well as to study other socio-economic phenomena like migration. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION STATISTICS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DATA COLLECTION | POPULATION | VOTING | DEMOGRAPHY | STATISTICS | DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL | INTERNET | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Information Processing | Information | Information Networks | Communication | Economic Factors Document Number: 324150 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Who needs cause-of-death data? Author: Byass P Source: PLoS Medicine. 2007 Nov;4(11):e333. Abstract: More than half of the world's deaths pass by undocumented as to cause. Whilst the appropriate focus of health services may well be the care of the living, consistent and reliable cause-of-death data also constitute a crucial and major resource for health planning and prioritisation, and their lack in many settings is a major concern. Two new papers from Christopher Murray and colleagues in this issue of PLoS Medicine report important methodological advances which should go some way towards filling these data gaps. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | CAUSES OF DEATH | INEQUALITIES | DEATH RECORDS | AUTOPSY | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | STATISTICS | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 322906 |
| 12. Title: An investigation into the extent of uncertainty surrounding estimates of the impact of HIV / AIDS in South Africa. Author: Johnson LF; Dorrington RE; Matthews AP Source: South African Journal of Science. 2007 Mar-Apr;103(3-4):135-140. Abstract: HIV/AIDS statistics have been the source of much controversy in South Africa, but often the extent of uncertainty around these estimates is ignored. There is need for an assessment of the range of uncertainty around often-quoted HIV/AIDS statistics. This analysis determines ranges of uncertainty around the inputs and outputs of the ASSA2002 AIDS and Demographic model of the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic, using a generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation approach. A sample of 500 parameter combinations was drawn by weighting randomly generated parameter combinations by likelihood functions defined on the basis of four South African HIV/AIDS data sets. The estimated number of HIV infections in mid-2005 was 5.1 million (95% prediction interval: 4.2-6.0 million), equivalent to an HIV prevalence rate of 11.1% (9.1-13.1%). Between mid-2004 and mid-2005, the estimated number of new HIV infections was 490 000 (370 000-590 000) and the estimated number of AIDS deaths was 320 000 (270 000-380 000). The posterior mean HIV survival time was estimated to be 11.5 years (95% credibility interval: 10.0-12.9 years), longer than estimated for elsewhere in the developing world. This analysis confirms that South Africa is experiencing a severe HIV/AIDS epidemic, and suggests that HIV/AIDS epidemiology in the country probably differs from that elsewhere in Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | PREVALENCE | MORTALITY | SURVIVORSHIP | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Population Characteristics Document Number: 322936 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Improving health statistics in Africa. Author: Okonjo-Iweala N; Osafo-Kwaako P Source: Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1527-1528. Abstract: The Lancet's Who Counts? Series raises important issues about the relevance of statistics for effective health-care delivery in developing countries. The availability of statistics is crucial in the fight against poverty, and is a necessary starting point to quantify outcomes needed to monitor and measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. The lack of reliable and good-quality statistics is a major obstacle to assessment of changes in development indicators in many African countries. In particular, health indicators remain of major concern: many African countries with inadequate statistical capacity and measurement systems are also some of the countries worst hit by deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. The lack of health statistics ranges from poor systems for civil registration to poor data on immunisation and child mortality rates. A World Bank review of 125 middle-income and low-income countries with populations greater than 1 million illustrates this point. The countries were assessed for adherence to key international statistical methods and standards of good practices. About 60 countries in the survey-most in sub-Saharan Africa, except for Afghanistan-did not reach the midpoint score. Additionally, the World Bank noted that half the population of African countries had not recently been included in a census. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | STATISTICS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | VITAL STATISTICS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Public Health | Population Statistics Document Number: 321973 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Discussion: "acceptability of emergency contraception" by rocca et Al. Author: Peipert JF; Stamilio DM; Allsworth JE; Jungheim ES; Tepe MD Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007 Jan;196(1):90.e1-90.e5. Abstract: More than 3 decades have passed since an effective off-label, high-dose regimen of oral contraceptives was devised for use as emergency contraception (EC). Yet, controversy continues to surround the provision of EC--and certainly its promulgation. Whether use becomes more widespread with OTC availability remains to be seen. A paper by Rocca and colleagues investigated factors associated with use and non-use of EC, including 3 routes for its provision. This article was the subject of an in-depth discussion among colleagues in a journal club at Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN | YOUTH | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | STATISTICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 312880 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Cohort profile: Mandela's children: The 1990 birth to twenty study in South Africa. Author: Richter L; Norris S; Pettifor J; Yach D; Cameron N Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jun;36(3):504-511. Abstract: The late 1980s were a period of profound sociopolitical change in South Africa. It was clear that the Apartheid state was crumbling and, amongst acts of civil disobedience which characterized 'the struggle', Black Africansy began to disregard restrictive legislation that constrained where they lived and worked. Very rapid unplanned urbanization began, and shanty towns mushroomed around formerly White cities and towns. It was anticipated that this rapid urbanization, with urban growth estimated at the time to be 3.5% per year. would have profound effects on children's health and development. While improved access to health care, education and employment in urban areas could decrease preventable childhood morbidity and mortality, the inability of government to establish and maintain services to meet the needs of the growing urban population could exacerbate existing infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Non-infectious conditions related to the interaction of lifestyle, urban stressors and socio-cultural changes-for example, childhood injuries, substance use and obesity-were predicted to increase. In 1988, as a result of discussions on these issues, Noel Cameron at the University of the Witwatersrand, and Derek Yach at the South African Medical Research Council (MRC) approached the then MRC President, Andries Brink, for funds to begin a birth cohort study in Soweto-Johannesburg with Lucy Wagstaff, also from the University of the Witwatersrand. The aim was to track a group of urban children for 10 years, not knowing at the time, that these children would also be the first cohort born into a democratic South Africa. At the start, the study was called Birth to Ten (BT10), but changed to Birth to Twenty (BT20) in 2000 when we reached the 10-year follow-up goal and resolved to continue the study to age 20. The children came to be known colloquially as Mandela's Children because they were born in the 7 weeks following Nelson Mandela's release from prison on the February 11, 1990, an event that heralded in radical social and political changes. Linda Richter was part of the original investigator group. Shane Norris has been the Project Manager since 2001. With seed funding, we undertook several pilot studies to determine, amongst other things, the seasonality of births in the area and the optimum months for recruitment into a birth cohort study; the nature and accuracy of routinely collected health service data; and follow-up rates of children from birth to six months. The date for enrolling the birth cohort was set for February, but a national hospital strike delayed enrolment, which occurred from April 23 to June 8, 1990. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | STATISTICS | CHILDREN | URBAN POPULATION | GROWTH | NUTRITION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Development | Biology | Health | Behavior Document Number: 313749 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Challenges in measuring maternal mortality. Author: Yazbeck AS Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 13;370(9595):1291-1292. Abstract: In today's Lancet, Kenneth Hill and colleagues from the Maternal Mortality Working Group present new estimates of maternal mortality for 2005, and examine trends in such mortality since 1990. The authors estimate that there were nearly 536 000 maternal deaths in 2005, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In an environment that demands results-based approaches to development assistance, and which uses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to motivate donor assistance and global action, it is hard to argue against Hill and colleagues' efforts in their calculations of global and country estimates for maternal mortality. But even without the relatively recent renewed focus on impact and outcomes at the global level, country-level estimates of outcome measures, such as maternal mortality, child mortality, fertility rates, and nutritional status, are crucial for understanding the nature of problems in the health sector, for planning and prioritising interventions or policy directions, and for setting targets. To the extent that the global community and national actions require such efforts in measurement, the Maternal Mortality Working Group is to be commended for tackling what is arguably the most difficult of the MDG health indicators to measure, maternal mortality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | STATISTICS | HEALTH POLICY | COORDINATION | FOREIGN AID | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 321860 |
| 17. Title: 2005 contraceptive social marketing statistics. Author: DKT International Source: Washington, D.C., DKT International, 2006 Aug. [10] p. Abstract: This document is a series of charts that shows the use of Condoms, Female Condoms, Pills, Norplant, IUDs, Injectables, and Emergency Contraception. The charts shown show the numbers for a series of countries including Albania, Angola, Brazil, Cambodia, Ect...The stats shown in the chart display the numbers for the contraceptives used in 2005, and shows the percentage difference in use from 2004. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | STATISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | COUPLE YEARS OF PROTECTION | SALES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315084 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Marital fertility and religion in Spain, 1985 and 1999. Author: Adsera A Source: Population Studies. 2006;60(2):205-221. Abstract: Since the transition to democracy in Spain in 1975, both total fertility and rates of church attendance of Catholics have dropped dramatically. In this study the 1985 and 1999 Spanish Fertility Surveys were used to investigate whether the significance of religion for fertility behaviour -- current family size and the spacing of births -- changed between the survey dates. In the 1985 survey, family size was similar for those Catholics who actively participated in religious activities and those who, though nominally Catholic, were not active participants. By 1999, the family size of the latter was lower and comparable to the family size of those without religious affiliation. These findings accord with the declines in both church attendance and fertility in Spain. The small groups of Protestants and Muslims had the highest fertility. Women in inter-faith unions had relatively low fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | POPULATION | CATHOLICISM | PROTESTANTISM | ISLAM | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BIRTH RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | MARRIAGE | STATISTICS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Christianity | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Nuptiality Document Number: 306337 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Better health statistics are possible. Author: Bchir A; Bhutta Z; Binka F; Black R; Bradshaw D Source: Lancet. 2006 Jan 21;367(9506):190-193. Abstract: After decades of debate about the need to improve the quality of basic health statistics in developing countries, there is at last substantial progress on the horizon. The recently created Health Metrics Network and the Ellison Institute for World Health offer the potential for strengthened health information systems to inform better policy development. Both initiatives are backed by new funding. Both will lead to new secretariats and partnerships between academics, governments, and intergovernmental agencies. That is the promise. The magnitude of the need has been well documented. Many countries are still unable to count their dead, let alone produce accurate statistics for cause of death or disease. Most countries do not have the capacity to regularly assess the performance of their health systems and few use reliable information for decision-making. In recent years, some progress has been made in addressing the need for improved global and regional health data. For specific diseases, such as HIV, a solid empirical database has been established. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HEALTH POLICY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | STATISTICS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | VITAL STATISTICS | WHO | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Population Statistics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 296762 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Lack of value of the Martius fibrofatty graft in obstetric fistula repair. Author: Browning A Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Apr;93(1):33-37. Abstract: The objective was to ascertain if the Martius graft is of benefit to successful surgical outcome in obstetric fistula repair. A retrospective analysis of 440 consecutive obstetric fistula repairs performed by the author in the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital, Ethiopia or the Barhirdar Hamlin Fistula Center, Ethiopia, with or without the Martius fibrofatty graft. These were further divided into 13 subgroups of vesicovaginal fistula and all groups compared against two outcomes; fistula closure and presence of residual urethral incontinence following repair. Results were statistically analyzed with the Fisher's exact or Chi-squared test. There was no statistical difference between groups with regards to breakdown of repair but a higher rate of residual incontinence in 3 subgroups with the Martius graft. The Martius graft can be safely omitted from obstetric fistula repair if the surgeon is experienced, and performs the same type of repair as used in this analysis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | STATISTICS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 298566 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrant fertility in Ghana: selection versus adaptation and disruption as causal mechanisms. Author: Chattopadhyay A; White MJ; Debpuur C Source: Population Studies. 2006;60(2):189-203. Abstract: The aim of the study presented in this paper is to disentangle the roles of three mechanisms -- selection, adaptation, and disruption -- in influencing migrant fertility in Ghana. Using data from the 1998 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, we fit Poisson and sequential logit regression models to discern the effects of the above mechanisms on cumulative fertility and annual probabilities of birth. Characteristics of migrants from four types of migration stream are examined and compared with those of non-migrants at origin and destination. We find substantial support for the selection hypothesis among both rural-urban and urban-rural migrants. Disruption is evident only in the fertility timing of second and higher-order births in Ghana. Our finding that migrants bear children at about the same rates as the natives at destination implies that the growth rate of cities will slow down quickly and that the rural population will continue to have high fertility. Thus to achieve a reduction in the national fertility level, family planning activities need to be directed towards rural areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRANTS | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | ACCULTURATION | STATISTICS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology Document Number: 306336 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Spatiotemporal patterns of malaria incidence in northern Thailand. Author: Childs DZ; Cattadori IM; Suwonkerd W; Prajakwong S; Boots M Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006 Jul;100(7):623-631. Abstract: We present a detailed analysis of long-term time series of malaria incidence in northern Thailand. Positive cases for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax have been recorded monthly from 1977—2002 at 13 provinces in the region. Time series statistical methods are used to examine the long-term trends and seasonal dynamics of malaria incidence at regional and provincial scales. Both malarial types are declining throughout the region, except in the two provinces that share a large border with Myanmar. The rate of decline in P. vivax has decreased across the region since the end of the 1980s, and this may be a signal of developing resistance or changing vector potential. Both species display a two-peak annual seasonality that may be attributed to patterns of vector occurrence, farming practice and migration of individuals across international borders. In a number of provinces, the importance of the first seasonal peak has grown in recent years, possibly owing to increases in vector densities. The mediumterm fluctuations of both species exhibit a clear spatial organisation. There is some evidence of a subtle close to 4-year super annual cycle in P. falciparum, which we suggest is driven by extrinsic factors relating to the climate of the region. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | SEASONAL VARIATION | CLIMATE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | STATISTICS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Prevention and Control | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Research Methodology Document Number: 299607 |
| 23. Title: A minimum data set on ageing and older persons in sub-Saharan Africa: Process and outcome. Author: Ferreira M; Kowal P Source: African Population Studies/Etude de la Population Africaine. 2006;21(1):19-36. Abstract: Relatively scant knowledge is available on the situations of older persons in sub-Saharan Africa. Reliable and accessible demographic and health statistics are needed to inform policy making for the older population. The process and outcome of a project to create a minimum data set (MDS) on ageing and older persons to provide an evidence base to inform policy are described. The project was initiated by the World Health Organization and conducted in Ghana, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. A set of indicators was established to constitute a sub-regional MDS, populated from data sources in the four countries; a national MDS was produced for each country. Major gaps and deficiencies were identified in the available data and difficulties were experienced in accessing data. Specific gaps, and constraints against the production and access of quality data in the subregion are examined. The project and outcome are evaluated and lessons are drawn. Tasks for future phases of the project to complete and maintain the MDS are outlined. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | DATA COLLECTION | EVALUATION INDEXES | STATISTICAL STUDIES | OLDER ADULTS | WHO | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | STATISTICS | DATA QUALITY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | VALIDITY | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Studies | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Data Analysis | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 319516 |
| 24. Title: Mosvold Hospital ARV programme [letter] Author: Fleet J Source: South African Medical Journal. 2006 Jul;96(7):391-392. Abstract: Mosvold Hospital is a 250-bed government district hospital in northern KwaZulu-Natal. It has a catchment area of 110 000. The HIV-positivity rate for the area, as determined by prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) statistics, is 28%. The antiretroviral (ARV) programme at Mosvold Hospital began on 16 September 2004. By 7 December the first 100 patients had commenced treatment and by 30 October 2006, 1 400 had been started on ARVs. The programme has gone through many changes. It started as a hospital-based programme, but after 3 months it was changed to a decentralised, clinic-based programme. A new ARV prescription card was developed allowing easy follow-up of patients, results and side-effects. Initially we only allowed a certain number of patients to start each month, but this was changed to a 'no waiting list' policy after a few months. A HAST committee was developed and continues to meet on a monthly basis, a new database was developed, and an ARV policy manual was developed and distributed to clinics. Of the first 100 patients started on ARVs, 89 are still on the programme and in the district. Of those who left the programme, 8 died, 1 defaulted medication, and 2 transferred out of the district to return to work. Of the 8 patients who died, 5 were identified as at high risk at the time of commencing medication according to one or more of the following criteria: (i) CD4 count < 50 cells/ul; (ii) World Health Organization stage 4 disease; (iii) new opportunistic infection in the month before starting ARVs; (iv) haemoglobin level < 8 g/dl; and (v) on intensive-phase tuberculosis treatment. Of the 3 lower-risk patients, 1 died as a result of suicide, 1 as a result of clinically diagnosed lactic acidosis (at that time we were unable to measure lactate levels), and 1 as a result of immune reconstitution syndrome. Of the remaining 89 patients, 76/89 (85%) have viral loads < 400 on their 18 - 24-month blood work; 5/89 (5.6%) have viral loads 400 - 5 000 (3 of these are children who are thriving); 5/89 (5.6%) have levels that would allow them to be considered for regimen 2; (one has changed and is doing well; the others have adherence and alcohol issues); and 3/13 have not had their bloods done. We believe that these results are encouraging and represent what is possible at a rural public hospital. (full text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | STATISTICS | HOSPITALS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Research Methodology | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328007 |
| 25. Title: Unsafe abortion: facts and figures. Author: Mesce D; Sines E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2006. 58 p. Abstract: Abortion is a sensitive and contentious issue with religious, moral, cultural, and political dimensions. It is also a public health concern in many parts of the world. More than one-quarter of the world's people live in countries where the procedure is prohibited or permitted only to save the woman's life. Yet, regardless of legal status, abortions still occur, and nearly half of them are performed by an unskilled practitioner or in less than sanitary conditions, or both. Abortions performed under unsafe conditions claim the lives of tens of thousands of women around the world every year, leave many times that number with chronic and often irreversible health problems, and drain the resources of public health systems. Often, however, controversy overshadows the public health impact. This guide provides data and other information to help shed light on the public health aspects of unsafe abortion. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | STATISTICS | ABORTION | INCIDENCE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | POSTABORTION CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Measurement | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors Document Number: 315085 Notification |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing compatibility of cohabitation and childbearing between young British women born in 1958 and 1970. Author: Steele F; Joshi H; Kallis C; Goldstein H Source: Population Studies. 2006;60(2):137-152. Abstract: We investigate the effect of parenthood on whether non-marital unions led to marriage or parting for two cohorts of British women when they were aged between 16 and 29. We compare the effect of conceptions leading to births and the presence and characteristics of children on the odds that a cohabitation was dissolved, or that it was converted to marriage, for women born in 1958 and 1970. A multilevel, multiprocess, competing-risks model allows for multiple cohabitations per woman and endogeneity of fertility status. We find that cohabiting couples' response to impending parenthood and the presence of children changed over time. In particular, the proportion of cohabiting couples who married before a birth decreased and, in the 1970 cohort only, the risk of dissolution declined during pregnancy. There is also evidence that the presence of a child cemented a cohabiting union for women from the 1970, but not the earlier, cohort. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PARENTS | SPOUSE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | PREGNANCY | FERTILITY | MATE SELECTION | RISK FACTORS | MARRIAGE | STATISTICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Biology | Research Methodology Document Number: 306335 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: AIDS in China: new legislation, old doubts. Author: Watts J Source: Lancet. 2006 Mar 11;367(9513):803-804. Abstract: When Chinese health officials totted up their latest figures for the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, they found something so alarming they delayed release of the information for almost 2 months while they checked with their political masters, consulted international partners, and prepared for a media backlash. The shock? That the estimated number of cases in China had gone down to 650 000, a fall of 22% since the last study in 2003. The figures suggested the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is 0.05%, which is lower than the international average and far less than in neighbouring India, where 5 million people are thought to have the disease. That this was not hailed as good news straight away underlines the credibility concerns of Chinese officials, whose statistics have changed erratically during the past 5 years due to conflicting pressures from politicians and the media. But the new figures, along with new HIV/AIDS legislation which will come into effect on March 1, have been welcomed by WHO as a sign that Beijing is getting to grips with an epidemic that, while still serious, does not seem as bad as earlier forecasts. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | PREVALENCE | RELIABILITY | STATISTICS | DATA COLLECTION | HIV INFECTIONS | LEGISLATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 299365 |
| 28. Title: Critical role of Medicaid in financing family planning services -- state-level data [memorandum] Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI]. Public Policy Division Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2005 Mar 1. [3] p. Abstract: Between 2001 and 2003, there was a 14% increase in the number of women of reproductive age (15–44) covered by Medicaid, and a 10% increase in the number of women that age who are uninsured. Today, more than one in 10 women of reproductive age rely on Medicaid for her health care, while another one in five have no health insurance at all. Meanwhile, spending on Title X and other programs dedicated to family planning has decreased or leveled off, and the burden of meeting women’s needs has shifted to Medicaid. Medicaid funding for contraceptive services has tripled since 1980, and the program now accounts for almost two-thirds of all federal and state family planning funding nationwide. The attached table highlights the critical role of Medicaid in providing family planning services and supplies for low-income women, nationwide and in each state. It shows: the amount spent for contraceptive services and supplies under the Medicaid program in FY 2001; the percent of total public spending on contraceptive services attributable to Medicaid; the percent of women of reproductive age who are covered by Medicaid; and the percent of women of reproductive age who are uninsured. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | EXPENDITURES | STATISTICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology Document Number: 289781 |
| 29. Title: 2004 contraceptive social marketing statistics. Author: DKT International Source: Washington, D.C. DKT International, 2005 Aug. 10 p. Abstract: This document is one chart that shows the different contraception methods that were used in 68 different countries. The contraception methods examined were: the used of condoms; female condoms; pills; floating tablets; IUDs; Injectables; Emergency Contraception (EC); and Norplant. Then Table first shows the 2004 total sales of these Contraceptive Methods, and then shows how much each one was sold in the various individual countries. Some of the counties studied were Albania, Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Brazil, ect. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | COMMERCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | STATISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FEES | FOREIGN AID | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Financial Activities Document Number: 320723 |
| 30. Title: Designing a "scorecard' to monitor and map social development of municipalities in Tomsk oblast (Russia). Author: Alexandrova A; Kuznetsova P Source: In: Becoming global and the new poverty of cities, edited by Lisa M. Hanley, Blair A. Ruble and Joseph S. Tulchin. Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Comparative Urban Studies Project, 2005. :165-191. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GEW-A-00-02-00023-00) Abstract: The chapter is divided into in four parts. The first part gives an overview of Tomsk oblast, the Russian region that was used as a case study, where the scorecard mechanism was tested. The second part explains the system of assigning scores to the administrative localities (districts or municipalities) of the oblast and deriving composite indices that served as illustrations of differences observed in many statistical parameters. The third part shows the quantitative and visual results of applying the scorecard to the municipal data, it will present municipal rankings in terms of scores assigned and translated into a set of illustrations or maps. The final part provides suggestions made to Tomsk oblast authorities on policies that may be influenced by the results of applying the scorecard, as well as on possible improvements in statistical systems and monitoring tools used at the regional level. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | EVALUATION | URBAN POPULATION | GOVERNMENT | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | MONITORING | DATA COLLECTION | STATISTICS | POVERTY | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 305447 |
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