1.  Title: In search of health: quality of life among postpartum Palestinian women. Author: Hammoudeh W; Mataria A; Wick L; Giacaman R Source: Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 2009 Apr;9(2):123-32. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The postpartum period is a very important period for the health of the mother and the newborn. Despite its importance, research on this period is limited and tends to be more focused on biomedical aspects of the postpartum period. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, little is known regarding women's postpartum wellbeing. This study utilizes the Maternal Postpartum Quality-of-Life instrument to assess Palestinian women's postpartum quality of life and the factors associated with variations in their quality-of-life scores. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey utilizing the adapted Maternal Postpartum Quality-of-Life Questionnaire was completed in the Occupied Palestinian Territory with a final sample size of 1020 women. RESULTS: The mean overall quality-of-life score for the sample was 21.53 (maximum = 30), suggesting that women are slightly satisfied with their lives in the postpartum period. Main variations in quality-of-life scores were associated with regional district, refugee status, the loss of a relative due to Israeli occupation violence, standard of living and pregnancy wantedness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the diversity and complexity of the social context, in particular the region where women live, and the issue of pregnancy wantedness in postpartum quality of life. They also call into question the services currently offered to postpartum women. Language: English Keywords: WEST BANK | GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | QUALITY OF LIFE | QUESTIONNAIRES | CARE AND SUPPORT | STANDARD OF LIVING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 342478 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Contextual correlates of child malnutrition in rural Maharashtra. Author: Bawdekar M; Ladusingh L Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):771-786. Abstract: This paper examines the role of observed contextual factors like topography, development and literacy on severe malnutrition among social groups in rural Maharashtra based on the Reproductive and Child Health District Level Household Survey (RCH-DLHS) Round II (2002-04) data. Multilevel modelling techniques were applied in order to examine the district-wise variations in severe malnutrition associated with the characteristics of the places (contextual effects), as the relationships with the type of people (compositional effects) have already been well established. The results show that developmental aspects such as road connectivity, community literacy, toilet facilities and household standard of living contribute positively to the status of severe malnutrition. Also, the scheduled tribe, aboriginal underprivileged group are more at risk of severe malnourishment due to a lack of proper development, poor awareness about maintaining and enhancing the nutritional value of food and lack of hygiene and sanitation as compared with the scheduled castes, another aboriginal group. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RURAL AREAS | TRIBES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | LITERACY | AGRICULTURE | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HYGIENE | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Geographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 308355 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India. Author: Bharati S; Pal M; Bharati P Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):801-814. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the spatial distribution of nutritional status of children of less than three years through Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height using data collected by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99), India. The nutritional status of pre-school children was regressed on different sociodemographic factors after eliminating the effect of age. The data show that there are gender differences and spatial variations in the nutritional status of children in India. Gender difference is not very pronounced and almost disappears when the effects of age and socio-demographic variables are removed. The spatial difference, especially the rural-urban difference, was found to be very large and decreased substantially when the effects of age and socioeconomic variables were removed. However, the differences were not close to zero. All the variables were found to affect significantly the nutritional status of children. However, the literacy of mothers did not affect height-for-age significantly. The weight-for-age and height-for-age scores showed a dismal picture of the health condition of children in almost all states in India. The worst affected states are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Assam and Rajasthans are also lagging behind. Weight-for-height scores do not give a clear picture of state-wise variation. Goa, Kerala and Punjab are the three most developed states in India and also have the lowest percentages of underweight children according to the Z-scores. Along with these three states come the north-eastern states where women are well educated. Thus overall development, enhancement of level of education and low gender inequality are the key factors for improvement in the health status of Indian children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | LITERACY | STANDARD OF LIVING | CASTE | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class Document Number: 326468 |
4.  Title: Fertility behavior in Armenia and Moldova: the decline during the post-Soviet transition and current preferences. Author: Billingsley S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 45 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 45) Abstract: In the context of a fertility decline across the countries of the former Eastern bloc, this paper analyzes the fertility decline in Armenia and Moldova using 2005 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. Easterlin's (1976) hypothesis about the negative impact on fertility of reducing living standards is contrasted with Becker's (1981) theory of opportunity costs. If Easterlin's hypothesis is true, we would expect to see women with lower resources suppress fertility because of the hardships brought on by the economic transition, especially for those with fewer marketable skills. Conversely, if Becker's theory is correct, opportunity costs would lead women with the highest earning potential to suppress their fertility. Specifically, the extent of parity declines is analyzed during the transition from Communism, with special attention given to identifying women for whom parity declines are greater. The conditions under which women currently want children are also analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between economic conditions and the desire for another child or the desired timing of childbirth. Since 1986, parity progression ratios have declined more for women with vocational education than for women with higher education or secondary education only. Logistic analyses of current fertility preferences suggest that women who are employed are more likely to want a second birth in both countries, whereas the wealthiest women in Armenia have higher odds of wanting a third birth. Armenian women have higher odds of wanting to postpone the next birth if their partners are unemployed, whereas Moldovan women who are employed prefer to postpone their next childbirth. Language: English Keywords: ARMENIA | MOLDOVA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STANDARD OF LIVING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | UNEMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 329537 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Socioeconomic status and HIV seroprevalence in Tanzania: a counterintuitive relationship. Author: Msisha WM; Kapiga SH; Earls F; Subramanian SV Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Dec;37(6):1297-1303. Abstract: Objective: To examine the relationship between multiple dimensions of socioeconomic status (SES) and HIV seroprevalence in Tanzania. Methods: Using a large nationally representative sample of 7515 sexually active adults drawn from the 2003-04 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey, we analysed the relationship between multiple SES measures and HIV seroprevalence using weighted logistic regression models. Results: In adjusted models, individuals in the highest quintile of standard of living had increased odds ratio (OR) of being HIV-positive (male: OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.17-4.82; female: OR 3.74, 95% CI 2.16-6.49). Occupational status was differentially associated with HIV in men and women; women in professional jobs had higher OR of being HIV-positive (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.02-2.38), whereas unemployed men had higher risk of being HIV-positive (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.43-8.58). No marked association was found between increasing education and HIV seroprevalence for men (P=0.83) and women (P=0.87). Conclusion: Contrary to the prevailing perception that low SES individuals tend to be more vulnerable to HIV-infection, we found a positive association between standard of living and HIV-infection. Strategies aimed at reducing HIV-infection needs to be cognizant of the complex social heterogeneity in the patterns of HIV-infection. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADULTS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PREVALENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | UNEMPLOYMENT | RISK FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Employment Status | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Biology Document Number: 328681 |
| 6. Title: Socioeconomic inequalities of tuberculosis in India [editorial] Author: Muniyandi M; Ramachandran R Source: Expert Opinion On Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Jul;9(10):1623-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The association between poverty and tuberculosis (TB) is well established and widespread. OBJECTIVE: To study the socioeconomic inequalities of TB in India. METHODS: Information related to socioeconomic inequalities of TB in India was reviewed, including study of varying prevalence and infection, regional disparities and demographic disparities of disease of TB with a view to establish a link between TB and poverty, in terms of income, standard of living, house type and social class. RESULTS: The burden of TB for India for the year 2000 was estimated to be 8.5 million and the annual risk of TB infection varied from 1 to 2%. The TB prevalence was significantly higher among people living below the poverty line compared with those above the poverty line (242 versus 149/100,000 population). Among the marginalized people, TB was 1.5 times more prevalent. TB was disproportionately high among the poor. CONCLUSION: Poverty and inequality were very closely linked. Today's great health challenge is equity: accelerating health progress in poor and socially excluded groups. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | TUBERCULOSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | STANDARD OF LIVING | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 328341 |
| 7. Title: Analyzing health equity using household survey data: a guide to techniques and their implementation. Author: O'Donnell O; van Doorslaer E; Wagstaff A; Lindelow M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2008. [230] p. (WBI Learning Resources Series) Abstract: This volume has a simple aim: to provide researchers and analysts with a step-by-step practical guide to the measurement of a variety of aspects of health equity. Each chapter includes worked examples and computer code. We hope that these guides, and the easy-to-implement computer routines contained in them, will stimulate yet more analysis in the field of health equity, especially in developing countries. We hope this, in turn, will lead to more comprehensive monitoring of trends in health equity, a better understanding of the causes of these inequities, more extensive evaluation of the impacts of development programs on health equity, and more effective policies and programs to reduce inequities in the health sector. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | INCIDENCE | HOUSEHOLDS | HEALTH | CHILD SURVIVAL | ANTHROPOMETRY | STANDARD OF LIVING | MEASUREMENT | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | FEES | EXPENDITURES | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Sampling Studies | Studies | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 324700 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Knut Wicksell on the benefits of depopulation. Author: Wicksell K Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):347-355. Archives. Abstract: The possible effects of declining population numbers on human societies have attracted increasing attention in recent years. This is hardly surprising. Despite continuing improvements in mortality, downward trends in fertility have yielded negative rates of natural increase in a growing number of countries. In the first half of the present decade, deaths were more numerous than births in every country in Eastern Europe. Current total fertility rates are below replacement level, sometimes by a wide margin, in the rest of Europe, as well as in East Asia, Northern America, Australia, and in some countries of Southeast Asia, West Asia, and Latin America. As their age distributions become less supportive of population growth, many countries in these regions will shrink in size unless natural decrease is offset by net immigration. But concern with potential population decline is far from novel. As early as 1890, Arsène Dumont's book, Depopulation et civilisation, addressed the issue as it pertained to France. In the years leading up to World War I, numerous commentaries by social scientists and politicians in Western countries were written on the nearing prospect of population decrease-seemingly foreshadowed by the then steadily falling birth rates. Most such accounts were gloomy. A short essay by Knut Wicksell, Can a country become underpopulated?, is a notable example of the smaller, optimistic subcategory of that literature. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, WESTERN | CRITIQUE | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | POPULATION DECREASE | MALTHUSIANISM | STANDARD OF LIVING | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY PLANNING | INHERITANCE | MOTIVATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327377 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Cracking the whip on childhood mortality - role of the specialized neonatal unit in Eritrea. Author: Zemichael O; Nyarang’o P; Mufunda J Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008;:[5] p. Abstract: Health care services in developing countries are being challenged by high childhood mortality rates. Although there have been tremendous strides made in reducing infant mortality rates largely due to vaccinations and improved standards of living, a lot remains to be done to reduce neonatal mortality. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 4 on childhood mortality will remain unattainable in most developing countries unless purpose based interventions targeted at reducing neonatal mortality are instituted. This viewpoint is based on the experiences gained in Eritrea, a country that gained independence less than twenty years ago following a protracted war that left a trail of destruction of infrastructure in general and health facilities in particular. War that broke out with Ethiopia less than 10 years into its independence and border conflicts followed by a no peace no war stalemate situation aggravated by frequent droughts have continued to throttle economic recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitative efforts. The population is estimated at 3.5 million comprising of nine ethnic groups who speak different languages. The country has a surface area of 124 000 km2 which shares borders with Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti and the Red Sea. Attainment of the MDG number 4 on reduction of childhood mortality can be achieved by addressing morbidities of the neonate where the bottle neck currently appears to be sited. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ERITREA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD | NEONATAL MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | VACCINATION | STANDARD OF LIVING | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Diseases | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors Document Number: 326917 |
| 10. Title: UNICEF executive director appreciates Viet Nam's achievements on child protection. Source: Vietnam Population News. 2007 Apr-Jun;(43):3-6. Abstract: On 5 May 2007, Madame Le Thi Thu, Minister-Chair-woman of VCPFC, and heads of ministries and sectors warmly welcomed Ms. Ann M. Veneman, UNICEF's Executive Director. At the meeting, Madame Thu gave a brief on Viet Nam's achievements in child care, education and protection during the past few years and future work orientation. Children's living standards have been unceasingly improved, children's rights have been step by step met in terms of physical, intellectual, spiritual and morality. She hoped to receive the efficient support of UNICEF. Ms. Ann M. Veneman is impressed by Viet Nam's achievements. She said that UNICEF would have focus to HIV/AIDS, childhood injury, and under-five underweight. She recommended Viet Nam to pay more attention to causes of those issues, especially setting up databases and provide data/indicators that can be compared with other countries in the region. During her visit, Ms. Ann M. Veneman also met with Government officials to discuss about related matters. She said Viet Nam is likely to be one of the countries to reach the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets, with some of these targets ahead of 2015. Despite the significant progress achieved, there remain challenges, such as disparity between the rich and poor, impacts of HIV on children and protecting children from injury and harm. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | POPULATION STATISTICS | CHILDREN | POPULATION | UNICEF | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD CARE | STANDARD OF LIVING | CHILD HEALTH | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | AGE DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Child Rearing | Behavior | Economic Factors | Health | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Document Number: 308829 |
| 11. Title: Urbanization, urban poverty and health of the urban poor: Status, challenges and the way forward. Author: Agarwal S; Satyavada A; Kaushik S; Kumar R Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):121-134. Abstract: This paper analyzes the association between urban poverty and health of the urban poor in India. The health situation among the urban poor is described on the basis of the analysis of the NFHS-2 data by economic status. The paper also outlines some of the challenges in improving health outcomes of the urban poor and the potential operational solutions to address such challenges. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | EVALUATION INDEXES | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SLUMS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | RISK FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Biology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324147 |
| 12. Title: The task of being content: Expatriate wives in Beijing, emotional work and patriarchal bargain. Author: Arieli D Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 May;8(4):18-31. Abstract: Based upon an ethnographic study of western expatriate (expat) wives in Beijing, this paper describes these women's 'patriarchal bargain' and the emotional labor it involves. Relocation entails pressures to support the husbands' careers in various ways, interruption of their working and social life, and increased economic and social dependency. At the same time, however, it also allows them to enjoy leisure and prestige, and to conduct a privileged life style. This bargain demands an emotional labor on the women's part: an ongoing effort to feel good with their life in Beijing. The study focuses on the strategies the women use in order to cope with ambivalence, to be content, and to demonstrate contentment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SOCIOMETRICS | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | PATRIARCHY | STANDARD OF LIVING | SATISFACTION | EMOTIONS | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 319963 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: Still sparking fires. Author: Bloom DE; Canning D Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jun;36(3):498-499. Abstract: Samuel H Preston's classic paper, 'The Changing Relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development', published in 1975, remains a cornerstone of both global public health policy and academic discussion of public health. Preston's paper illuminates two central 'stylized facts'. The first is a strong, positive relationship between national income levels and life expectancy in poorer countries, though the relationship is non-linear as life expectancy levels in richer countries are less sensitive to variations in average income. The second is that the relationship is changing, with life expectancy increasing over time at all income levels. Preston examined the relationship between life expectancy and income in three different decades: the 1900s, 1930s and 1960s. In each decade the association between the two measures held true; more recent research shows that the income-life expectancy relationship still applies and continues to move upwards (although the AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa has reduced life expectancy at the low end of the income scale in recent years). Although the basic facts set out by Preston are generally accepted, there is still a great deal of dispute about the mechanisms that lie behind the relationships and the policy implications we can draw from them. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH POLICY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MORTALITY DECLINE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | STANDARD OF LIVING | INCOME | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 319027 |
| 14. Title: Complimentary feeding practices in rural area of District Agra. Author: Chauhan M; Bala R; Nandan D; Misra SK Source: Indian Journal of Public Health. 2007 Jan-Mar;51(1):66-67. Abstract: The study was conducted to assess the prevailing complementary feeding practices. Strikingly 30.9 percent infants were not receiving complementary foods. 21.9 percent mothers initiated complementary feeding at the right age. This was significantly associated with the literacy status of the mothers (p<0.05). 87.1 percent infants were receiving family pot feeding. The complementary foods fed to the infants were mostly (88.6%) of semi-solid consistency. Demand feeding was being practiced by 66.7 percent mothers. The practice of cleaning hands before feeding was very poor with only 17.1%. Thus to conclude the complementary feeding practices were not satisfactory in the rural area of Agra and need to be improved. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | INFANT | MOTHERS | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | HYGIENE | HANDWASHING | INTERVIEWS | STANDARD OF LIVING | DIET | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Public Health | Data Collection | Economic Factors Document Number: 339881 |
| 15. Title: Consanguinity and its effects on infant and child mortality and fertility in Egypt. Author: Khayat RG; Saxena PC Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):73-85. Abstract: Consanguinity, defined as the marriage or union between individuals of the same blood, is widely practiced in countries of Asia and Africa especially in societies where Islam prevails but its prevalence is low in Western countries. High rates of these marriages are reported in most of the Middle East countries. Factors that promote consanguinity in these societies include economic reasons, revolving around the preservation of wealth (Land in particular), psychosocial advantages, and geographical and tribal traditions. Consanguinity has been reported as the most important cause of genetically associated mortality in developing countries (Guo, 1993). The relationship between consanguinity and offspring mortality is still complex and unclear due to the difficulty in classifying death as genetic or non-genetic. In fact, the role of the latter factors has always been an impediment to the understanding of the possible linkage between parental consanguinity and offspring mortality. There is, however, little evidence in support that consanguinity leads to genetic ill-health and hence higher mortality among children. More established determinants of the latter include, poverty, lack of education of mothers and under-utilisation of MCH services. Nevertheless, it is important to understand whether or not offspring of consanguineous couples have a higher risk of dying during infancy and childhood compared to nonconsanguineous couples. And, whether such a linkage remains valid even after controlling for other risk factors of infant and child mortality. Keeping this in mind, the present study aims to assess the effect of parental consanguinity, after exercising statistical control on other known risk factors, on infant and child mortality and fertility in Egypt-the country where consanguinity is widely practiced. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONSANGUINITY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | STANDARD OF LIVING | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Genetics | Biology | Mortality | Fertility | Measurement Document Number: 324144 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Commentary: Preston and mortality trends since the mid-1970s. Author: Leon DA Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jun;36(3):500-501. Abstract: Many aspects of the mortality trends and their association with national per capita income examined by Preston have persisted. Life-expectancy for the world as a whole has increased over the past 30 years, although at a slower rate than previously. In addition, the key features of the iconic Preston curve are the same today as they were originally. The 'Millenium' Preston curve, produced by Deaton, relates GDP per capita by country in 2000 to the corresponding level of life expectancy. As Preston described in 1975 the curve still has two parts: a steep upward increase in life expectancy at the lower end of the GDP distribution and a much shallower increase and eventual plateau at the upper end of the GDP distribution. Preston's intriguing conclusion that factors exogenous to each country's current level of income accounted for more than half of the growth in global life expectancy (1930s-60s) was graphically illustrated in the original paper by the vertical displacement of the national income per capita and life expectancy curves in successive periods between 1930s and 1960s. A similar vertical displacement is still apparent when the curve for the 1990s is compared with that from the 1960s. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH POLICY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MORTALITY DECLINE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | STANDARD OF LIVING | INCOME | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 319028 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Commentary: Did Preston underestimate the effect of economic development on mortality? Author: Mackenbach JP Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jun;36(3):496-497. Abstract: This raises the question whether Preston's analysis may have underestimated the mortality effects of economic development. I argue that, although Preston's article is admirable for utilizing 'readily available evidence in a new but obvious way to estimate the relative contribution of economic factors to increases in life expectancy during the twentieth century', its main conclusion, that 'income has been a trivial factor in recent mortality trends',1 is indeed likely to be exaggerated. Helped by Preston's own critical discussion of the findings, most epidemiologists will have little difficulty in identifying the main weakness of the analysis. While the article is consistently couched in causal language (e.g. 'contribution' to mortality decline, 'sources' of mortality decline, 'influence' on mortality decline), it is based on a cross-sectional study design, without control for confounding variables. It translates the crude cross-sectional association (between variations in national income and variations in national life expectancy) into a longitudinal inference (about how growth in income leads (or does not lead) to growth in life expectancy). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | STANDARD OF LIVING | MORTALITY DECLINE | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life Document Number: 319026 |
| 18. Title: Feminization of underdevelopment in Nigeria: Some theoretical issues. Author: Okafor EE; Akinwale AA; Doyin-Hassan A Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Jul;9(3):237-245. Abstract: This paper attempts to critically and theoretically examine the socio-economic and political situations of women in an underdeveloped patriarchal society like Nigeria and argued that the situation has not changed for the better for many women. More women than men suffer from underdevelopment. When we consider gender inequality in development, the gender sensitive policies formulated to tackle this problem appeared to have produced little or no impact on many of the Nigerian women. The paper concludes by stressing that for women to be made veritable instrument for development, the age long cultural practices such as early marriage, occupational gender segregation, sex preference and female genital mutilation that inhibit women's contribution to development must be adequately addressed by government and non-governmental organizations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | FEMINISM | PATRIARCHY | MODERNIZATION | STANDARD OF LIVING | CULTURE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SEX PREFERENCE | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Change | Economic Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 320541 |
| 19. Title: An assessment of poverty and living standard of the Baigas of Samnapur block of Dindori district, Madhya Pradesh. Author: Sharma AN; Dwivedi P Source: Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 2007 Dec;5(2):143-147. Abstract: The present paper elucidates some aspects of poverty and living standard of Baigas of Samnapur block of Dindori district, Madhya Pradesh. Baiga is one of the most primitive tribal groups of central India. Out of total Baiga villages of Samnapur block, Simardha and Tikariya village were randomly selected for the purpose of study, and out of these two villages a total of 100 households comprising of 494 individuals were randomly selected and interviewed. The information was gathered through interview using a pretested, structured schedule. The findings reveal that a majority of the population is poor and illiterate. As most of them live in the interior forest areas, away from the main stream, their living standard also reflects the same. Many of them are not even able to consume the fruits of recent development, occurring elsewhere in the world. Agriculture is one of the major sources of income among them, but they are required to be trained about new techniques and methods of it, which can bring a substantial increase in their yield. Thus, there is an urgent need to launch some income generating programmes to improve their economic status, by different government and non government organizations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HOUSEHOLDS | TRIBES | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HOUSING | INCOME | AGRICULTURE | EXPENDITURES | ILLITERATES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 323508 |
| 20. Title: Use of household income and consumption data as a measure of poverty in rural Bangladesh. Author: Wahed T; Bhuiya A; Chowdhury AM; Ahmed SM Source: Dhaka, Bangladesh, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR, B], 2007 Apr. 24 p. (Scientific Report No. 99) Abstract: Reduction of poverty has been the single most important goal in all development efforts in the recent past. Although there is a general understanding of what poverty is, its measurement has always been a challenge. Difficulty arises in determining which approach one should adopt and what indicators to use in measuring poverty. The type of poverty measures and indicators to be used depends on the purpose of measurement. Policy-makers quite often look for the number of people below the poverty line to assess the success or failure of policies. Programme managers at the grassroots level look for easily measurable proxy indicators, which are useful to identify the poor and bring them under the coverage of different programmes and also to measure changes. In addition, the challenges faced vary by the nature of the economy in the society where the measurement is to be carried out. Poverty lines, such as the population living with less than US$1 a day, are generally used for cross-national comparisons. In the recent past, attempts have been made to use household assets to classify households into various groups of socioeconomic status in a relative sense. Whether direct or indirect measures and indicators are used, it is important to know how well they are consistent in identifying the poor. However, the selection of indicators would finally be judged by taking into consideration the marginal gain in precision weighing against easiness of collection of data and analysis and finally practicable applicability. It is against this background that this paper examined the correspondence of results between various methods and indicators used for assessing poverty in a rural setting in Bangladesh. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | RELIABILITY | MEASUREMENT | INCIDENCE | RURAL AREAS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | POVERTY | EXPENDITURES | INCOME | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | STANDARD OF LIVING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 322387 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Commentary: The changing relation between mortality and income. Author: Wilkinson RG Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jun;36(3):492-494. Abstract: Understanding the relation between economic development and health is one of the most intriguing problems facing public health. Living standards and longevity have improved together, but the relation between them is not straight forward. Preston provided us with the bare bones of the puzzle: there are very close cross-sectional relationships (correlation coefficients of between 0.8 and 0.9) between the log of national income per head and life expectancy at birth. Yet while this cross-sectional relation is maintained over time, only between 10 and 25% of the improvement in life expectancy over time is attributable to increases in income. Preston's analysis centred on the period 1930 to 1960, but The World Bank added curves for 1900 and 1990 to those Preston drew relating life expectancy to national income per head. They show that the explanatory problem he set is not a special case. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | INCOME | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MORTALITY DECLINE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | STANDARD OF LIVING | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Policy Document Number: 319024 |
| 22. Title: Doi Moi and the elderly: Intergenerational support under the strain of reforms. Author: Barbieri M Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 43 p. Abstract: The main purpose of this chapter is to investigate the impact of Dôi Moi on the elderly and, more particularly, on intergenerational support. In all traditional societies, the family and immediate kin group have the predominant responsibility for taking care of those too old or too sick to support themselves. A number of studies around the world have found an increasing tendency for the elderly to live independently and a relative weakening of wealth flows from adult children to their aging parents. This tendency has been attributed to modernization and industrialization processes and is often regarded as being inevitable (International Institute of Aging 1994). In most of the developing world, where pension and social security schemes remain embryonic, adult children and other immediate kin are still perceived by both the general public and the government as the "natural" caretakers of the elderly. This is especially true in countries influenced by Confucian values of filial piety and family responsibilities. However, in these countries, things are also changing. Research conducted in Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, Korea and China has confirmed findings previously limited to the West. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | OLDER ADULTS | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | CENSUS | STANDARD OF LIVING | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | REMITTANCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Age Distribution | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 317406 |
| 23. Title: Changes in the development status of women in South Africa from 1996 to 2001: For the better or for the worse? Author: Booysen-Wolthers A; Fourie FC; Botes L Source: Development Southern Africa. 2006 Dec;23(5):605-626. Abstract: The adoption of the 1996 Constitution mainstreamed women's issues in South Africa, but, despite the commendable progress in this sphere over the past ten years, success is only discernible if it translates into the betterment of women's lives. This paper aims to ascertain whether the development status of women improved or worsened between 1996 and 2001 by employing a gender-adjusted human development index (HDI). To offset the limitations of an aggregate measure, while compensating for the potentially distorting effects of HIV/AIDS on an aggregate human development indicator, a framework of supporting measures of well-being is also analysed to augment and validate the findings of the gender-specific HDI. The study finds that between 1996 and 2001 the development status of women in South Africa regressed, in both absolute and (especially) relative terms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | CONSTITUTION | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | STANDARD OF LIVING | QUALITY OF LIFE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Health | Income Document Number: 326693 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Socio-demographic determinants of abortion in India: a north-south comparison. Author: Bose S; Trent K Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Mar;38(2):261-282. Abstract: Data from the 1998-99 National Family Health Survey (NFHS2) of India are used to examine the net effects of social and demographic characteristics of women on the likelihood of abortion while emphasizing important differences between women from northern and southern states. A north-south comparison illustrates that southern women have relatively higher levels of literacy and labour force participation, lower levels of son preference, and smaller family size. Results from logistic regression analyses show that literacy, type of work, belonging to a scheduled caste or tribe, urban residence, standard of living, parity, religion, age, age at union and contraceptive behaviour all have significant effects on the likelihood of abortion. However, most of these effects significantly differ for southern and northern women. Moreover, the effects of agricultural work, son preference and age at union on the likelihood of abortion are significant for northern but not southern women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ABORTION RATE | ABORTION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | LITERACY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGION | STANDARD OF LIVING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 297985 Notification |
| 25. Title: The effect of HIV / AIDS scourge on farm families in Makurdi local government area of Benue State, Nigeria. Author: Daudu S; Okwu OJ; Shaibu W Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):41-44. Abstract: The study investigated the effect of HIV/AIDS scourge on productivity, income and standard of living of farm families in Makurdi Local Government Area (L. G. A.) of Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 100 respondents comprising 50 households affected with HIV/AIDS and, 50 households not affected with the disease were selected for interview using a simple random sampling technique. Some professional health workers were also contacted to give advice on the preventive and control measures of HIV/AIDS disease. The collected data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and chi-square. The result of the study shows that HIV/AIDS has serious adverse effect on the productivity, farm income and standard of living of the affected farm families. Education of rural households on the danger of HIV/AIDS and ways of preventing or minimizing its spread is recommended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL POPULATION | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | PRODUCTIVITY | STANDARD OF LIVING | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Communication Document Number: 304706 |
| 26. Title: Epidemiological analysis of contraceptive use in India: An application of hierarchical models. Author: Dwivedi SN; Singh R; Sahu D; Pandey A Source: Demography India. 2006 Jan-Jun;35(1):145-158. Abstract: This article deals with relatively newly developed hierarchical analysis that takes hierarchical structure into account and makes it possible to incorporate variables from all levels which leads to correct analysis and proper interpretation of the data. Unobserved community effects are also taken into account. It also provides the relative importance of a woman's individual characteristics and those of the area in which she lives, which provides important clues strengthening ensuing public health programs. The main objectives of the present study were: (i) to work out hierarchical models using 1998-99 data collected under NFHS-II towards epidemiological understanding of contraceptive adoption in Uttar Pradesh; and (ii) to compare these models with those reported earlier by Dwivedi and Sundaram (2000) based on 1992-93 data collected under NFHS-I, leading to some important policy oriented clues. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CURRENTLY MARRIED | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 308822 |
| 27. Title: Inquiry into the simultaneous existence of malnutrition and overweight in India. Author: Guntupalli AM Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 45 p. Abstract: India is facing a double burden of overnutrition and undernutrition; hence, the combination of a high proportion of malnourished people and an increasing proportion of obesity needs further exploration. This paper focuses on the Body Mass Index of Indian women using National Family Health Survey to investigate the simultaneous existence of malnutrition, and overweight and obesity. Logistic regression analysis determines the probability of having underweight and overweight, respectively. The results show that malnutrition is particularly serious for rural, illiterate, low-caste women with low standard of living. Obesity is becoming a substantial problem for urban, well-educated, and high standard of living women. Quantile regression uncovers the varying impact of socioeconomic factors across different BMI quantile groups. The regional differences in specific BMI quantiles obtained through quantile regression is pivotal in terms of policy recommendation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | MALNUTRITION | OBESITY | NUTRITION INDEXES | STANDARD OF LIVING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CASTE | URBANIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 318884 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Place, community education, gender and child mortality in north-east India. Author: Ladusingh L; Singh CH Source: Population, Space and Place. 2006;12:65-76. Abstract: This article examines the relevance of sociocultural and environmental factors in explaining child mortality in Northeast India, considered to be the most inaccessible region in the country. Using data from the Indian National Family Health Survey, we provide evidence that lack of hygiene in the household and poor women's engagement in physically demanding agriculture based work contributes to higher risk of child mortality. Unlike in other parts of India, female children have an edge over boys in childhood survival and living with paternal grandmother tends to lower the risk of child death in the first five years of life. Community education is found as the dominant factor outside the household to have a significant effect on child mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | KINSHIP NETWORKS | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | CHILD SURVIVAL | HYGIENE | STANDARD OF LIVING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Public Health Document Number: 294307 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Changes in the biological status of Polish girls from a rural region associated with economic and political processes in the period 1967-2001. Author: Laska-Mierzejewska T; Olszewska E Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Mar;38(2):187-202. Abstract: The age at menarche, body height and weight of the daughters of farmers, farmer-workers and landless villagers in a rural region of Poland were studied. In the period 1967-1977, a time of economic development, a decrease in age at menarche (by 0.74 years) and a secular trend in body height (by 2.4 cm/decade) was observed. In 1977-1987, a period of acute economic crisis, age at menarche increased by 0.16 years and the secular trend in body height was only 1.1 cm/decade. In 1987-2001, age at menarche decreased and body height increased by 0.28 years and 2.9 cm respectively. The percentage of families owning a car, freezer and video increased during this period. These last results are indicative of an improvement in living conditions, but the villagers regard themselves as losers as a result of the political transformation (1989) in Poland. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | POLITICAL FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Menstruation | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 297989 |
| 30. Title: What is the demographic dividend? Author: Lee R; Mason A Source: Finance and Development. 2006 Sep;43(3):[5] p.. Abstract: Industrial countries have largely completed what is called the "demographic transition"--the transition from a largely rural agrarian society with high fertility and mortality rates to a predominantly urban industrial society with low fertility and mortality rates. At an early stage of this transition, fertility rates fall, leading to fewer young mouths to feed. During this period, the labor force temporarily grows more rapidly than the population dependent on it, freeing up resources for investment in economic development and family welfare. Other things being equal, per capita income grows more rapidly too. That's the first dividend. This dividend period is quite long, lasting five decades or more, but eventually lower fertility reduces the growth rate of the labor force, while continuing improvements in old-age mortality speed growth of the elderly population. Now, other things being equal, per capita income grows more slowly and the first dividend turns negative. But a second dividend is also possible. A population concentrated at older working ages and facing an extended period of retirement has a powerful incentive to accumulate assets--unless it is confident that its needs will be provided for by families or governments. Whether these additional assets are invested domestically or abroad, national income rises. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | STANDARD OF LIVING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | TIME FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 307832 |
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