1.  Title: The spermostatic and microbicidal actions of quinones and maleimides: towards a dual purpose contraceptive agent. Author: Hughes LM; Griffith R; Carey A; Butler T; Donne SW; Beagley KW; Aitken RJ Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2009 Mar 31; Abstract: There is an urgent need to develop safe, effective dual-purpose contraceptive agents that combine the prevention of pregnancy with protection against sexually transmitted disease. Here we report the identification of a group of compounds that on contact with human spermatozoa induce a state of 'spermostasis', characterized by the extremely rapid inhibition of sperm movement without compromising cell viability. These spermostatic agents were more active and significantly less toxic than the reagent in current clinical use, nonoxynol 9, giving therapeutic indices (ratio of spermostatic to cytotoxic activity) that were orders of magnitude greater than this traditional spermicide. Although certain compounds could trigger reactive oxygen species generation by spermatozoa, this activity was not correlated with spermostasis. Rather, the latter was associated with alkylation of two major sperm tail proteins that were identified as A Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAP3 and AKAP4) by mass spectrometry. As a consequence of disrupted AKAP function, the abilities of cAMP to drive PKA-dependent activities in the sperm tail such as the activation of SRC and the consequent stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation, were suppressed. Furthermore, analysis of microbicidal activity using Chlamydia, revealed powerful inhibitory effects at the same low micromolar doses that suppressed sperm movement. In this case, the microbicidal action was associated with alkylation of MOMP, a major Chlamydial membrane protein. Taken together, these results have identified for the first time a novel set of cellular targets and chemical principles capable of providing simultaneous defense against both fertility and the spread of sexually transmitted disease. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | MICROBICIDES | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | NONOXYNOL-9 | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 330928 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: In vitro testing of rationally designed spermicides for selectively targeting human sperm in vagina to ensure safe contraception. Author: Jain RK; Jain A; Maikhuri JP; Sharma VL; Dwivedi AK; Kumar ST; Mitra K; Bajpai VK; Gupta G Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Mar;24(3):590-601. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rational synthesis of novel structures resulted in two unique molecules (DSE-36 and DSE-37, disulphide esters of carbothioic acid) that killed sperm 25 times more strongly and with a precisely targeted action than nonoxynol-9 (N-9). We examine the effects of DSE-36 and DSE-37 on human spermatozoa versus HeLa cells to establish specificity and safety compared with N-9. METHODS AND RESULTS: At spermicidal EC(100) (20 microg/ml) DSE-36 and DSE-37 killed 100% sperm in <30 s (Sander-Cramer assay) and at EC(50) induced apoptosis in sperm (Annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and JC-1 labelling and Flow Cytometry) in 3 h. However, at EC(100) these molecules had no effect on HeLa cells by 24 h or on cell viability [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay], surface ultrastructure (scanning electron microscopy), Annexin-V and JC-1 labelling pattern and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. N-9, with a spermicidal EC(100) of 500 microg/ml, decreased HeLa cell viability at 20 microg/ml in 24 h (P < 0.001), accompanied by acute damage to cell surface ultrastructural topography, induction of apoptosis and ROS generation. Unlike DSE-36 and DSE-37, N-9 also significantly induced mRNA levels (RT-PCR) of pro-inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES) in HeLa cells and increased IL-6 and IL-8 secretion (P < 0.001, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Furthermore, DSE-36 and DSE-37 did not inhibit Lactobacillus growth at EC(100) and exhibited mild microbicidal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis, while N-9 inhibited Lactobacillus and Trichomonas growth but had a lower prophylactic index. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of these novel spermicides to kill sperm almost instantaneously at innocuously low concentration indicates their worth as improved active ingredients for vaginal contraceptive preparations compared with N-9. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTION | NONOXYNOL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | VAGINAL APPROACH | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Alcohols | Organic Chemicals | Ingredients and Chemicals | Safety | Public Health | Health | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342583 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Trials for development of once-a-month injectable, hormonal male contraceptive using dienogest plus testosterone undecanoate: dose standardization, efficacy and reversibility studies in rats. Author: Misro MM; Chaki SP; Kaushik MC; Nandan D Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):488-97. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to test the potential of using dienogest (DNG) plus testosterone undecanoate (TU) in rats for development of a once-a-month injectable male hormonal contraceptive. STUDY DESIGN: Dose selection studies were initiated with administration of DNG in three different doses of 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw) per week plus TU 25 mg/kg bw once in every 6 weeks. Status of spermatogenesis and sperm count in epididymis was evaluated. The frequency of DNG intervention was later extended to every 2- and 4-week intervals. Mating studies, toxicity and reversibility of spermatogenesis following stoppage of treatment were carried out with DNG 40 mg/kg bw at 4-week intervals. RESULTS: Complete arrest of spermatogenesis was observed after 60 days of treatment at all doses of DNG (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg bw per week)+TU. However, weights of testis and accessory sex organs (epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle) declined significantly 60 days post treatment compared to vehicle-treated controls. Epididymis in the treated animals was completely devoid of sperm. When the frequency of DNG injection (20 mg/kg bw) was extended to once every 15 days, a few immotile and decapitated sperm were observed in the epididymis. With TU treatment unchanged, animals receiving DNG (40 mg/kg bw) once either every 2- or 4-week intervals demonstrated good and uniform arrest of spermatogenesis. DNG 40 mg/kg per 4 weeks+TU also demonstrated a significant rise in germ cell apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium. There was no significant increase in the serum high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels at the end of 120 days of treatment. Following withdrawal of treatment after 60 or 120 days, qualitative restoration of spermatogenesis was rapid in the former compared to the latter. CONCLUSION: Dienogest plus TU has the potential for development as a monthly injectable showing reversible hormonal male contraception with good efficacy. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MEN | INJECTABLES | TESTOSTERONE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | STANDARDIZATION | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | MALE CONTRACEPTION | BODY WEIGHT | TIME FACTORS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Adjustment | Sterilization, Sexual | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 341101 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Status of contraceptive vaccines. Author: Naz RK Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2009 Jan;61(1):11-8. Abstract: PROBLEM: This is a review of anti-sperm contraceptive vaccines (CV), and synthesis of human scFv antibodies that can be used as immunocontraceptives. METHOD OF STUDY: Various methods of proteomics and genomics, peptide synthesis, phage display technology, and antibody engineering were used to obtain multi-epitope vaccines and human scFv antibodies from immunoinfertile and vasectomized men. The present review primarily focuses on the effect of multi-epitope vaccines and Izumo on fertility, and synthesis and characterization of sperm specific human scFv antibodies. RESULTS: The immunization with Izumo peptides causes a contraceptive effect in female mice. The efficacy is enhanced by combination vaccination, including peptides based on other sperm antigens. Using phage display technology, we were able to synthesize at least four novel scFv antibodies with unique complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that reacted with specific fertility-related sperm antigens. These antibodies inhibited human sperm function in vitro, and their immunocontraceptive effect in vivo by these antibodies is currently being investigated. CONCLUSION: The multi-epitope vaccines may provide an efficacious and viable approach to contraception. The human scFv antibodies, if they block fertility in vivo, may provide unique and novel immunocontraceptives, the first of its kind for human use. The multi-epitope CV and preformed engineered antibodies of defined specificity may obliterate the concern related to inter-individual variability of the immune response. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | ANTIGENS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ANTIBODIES | GENETICS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330063 |
| 5. Title: New technologies in contraception. Author: Rowlands S Source: BJOG. 2009 Jan;116(2):230-9. Abstract: New technologies in both reversible contraception and sterilisation are described. The review includes recent advances in the development of oral contraception, emergency contraception, injectable contraception, vaginal rings, subdermal implants, transdermal contraception, intrauterine devices, spermicides and barrier methods. It also covers methods of transcervical female sterilisation and more easily reversible male sterilisation. The emphasis is on the technology and its safety and effectiveness. Hormonal delivery systems are described in some detail. Mention is also made of research into vaccines and male hormonal methods, where progress has been disappointing. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | CONTRACEPTION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | VAGINAL RING | INJECTABLES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | BARRIER METHODS | CERVIX | SAFETY | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330720 |
| 6. Title: Obstetrical and gynecological devices; designation of special controls for male condoms made of natural rubber latex. Author: Food and Drug Administration, HHS Source: Federal Register. 2008 Nov 10;73(218):66522-39. Abstract: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the classification regulation for condoms to designate a special control for male condoms made of natural rubber latex (latex). The special control for the device is the guidance document entitled "Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Labeling for Natural Rubber Latex Condoms Classified Under 21 CFR 884.5300." The FDA will publish a notice in the Federal Register announcing the availability of the special control guidance document no later than the effective date of this final rule. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RESEARCH REPORT | CLASSIFICATION | MEN | POLICYMAKERS | CONDOMS | PRODUCT APPROVAL | USFDA | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | LEGISLATION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 329830 |
7.  Title: Coca-Cola douches and contraception. Author: Anderson DJ Source: BMJ. 2008;337:a2873. Abstract: Coca-Cola douches were a part of folklore about birth control during the 1950s and 1960s, before effective contraceptive methods were readily available. It was rumoured that the acidity of Coca-Cola killed sperm, and the classic coke bottle provided a convenient "shake and shoot" applicator. Recently, an old study from our group confirming the spermicidal effects of various Coca-Cola formulations was awarded the 2008 IgNobel prize in chemistry. The press releases surrounding our IgNobel award might have repopularised this method, and soft drink douches are apparently still used to prevent pregnancy in resource-poor settings. There are, however, many reasons why women should not rely on this method. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | ARTS AND CRAFTS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | CONTRACEPTION | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Contraceptive Agents | Infections | Diseases | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 329788 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: A randomized crossover trial of the impact of additional spermicide on condom failure rates. Author: Gabbay MB; Thomas J; Gibbs A; Hold P Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Oct;35(10):862-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Opinions remain divided concerning the potential for additional water-based lubricant to reduce condom breaks and slips. We sought to explore impact of externally applied additional lubrication on condom failure rates among regular users in stable heterosexual relationships. GOAL: To compare condom failure rates with and without additional spermicide. STUDY DESIGN: Couples randomized to use up to 70 condoms alone (control) or with additional spermicide (intervention), with midpoint crossover. Couple demographic and failure risk data collected at baseline. Follow ups at three and six months recorded condom failure events, spermicide acceptability, side-effects and adverse events. Condom failure rates were compared using an intention to treat analysis. RESULTS: Altogether 12,530 condoms were used by 145 couples completing the trial, There were 45/6,463:0.70% (95% CI 0.51%-0.93%) clinical and nonclinical failures in the additional spermicide arm, compared to 111/6,067:1.83% (95% CI 1.51%-2.20%) during the control arm. The clinical condom failure rate was 0.53% (95% CI 0.41%-0.66%), with 19 (0.31%: 95% CI 0.18%-0.43%) during the additional spermicide arm, compared to 46 (0.77%: 95% CI 0.56%-0.99%) during the control arm. Couples experienced significantly lower total (P = 0.017) and clinical (P = 0.042) condom failure rates during the additional spermicide arm. Furthermore additional spermicide significantly reduced clinical failures among the 101 couples who'd experienced a previous condom failure (P = 0.002). There were 22 urinary tract infections, equally divided between the control and additional spermicide arms, however 10 of the 12 genital irritation episodes occurred with additional spermicide (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Additional water-based external lubricant significantly reduced condom failures despite low failure rates among this stable, experienced group of condom users. Our results suggest that this may be a useful supplement to condom use, particularly among couples who experienced condom failures previously. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HETEROSEXUALS | COUPLES | CONDOM FAILURE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | LUBRICANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Ingredients and Chemicals | Measurement | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 328938 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Update on nonoxynol-9 as vaginal spermicide. Author: Iyer V; Poddar SS Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):339-50. Abstract: Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) is a typical surfactant. For more than 30 years that very property of N-9 has been successfully exploited for its spermicidal action. It is available as an over-the-counter, locally acting vaginal spermicide. The suitability of N-9 as a spermicide is elaborated in this article. The reasons why N-9 may fail as a contraceptive are discussed. In spite of many drawbacks, which are mentioned in the article, N-9 is still often resorted to as a locally acting contraceptive. The review ends with suggestions to alter the molecular structure of N-9 and to adjust the dosages. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NONOXYNOL-9 | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CERVICAL MUCUS | SEMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male Document Number: 331176 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Chenopodium album seed extract-induced sperm cell death: Exploration of a plausible pathway. Author: Kumar S; Chatterjee R; Dolai S; Adak S; Kabir SN Source: Contraception. 2008 Jun;77(6):456-462. Abstract: This study was conducted for to explore the plausible pathway of Chenopodium album seed extract (CAE)-mediated sperm cell death. The role of CAE for its spermicidal action was assessed by (a) measuring lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and intracellular glutathione content in CAE exposed sperm cells; (b) assaying antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD); (c) analyzing protein expressions by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis; (d) fluorimetric measurement of intracellular H2O2 level and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CAE-treated sperm cells; and (e) DNA ladder formation study. CAE-induced sperm death is due to (a) lipid peroxidation of the sperm cell membrane, oxidation of some critical cellular proteins and depletion of intracellular reduced gluthathione, indicating production of ROS; (b) activation of Mn-SOD and inactivation of catalase favoring endogenous accumulation of H2O2; (c) generationof O2 at an enhanced rate during oxidative stress as evidenced by increased Mn-SOD activity and protein expression; (d) accumulation of ROS in spermatozoa reflected in the fluorimetric experiments; and (e) increased production of O2 and H2O2 induced apoptosis-like death in sperm cells as observed by DNA ladder formation. The sperm death mediated by CAE is due to oxidative damage of cellular macromolecules by in situ generation of ROS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 326729 |
| 11. Title: Spermicidal bacteriocins: Lacticin 3147 and subtilosin A. Author: Silkin L; Hamza S; Kaufman S; Cobb SL; Vederas JC Source: Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2008 May 15;18(10):3103-3106. Abstract: Spermicidal compounds that also exhibit antimicrobial properties would be extremely attractive agents as they could be used to not only prevent unwanted pregnancy but also to combat the growing prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI). One class of compounds that are potential candidates for development of dual-acting contraceptive products are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Herein, we report preliminary studies carried out to investigate the spermicidal activity of two bacteriocins, lacticin 3147 and subtilosin A, on bovine, horse/pony, boar and rat sperm. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | DUAL PROTECTION | Research Methodology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 327069 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive efficacy of a novel spermicidal microbicide used with a diaphragm: A randomized controlled trial. Author: Barnhart KT; Rosenberg MJ; MacKay HT; Blithe DL; Higgins J Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007 Sep;110(3):577-586. Abstract: Women need products that protect against both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The acid buffering gel is a nondetergent spermicide that may provide this dual protection by reinforcing normal vaginal acidity to inactivate both sperm and acid-sensitive sexually transmitted pathogens. The objective of this study was to assess the gel's contraceptive effects, safety, and acceptability. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, noninferiority study at 11 centers, comparing 621 women who used an acid buffering gel plus diaphragm with 300 women who used a nonoxynol-9 spermicide plus diaphragm for 6 months. A double-masked study extension followed 234 women for an additional 6 months of use. The 6-month pregnancy rate per hundred women was 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1-13.1%) for acid buffering gel and 12.3 (95% CI 7.7-16.9) for nonoxynol-9 spermicide users. The difference in rates was -2.2% with a 95% CI -7.7 to 3.3%. Consistent and correct use 6-month pregnancy rates were 4.7% for acid buffering gel and 6.1% for nonoxynol-9 spermicide users, calculated from those cycles where diary entries indicated such use. Adverse events and acceptability were similar between the two groups. Pregnancy probabilities were similar between groups participating in the 12-month study extension. An acid buffering gel used with a diaphragm is a safe, acceptable contraceptive with efficacy comparable to that of a common commercial spermicide with diaphragm. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | CLINICAL TRIALS | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Safety | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 313850 |
| 13. Title: [Relationship of laboratory results with clinical signs and symptoms of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the significance of the sexual partners for the maintenance of the infection] Correlacao entre os resultados laboratoriais e os sinais e sintomas clinicos das pacientes com candidiase vulvovaginal e relevancia dos parceiros sexuais na manutencao da infeccao em Sao Paulo, Brasil. Author: Boatto HF; de Moraes MS; Machado AP; Girao MJ; Fischman O Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2007 Feb;29(2):80-84. Abstract: PURPOSE: to relate yeasts identified by laboratory tests to clinical signs and symptoms in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, and to investigate the importance of the sexual partners in the recurrence of the infection. METHODS: from July 2001 to July 2003, a sample of 179 patients aged from 18 to 65 years old, with clinical suspicion of fungal vaginitis were analyzed in a prospective study in Great São Paulo. Exclusion criteria included: pregnancy, impaired intrinsic or extrinsic immune response (including Aids), diabetes or immunosuppression; patients undergoing corticosteroid, antibiotic or hormone therapy, in post menopause, with intrauterine device (IUD) or making use of vaginal douches or spemicides. Samples of vaginal and penis secretions from partners of patients with relapse of vaginitis episodes were collected for microscopy and fungal culture. Fungal colonies isolated in CHROMagar Candida were identified by classical methods. Fisher's exact t-test was used to correlate the clinical picture with the yeasts isolated from patients. RESULTS: the most relevant clinical signs and symptoms were pruritus and vaginal discharge followed by erythema and edema, statistically independent from the etiological agent. Direct microscopy revealed yeasts in 77 patients with vulvovaginitis, and 40 Candida spp cultures were obtained. Candida albicans (70%), C. glabrata (20%), C. tropicalis (7,5%) and C. guilliermondii (2,5%) were identified. The yeasts prevalent in partners were C. albicans and C. glabrata. The same species were detected in female and male sex partners in 87% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: fungal vulvovaginitis was more frequent in women between 18 and 34 years old. No correlation was observed between the species of yeast detected and clinical symptomatology. Sexual partners are important Candida spp reservoirs and may be related to the maintenance of the vulvovaginal candidiasis. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VAGINITIS | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception Document Number: 324619 |
| 14. Title: Optimized benzalkonium chloride gel: A potential vaginal microbicides. Author: Ding XC; Li WH; Li JF; Qang QY Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2007 Jun;18(2):89-92. Abstract: The objective was to develop an optimized BZK gel with good pharmaceutical effect and less toxicity to vaginal mucosa. Four methods as below were used to research the spermicidal activity of BZK gel: 1) in vitro spermicidal text; 2) in vivo spermicidal test in rabbits; 3) anti-fertility test in rabbits; 4) contraceptive test in rabbits. Mucosal irritation test was used in rats to evaluate the safety of optimized BZK gel. Microbiological assessments were used to research anti-STI pathogens (including treponema pallidum, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomona vaginalis, Candida albicans, ureaplama urealyticum, herpes simplex virus type-2, chlamydiae trachomatis) effect of optimized BZK gel. In vitro spermicidal test, EC/50 of BZK gel was 0.029mg/ml, a little higher than that of N-9 (0.0l9mg/ml). The MIC of BZK gel was 0.25mg/ml, similar to that of N-9 (0.20mg/ml). The vaginal mucosal irritation test in rats showed that 0.429% BZK gel showed only minimal vaginal irritation, and did not damage the vaginal epithelium or cause local inflammation in rats. Microbiological assessments showed that optimized BZK gel could inhibit or inactivate common STI pathogens even after 3-fold or 5-fold dilution. Optimized BZK gel was an effective microbicides. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | VAGINAL GEL | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MICROBICIDES | SIDE EFFECTS | TOXICITY | SAFETY | HIV PREVENTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 308494 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Health literacy and contraception: A readability evaluation of contraceptive instructions for condoms, spermicides and emergency contraception in the USA. Author: El-Ibiary SY; Youmans SL Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Mar;12(1):58-62. Abstract: Objective: To assess readability of over-the-counter (OTC) contraceptive product instructions currently available, compare the results with previous studies from a decade ago, and review the implications for health care providers, in particular pharmacists counseling on OTC contraceptives. Methods: A sample of contraceptive instructions was submitted to a readability analysis using four standard readability formulas. Products included condoms, spermicides, and emergency contraception instruction pamphlets. Results: Reading grade levels for condoms ranged from 6th to 12th grade. The average reading levels for the spermicides were 9th-10th grade and for the emergency contraceptives 10th-12th grade. These results were consistent with those of similar studies performed a decade ago. Conclusions: Consumers need to have at least a high school reading level in order to comprehend current product instructions. Very little has changed in the past decade regarding readability of OTC contraceptive patient instructions, despite calls to simplify written instructions. Healthcare providers, in particular pharmacists, must be aware of these disparities to enhance patient education and advocate for simpler reading materials. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PHARMACISTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | LITERACY | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | PRINTED MEDIA | COUNSELING | READING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Mass Media | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313274 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Development of vaginal rings for sustained release of nonhormonal contraceptives and anti-HIV agents. Author: Han YA; Singh M; Saxena BB Source: Contraception. 2007 Aug;76(2):132-138. Abstract: The objectives were construction of vaginal rings to deliver nonhormonal contraceptives and 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) as an anti-HIV agent and determination of their daily release and efficacy in vitro. Intravaginal rings of 0.5-0.7 cm rim and 5-5.5 cm in diameter were cast in the molds. The rings were composed of biosoluble acacia gum or nonbiodegradable hydrogel of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and sodium methacrylate (SMA) [P(HEMAco-SMA)]. The rings were impregnated with nonhormonal contraceptives such as ferrous gluconate to cause spermiostasis, L-ascorbic acid to increase the viscosity of the cervical mucus, and pharmalytes of pH 4-5 or AZT. The daily release rate of nonhormonal contraceptives as well as AZT from the rings was efficacious in vitro. Cumulative effect of nonhormonal contraceptives showed complete spermiostasis within 30 s up to 10 and 28 days, respectively. Daily release of AZT from both rings was also likely to be efficacious to inhibit HIV proliferation in vitro for 10 and 28 days, respectively. The data indicate that the rings described here can be developed for intravaginal delivery of nonhormonal contraceptives and/or anti-HIV agents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | VAGINAL RING | DRUGS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Technology | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 318910 |
| 17. Title: The search for a topical dual action spermicide / microbicide. Author: Hughes LM; Griffith R; Aitken RJ Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2007 Mar;14(7):755-786. Abstract: There is an urgent clinical need to research novel methods of fertility control that are also protective against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Chlamydia. The most obvious way to generate such a dual-purpose contraceptive method would be to develop safe, effective spermicides that were also active against a wide range of pathogenic organisms. The currently available formulations such as nonoxynol-9, gramicidin and benzalkonium chloride are effective spermicides but are toxic to the vaginal epithelium and do not provide protection against STDs. Over 60 agents are in clinical trials as potentially safer topical spermicides and/or microbicides. Compounds that have reached this stage of development include acid buffers, detergents, dendrimers, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and anionic polymers. In addition, a number of potential spermicides/microbicides are the subject of preclinical investigation, including ß-cyclodextrin, cyanovirin, porphyrins, cyclotriazadisulfonamides, dermaseptins, short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and HIV antibodies. The chemical principles underlying these disparate approaches and potential avenues for future investigation are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 317530 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Chenopodium album seed extract: A potent sperm-immobilizing agent both in vitro and in vivo. Author: Kumar S; Biswas S; Mandal D; Roy HN; Chakraborty S Source: Contraception. 2007 Jan;75(1):71-78. Abstract: Aqueous decoction of Chenopodium album seeds (CAD) was assessed for its sperm-immobilizing and contraceptive efficacy in laboratory mammals. Spermicidal efficacy was evaluated in vitro by a modified Sander-Cramer test. The mode of spermicidal action was assessed by (a) supravital and double fluoroprobe staining of sperm, (b) hypoosmotic swelling tests and (c) transmission electron microscopy. Contraceptive efficacy was evaluated by intrauterine and vaginal application of CAD in rats and rabbits, respectively, followed by their mating and evaluation of pregnancy outcomes. The minimum effective concentration of CAD that induced instantaneous immobilization of rat spermatozoa in vitro was 2 mg/mL. The mechanism of CAD action involved disintegration of sperm plasma membrane and dissolution of acrosomal cap causing sperm death. Fertilization of oocytes and establishment of implantation were prevented in the uterine horn that was administered with CAD, while these events occurred unhindered in the untreated contralateral side. In rabbit, intravaginal application of CAD significantly blocked the establishment of pregnancy. CAD possesses appreciable spermicidal potential, which may be explored as an effector constituent of vaginal contraceptive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | VAGINAL SPERMICIDES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 310442 |
| 19. Title: Knowledge, attitude and acceptability of spermicidal contraception among university students in Dar es Salam. Author: Mwambete KD; Mogasa C Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2007 Apr;4(1):23-27. Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, acceptability and attitude towards the use of spermicides among students of University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over four-month period among UDSM students. A random sample of students was recruited from all three university campus namely University College of Land and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS) and Mlimani Campus (MC). Questionnaires with both closed and open end-questions were used for data collection in which knowledge, attitude, and acceptability of spermicides were determined. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/PC+ version 10.0, 1999 computer package. A total of 300 students participated in this study, out of which 154 (51.3%) were females and 146 (48.7%) males. Majority of the students 276 (92%) had poor knowledge of spermicidal products, and out of these, 146 (53%) were absolutely unable to describe the use of spermicides. Ninety-three percent of the students had never used spermicides. Of those who had never used spermicides, 84 (30%) said because they used other contraceptive means, 50 (17.8%) said they are expensive, 29 (10.3%) attributed this to unavailability of the products, 3(1.1%) to fear of "contracting" cancer and 13(4.6%) to the unreliability. Furthermore, a few who had used them didn't trust the products as ideal means of contraception. The respondents had poor knowledge of spermicides. Spermicides were not accepted by the students because of the presumed side-effects, being very expensive and unreliable for contraception purpose. However, the respondents accepted spermicides usage as an ideal alternative to condom and effective means for a female-controlled method to prevent/reduce unwanted pregnancy and HIV risk. The study recommends that the Government/responsible authorities should encourage spermicides usage, particularly when coupled with microbicides, in reduction of unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection inclusive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 320307 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Spermicidal activity of extract from Cestrum parqui. Author: Souad K; Ali S; Mounir A; Mounir TM Source: Contraception. 2007 Feb;75(2):152-156. Abstract: The leaf extract of Cestrum parqui was examined for its effects on sperm motility in vitro. Washed sperm were prepared by discontinuous buoyant density gradient centrifugation and incubated with varying concentrations of extract from C. parqui (40-250 µg/mL) at 37°C and 5% CO/2. Sperm motility and viability were assessed at different intervals ranging from 5 to 240 min. Morphological changes in human ejaculated spermatozoa after exposure to the extract were evaluated under transmission electron microscope. A dose- and time-dependent effect of this extract on sperm motility and viability was observed. The maximal spermicidal effect was observed with a 250-µg/mL dose of the extract. Transmission electron microscope revealed a significant damage to sperm membrane in both head and acrosomal membranes, notable swelling and disruption. The present study indicates that this natural extract has potential spermicidal effect in vitro. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 311554 |
| 21. Title: Frequently asked questions on contraception. Spermicides FAQ. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2006]. [2] p. Abstract: What are spermicides? Spermicides are chemical barriers that consist of two components: a spermicidal chemical (most commonly nonoxynol-9) and a delivery base. Spermicides can be delivered through foam, cream, jelly, film, suppositories or tablets. They can be used alone or with another contraceptive method. How do spermicides work? They inactivate/kill sperm, making fertilization unlikely. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | FAMILY PLANNING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception Document Number: 301783 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal safety after use of a bioadhesive, acid-buffering, microbicidal contraceptive gel (ACIDFORM) and a 2% nonoxynol-9 product. [Seguridad vaginal posterior al uso del gel anticonceptivo bioadhesivo estabilizador de la acidez y microbicida (ACIDFORM) y de un producto con nonoxinol-9 al 2%] Author: Amaral E; Perdigao A; Souza MH; Mauck C; Waller D Source: Contraception. 2006 May;73(5):542-547. Abstract: ACIDFORM is a microbicidal and contraceptive candidate with strong buffering capacity. This was a Phase I blinded, randomized and crossover clinical study on two products, ACIDFORM and a commercial nonoxynol-9 (N-9) product (2%), evaluating their vaginal safety in 20 couples aged between 19 and 45 years. The women had regular menses, underwent previous tubal ligation, were not breast-feeding, had no vaginal sign and symptom and were in a stable partnership; both partners had no previous STI. Colposcopy, vaginal microbiology, inflammation markers and subject complaints were studied after coitus. Women were randomly assigned sequentially to receive ACIDFORM 0-30 min (0-30 min before intercourse), ACIDFORM 8-10 h (8-10 h before intercourse) or N-9 0-30 min after a control cycle. Mild/moderate vulvar irritation was observed in five postcoital test colposcopies, burning and pruritus were reported in six treated cycles and non-irritation-related symptoms were found in five cycles with different treatments. No difference in vaginal pH, Nugent scores, H2O2-producing lactobacillus or leukocytes and interleukin 6 in the cervicovaginal lavage was found between the treatment and control cycles. ACIDFORM appears to be safe for clinical use once a day. There is a potential spermicidal- microbicidal role for ACIDFORM as a vaginal flora helper or as a vehicle for products, except N-9. (author's) Spanish Abstract: ACIDFORM es un candidato microbicida y anticonceptivo con gran capacidad estabilizadora. Se realizó un ensayo clínico transversal aleatorizado ciego en fase I sobre dos productos: ACIDFORM y un producto comercial con un contenido de nonoxinol-9 (N-9) al 2% para evaluar la seguridad vaginal en 20 parejas de 19 a 45 años. Las mujeres tenían menstruaciones regulares, se habían sometido a ligadura de trompas, no estaban amamantando, no presentaban signos ni síntomas vaginales y tenían parejas estables en las que ninguno de los integrantes presentaba antecedentes de ITS. Con posterioridad al coito se analizaron la colposcopía, las muestras microbiológicas vaginales, los marcadores de inflamación y los síntomas de las participantes. Las mujeres se asignaron en forma aleatoria a uno de tres grupos que recibirían, respectivamente, ACIDFORM 0-30 min. (0-30 minutos antes del coito), ACIDFORM 8-10 h (8-10 horas antes del coito) o nonoxinol-9 0-30 minutos después de un ciclo de control. Se observó irritación vulvar leve/moderada en cinco colposcopías postcoitales, las mujeres refirieron ardor y prurito en seis de los ciclos tratados y síntomas no asociados a irritación en cinco ciclos con diferentes tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias en el pH vaginal, en los puntajes de Nugent, en los leucocitos o en los lactobacilos productores de peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), ni en la interleucina-6 en el lavado cervicovaginal entre el tratamiento y los ciclos de control. El ACIDFORM parece ser seguro para uso clínico una vez al día. Existe una posible función espermicida y microbicida del ACIDFORM como colaborador de la flora vaginal o como vehículo para otros productos, a excepción del nonoxinol-9. (del autor). Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VAGINAL GEL | MICROBICIDES | NONOXYNOL-9 | TIME FACTORS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 299446 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: A potential anti-implantation and spermicidal strategy: Putative derivatives of nonoxynol-9 and anti-inflammatory agents and their spermicidal activity. Author: Ingram MJ; Zeller E; Moss GP; Hall CE Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Dec;11(4):258-261. Abstract: We report the synthesis of novel ester derivatives of nonoxynol-9, an approved spermicidal agent, using the non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen and indomethacin. Indomethacin has previously been shown to inhibit the implantation of the fertilised ovum into the uterus wall of pregnant rats. It is proposed that nonoxynol-9, in combination with a non-selective NSAID may exhibit both anti-implantation and spermicidal properties. Both novel derivatives and nonoxynol-9 were then tested on boar spermatozoa in order to establish if spermicidal activity was retained following the esterification. The results showed that both the ibuprofen and indomethacin derivatives enabled complete cell death of boar spermatozoa at a concentration of 100 µg ml/-1, which is comparable to nonoxynol-9 at the same concentration. These results indicate that NSAID derivatives of nonoxynol-9 retain the activity of the parent molecule and may have other advantages associated with the molecular incorporation of theNSAID moieties and their anti-implantation activity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY ANIMALS | NONOXYNOL-9 | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SPERM TRANSPORT INHIBITION | IN VITRO | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Inhibition of Fertilization | Contraceptive Mode of Action Document Number: 314567 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: In vitro determination of the contraceptive spermicidal activity of a composite extract of Achyranthes aspera and Stephania hernandifolia. Author: Paul D; Bera S; Jana D; Maiti R; Ghosh D Source: Contraception. 2006 Mar;73(3):284-288. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a 50% ethanolic extract of the leaf of Stephania hernandifolia and the root of Achyranthes aspera on sperm motility and function in a ratio of 1:3 by weight at different concentrations. Concentration of 0.08 g/mL of the extract affected the motility, and at a concentration of 0.16 g/mL, the sperm motility was reduced to 20% immediately (within 20 s). At a concentration of 0.32 g/mL, this composite extract showed the most promising results by complete sperm immobilization within 2 min after the application of the extract. The effects were spermicidal but not spermiostatic as sperm immobilization effect was found to be irreversible. Sperm viability was decreased significantly and was found to be nonviable after 30 min when treated with the composite extract at a concentration of 0.32 g/mL. The hypo-osmotic swelling of these sperm was reduced significantly at this highest concentration, indicating that the crude extract may probably cause injury to the sperm plasma membrane. A low concentration of 0.04 g/mL is ineffective. The findings indicate that this composite plant extract possesses potential contraceptive spermicidal activity in vitro. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | SPERMATOZOA | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs | Contraceptive Agents | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 296223 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of long-term use of nonoxynol-9 on vaginal flora. Author: Schreiber CA; Meyn LA; Creinin MD; Barnhart KT; Hillier SL Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Jan;107(1):136-143. Abstract: Products containing nonoxynol-9 have been used as spermicidal contraceptives for many years, but limited data have been published describing the long-term effects of nonoxynol-9 use on the vaginal microbial ecosystem. This longitudinal study was conducted to examine the effects of nonoxynol-9 on the vaginal ecology. Vaginal swabs were obtained from 235 women enrolled in a randomized clinical trial before initiation of use of 1 of 5 different formulations of nonoxynol-9 for contraception, and up to 3 more samples were gathered over 7 months of use. The swab samples were evaluated in a single laboratory. The prevalence of several constituents of the normal vaginal flora was evaluated. The associations between nonoxynol-9 dosage, formulation, average product use per week, and number of sex acts per week were calculated. The changes in prevalence of vaginal microbes after nonoxynol-9 use were minimal for each of the different nonoxynol-9 formulations. However, when both nonoxynol-9 concentration and number of product uses are taken into account, nonoxynol-9 did have dose-dependant effects on the increased prevalence of anaerobic gram-negative rods (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-5.3), H/2O/2-negative lactobacilli (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.1), and bacterial vaginosis (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1- 4.7). This study demonstrated that most nonoxynol-9 users experienced minimal disruptions in their vaginal ecology. There were no differences between the different formulations evaluated with respect to changes in vaginal microflora. However, independent of the nonoxynol-9 formulation, there was a dose-dependent effect with increased exposure to nonoxynol-9 on the risk of bacterial vaginosis and its associated flora. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PENNSYLVANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | NONOXYNOL-9 | VAGINA | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | PREVALENCE | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | VAGINOSIS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Measurement | Infections Document Number: 296634 |
| 26. Title: Condoms, contraceptives and nonoxynol-9: complex issues obscured by ideology. Author: Boonstra H Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2005 May;8(2):4-6, 14. Abstract: During the 1990s, as the AIDS crisis worsened and vaccine research faltered, HIV prevention activists increasingly pinned their hopes on nonoyxnol-9 (N-9). Widely available in the United States for over 50 years as the active ingredient in spermicides, N-9 was shown to kill the AIDS virus in the laboratory. A number of epidemiologic studies further suggested that N-9 conferred some protection against bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when used alone or in combination with a diaphragm. Researchers and advocates alike anticipated that it would be shown to prevent HIV in human trials as well, clearing the way for a new and relatively inexpensive preventive option to be made available to people around the world living with or at-risk of HIV. Those expectations were dashed, however, when in 2000 a study of N-9’s effectiveness among sex workers in Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, South Africa and Thailand showed that HIV incidence was actually higher among the women using N-9 than among those using a comparison product. But in addition to being a disappointment for HIV prevention efforts, the results also raised questions about the safety of N-9 when used for the purpose for which it was approved, protection against unwanted pregnancy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | NONOXYNOL-9 | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | HPV | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 287928 |
| 27. Title: Natural contraception. Author: Breuner CC Source: Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2005 Oct;16(3):603-616. Abstract: Among consumers and health professionals, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become sought after and integrated into mainstream provision of medical services. CAM, known as nonallopathic, unconventional, holistic, or natural therapy, encompasses many types of healing practices From the Cochrane Collaboration, CAM is a ''a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health systems in a particular society or culture in a given historical period''. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | ADOLESCENTS | ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | MEDICINAL PLANTS | ABORTION | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception Document Number: 305672 Notification |
| 28. Title: Comparative safety evaluation of the candidate vaginal microbicide C31G. Author: Catalone BJ; Kish-Catalone TM; Neely EB; Budgeon LR; Ferguson ML Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2005 Apr;49(4):1509-1520. Abstract: C31G is currently the focus of clinical trials designed to evaluate this agent as a microbicidal and spermicidal agent. In the following studies, the in vivo safety of C31G was assessed with a Swiss Webster mouse model of cervicovaginal toxicity and correlated with results from in vitro cytotoxicity experiments and published clinical observations. A single exposure of unformulated 1% C31G resulted in mild-to-moderate epithelial disruption and inflammation at 2 and 4 h postapplication. The columnar epithelium of the cervix was the primary site of damage, while no perturbation of the vaginal mucosa was observed. In contrast, application of unformulated 1.7% C31G resulted in greater levels of inflammation in the cervical epithelium at 2 h postapplication and severe epithelial disruption that persisted to 8 h postapplication. Application of a nonionic aqueous gel formulation containing 1% C31G resulted in no apparent cervicovaginal toxicity at any time point evaluated. However, formulation of 1.7% C31G did not substantially reduce the toxicity associated with unformulated C31G at that concentration. These observations correlate with findings gathered during a recent clinical trial, in which once-daily applications resulted in no adverse events in women receiving the formulation containing 1% C31G, compared to moderate-to-severe adverse events in 30% of women receiving the 1.7% C31G formulation. The Swiss Webster mouse model was able to effectively discriminate between concentrations and formulations of C31G that produced distinct clinical effects in human trials. The Swiss Webster animal model may be a highly valuable tool for preclinical evaluation of candidate vaginal microbicides. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MICROBICIDES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SAFETY | CERVICAL EFFECTS | TOXICITY | EVALUATION | HIV PREVENTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Drugs | Treatment | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Health | Health | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 284798 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Microbicidal spermicide or spermicidal microbicide. Author: Gupta G Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2005 Dec;10(4):212-218. Abstract: Vaginal contraception, the oldest method of fertility regulation that remained virtually forgotten for a few decades has recently come under focal review due to an increase in STDs and HIV infections worldwide. Today it is being considered very strongly that a conceptual microbicidal spermicide can tender protection against pregnancy as well as STDs (including AIDS), simultaneously. However the two activities (spermicidal and microbicidal) need to be integrated in vaginal preparations, as many women across the world may be concerned more about the unwanted pregnancy rather than the STI during a coital act. A strong detergent like nonoxynol-9 (N-9) has been used as a spermicide in many local contraceptive preparations and studies have shown that it also exhibits significant microbicidal activity in vitro. However, recent clinical trials have shown that detergent spermicides do not provide any protection against STDs and AIDS but may in fact even promote their transmission. This anomaly has largely been attributed to their surfactant nature that irritates the vagina and kills the normal vaginal flora making it more susceptible to STD infections. An urgent need for a suitable non-detergent spermicide has thus emerged to replace N-9 in local contraceptive preparations. Anticipating the potential of spermicide-based vaginal contraceptives in the reproductive health of women, a large number of synthetic, non-detergent molecules were designed and evaluated at this Institute over recent years. Simultaneously, a number of natural products from terrestrial plants and marine flora/ fauna were also evaluated for spermicidal activity. A local contraceptive preparation incorporating the active ingredient from the fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi has successfully completed Phase III clinical trials in India and is ready for marketing. Recent studies have indicated that in comparison to N-9, this ingredient is much less toxic to Lactobacillus spp. and effectively inhibits the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Other candidate spermicides/microbicides under development worldwide have been reviewed briefly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | MICROBICIDES | NONOXYNOL-9 | MEDICINAL PLANTS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology Document Number: 295030 |
| 30. Title: Barrier and spermicidal contraceptives in adolescence. Author: McNaught J; Jamieson MA Source: Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2005 Oct;16(3):495-515. Abstract: Barriers are a class of contraception that prevents pregnancy by providing a physical or chemical barrier to keep sperm from entering the cervix. This is the oldest form of contraception; ancient writings refer to intravaginal sponges, leaves, seaweed, and pastes. Egyptian papyri from 1850 bc refer to mixtures of honey, acacia, and crocodile dung that were placed in the vagina before intercourse. The ancient Egyptians also wore decorative sheaths over their penises as early as 1350 bc. Penile sheaths made of linen were described in 1564 ad by Italian anatomist Fallopius and were designed initially to ''protect the penis'' from infection rather than prevent pregnancy. In the 1700s, condoms made from animal intestines were used for contraception as well. With the invention of vulcanized rubber in the 1840s, synthetic rubber condoms were produced. Other vaginal barrier methods subsequently followed in the late 19th century. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | BARRIER METHODS | VAGINAL SPONGE | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONDOMS | FEMALE CONDOMS | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | USER COMPLIANCE | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage | Behavior Document Number: 305915 |
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