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2.
Title: Induced terminations of pregnancy: reporting states, 1977 and 1978.
Author: Burnham D
Source: Monthly Vital Statistics Report. 1981 Sep 28;30(6 Suppl):1-27.
Abstract: Data on induced abortions reported to the National Center for Health Statistics by 5 states in 1977 (Kansas, Nebraska, New York except for New York City, Oregon, and Vermont) and by 3 additional states in 1978 (Illinois, South Carolina, and Tennessee) are presented in this report. These data are based on individual reports of induced abortions submitted to State vital registration offices. Comparisons between 1977 and 1978 are for the same multi-State area in both calendar years. The data presented covers the following: age and race; marital status; educational attainment; previous pregnancies; gestational age; type of procedure; and residence patterns. A total of 175,588 induced abortions were reported in 1978 as occurring in the 8-State area, and nearly 1/3 of these abortions occurred among women under age 20. Another 34.6% occurred among women at ages 20-24 years, and the remaining 33.6% were among women 25 years of age and older. 125,815 induced abortions were among white women and 35,278 were among black women in this 8-State area. Within the 5-State area for which data were available for both 1977 and 1978, a total of 77,161 induced abortions among residents were reported in 1978, a 9.1% increase from the 1977 total. Of the 128,658 induced abortions occurring in a 7-State area in 1978 (New York not included), 33,735 were reported for married women and 93,107 were reported for unmarried women. Of the women having abortions in New York, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Vermont in 1978, 77.6% had at least a high school education. 57.1% of the women who obtained induced abortions in the 8-State area in 1978 had no previous live births, and nearly 3/4 had experienced no prior induced abortion. About 1/2 of the induced abortions occurring in the 8-State area in 1978 were of pregnancies of 8 weeks' or less duration, and over 9 out of 10 abortions were performed by suction curettage. Of the 175,588 induced abortions occurring in the 8-State area in 1978, 78.4% occurred among residents of metropolitan areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW YORK | KANSAS | NEBRASKA | OREGON | VERMONT | ILLINOIS | SOUTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | ABORTION | INCIDENCE | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | PARITY | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | ETHNIC GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | STATISTICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Cultural Background
Document Number: 004176 Notification

3.
Title: Social determinants of low birth weight in a high-risk population.
Author: Carlson ED
Source: Demography. 1984 May;21(2):207-15.
Abstract: This report expands on existing knowledge concerning social variations in birth weight with special attention to the issue of racial disparities. Over 90 low weight infants (LBW) were born/1000 live births in South Carolina, based on 96,000 birth records from 1975 and 1979. 40% of the mothers were black, compared to only 2.5% nonwhite in the National Center for Health Statistics study of 1980. Higher incidence of LBW for black infants cannot be explained away as a result of black/white differences in age or education of mothers, prenatal care, parity or length of birth intervals. Though all these factors are important predictors of BW, an increasing propensity to have LBW babies persists among black mothers even after all these factors are controlled. The portrait of the 108 separate social positions of South Carolina society produced by a joint distribution of the variables is described by several log-linear models. Results show that black and white mothers exhibit different patterns of LBW across categories of education and prenatal care (PNC). The highest risk category for women with PNC as well as among those with none involved black dropouts. The lowest risk category for both care groups was white women who had attended some college. For women with no PNC, this contrast between highest and lowest risk amounted to a ratio of 1.82: 1 in 1975, widening to 2.27: 1 in 1979. The importance of both race and education in affecting LBW increased in this interval. The equivalent high/low contrast for women with any PNC increases from an odds ration of 2.77 in 1975 to 3.51 by 1979. Within the group that had some PNC a consistent pattern at every level of education became evident. By 1979 the odds of LBW among black mothers were about 2x as high as white mothers. Completion of higher levels of schooling only compounded this difference; education had a greater positive relation to white than to black BW. Within a population already reached by PNC independent of the age and birth interval factor, and consistently at all educational levels, black mothers continue to experience odds of LBW which are 2x as high as observed for white women. Genetic factors may account for the observed disparity. Although the incidence of LBW in South Carolina has declined slightly in recent years, widening differences in risk are visible between subgroups of the population.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH CAROLINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | BIRTH WEIGHT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | BODY WEIGHT | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | WHITES | POPULATION AT RISK | RESEARCH REPORT | PROBABILITY | HIGH RISK WOMEN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ANTENATAL CARE | THEORETICAL MODELS | BIRTH INTERVALS | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY | Developed Countries | Americas | Physiology | Biology | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age | Age Factors
Document Number: 024136

5.
Title: Health-promoting behaviors of rural adolescent women.
Author: Felton GM; Liu Q; Parsons MA; Geslani GP
Source: WOMEN AND HEALTH. 1998;27(4):67-80.
Abstract: Health behaviors acquired during adolescence have long-lasting effects upon individuals. The social-cognitive behavioral approach suggests that cognitive factors, social factors, environmental factors, and demographic factors influence health behavior. Among urban youth, self-image has been positively correlated with health practices, including mental and social health behaviors. Low self-esteem has been associated with health-compromising behaviors such as smoking, poor dietary practices, and psychosocial risk-taking. Rural adolescents have been reported to have lower self-image than urban youth. The authors examined the health-promoting behaviors of a sample of rural female adolescents and the influence of cognitive, social, and environmental factors upon those behaviors. The sample was comprised of 128 rural, never-married, non-pregnant women aged 16-19 years. 55% were Black and 45% White. 81% were enrolled in school, 24% were employed, 79% had mothers with a high school education or less, and 42% were living with both parents. 44% of the variance in health-promoting behavior in the sample was explained by self-image, problem solving, mother's education, employment status, and family structure. Self-image was the most important predictor of health-promoting behavior, explaining 33% of the variance.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SOUTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | HEALTH | BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SELF-PERCEPTION | MOTHERS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 137954

6.
Title: Contraceptive service in three areas: Part 1. The clinics and their patients.
Author: Stix RK
Source: Milbank Memorial Func Quarterly. 1941 April;19(2):171-188.
Abstract: Records of women attending contraceptive clinics between 1929-1935 in New York City, Cincinatti, and Spartanburg, South Carolina, were compared to assess how community needs to be met by the clinics might differ in different geographic areas. The New York group had the highest income, the most prior experience with contraception, and the most initiative in seeking contraceptive information. Women from Spartanburg and Cincinatti were usually referred to the clinics by social workers, nurses, or physicians because of physical or economic conditions contraindicating pregnancy. Preclinic fertility was greatest among Spartanburg women and least for New York women, a difference that could be attributed to more extensive preclinic use of contraception, illegal abortion, and superior contraceptive methods by New Yorkers. It is concluded that these differences in preclinic fertility show the results of different attitudes toward fertility control among the 3 populations and that these attitudes should largely determine the policies of teh clinics from which they seek advice.
Language: English
Keywords:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | NEW YORK | OHIO | SOUTH CAROLINA | CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARITY | MARITAL STATUS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | CONDOMS | WITHDRAWAL | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | Studies | Research Methodology | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Fertility Control, Postcoital
Document Number: 410008

7.
Title: Eugenic sterilization: a discussion of certain legal, medical, and moral aspects of present practices in our public mental institutions.
Author: Birnbaum M
Source: Journal of the American Medical Association. March 18, 1961;175(11):951-958.
Abstract: Eugenic sterilization is defined as sterilization of a person who is either mentally ill or mentally defective and will either severely handicap any future offspring through heredity or is unable to properly care for a child. When an institutionalized mentally disordered person of reproductive age reaches a stage when he is able to return to the community, 3 possibilities arise: 1) eugenic surgical sterilization; 2) eugenic institutional sterilization, where the patient is effectively sterilized by being kept in the institution; and 3) discharge without eugenic sterilization. 3 cases of patients discharged without sterilization are presented. A review of the law of eugenic surgical sterilization reveals that 22 states have laws that permit compulsory eugenic sterilization without patient consent. Even though a state does not specifically authorize eugenic sterilization, it does not mean that such a procedure cannot be done legally. However, fewer and fewer eugenic sterilizations are being performed. Decisions relating to sterilization more often are made by medical men than by judges. Medically, the Committee of the American Neurological Association for the Investigation of Eugenical Sterilization, in a report made 25 years ago, condemned on both medical and philosophical grounds widespread eugenic surgical sterilizations except in certain cases. Morally, the author believes that patients and physicians are incapable of acting as moral beings in dealing with the question of eugenic sterilization because of 1) lack of proper facilities to allow freedom of choice, and 2) lack of knowledge of available relevant facts. With respect to the 3 alternatives for dealing with mental patients who are capable of reproducing, the author asks: Is it morally just to sterilize a person without first offering adequate treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up that a well-equipped institution could offer? Is it just to incarcerate a patient without offering the personnel and facilities for proper custodial and therapeutic care? Is it proper to discharge a person without sterilization without offering rehabilitation and follow-up that might lead to a better life? A study comparing the way the problem of sterilization is being handled in states with different approaches to the subject is proposed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | MENTAL RETARDATION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | ARIZONA | CALIFORNIA | CONNECTICUT | DELAWARE | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | IDAHO | INDIANA | IOWA | KANSAS | MAINE | MICHIGAN | MINNESOTA | MISSISSIPPI | MONTANA | NEBRASKA | NEW HAMPSHIRE | NORTH CAROLINA | NORTH DAKOTA | OKLAHOMA | OREGON | SOUTH CAROLINA | SOUTH DAKOTA | UTAH | VERMONT | VIRGINIA | WEST VIRGINIA | WISCONSIN | EUGENICS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Intelligence | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion | Genetics | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 610015

9.
Title: Legal responsibility for unsuccessful sterilization.
Author: Hayt E
Source: Hospital Management 109: 12, 14-15, 72. March 1970.
Abstract: Criminal or civil liability may be incurred for sterilization operations for contraception without any therapeutic purpose in states where sterilizations of convenience are regarded as crimes; consent may be a defense against a claim of damages based on a cause of action for assault and battery, but negligence in the performance of the sterilization or a breach warranty as to the result of the operation may constitute a ground for civil damages. When sterilization results as an incident to the implementation of recognized surgical procedures and medical care employed to cure or correct a medical disorder, such procedures can be covered by medical assistance for needy persons. Certain states expressly recognize the legality of medical treatment of which sterilization is a by-product, but few condone a medical or surgical procedure intended to accomplish sterilization. Statutes making lawful the performance of a voluntary sterilization procedure if certain requirements are complied with exist in some states as in Georgia. The statutes of Virginia and West Virginia are described, as are various cases concerning sterilization.
Language: English
Keywords:
ABORTION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FEMALE STERILIZATION | MALE STERILIZATION | LAWS AND STATUTES | UNITED KINGDOM | VIRGINIA | NEW YORK | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | IOWA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | HEREDITARY DISEASES | ATTITUDES | PHYSICIANS | ARIZONA | INDIANA | MISSISSIPPI | NEW HAMPSHIRE | NORTH CAROLINA | OKLAHOMA | SOUTH CAROLINA | UTAH | CONNECTICUT | KANSAS | WEST VIRGINIA | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sterilization, Sexual | Europe, Western | Europe | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 701612 Notification

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Abortion law reform and repeal: legislative and judicial developments.
Author: Roemer R
Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971;14(4):1165-1180.
Abstract: Between 1967 and 1970, 3 kinds of modernized abortion laws were enacted in the U.S. Twelve states enacted laws under which abortion is not a crime when performed by a licensed physician if 1) substantial risk that continuance of the pregnancy would seriously impair the woman's physical or mental health, 2) the child would suffer grave defects, 3) in cases of pregnancy resulting from rape or incest. Medical approval by consultants, boards, or committees, is required in 11 of these states. Residency requirements vary. Reform on the federal legislative and judicial level in this period was not significant. The U.S. District Court in Atlanta held unconstitutional those parts of the Georgia law that limited grounds for abortion. Oregon also provides abortion on sociomedical grounds in which the woman's total environment is evaluated. Four states repealed all criminal penalties for abortion provided that abortion is done early in pregnancy and by a licensed physician. The remaining states legalize abortion only to save the woman's life and seldom her health. Seven of the 17 states with new laws set age limits on abortion for statutory rape. Maximum gestational age at which abortion can be performed varies from 16 weeks to 150 days. In 1969 the Supreme Court of California invalidated the pre-1967 antiabortion law on the grounds that the phrase "necessary to preserve life" was so vague as to be violative of the due process requirements and that the state had no legitimate interest in the regulation of abortion which would justify so deep an infringement of the fundamental rights of women. A municipal court held the current California law unconstitutional as violative of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as vague and improper delegation of legislative authority to the Joint Commision on Accreditation of Hospitals, as discriminatory between the rich and the poor, as lacking the certainty required for a criminal statute with respect to the definition of mental illness and as violative of the fundamental right of the woman to make a free choice of whether or not to bear children. The U.S. Dstrict Court for the District of Columbia invalidated the D.C. statute which made abortion a felony unless performed by a licensed physician for the preservation of the mother's life or health on the grounds of ambiguity violative of due process. Other court decisions both for (the majority) and against constitutionality of antiabortion laws have been made. Internationally, different jurisdictions have also liberalized abortion laws to varying extents. Illegal abortions persist as long as restrictions in grounds or procedures remain. To minimize illegal abortion, women should be educated to seek abortions early and the administrative procedure should be simplified to achieve this objective. Experience in Eastern Europe has been of low mortality from legal early abortion. Continuing education programs for the medical profession and reforms in medical education would reduce uneven application of the law due to the varying attitudes of physicians. Shortage of facilities and medical auxilary personnel may be alleviated by distribution of the operations over different kings of facilities and differently trained personnel. Areas with high or increasing abortion rates are favorable for family planning. A deterrent for repeated abortion is to aid women having an abortion to use effective methods of contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION | LAWS AND STATUTES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ALABAMA | ALASKA | ARIZONA | ARKANSAS | CALIFORNIA | COLORADO | CONNECTICUT | DELAWARE | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | FLORIDA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | HAWAII | IDAHO | ILLINOIS | INDIANA | IOWA | KANSAS | KENTUCKY | LOUISIANA | MAINE | MARYLAND | MASSACHUSETTS | MICHIGAN | MINNESOTA | MISSISSIPPI | MISSOURI | MONTANA | NEBRASKA | NEVADA | NEW HAMPSHIRE | NEW JERSEY | NEW MEXICO | NEW YORK | NORTH CAROLINA | NORTH DAKOTA | OHIO | OKLAHOMA | OREGON | PENNSYLVANIA | PUERTO RICO | RHODE ISLAND | SOUTH CAROLINA | SOUTH DAKOTA | TENNESSEE | TEXAS | POPULATION LAW | UTAH | VIRGINIA | WASHINGTON | WEST VIRGINIA | WISCONSIN | WYOMING | EUROPE, WESTERN | EUROPE, EASTERN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Caribbean | Legislation | Europe | Developing Countries
Document Number: 712277 Notification

13.
Title: Abortion law reform [letter]
Author: Rosner F
Source: Journal of the American Medical Association. April 5, 1971;216(1):147.
Abstract: I must assume that an oversight is responsible for the omission of dates for the recently amended abortion laws of Hawaii (1970), Oregon (1969), South Carolina (1970), and Virginia (1970) in the table (214: 2238, 1970). In the following week's issue (214: 2405), it is hard to understand why Illinois and Texas are not mentioned in the discussion of the constitutional questions relating to abortion laws. A 3-judge Federal court ruled Texas' abortion law unconstitutional in that it is too "vague and overboard" and that the "fundamental right of single women and married persons to choose whether to have children" is protected by the 9th Amendment of the Constitution (AMA News, August 10, 1970, p. 13). Similarly, in Chicago, a criminal court judge ruled that the Illinois abortion statute is unconstitutional because it is vague and "infringes upon a woman's right to control her own body" (AMA News, August 10, 1970, p. 13). Very recently, the constitutionality of Pennsylvania's 30-year-old abortion law has also been challenged (AMA News, November 30, 1970, p. 14). (FULL TEXT)
Language: English
Keywords:
ILLINOIS | TEXAS | PENNSYLVANIA | ABORTION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HAWAII | OREGON | SOUTH CAROLINA | VIRGINIA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 713245 Notification

15.
Title: A survey of contraceptive practices and attitudes of unwed college students.
Author: Vincent ML; Stelling F
Source: Journal of the American Health Association 21: 257-263. February 1973.
Abstract: A survey of 267 unmarried college students at the University of South Carolina in May 1971 was conducted to report on attitudes and practices regarding contraception. The students were classified according to their frequency of sexual activity: very active, 1 or more times a week; moderately active, 1-2 times a month; seldom active, 1-2 times a semester; abstinence, not at all. 59% of the females and 44.8% of the female partners of the males in the very active group used the pill as the primary means of contraception. As sexual activity decreased there was an increase in the use of the rhythm method or no method at all (19% of the very active, 33% of the moderately active, and 41% of the seldom active). 61.2% of the women and 67% of the males surveyed received their contraceptive information from reading on their own. Of the nonactive, 23% of the females and 29% of the males responded they knew little about contraceptives. 74% of the very active had discussed their contraceptive techniques with their partner carefully and seriously, but this declined as the sexual activity declined (24% of the seldom active, 49% of the moderately active). The findings point out that the sexually active wishes to learn and knows more than a little about contraception, and that the less active the student, the less prepared he is about contraception. This suggests that a system of informing the student would be desirable and necessary.
Language: English
Keywords:
SURVEYS | STUDENTS | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SOUTH CAROLINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Developed Countries | North America | Americas
Document Number: 731292

16.

19.
Title: Center for Disease Control: annual summary of family planning services 1972.
Author: United States. Center for Disease Control [CDC]
Source: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, April 1974. 24 p
Abstract: A summary of the statistical data on family planning services in the United States in 1972 as compiled by the National Reporting System for Family Planning Services of the National Center for Health Statistics is presented. 2.3 million men and women were seen by U.S. family planning clinics in 1972, nearly 1.2 million for the first time. Over 25% of the women attending these clinics were under 20 years of age and over 50% were in their most active childbearing period, 20-29 years old. Over 60% of the women had 1 or no children, while women with 5 or more children accounted for less than 8%. Though more white women than black women used the clinics black women used the clinics more often. 22% of family planning clinic visitors were receiving Medicaid or other public assistance. The median educational level for clinic visitors was 12.2 years with over 20% having completed at least 1 year of college. Oral contraception was chosen by 74.1% and the intrauterine device by 16.3% of the women receiving contraceptive services. Marital status information obtained by state and local reporting systems for over 400,000 patients found 39% never married and 42% currently married. For the first time information was collected on the 18,590 male patients attending family planning clinics, finding that the men tended to be older than the women patients, more white than black men attended the clinics, and nearly 60% of these men received vasectomies. A special statistical study estimated that in 1973 1.4-2.3 million unmarried teenage girls in the U.S. were in need of contraceptive services and not obtaining them from private physicians. A problem-oriented family planning record is recommended for surveying family planning clinic visitors, and the use of a public health nurse as a family planning clinician in rural Tennessee is reported.
Language: English
Keywords:
STATISTICAL STUDIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | MAINE | MASSACHUSETTS | NEW HAMPSHIRE | RHODE ISLAND | VERMONT | NEW JERSEY | NEW YORK | PUERTO RICO | DELAWARE | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | MARYLAND | PENNSYLVANIA | VIRGINIA | WEST VIRGINIA | ALABAMA | FLORIDA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | KENTUCKY | MISSISSIPPI | NORTH CAROLINA | SOUTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | ILLINOIS | INDIANA | MICHIGAN | MINNESOTA | OHIO | WISCONSIN | ARKANSAS | LOUISIANA | NEW MEXICO | OKLAHOMA | TEXAS | IOWA | KANSAS | MISSOURI | NEBRASKA | COLORADO | MONTANA | NORTH DAKOTA | SOUTH DAKOTA | UTAH | WYOMING | ARIZONA | CALIFORNIA | HAWAII | NEVADA | ALASKA | IDAHO | OREGON | WASHINGTON | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | MEN | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PARITY | EDUCATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS |