| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Birth weight at high altitudes in Peru. [Peso al nacer en altitudes elevadas en Perú] Author: Hartinger S; Tapia V; Carrillo C; Bejarano L; Gonzales GF Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Jun;93(3):275-281. Abstract: The objective was to determine whether birth weights are lower at high altitudes, and whether gestational age at birth and a population's length of residence mitigate the effect of high altitude. The birth weights of 84,173 neonates recorded in the Peruvian Perinatal Information System Database were analyzed between 1995 and 2002 for the cities of Lima (150 m), Huancayo (3280 m), Cuzco (3400 m), and Juliaca (3800 m). Birth weight was lower at high altitude, but there was no linear relation between altitude of residence and birth weight. Mean birth weight was higher in Juliaca than in Huancayo. There were no significant differences between the 4 cities regarding birth weights of infants born between 28 and 35 weeks of gestation. However, for infants born between 36 and 42 weeks, birth weight was lower at higher altitudes. This may be due to inadequate maternal oxygenation later in pregnancy at high altitude. In the multivariate analysis, after controlling for maternal age, marital status, parity, body mass index, pre-eclampsia or hemorrhage during pregnancy, and education, as well as sex of the newborn and gestational age at birth, birth weight was lower in all cities located at a higher altitude than Lima. Yet, longer residence at high altitudes may play a protective role. Juliaca (3800 m), where the population has resided the longest, had the lowest reduction in birth weight compared with Lima (150 m); Cuzco had intermediate values; and Huancayo (3280 m), where the population has resided the shortest, had the highest reduction in birth weight. Birth weight reduction, which is independent of socioeconomic factors, occurs only in births at term and may be less severe in populations that have resided longer at high altitudes. (author's) Spanish Abstract: El objetivo fue determinar si el peso al nacer es menor en altitudes elevadas y si la edad gestacional al nacer y la duración de la residencia de una población mitigan el efecto de la gran altura. De 1995 a 2002, se analizó el peso al nacer de 84.173 recién nacidos registrados en la Base de Datos del Sistema de Información Perinatal Peruano para las ciudades de Lima (150 m), Huancayo (3280 m), Cuzco (3400 m) y Juliaca (3800 m). El peso al nacer fue menor en altitud elevada, pero no se observó una relación lineal entre la altitud de residencia y el peso al nacer. El peso medio al nacer fue más alto en Juliaca que en Huancayo. Tampoco se registraron diferencias significativas entre las 4 ciudades con respecto al peso al nacer de los bebés nacidos entre la semana 28 y 35 de gestación. No obstante, los bebés nacidos entre la semana 36 y 42, registraron un menor peso al nacer a altitudes más elevadas. Este efecto quizás se deba a una oxigenación inadecuada de la madre en el tercer trimestre del embarazo a altitudes elevadas. El análisis multivariado mostró que el peso al nacer fue menor en todas las ciudades ubicadas a una altitud mayor que Lima, después de controlar las siguientes variables: edad materna, estado civil, paridad, índice de masa corporal, preeclampsia o hemorragia durante el embarazo y instrucción formal, así como también el sexo del recién nacido y su edad gestacional al nacer. Sin embargo, una residencia más prolongada a altitudes elevadas podría desempeñar una función de protección. Juliaca (3800 m), donde la población reside desde hace más tiempo, registró la menor reducción en peso al nacer en comparación con Lima (150 m); Cuzco presentó valores intermedios; y Huancayo (3280 m), donde la población ha vivido menos tiempo, tuvo los valores más altos de reducción de peso al nacer. La reducción de peso al nacer, que es independiente de factores socioeconómicos, se produce solamente en nacimientos a término y podría ser menos grave en poblaciones que han residido un tiempo más prolongado a altitudes elevadas. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: PERU | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SOUTH AMERICA, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ALTITUDE | BIRTH WEIGHT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Environment | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Economic Factors Document Number: 300891 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central America: possible interaction between infectious and environmental elements. Author: Convit J; Ulrich M; Pérez M; Hung J; Castillo J Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2005;99:13-17. Abstract: Biopsies of 71 cases of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis from Costa Rican patients were evaluated by histopathological procedures and attempts were made to culture Leishmania from nine biopsies. Leishmanin skin tests were carried out in 31 patients and 112 healthy individuals. Additional biopsies from 19 patients from Nicaragua were evaluated by routine histopathology. Ten biopsies were studied by confocal and nine by scanning electron microscopy. Inorganic material was analysed using an electron probe for microanalysis. Leishmania parasites were isolated from only two biopsies, but 90.3% of the patients from Costa Rica were leishmaninpositive, as were 27.7% of healthy individuals. Routine histopathological studies revealed naked granulomas formed by differentiated macrophages. Abundant inorganic material was observed in sections examined by confocal microscopy. Electron probe analysis revealed that silica and aluminium were the predominant elements in large particles. We postulate that the presence of this inorganic material, possibly of volcanic origin, in the skin may modulate the immunological response to Leishmania and may inhibit visceralization in the cases caused by Leishmania chagasi. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LEISHMANIASIS | TESTING | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 277431 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Consistent condom use dynamics among sex workers in Central America: 1997-2000. [Dinámica del uso regular de preservativos en los trabajadores sexuales de América Central: 1997-2000] Author: Oladosu M Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2005;37:435-457. Abstract: The paper aims to provide evidence on consistent condom use dynamics among sex workers in Central America between 1997 and 2000, and to examine the most important predictors of use behaviour important for policy and programme interventions in the region. Data on 3500 sex workers, 1500 from 1997 and 2000 from the year 2000, were analysed. The samples represented sex workers in low socioeconomic neighbourhoods who met their clients at known sex establishments or by the roadside. Sex workers were more likely to have used condoms consistently in 2000 than in 1997 (Odds Ratio (OR)=1•4, p=0•05). Sex workers who discussed condoms with their partners or lovers used them consistently with all clients more than those who did not (OR=1•3, p=0•10). Knowledge of condom advantages had a positive influence on consistent use. Sex workers who reported using condoms to prevent pregnancy or STDs used them consistently with all clients more than those who did not (OR=1•2, and 1•3 respectively, p=0•10). The source of condoms is an important predictor of consistent condom use. Sex workers who bought condoms from health establishments or from brothels used them consistently more than those who did not (both OR=1•3, p=0•10, and p=0•05, respectively). Self-efficacy had a positive effect on consistent condom use. Sex workers who reported that they would use condoms even if clients offered to pay more for unprotected sex used them consistently with all clients more than those who did not (OR=1•8, p=0•001). The findings suggest that having condom skill is positively related to condom use. Sex workers who had all four skills used condoms more consistently than those who had none (OR=1•6, p=0•01). In order to increase consistent condom use and avert more incidences of HIV/AIDS and others STIs, programme interventions need to use the most efficient way to provide quality information, and provide repeated training on condom negotiation and use skills to sex workers. (author's) Spanish Abstract: El presente trabajo se orienta a ofrecer pruebas de la dinámica del uso regular de preservativos en los trabajadores sexuales de América Central entre 1997 y 2000, y a estudiar los principales factores que permiten predecir la conducta de utilización relevantes para las intervenciones de políticas y programación en la región. Se analizaron datos sobre 3500 trabajadores sexuales, 1500 de 1997 y 2000 del año 2000. Las muestras representaban a trabajadores sexuales de vecindarios de bajo nivel socioeconómico que se encontraban con sus clientes en prostíbulos reconocidos o en la calle. Resultó más probable que los trabajadores sexuales utilizaran preservativos con regularidad en el año 2000 que en 1997 (odds ratio (OR) = 1,4, p = 0,05). Los trabajadores sexuales que hablaban sobre preservativos con sus parejas o amantes los utilizaban con regularidad con todos sus clientes más que aquello que no hablaban sobre el tema (OR = 1,3, p = 0,10). Conocer las ventajas de los preservativos ejercía una influencia positiva en la regularidad del uso. Las trabajadoras sexuales que comunicaron utilizar preservativos para evitar el embarazo o las ETS los utilizaban regularmente con todos los clientes más que las que no lo hacían (OR = 1,2 y 1,3 respectivamente, p = 0,10). El origen de los preservativos es un factor importante para predecir la regularidad de uso. Los trabajadores sexuales que compraban preservativos en establecimientos sanitarios o en prostíbulos los utilizaban con mayor regularidad que los que no lo hacían (ambos OR = 1,3, p = 0,10, y p = 0,05, respectivamente). La autoeficacia ejerció un efecto positivo en la regularidad de uso de preservativos. Los trabajadores sexuales que comunicaron que utilizaban preservativos incluso si los clientes ofrecían pagar más para mantener relaciones sin protección los utilizaban regularmente con todos los clientes más que aquellos que no lo hacían (OR = 1,8, p = 0,001). Los resultados sugieren que tener conocimientos y conciencia sobre las ventajas de utilizar preservativos se relaciona positivamente con su uso. Los trabajadores sexuales que respondieron afirmativamente a las cuatro conductas investigadas utilizaban preservativos con mayor regularidad que aquellos que respondieron negativamente a todas las conductas (OR = 1,6, p = 0,01). A fin de incrementar la regularidad en el uso de preservativos y evitar el aumento de la incidencia del VIH/SIDA y de otras ETS, las intervenciones programáticas deben utilizar el modo más eficiente para brindar información de calidad y ofrecer a los trabajadores sexuales capacitación reiterada sobre cómo negociar el uso de preservativos y cómo utilizarlos. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CONDOM USE | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 289683 |
| 4. Title: Close out report: Special Objective 596-003 and Strategic Objective 596-008, 1996-2002. Enhanced Central American Capacity to Respond to the HIV / AIDS Crisis. Author: Academy for Educational Development [AED]. Proyecto Acción SIDA de Centroamérica [PASCA]; Population Services International [PSI] Source: [Washington, D.C.], AED, PASCA, 2004 Feb. [19] p. Abstract: The goal of the Central American HIV/AIDS Program for strategy period 1995-2001 and continued in 2002 was: "Enhanced Central American capacity to respond to the HIV crisis." The Program strengthened the capabilities of Central American organizations to deliver effective HIV/AIDS services, provided technical and financial assistance for strategic alliance building and proactive information dissemination for advocacy and policy dialogue, offered technical assistance and funding for community-based program planning in municipalities with rapidly growing epidemics and where mobile populations converge, and strengthened local capacity through training, targeting technical assistance, and facilitating the exchange of experiences, information, skills and resources across countries. It worked with regional groups such as Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) and Asociación para la Salud Integral y Ciudadanía de América Latina (ASICAL) to facilitate a more favorable political-regulatory environment. The Program also supported a regional condom social marketing (CSM) effort which emphasized behavior change in high-risk groups and improved condom access/availability through affordable pricing and distribution through multiple channels and outlets. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | EVALUATION REPORT | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | IMPLEMENTATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 278720 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Never the twain shall meet? Women's organisations and trade unions in the maquila industry in Central America. Author: Prieto M; Quinteros C Source: Development in Practice. 2004 Feb;14(1-2):149-157. Abstract: The garment and textile factories and assembly plants in the Central American free trade zones, or maquila industo; have given rise to new actors on the labour scene, as women's organisations and local monitoring groups now work alongside the traditional trade union sector Furthermore, some of these new organisations are linked to networks based elsewhere, mainly in the USA and Europe, and are actively involved in transnational campaigns to improve working conditions in the maquila. To date, attempts between trade unions and these new labour actors to collaborate have been disappointing and often characterised by conflict. Challenging the idea that trade unions and NGOs are in competition for the same limited 'space', by looking at the relations between trade unions and women's organisations, this paper asks whether such conflicts are inevitable, and suggests ways in which the two kinds of organisation could work together to improve the conditions of workers in Central America. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR UNIONS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | INDUSTRY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Organizations | Macroeconomic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 191719 |
6.  Title: Eradicating stigma against Central American CSWs. Author: Rudne T Source: AIDSLink. 2004 Nov 1;(88):[3] p.. [3] p. Abstract: In Central America, high-risk groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM) and commercial sex workers (CSWs) face discriminatory attitudes and practices that significantly increase their chances of contracting HIV, and reduce their likelihood of obtaining treatment. The marginalization of these groups not only increases their own vulnerability to HIV infection, but endangers the general population in the region, as well. In response, the Pan American Social Marketing Organization (PASMO), the Central American affiliate of nonprofit Population Services International (PSI), launched a project in 2001 with support from the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) to reduce discrimination against CSWs and MSM. The project was completed in early 2004, and the results demonstrate the importance of incorporating discrimination reduction components in HIV prevention projects, both with vulnerable populations and the perpetrators of abuse. The discrimination suffered by MSM and CSWs results in societal and economic isolation and threatens their physical and psychological health. An overwhelming majority have suffered from abuse — an average of 56 percent of MSM who participated in the project and 70 percent of CSW participants stated on activity post-tests that their rights had been violated. Police officers, strangers, family members and colleagues/clients were among the most common perpetrators of abuse, according to the post-tests. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV | SEX BEHAVIOR | FEMALE CONDOMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 280258 |
| 7. Title: Final report. Mother and Child Health Services Project Santiago de María (AmeriCares Family Clinic). [Informe final. Proyecto de servicios de salud materna e infantil en Santiago de María (AmeriCares Family Clinic)] Author: Serpa M; Galdamez R; Quijano A; Echeverri M; Farnswarth P Source: [Stamford, Connecticut], AmeriCares Foundation, [2004]. 14 p. (USAID Award No. 519-A-00-01-00213-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACD-245) Abstract: This report summarizes AmeriCares’ implementation of USAID - AmeriCares Agreement in the town of Santiago de María, State of Usulután, El Salvador, Central America. The agreement, signed September the 27th 2001, concluded the 30th of September 2004. The project, anticipated improving access to primary health care for the inhabitants of Santiago de María and surrounding areas though the construction of an ambulatory outpatient Clinic. AmeriCares initial role was to build and equip the Clinic and hand it to a local NGO. When the construction phase was almost finalized (March 2003) it became clear that further involvement of AmeriCares was needed to optimize the initial investment and secure future resources. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Este informe resume la implementación del Acuerdo AmeriCares de la Agencia Estadounidense para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) en la ciudad de Santiago de María, estado de Usulután, El Salvador, América Central. El acuerdo, firmado el 27 de septiembre de 2001, concluyó el 30 de septiembre de 2004. El proyecto, buscaba mejorar el acceso a la atención médica primaria para los habitantes de Santiago de María y de las zonas aledañas a través de la construcción de una clínica de consultorios externos. El papel inicial de AmeriCares fue construir y equipar la clínica y entregarla a ONG locales. Cuando la fase de construcción estaba casi finalizada en marzo de 2003, resultó evidente que se requería una participación mayor de AmeriCares para optimizar la inversión inicial y asegurar los recursos futuros. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | EMERGENCY SERVICES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | IMPLEMENTATION | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 286385 |
| 8. Title: Countries of Central America need to invest more in HIV / AIDS prevention. [Los países de Centroamérica necesitan invertir más en la prevención de la infección por el VIH y el sida] Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2003;14(6):436-439. Abstract: Four of the six countries in Latin America with the highest HIV prevalence rates among adults are in Central America, where the epidemic threatens to run out of control unless prevention efforts are intensified, according to report issued in October 2003 by the World Bank. The report was produced in conjunction with the Third Central American Congress on Sexually Transmitted Diseases/HIV/ AIDS, which was held 13–17 October in Panama. Among the countries of Latin America, Belize, Honduras, Panama, and Guatemala were four of the six nations with the highest HIV prevalence levels as of the end of 2001. “The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Central America is increasingly serious, and although the epidemic continues to be concentrated in high-risk populations, it is becoming generalized in some countries,” said Jane Armitage, the World Bank’s Director for Central America. “Fortunately, we are still on time. Prevention is the key.” (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | CONDOM USE | SOCIAL MARKETING | HEALTH EDUCATION | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Behavior | Biology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marketing | Education Document Number: 191407 |
| 9. Title: Gender, health, and development in the Americas, 2003. Author: Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]. Gender and Health Unit; Population Reference Bureau [PRB]. International Programs Department Source: Washington, D.C., PAHO, 2003. [12] p Abstract: Around the world, efforts to reduce poverty and enhance development have had greater success where women and men have relatively equal opportunities. In much of Latin America, however, women’s low social status, poor health, and subordination to men persist. Governments in the region increasingly acknowledge the need to promote gender equity in health and other aspects of development, but the data to monitor disparities between men and women and progress in closing the gaps have not been readily available. This data sheet profiles gender differences in health and development in 48 countries in the Americas, focusing on women’s reproductive health, access to key health services, and major causes of death. Its objective is to raise awareness of gender inequities in the region and to promote the use of sex-disaggregated health statistics for policies and programs. This effort is consistent with the United Nations. Millennium Development Goals, adopted by 189 member countries at the UN Millennium Summit (2000), which focus on achieving measurable improvements in people’s lives, including greater gender equality. The data sheet also provides basic population and development indicators and information on other factors that influence health, including education, employment, political participation, and risk factors. Staff of the Pan American Health Organization and the Population Reference Bureau compiled this information using data from official national sources as well as data collected by specialized international agencies. This data sheet provides basic information for identifying sex differences in these areas, which can serve as a first step for conducting a gender analysis of health. As more data disaggregated by sex and socioeconomic status become available, future editions of this publication will fill in the gaps in gender equity and health information. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S STATUS | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 275459 |
| 10. Title: Country profile: HIV / AIDS. Central America. [Perfil nacional: VIH /SIDA. América central] Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Global Health; TvT Global Health and Development Strategies. Synergy Project Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Global Health, 2003 Apr. [4] p. Abstract: HIV/AIDS is a severe problem in Central America. Increased mobility along the region’s highways and industrial corridors has exacerbated the spread of the epidemic. Central America has a history of intraregional and extraregional migration due to civil unrest, demand for seasonal labor, more open border policies, improved regional transportation routes, and proximity to the United States. The unstable economic environment provoked by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, combined with uneven growth and employment prospects in individual countries, have further increased mobility. Despite increased awareness of HIV/AIDS, senior policymakers outside of the health sector in many Central American countries have not yet integrated HIV/AIDS prevention into ongoing policy and programmatic activities, which has restricted the effectiveness of national and donor programs. The USAID Central America regional HIV/AIDS program focuses its efforts on the countries of Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Belize, and Costa Rica. According to UNAIDS, prevalence is highest in Belize (2 percent adult prevalence), followed by Honduras (1.6 percent adult prevalence), Panama (1.5 percent adult prevalence), Guatemala (1.0 percent adult prevalence), El Salvador and Costa Rica (0.6 percent adult prevalence), and Nicaragua (0.2 percent adult prevalence). Outside of Honduras, where the epidemic has grown steadily since 1992, AIDS cases in other Central American countries have only recently been recognized. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: El VIH/SIDA es un grave problema en América Central. El aumento de movilidad a lo largo de las carreteras y los corredores industriales de la región ha exacerbado la diseminación de la epidemia. América Central tiene antecedentes de migración dentro y fuera de la región debido a los conflictos civiles, la demanda de mano de obra estacional, la mayor flexibilidad de las políticas de frontera, el mejoramiento de las rutas de transporte regionales, y la proximidad con Estados Unidos. Otros factores, como la inestabilidad económica provocada por el huracán Mitch en 1998, en combinación con la desigualdad del crecimiento y de las perspectivas de empleo en los diferentes países, también han contribuido a intensificar la movilidad. A pesar de que la conciencia con respecto al VIH/SIDA se ha incrementado, los principales responsables de formular políticas en el sector de la salud en muchos países de la región todavía no han integrado la prevención de la epidemia en las políticas y las actividades programáticas vigentes, en consecuencia, la eficacia de los programas nacionales y de donantes se ha visto restringida. El Programa Regional de VIH/SIDA para América Central de la Agencia Estadounidense para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, U.S. Agency for International Development)centra su accionar en los países de Honduras, Guatemala, Panamá, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Belice y Costa Rica. Según datos provenientes de ONUSIDA, la mayor prevalencia se registra en Belice (2 por ciento de prevalencia entre los adultos), seguido por Honduras (1,6), Panamá (1,5), Guatemala (1,0 ), El Salvador y Costa Rica (0,6), y Nicaragua (0,2). Con excepción de Honduras, donde se ha observado una crecimiento constante de la epidemia desde 1992, sólo recientemente se han reconocido los casos de SIDA en otros países de América Central. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | USAID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries Document Number: 281594 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Safe motherhood: the FIGO initiative. Author: Benagiano G; Thomas B Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 Sep;82(3):263-274. Abstract: Over the last twenty years the international community—realizing that the tragedy of women dying during pregnancy and in childbirth could no longer be tolerated—launched a series of initiatives aimed at making safe motherhood a cornerstone of health services in all countries. Making pregnancy and delivery safe events is particularly complex, as it involves infrastructural and logistic, as well as technical, issues. Women die because they have no access to skilled personnel during pregnancy and at the time of delivery and because—if an emergency situation arises—they cannot reach a facility where emergency obstetric services are available. FIGO, the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology—as the only global organization representing the Obstetricians of the world—decided some time ago that it could not limit its activities to proposing technical guidelines and debating scientific issues. It had to move into the field and, through its affiliated societies, help change the ability of the multitude of women in the developing world to obtain skilled attendance at birth. In 1997, plans were made to launch activities in five areas where maternal mortality was particularly high: Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador), Ethiopia, Mozambique, Pakistan, and Uganda. Five member societies from the developed world (the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada, the Italian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of the United Kingdom; and the Swedish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology) agreed to provide support to their counterparts in these five selected areas. The project is now in its final stage. Results are, by and large, positive, demonstrating that, by motivating health professionals in the field and for a relatively modest financial outlay, more efficient use of existing services could be made in a sustainable fashion to save lives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | AFRICA | ASIA | AMERICAS | EUROPE | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | ACTION RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | PHYSICIANS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | CHILDBIRTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | EMERGENCY SERVICES | MATERNAL HEALTH | COMPLICATIONS | STATISTICS | South America | Latin America | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Surgery | Treatment | Diseases Document Number: 187524 |
| 12. Title: Understanding and responding to HIV / AIDS-related stigma and stigma-discrimination in the health sector. [Comprensión y respuesta al estigma y la discriminación del sector de salud en relación con el VIH/SIDA] Author: Foreman M; Lyra P; Breinbauer C Source: Washington, D.C., Pan American Health Organization [PAHO], 2003. 56 p. Abstract: This review aims to contribute to deeper understanding of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in the health services. It does so firstly through an analysis of the components of the phenomenon, how they relate and where gaps in knowledge exist; secondly by comparing studies of stigma and discrimination and projects designed to reduce their incidence and impact; and thirdly by outlining strategies for a comprehensive response. The perspective is global, but this publication makes extensive references to Latin America and the Caribbean. Two broad conclusions can be drawn. The first is that while there is general agreement as to the existence and form of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, many aspects of the phenomenon are poorly understood. The issue is complex and the underlying components are often poorly distinguished, defined differently by different researchers and frequently studied without appropriate reference to the broader context. This makes it difficult to compare results of studies, provide a comprehensive analysis and discern prevailing trends. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: El objeto de esta reseña es contribuir a una comprensión más profunda del estigma y la discriminación asociados al VIH/SIDA en los servicios de salud. Se vale, en primera instancia, del análisis de los componentes del fenómeno, su forma de relación y los puntos sobre los que no se cuenta con suficiente información; en segundo lugar, comparando estudios sobre el estigma y la discriminación con proyectos diseñados para reducir su incidencia e impacto; y, por último, esbozando estrategias para una respuesta integral. Si bien la perspectiva es mundial, esta publicación se refiere en detalle a América Latina y el Caribe. Pueden extraerse dos conclusiones generales. La primera es que aunque existe acuerdo general en torno a la existencia y la forma del estigma y la discriminación asociados al VIH/SIDA, muchos aspectos del fenómeno apenas se comprenden. El problema es complejo y los componentes subyacentes con frecuencia son difusos, responden a distintas definiciones de diferentes investigadores y se estudian sin una referencia adecuada al contexto más amplio. En consecuencia resulta difícil comparar los resultados de los estudios, proveer un análisis completo y discernir las tendencias prevalentes. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | CARIBBEAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MEASUREMENT | IMPACT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | LEGISLATION | Developing Countries | Americas | South America | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Social Problems | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Education | Evaluation Document Number: 191386 |
| 13. Title: Gaining ground. Author: Frasca T Source: Conscience. 2003 Summer;26(2):22-24. Abstract: Despite worsening economic inequality, political upheaval and the weight of a highly activist Catholic hierarchy, activists in Latin America have won several battles to establish and defend sexual and reproductive rights. Polls consistently indicate that on these issues the peoples of the continent ate increasingly remote from recalcitrant ecclesiastical leaders and ahead of their own timid governments; consistently, decisive majorities favor full access to birth control, sex education and safe abortion in certain circumstances. But Latin America is still recovering from decades of brutal dictatorship during the 1970s and 1980s that crushed social organization and undermined the capacity of these majorities to turn their wishes into policy. The ongoing "democratic deficit" hinders the provision of adequate services in a variety of ways, from the arrest and incarceration of women who seek abortions in Chile to the intimidation of doctors in Central America or the outlandish judicial attempt in Argentina to wipe out birth control with the stroke of a pen. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SOUTH AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | CATHOLICISM | CONTRACEPTION | IUD | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | STATISTICS | Americas | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Human Rights | Christianity | Religion | Contraceptive Methods | Research Methodology Document Number: 181113 Notification |
| 14. Title: Sustaining the benefits: a field guide for sustaining reproductive and child health services. Author: Kahn AA; Hare L Source: Washington, D.C., Centre for Development and Population Activities [CEDPA], [2003]. [14], 183 p. (CEDPA Training Manual SeriesUSAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00009-00) Abstract: Welcome to Sustaining the Benefits: A Field Guide for Sustaining Reproductive and Child Health Services. This guide is a reference for nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders, board members and program managers who wish to build enduring community-based programs. It explains the term “sustainability” and accompanies readers through a process of transforming that understanding into organizational action. Although it can stand alone, users of the guide may find it useful to explore the sustainability concepts in a workshop setting. CEDPA has prepared a companion piece to the guide, called Reproductive Health Awareness: A Wellness, Self-Care Approach, as part of its quality of care series. Using the two manuals together allows NGOs to share experiences and ideas during a participatory workshop while having a reference that provides more depth on the topics covered. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | MANUAL | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MARKETING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | South America | Latin America | Americas | Organizations | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Programs | Communication | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Economic Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 188706 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: A cluster randomized trial of a sex education programme in Belize, Central America. Author: Martiniuk AL; O'Connor KS; King WD Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;32:131-136. Abstract: Background: Concerns about adverse consequences of early childbearing and risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have renewed interest in the sexual behaviour of adolescents in developing countries, where they represent a large proportion of the population and are at highest risk. To date, little is known about the sexual knowledge of adolescents in developing countries. This study’s primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a responsible sexuality education programme (RSP) in changing knowledge associated with sex and sexuality; secondary objectives were to evaluate changes in attitudes and behavioural intent. Methods: A cluster randomized design randomizing high school classes in Belize City. Subjects were 13–19 years old. Results: Seven schools in Belize City were selected; 8 classrooms were randomized to the intervention arm and 11 classrooms to the control arm (N = 399). The intervention was associated with two more correct answers on the post-test (difference score was 2.22 points, 95% CI = 0.53, 3.91) after adjusting for gender and previous sexual experience. After controlling for gender and previous sexual experience, the intervention was associated with no change in the attitudes (0.06, 95% CI: –2.89, 2.82) or behavioural intent domains (0.84, 95% CI: –1.12, 2.46). Conclusions: Greater changes in knowledge were observed in the intervention group than in the control group following the intervention. Changes were not observed for the attitude or behavioural intent domains. These results and the results of similar studies may be used to further improve sex education programmes as it is imperative that students have access to the information necessary to make informed decisions regarding their sexual health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BELIZE | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX EDUCATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | CHANGES | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change Document Number: 178213 |
| 16. Title: Comprehensive care and support services assessment in five Central American countries. Summary version. [Evaluación de la atención integrada y los servicios de apoyo en cinco países de América Central. Resumen] Author: Mordt OV; Aragon M; Wheeler D; Delaney MG Source: Washington, D.C., TvT Global Health and Development Strategies, Synergy Project, 2003 Aug. [22] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-99-00005-00) Abstract: This document is a summarized version of a thorough needs assessment of comprehensive care and support for HIV/AIDS in Central America. The assessment was conducted by the United States Agency for International Development Guatemala- Central American Program (USAID/G–CAP) in five countries (Honduras, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua) during a three-week period in October and November of 2002. Some of the needs identified during the assessment now serve as a basis for the design of activities to be supported by USAID/G–CAP during the next four years. The full-length version of this document contains numerous annexes with detailed information on the current response to HIV/AIDS in the region, with a special focus on care and support issues. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: El presente documento es un resumen de una evaluación exhaustiva de las necesidades observadas en el campo de la atención integrada y los servicios de apoyo del VIH/SIDA en América Central. La evaluación estuvo a cargo del Programa para Guatemala y América Central de la Agencia Estadounidense para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID/G-CAP, United States Agency for International Development Guatemala- Central American Program) en cinco países (Honduras, Panamá, El Salvador, Guatemala y Nicaragua) durante un período de tres semanas en octubre y noviembre de 2002. Algunas de las necesidades identificadas durante la evaluación constituyen en la actualidad los fundamentos para el diseño de actividades que recibirán el respaldo del Programa durante los próximos cuatro años. La versión completa de este documento contiene numerosos anexos con información detallada sobre la respuesta actual sobre VIH/SIDA en la región, con especial énfasis en temas de atención y apoyo. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | USAID | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | CAPACITY BUILDING | QUALITY OF LIFE | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Government Agencies | Organizations | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | HIV | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Program Sustainability | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 281645 |
| 17. Title: PAHO fighting AIDS [letter] Author: Periago MR Source: Lancet. 2003 Oct 4;362(9390):1157. Abstract: Sir—In your July 19 Editorial (p 179), you write: “. . . no international organisation has so far stepped forward to assume responsibility for controlling HIV at the country level.” This statement is incorrect. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SOUTH AMERICA | MEXICO | PAHO | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | WHO | UNAIDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Americas | Latin America | North America | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Programs | Organization and Administration | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 187996 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of female and male condom use among immigrant women of Central American descent. Author: Salabarria-Pena Y; Lee JW; Montgomery SB; Hopp HW; Muralles AA Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2003 Jun;7(2):163-174. Abstract: This study was designed to determine factors that influence female and male condom use among Central American women, applying the theory of planned behavior. A cross-sectional design was employed and a sample of 175 Central American women, 18–50 years old, was recruited from a community-based clinic in Los Angeles County. Participants in this study were interviewed face-to-face. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 41% and 45% of the variation in the intention to use male and female condoms, respectively. Respondents’ friends and mothers influenced their subjective norms. Beliefs regarding sexual sensation and sexually transmitted infection/pregnancy prevention affected respondents’ attitudes toward condoms. Trust issues were also a major factor affecting attitudes toward female condoms. Condom use and sex negotiation skills predicted control over condoms. Results of this study can be used to design HIV/AIDS prevention programs that help women feel control over condom use and their sexual behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | HISPANICS | WOMEN | CONDOM USE | MEN | FEMALE CONDOMS | IMMIGRANTS | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 179996 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual violence and the obstetrician / gynecologist. [Violencia sexual y papel del obstetra/ginecólogo] Author: Uribe-Elias R Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 Sep;82(3):425-433. Abstract: Sexual violence is a pathological entity that requires urgent attention. The gynecologist/obstetrician (G/O), as a medical professional in charge of women’s health, especially as it pertains to women’s reproductive organs, should become an active agent in the management of the sociomedical processes that constitute sexual violence. The results of a survey conducted in Mexico on the opinions and practices of G/Os regarding violence against women— especially sexual violence—are reported. It is necessary to sensitize and train G/Os and other physicians in bioethics, and to look for formal support of such activities in the legislative branch of government. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La violencia sexual es una entidad patológica que requiere atención urgente. El ginecólogo/obstetra o el tocoginecólogo (G/O), como profesional a cargo de la salud de la mujer, especialmente en lo concerniente a sus órganos reproductivos, debe participar activamente en el manejo de los procesos socioclínicos que constituyen violencia sexual. Se informan los resultados de una encuesta realizada en México sobre las opiniones y prácticas de los ginecólogos y obstetras en relación con la violencia contra la mujer. Es necesario sensibilizar y capacitar a estos profesionales y a otros médicos en temas bioéticos, y buscar el apoyo formal de estas actividades en la rama legislativa del gobierno. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADULTS | WOMEN | PHYSICIANS | VIOLENCE | RAPE | ETHICS | GYNECOLOGY | EDUCATION | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | North America | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 187532 |
| 20. Title: Central America reaffirms commitment to immunization goals. [América Central reafirma su compromiso con las metas de inmunización] Source: EPI Newsletter. 2002 Apr;24(2):8. Abstract: During the last meeting of the health sector of Central America and the Dominican Republic (RESSCAD) held August of 2001, in Nicaragua, health ministers unanimously endorsed an agreement that keeps national immunization programs in the sub-region as a high priority within the countries' national health agenda (Agreement XVII RESSCAD-NIC-1). The Agreement states that the measles situation and that of poliomyelitis due to a vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 outbreak in the Dominican Republic and Haiti between 2000-2001, underline the risk of polio and measles virus introduction in the sub-region. Furthermore, analyses of vaccination coverage data and of epidemiological surveillance indicators underscore the need to review and strengthen the activities of the sub-region's immunization programs. Health ministers agreed to work with the Pan American Health Organization in the development of a sub-regional Plan of Action that would include enhanced monitoring of vaccination coverage at the municipal level, the evaluation of national epidemiological surveillance systems of vaccine preventable diseases, and the active search of cases. It was also agreed that the topic of immunization be part of the RESSCAD agenda on a permanent basis. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Durante la última Reunión del Sector de Salud de Centroamérica y la República Dominicana (RESSCAD) realizada en Nicaragua en agosto de 2001, los Ministros de Salud refrendaron unánimemente un acuerdo que asigna a los programas de inmunización nacional en la subregión una alta prioridad dentro de la agenda sanitaria nacional de los países (Acuerdo XVII RESSCAD-NIC-1). El acuerdo establece que la situación del sarampión y de la poliomielitis causada por el brote de un poliovirus tipo 1 derivado de vacunas en la República Dominicana y Haití entre 2000 y 2001, subraya el riesgo de introducción del virus del sarampión en la subregión. Además, el análisis de los datos de cobertura de la vacuna y de los indicadores de vigilancia epidemiológica destaca la necesidad de revisar e intensificar las actividades de los programas de inmunización en la subregión. Los Ministros de Salud acordaron trabajar con la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en la elaboración de un Plan de acción subregional que incluirá una mejor supervisión de la cobertura de vacunación a nivel municipal, la evaluación de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica nacional de las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación y la búsqueda activa de casos. Asimismo, se acordó que la inmunización se adopte como tema permanente en la agenda de la RESSCAD. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CHILD HEALTH | IMMUNIZATION | GOALS | IMPLEMENTATION | HEALTH POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Planning | Organization and Administration | Programs | Policy Document Number: 168909 |
| 21. Title: Cross-learning: sharing experiences of a rubella campaign. [Aprendizaje transversal: intercambio de experiencias de una campaña contra la rubéola] Source: EPI Newsletter. 2002 Feb;24(1):6-7. Abstract: Following new recommendations from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Costa Rican ministry of health carried out a one-month National Immunization Campaign against rubella and measles that targeted men and women between the ages of 15-39 years, regardless of their immunization status. In order to learn from Costa Rica’s experience, PAHO convened the managers of national immunization programs of all Central American countries for a 2-day session. Costa Rica's entire inter-sectoral team involved in the planning and organization of the campaign presented at the workshop. Participants also visited health establishments at various levels of the health system to review the technical and managerial aspects that arose during the campaign. At the end of the workshop, several plans were outlined for rubella control and prevention. Spanish Abstract: Siguiendo las nuevas recomendaciones de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica realizó una Campaña Nacional de Inmunización contra la rubéola y el sarampión de un mes de duración. Ésta estaba dirigida a los hombres y mujeres entre los 15 y 39 años de edad, sin importar su estado de inmunización. Para poder aprender de la experiencia costarricense, la OPS reunió a los administradores de los programas nacionales de inmunización de todos los países centroamericanos para una sesión de dos días. El equipo intersectorial costarricense completo involucrado en la planificación y organización de la campaña hizo una presentación en el taller. Los participantes también visitaron los establecimientos de salud de varios niveles del sistema de salud para revisar los aspectos administrativos que se presentaron durante la campaña. Al final del taller, se delinearon varios planes para la prevención y el control de la rubéola. Language: English Keywords: COSTA RICA | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WORKSHOPS | RUBELLA | IMMUNIZATION | CAMPAIGNS | PAHO | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | South America | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | WHO | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 168039 |
| 22. Title: Gender and the environment: reflections from Central America. Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2002. 3 p. Abstract: This article presents excerpts from an interview with Cristina Espinosa and Lorena Aguilar from the Social Policy Program of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Espinosa and Aguilar explained how gender intersects with conservation and environmental issues. The work of IUCN in Central America was also highlighted, specifically in its efforts to elicit policy declarations from several regional governments on gender and the environment. Each of these statements outlines the commitment of environment ministries to promote gender equity and provides the basis for a more concrete action plan. As a result of these policy statements, gender units were created within their environmental ministries. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | GENDER ISSUES | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Natural Resources | Environment | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 167940 |
| 23. Title: Ipas: Central America. Author: Ipas Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina], Ipas, 2002. [2] p. Abstract: The six Spanish-speaking countries of Central America have the most restrictive environment related to women's rights in the western hemisphere. Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama have scarce maternal and reproductive health services, high maternal mortality, limited reproductive choices and a great risk from unsafe abortion. This document describes Ipas activities to address these issues. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | PROGRESS REPORT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | ABORTION | Developing Countries | South America | Latin America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 172305 Notification |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Transmission intensity and the patterns of Onchocerca volvulus infection in human communities. Author: Basanez MG; Collins RC; Porter CH; Little MP; Brandling-Bennett D Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 Dec;67(6):669-679. Abstract: We focus on possible constraints upon Onchocerca volvulus establishment in humans in relation to exposure rates to infective larvae (L3) as measured by the annual transmission potential (ATP). We use mathematical and statistical modeling of pre-control west African (savanna), Mexican, and Guatemalan data to explore two hypotheses relating human infection to transmission intensity: microfilarial (mf) loads either saturate with increasing ATP or become (asymptotically) proportional to the ATP. The estimated proportion of L3 developing into adult worms ranged from 7% to 0.3% (low and high intensity areas, respectively). Relationships between mf prevalence and both mf and transmission intensity were nonlinear and statistically similar between west Africa (Simulium damnosum s.l.) and Meso America (S. ochraceum s.l.). This similarity extended to the relationship between mf intensity and ATP. The critical biting rates for onchocerciasis introduction and persistence (which depended on vector competence and host preference), were approximately 10-fold higher in settings where onchocerciasis is transmitted by S. ochraceum than in those where the vector is S. damnosum. A role for focal vector control in Mexico and Guatemala, in addition to nodulectomy and ivermectin, is suggested. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | BURKINA FASO | COTE D'IVOIRE | MEXICO | GUATEMALA | AFRICA, WESTERN | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ONCHOCERCIASIS | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | TRANSMISSION | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | South America | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Studies | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Health | Measurement Document Number: 184940 |
| 25. Title: Mobile populations in Central America and vulnerability to HIV -- focus on women. Author: Bronfman M; Negroni M; Flores RL; Dreser A; Ceballero M Source: A & M News. 2002 Oct;(4):9-10. Abstract: This article describes the results of a research project in Central America and Mexico, with a special focus on female migrants and mobile sex workers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ACTION RESEARCH | SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | MIGRATION | MIGRANTS | WOMEN | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Biology Document Number: 176497 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Better cervical cancer screening needed. Il faut améliorer le dépistage du cancer du col de l'utérus. Author: Brown B; Althaus FA Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2002 Mar;28(1):5. Abstract: Cervical cancer screening programs in developing countries, when they exist, are generally ineffective, according to a review of programs in South and Central America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Of the 231,000 women who die annually of cervical cancer, four-fifths live in developing countries. The authors argued that the risk of disease and death for women with precancerous lesions is high even in developing countries where screening programs exists because of poor quality of the tests, and the inadequacy and inefficiency of screening. Hence, the researchers suggest that low-income developing countries should begin improving their capacity to diagnose and treat cervical cancer precursors before planning even a limited screening program. Lastly, they recommend against conducting annual screening across wide age range in middle-income countries. French Abstract: Les programmes de dépistages du cancer du col, dans les pays en voie de développement, quand ils existent, sont généralement inefficaces, selon une revue de programmes en Amérique Centrale et du Sud , en Afrique Subsaharienne, et en Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est. Des 231 000 femmes qui meurent chaque année de cancer du col, quatre cinquièmes sont des pays en voie de développement. Les auteurs déclarent que le risque de maladie et de décès pour les femmes, avec des lésions précancéreuses, est élevé, même dans les pays en voie de développement où les programmes de dépistage existent; et ce à cause de la pauvre qualité des tests et de l'insuffisance et de l'inefficacité du dépistage. Ainsi, les chercheurs suggèrent que les pays en voie de développement à faible revenu doivent commencer à améliorer leur capacité de diagnostiquer et traiter les signes précurseurs des cancers du col avant de planifier un programme de dépistage, même limité. Enfin, ils recommandent par contre de mener un dépistage annuel auprès d'une large tranche d'âge dans les pays à revenu moyen. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | ASIA, SOUTHERN | CERVICAL CANCER | SCREENING | HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Latin America | Americas | Africa | Asia | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 169015 |
| 27. Title: Migrant street children on the rise in Central America. Author: Collymore Y Source: Population Today. 2002 Feb-Mar;30(2):1, 4-5. Abstract: Natural disasters, economic crises, and poverty are contributing to a rise in the number of migrant street children in Latin America, where approximately 90 million children already live in poverty. The numbers of displaced children are especially high in Nicaragua and Honduras, following the devastation by Hurricane Mitch. Often, these young migrants leave home to escape poverty, hoping to find better opportunities in urban areas of the US or other countries. Yet, often these children end up living in the streets. The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates that about 100 million children are living in the streets worldwide, where they are exposed to various dangers such as prostitution, child trafficking, physical/sexual abuse and murder. They are also vulnerable to become engaged in crimes, drug and alcohol abuse. Problems concerning migrant streetchildren have caused organizations and groups to take steps alleviating their socioeconomic conditions. However, the challenge continues in translating international treaties into actions to improve children's lives. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHILD | MIGRANTS | STREET KIDS | CHILD CARE | POVERTY | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 165264 |
| 28. Title: The presence of standards in AIDS / HIV human rights in Mexico and Central America. 1993-2000. Los derechos humanos en las normas sobre el VIH / SIDA en México y Centroamérica. 1993-2000. Author: Cuadra-Hernández SM; Leyva-Flores R; Hernández-Rosete D; Bronfman-Pertzovsky MN Source: Salud Pública de México. 2002 Nov-Dec;44(6):508-518. Abstract: The objective was to analyze the inclusion of human rights in HIV/AIDS norms in Mexico and Central America for the 1993-2000 period. Norms and regulations for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in this region were analyzed. A constructivist perspective of judiciary subsystems and human rights was used as a reference framework, to establish categories of analysis with significance codes based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. During the study period, human rights were included within a vigorous legislative activity for HIV/AIDS transmission prevention. In some cases (as in the Panama Law and the Honduras Proposal) there were passages of law violating the right to non-discrimination and privacy. These laws lead to either of two conflicting paths: one ensuring human rights, and another increasing the vulnerability of some groups. The authors emphasize the importance of gaining a new understanding of social subjects and epidemiological surveillance, based on norms that incorporate human rights issues. (author's) Spanish Abstract: EL objetivo fue analizar la inclusión de derechos humanos en las normas sobre VIH/SIDA en México y América Central para el período 1993-2000. Se analizaron las normas y regulaciones para la prevención y el control en esta región. Se utilizó una perspectiva constructivista de los subsistemas jurídicos y los derechos humanos como marco de referencia, para establecer categorías de análisis con códigos de importancia sobre la base de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos. Durante el período del estudio, los derechos humanos se incluyeron dentro de una vigorosa actividad legislativa para la prevención de la transmisión del VIH/SIDA. En algunos casos (como en la Ley de Panamá o la Propuesta de Honduras) se encontraron párrafos de la ley que violaban el derecho a la no discriminación y a la privacidad. Estas leyes condujeron a una de dos alternativas opuestas: una que asegura los derechos humanos y otra que aumenta la vulnerabilidad de algunos grupos. Los autores enfatizan la importancia de obtener una nueva comprensión de los sujetos sociales y de la vigilancia epidemiológica fundados en normas que incorporen los temas de derechos humanos. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | STANDARDS | STIGMA | LAWS AND STATUTES | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PRIVACY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Communication | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 283566 |
| 29. Title: School-age children: their nutrition and health. Author: Drake L; Maier C; Jukes M; Patrikios A; Bundy D Source: SCN News. 2002 Dec;(25):4-30. Abstract: This paper addresses the most common nutrition and health problems in turn, assessing the extent of the problem; the impact of the condition on overall development, and what programmatic responses can be taken to remedy the problem through the school sys- tern. The paper also acknowledges that an estimated 113m children of school-age are not in school, the majority of these children living in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. Poor health and nutrition that differentially affects this population is also discussed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | WORLD BANK | WHO | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ANEMIA | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | INFECTIONS | MALNUTRITION | GROWTH | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | MENTAL HEALTH | OBESITY | STATISTICS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia | South America | Americas | Health | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | UN | Schools | Education | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Child Development | Biology | Body Weight | Physiology Document Number: 183451 |
| 30. Title: Forging alliances toward a vision of sexual and reproductive rights in Central America. [Alianzas para una visión de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en América Central] Author: McNaughton HL; Catotti DN; Blandon MM; Rayas L Source: Dialogue. 2002 May;6(2):1-2. Abstract: This paper presents a review of Ipa's strategy to promote discussion of sexual and reproductive rights in three workshops that took place in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador in February 2002. Spanish Abstract: Este artículo presenta la revisión de la estrategia de Ipa para estimular el debate sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en tres talleres de trabajo que se llevaron a cabo en Nicaragua, Guatemala y El Salvador en febrero de 2002. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | EL SALVADOR | GUATEMALA | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | SUMMARY REPORT | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WORKSHOPS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | South America | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Education Document Number: 172368 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |