1.  Title: Micronutrient deficiencies in maternity and child health: a review of environmental and social context and implications for Malawi. Author: Dickinson N; Macpherson G; Hursthouse AS; Atkinson J Source: Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2009 Apr;31(2):253-72. Abstract: It is well documented that micronutrient malnutrition is of increasing concern in the developing world, resulting in poor health and high rates of mortality and morbidity. During pregnancy, deficiency of iron and zinc can produce cognitive and growth impairment of the foetus, which may continue into infancy. Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for both plant growth and human nutrition. Despite significant work in the areas of soil fertility, crop biofortification and dietary interventions, the problems of micronutrient deficiencies persist in Africa. There is a need to examine why communities have not embraced intervention strategies which may offer health benefits. Bottom-up, interdisciplinary approaches are required to effectively study the relationships between local communities and their environment, and to assess the impact their behaviour has on the cycling of micronutrients within the soil-plant-human system. From a detailed consideration of diverse influencing factors, a methodological model is suggested for studying the barriers to improving micronutrient uptake within rural communities. It combines environmental understanding with health and social factors, emphasising the need for and potential benefits of understanding and coherence in true interdisciplinary working. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | RURAL POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | INFANT NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | SOIL DEGRADATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Environmental Degradation | Environment Document Number: 341174 |
| 2. Title: Saline contamination of drinking water in Bangladesh [letter] Author: Khan A; Mojumder SK; Kovats S; Vineis P Source: Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):385. Abstract: Water-related crises are not a new problem in Bangladesh. The discovery of arsenic in drinking water was deemed "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history", threatening the lives of millions. Now Bangladesh is facing another environmental and health threat due to man-made and natural factors: increased salinity. Estimates indicate that Bangladesh has about 2.8 million hectares of land that is affected by salinity-ie, a third of the 9 million hectares of total national cultivated area, and about a fifth of the total area of Bangladesh. Saline intrusion from sea water owing to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream (partly owing to the establishment of the Farrakka Barrage on the Ganges near the border of Bangladesh) is expected to be aggravated by climate change and sea-level rises. It has already had adverse effects on crop productivity and grain production. Now it appears to be a threat to the well-being of communities who live in coastal areas of this low-lying nation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | SOIL DEGRADATION | PREECLAMPSIA | HYPERTENSION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Vascular Diseases Document Number: 324319 |
| 3. Title: Ecology of increasing diseases: Population growth and environmental degradation. Author: Pimentel D; Cooperstein S; Randell H; Filiberto D; Sorrentino S Source: Human Ecology. 2007 Dec;35(6):653-668. Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations report that the prevalence of human diseases during the past decade is rapidly increasing. Population growth and the pollution of water, air, and soil are contributing to the increasing number of human diseases worldwide. Currently an estimated 40% of world deaths are due to environmental degradation. The ecology of increasing diseases has complex factors of environmental degradation, population growth, and the current malnutrition of about 3.7 billion people in the world. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ECOLOGY | DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER QUALITY | TOXICITY | SOIL DEGRADATION | DRUG RESISTANCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Water | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 322436 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Screening of pesticide residues in soil and water samples from agriculture settings. Author: Akogbeto MC; Djouaka RF; Kinde-Gazard DA Source: Malaria Journal. 2006 Mar 24;5:[9] p.. Abstract: The role of agricultural practices in the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has so far been hypothesized without clear evidence. Many mosquito species, Anopheles gambiae in particular, lay their eggs in breeding sites located around agricultural settings. There is a probability that, as a result of farming activities, insecticide residues may be found in soil and water, where they exercise a selection pressure on the larval stage of various populations of mosquitoes. To confirm this hypothesis, a study was conducted in the Republic of Benin to assess the environmental hazards which can be generated from massive use of pesticides in agricultural settings. Lacking an HPLC machine for direct quantification of insecticide residues in samples, this investigation was performed using indirect bioassays focussed on the study of factors inhibiting the normal growth of mosquito larvae in breeding sites. The speed of development was monitored as well as the yield of rearing An. gambiae larvae in breeding sites reconstituted with water and soil samples collected in agricultural areas known to be under pesticide pressure. Two strains of An. gambiae were used in this indirect bioassay: the pyrethroid-susceptible Kisumu strain and the resistant Ladji strain. The key approach in this methodology is based on comparison of the growth of larvae in test and in control breeding sites, the test samples having been collected from two vegetable farms. Results obtained clearly show the presence of inhibiting factors on test samples. A normal growth of larvae was observed in control samples. In breeding sites simulated by using a few grams of soil samples from the two vegetable farms under constant insecticide treatments (test samples), a poor hatching rate of Anopheles eggs coupled with a retarded growth of larvae and a low yield of adult mosquitoes from hatched eggs, was noticed. Toxic factors inhibiting the hatching of anopheles eggs and the growth of larvae are probably pesticide residues from agricultural practices. Samples used during this indirect assay have been stored in the laboratory and will be analysed with HPLC techniques to confirm hypothesis of this study and to identify the various end products found in soil and water samples from agricultural settings under pesticide pressure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | PARASITES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PESTICIDES | WATER SUPPLY | SOIL DEGRADATION | Developing Countries | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 304340 |
5.  Title: Effect of heavy metal on survival of certain groups of indigenous soil microbial population. Author: Ahmad I; Hayat S; Ahmad A; Inam A; Samiullah Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):115-121. Abstract: Heavy metal pollution of soil is known to adversely effect microbial activities at elevated concentration. However, response of indigenous soil bacterial population to added heavy metal and metal combinations is poorly understood. In the present study salts of heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were added in soil under laboratory conditions with different concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/g of soil) and sufficient moisture. The microcosm were stored at 28 ± 1 oC for 28 days. Viable count of aerobic heterotrophs, asymbiotic nitrogen fixers and actinomycetes were determined at different time intervals (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of incubation) using the plate dilution method. Aerobic-heterotrophic bacterial population were more sensitive to metal groups like Ni and Cd followed by Cu, Cd, Hg, Mn, Cr and Zn. Similarly a symbiotic nitrogen fixers showed higher sensitivity to metal groups like Cd, Pb, Hg followed by Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn. Actinomycetes were found most sensitive. Metal toxicity was higher for Pb, Mn, Ni followed by Cd, Hg, Cr and least to Cu and Zn. Toxicity of heavy metal was concentration as well as time dependent. Loss of microbial diversity is evident as we move towards higher concentration of heavy metal in soil. Further, experimentation is needed to understand the genetic diversity of the sensitive and metal tolerant microbial population and metal-microbe interaction under natural condition in soil. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | METALS | SOIL DEGRADATION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | TIME FACTORS | TOXICITY | GENETICS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 296054 |
| 6. Title: Studies on the variation of macro nutrient level uptake of maize plants stem with age. Author: Akporhonor EE; Egwaikhide PA; Odilora CA Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):197-199. Abstract: Variation of macronutrient level uptake of maize plant stem was studied at three different stages of growth namely; 30, 45 and 60 days after planting. The physico-chemical characteristics of the soul supporting the growth were determined by standard methods described in the literature. Results obtained in this study show that the soil was slightly acidic and sandy loam in texture. The exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) in the soil had the mean values of 0.18meq/100g, 1.00meq/100g and 0.20meq/100g soil respectively. The effect cation exchange capacity of the soil had a mean value of 1.64meq/100g soil. The exchange acidity content had a mean value of 0.10meq/100g soul while the carbon content was (0.078%). The soil contained low levels of nitrogen (N) (0.076%) and phosphorus (P) (4.41ppm) respectively. The levels of N,P, and K in the stem wee found to decrease from second to the third stages of growth while there was slight increase for N and P from the first to the second stages of growth with K level remaining constant within period. There was a decrease in the levels of Ca, Na and Mg in the stem from the first to the second stages of growth, which tended to increase again for only Ca and Mg during the final stages of growth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | PLANTS | AGRICULTURE | TIME FACTORS | ANALYSIS | SOIL DEGRADATION | METALS | CALCIUM | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 296067 |
| 7. Title: Characteristics of soils and crops' uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria. Author: Amusan AA; Ige DV; Olawale R Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(3):167-171. Abstract: In Nigeria, soils in municipal waste dump sites commonly serve as fertile ground for the cultivation of a variety of fruits and leafy vegetables and the soils are also used as 'compost' by farmers without regards for the probable health hazards the heavy metal contents of such soils may pose. It was this concern that informed the characterization of soils and crop plants in selected dump sites in Nigeria with particular reference to the heavy metal content, and the assessment of the potential of the crops to mine and deploy heavy metals to their edible portion. The result showed that soils in municipal waste dump sites are higher in heavy metals: Zn, 63.2-102.11; Co, 36.0-132.14; Cu, 36.5-72.99; Pb, 63.58-418.58 and Cd, 17.00-47.06 µg/g and that crops growing in the dump sites bio-accumulate considerably higher metal contents than those in normal agricultural soils. It was also observed that crops differ in their ability to up-take metals. Therefore to minimize heavy metal load of soils in dump sites, sorting of wastes at source, provision of an enabling statutory regulation on waste management, and the enforcement of the compliance of such statutory regulation to be the responsibility of a unit of the Health Department, in the Local Government Council, are suggested. Those wastes that pose greater health hazards should be properly land-filled to reduce environmental pollution and /or soil degradation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | SOIL DEGRADATION | WASTE MANAGEMENT | METALS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Rural Development Document Number: 304651 |
| 8. Title: Genesis, classification and heavy metal retention potential of soils in Mangrove Forest, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Author: Amusan AA; Adeniyi IF Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(4):255-261. Abstract: Soils under the main mangrove {Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia germinans} forest in the Niger Delta, Nigeria were characterized and their capacities to retain heavy metals were examined using soil column leaching experiments. At the end of the leaching experiments, soil samples from each column were divided into two: 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, and analyzed for total metal retained. The fractionation of heavy metals in the surface soil samples (0-5 cm) was investigated by the sequential extraction technique. The study showed that the soils were influenced by tidal flow and characterized by the presence of very fine textured, thin (0 -- 5 cm) to moderately thick (10 -- 15 cm) layer of alluvium (mud) on the surface. The fibric soil material beneath the surface mud varies in thickness from about 70 to 100 cm, and beyond the histic layer is the plastic, very sticky, massive clay. In situ, the soils were neutral in reaction (pH, 7.0 to 7.2) but became strongly acid (pH, 3.3 -- 4.8) upon drying. They are saline, high in soluble salts, highly reduced, with low CEC in the fibric layer but high in the mineral, clayey subsoil horizon. The soils are saturated with water for much more than 30 days in a year and have fibre content that is more than 40-cm thick, with the fibric sphagnum constituting more than three -- fourths by volume to a depth greater than 90 cm. The soils, classified as Typic Sphagnofibrists, sequested considerable amounts of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Mn with most of the metals retained in the surface soils. The anthropogenic heavy metals were mostly adsorbed probably to the negatively charged sites of organics and clay. These loosely-bound metals may be desorbed and re-enter the aqueous phase, thus becoming a secondary source of metal pollution to the fauna and man in the environment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | TESTING | FORESTS | SOIL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | METALS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 304661 |
| 9. Title: Remediation of crude oil contaminated soil by enhanced natural attenuation technique. Author: Ebuehi OA; Abibo IB; Shekwolo PD; Sigismund KI; Adoki A Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):103-106. Abstract: The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (THUB), total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and total petroleum hydrocarbon were determined using the remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) in a crude oil contaminated farmland in Rivers state, Nigeria. A TPH concentration of 1.1004 x 10 4mg/kg of the sandy soil was achieved after spiking and tilling. There was a reduction in the TPH level from 300mg/kg after 8 weeks, to 282mg/kg after 10 weeks. No significant reduction in the TPH level was observed after the 10th week. The nitrogen and phosphorus levels of the sandy soil were 24.6 and 22.8mg/kg respectively. This suggests that the nitrogen and phosphorus levels could no longer support biodegradation at the residual TPH levels of 282mg/kg and 22.8mg/kg after spiking and tilling respectively, which further reduced to 0.12mg/kg and 1.7mg/kg respectively after 10 weeks. The total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (THUB) increased from 3.0 x 10 4 cfu/g to 8.55 x 10/4 cfu/g and finally reduced to 5.38 x 10/4 cfu/g, while the total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) reduced from 1.22 x 10/8 cfu/g to 5.98 x 10/5 cfu/g. Data of the study indicate that remediation enhanced natural attenuation technique could be employed to remediate a farm settlement contaminated by crude oil. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | TIME FACTORS | AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 296052 |
| 10. Title: Multivariate analyses of heavy metals in soils and colophospermum mopane leaves around the Selebi Phikwe nickel-copper mine and smelter / concentrator plant area, Botswana. Author: Ekosse G; Ngila JC; Forcheh N Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):177-185. Abstract: This study was conducted in order to ascertain levels of concentrations and areal distribution of heavy metals in the surface soils and vegetation around the Selebi Phikwe Ni-Cu mine and smelter/concentrator plant, Botswana. One hundred and forty samples each of soil and colophospermum mopane leaves obtained from ten sites, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique for their concentration levels of Cu, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co, Cd, Zn and Se. Data analysis was done mainly using the statistical package for social science (SPSS). Multivariate analysis was used to determine the distribution of metals within the study area. Concentration values obtained for analysed soil samples were as follows: Cd ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 ppm; Co from 1.0 to 28 ppm, Cr from 0.03 to 14 ppm; Cu from 11 to 116 ppm; Fe from 31 to 430 ppm; Ni from 19 to 120 ppm; Se from 0.01 to 0.03 ppm, and Zn from 17 to 68 ppm. The concentration values obtained for analysed mopane leaves were as follows: Cd was between 0.01 and 0.05 ppm, Co ranged from 1.0 to 28 ppm; Cr from 0.03 to 11 ppm; Cu from 4 to 116 ppm; Fe from 31 to 430 ppm; Ni from 19 to 120 ppm; Se was between 0.01 and 0.03 ppm, and Zn was between 17 and 79 ppm. In general heavy metals concentrations in both soils and vegetation depended on the site and proximity of the sampling locations to the mine. The findings of the study depicted that concentrations of heavy metals in soils and leaves of colophospermum mopane decreased with increase in distance from the mine and smelter/concentration plant. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WORKERS | METALS | SOIL DEGRADATION | COPPER | NICKEL | PLANTS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WORKPLACE | ANALYSIS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 296065 |
| 11. Title: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels from two industrial zones (Sihwa and Banwal) located in An-san city of the Korean Peninsula and their influence on lake. Author: Imran H; Kim JG; Kim KS; Park JS Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(3):63-69. Abstract: The present research investigation was aimed at monitoring the levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Korean ambient air, pine needle, and soil. Samples were collected from two large industrial zones of An-san city namely Sihwa and Banwal, both these industrial zones were further divided into major and minor zones in order to compare the levels of PAHs between the two industrial zones. Furthermore, the quality of the lake water near these two industrial zones was also monitored by analyzing water (dissolved phase, suspended solids) and sediment samples for the detection of PAHs. In this study, a high volume sampling method (HVAS-Sibata) was employed to collect airborne PAHs in both the particulate and gas phases. Hewlett Packard gas chromatographs equipped with mass spectrometer detectors (GC/MS) were used to analyze the samples. The monitoring data revealed that Sihwa major industrial zone have lower levels of PAHs in comparison to Sihwa minor industrial zone where increase levels of PAHs were observed in both the ambient air and soil samples, whereas in case of pine needle sample the PAHs levels were higher in Sihwa industrial zone. The sum of PAHs levels in ambient air from Sihwa major industrial and minor zones were found to be ranging between 50.17 ng/m3 and 96.46 ng/m3 whereas the estimated levels of PAHs from Banwal major industrial and minor zones were found to be ranging between 149.64 ng/m3 and 34.87 ng/m3 respectively. Since Banwal major industrial zone includes many sources, higher levels of PAHs were observed in almost all the samples as compared to Banwal minor industrial zone. Similarly, the level of PAHs in water and sediment samples from lake near Sihwa industrial zone showed an increase trend in dissolved and suspended solids in comparison to samples collected near Banwal industrial zone. Phenanthrene, Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene and Benzo[g,h,i]perylene showed the highest levels in both the zones. However, the levels of PAHs in sediment samples were lower near Sihwa industrial zone and vice versa, however lowest concentration of Anthracene was observed in both the zones. A detailed and thorough environmental monitoring for the presence of these toxic compounds in the environment is currently needed to set a baseline for future research. The work is still in progress to estimate the levels of PAHs from both these sites within our laboratory. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | URBAN AREAS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | WATER QUALITY | SOIL DEGRADATION | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Water Document Number: 296044 |
| 12. Title: Between man and his environment: indigenous knowledge approaches to soil fertility conservation amongst farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Author: Kolawole OD; Laogun EA Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(2):109-115. Abstract: The article identified socio-economic and ecological factors influencing the practices of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in soil fertility conservation amidst farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It specifically identified the various IKS practices used in conserving soil fertility; identified the reasons why the practices were used; determined the benefits of IKS utilisation in soil fertility conservation; and analysed the socio-economic and ecological factors influencing the use of IKS. The study was conducted using a multi-stage sampling technique to select 250 farmers in 20 communities drawn from the five administrative divisions of the State, namely: Ekiti North; Ekiti West; Ekiti East; Ekiti South; and Ekiti Central. Pretested structured and unstructured interview schedules were used to collect information from the respondents. Frequency distribution, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. Correlation and regression analyses were the inferential statistics used. The result of the inferential statistics showed that at P < 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance, there was a positive and significant correlation between IKS utilisation and socio-economic factors such as age (r = 0.260), family size (r = 0.289), religion (r = 0.132), farm size (r = 0.180); and income level (r = 0.252). Also, there existed a positive and strong association between IKS utilisation and association membership (t = 1.769) and farming scope (t = 3.741). Conversely, negative but significant relationship existed between IKS utilisation and soil (r = -0.125), vegetation (r = -0.409) and education level (r = -0.177). (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | SOIL DEGRADATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NATURAL RESOURCES | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ECOLOGY | KNOWLEDGE | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 304645 |
| 13. Title: The impact of rangeland condition and trend to the grazing resources of a semi-arid environment in Kenya. Author: Macharia PN; Ekaya WN Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(2):143-147. Abstract: A research study was conducted in Mashuru Division of Kajiado District, Kenya with the objective of analyzing the types of vegetation degradation, their causes and their influence on rangeland condition and trend. The study was conducted through remote sensing tools, ground truthing, interviews, community workshop and literature. The results of the study showed that excessive use of the woody species by humans for wood-fuel, building and fencing materials, medicine and ornamentals had led to the deterioration of the rangeland due to a loss of cover, change in plant composition and biodiversity. On the other hand, overgrazing and ecological succession of the grazing lands had led to further vegetation degradation in form of bush encroachment and thickening. These types of vegetation degradation have had an overall effect of loss of grass cover and hence loss of grazing capacity by livestock, especially cattle. The causes of vegetation decrease or increase over the last 30 years have been due to deforestation (trees and shrubs), bush encroachment and thickening , change in plant species composition and natural calamities such as droughts, wild fires and army worm invasions at various times. The overall results indicated that there has been a downward trend in range condition over the last 30 years which has affected the livestock productivity of the area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | ANIMALS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | WORKSHOPS | ECOLOGY | ENERGY SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Environment | Education Document Number: 304647 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Ecological covariates of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Author: Saathoff E; Olsen A; Kvalsvig JD; Appleton CC; Sharp B Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2005 May;10(5):412-422. Abstract: The objectives were to identify environmental factors that could serve to predict Ascaris lumbricoides infection patterns and thus guide control efforts in the absence of epidemiological information; to assess whether A. lumbricoides infection is positively associated with the soil clay content. Information on A. lumbricoides infection and re-infection in a cohort of primary schoolchildren and interview data on their socioeconomic background and behaviour were combined with environmental data using a geographical information system (GIS). Multivariate models served to explore the covariation of environmental and infection patterns adjusted for possible confounders. Prevalence maps and spatial statistics revealed considerable spatial clustering of infection in the small study area. Logistic multivariate regression models showed strong positive associations of infection with vegetation density measured as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at baseline [odds ratio (OR) for a 10% increase: 1.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.24–2.68; P = 0.002] and after re-infection (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.71–2.87; P < 0.001). We also found a strong negative association of re-infection with the sun exposure of the soil surface as estimated from digital elevation models (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.88; P < 0.001). The soil clay content was only moderately positively associated with infection and re-infection. Socioeconomic and behavioural variables, although correlated with A. lumbricoides infection, did not appear to confound the above associations in the demographically homogeneous study area. Spatial analysis of the model residuals suggested that as the models accounted for most of the spatial pattern, the model standard errors should not be affected by spatial clustering. NDVI seems to have a high potential for the prediction of A. lumbricoides infection as it was strongly associated with infection patterns in the study area. Further advantages are that NDVI information is easy to use, affordable and available with global coverage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | RISK FACTORS | PARASITIC DISEASES | PARASITE CONTROL | SOIL DEGRADATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENT | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Environmental Degradation | Economic Factors Document Number: 286759 |
| 15. Title: Health impact assessment of mangrove vegetation in an oil spilled site at the Bodo West Field in Rivers State, Nigeria. [Étude de l'impact sur la santé de la végétation de la mangrove au sein d'une zone où du pétrole a été déversé, à savoir à Bodo West Field, dans l'état de Rivers, au Nigeria] Author: Umechuruba CI Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):69-73. Abstract: A post-impact health assessment of the mangrove vegetation of Bodo West Field in Rivers State of Nigeria where three oil spillages occurred was carried out to determine any major changes from the baseline profile of the area 10yrs after spillage. The accidents resulted in the discharge of a total of 1860 barrels of crude oil, which cut fire as it spilled destroying the mangrove vegetation. Diseased plant samples were collected from infected plants at 50m intervals to a distance of 300m from the point of spillage along four transects in the East, West, North and South directions. Results of laboratory diagnosis showed that most of the plants especially plants along the South and East transects were heavily infected with necrotic leafspots caused mainly by Pesalotia and Phomopsis spp. Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia africana were the most heavily infected plants. Other genera of fungal pathogens isolated were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetonium, Colletotrichum, Dreschlera, Fusarium Macrophomina, Penicillium, Phoma and Trichoderma. No plant pathogenic bacteria or viruses were isolated. Oil pollution predisposed the plant to fungal disease attack and also impacted the soil and vegetation. (author's) French Abstract: Une évaluation de post impact sur la santé de la végétation de la mangrove de Bodo West Field dans l'état de Rivers au Nigeria, où trois déversements de pétrole ont eu lieu, a été menée en vue de déterminer toute occurrence de changements majeurs à partir du profil des valeurs de base de la zone 10 ans avant le déversement. Les accidents ont occasionné le déversement d'une quantité équivalent à 1 860 barils de pétrole brut, qui s'est embrasé en se répandant et qui a détruit la végétation de la mangrove. Des échantillons de plantes malades ont été recueillis à des intervalles de 50 mètres sur une distance de 300 mètres à partir du point de déversement sur les quatre sections transversales dans les directions Est, Ouest, Nord et Sud. Les résultats des analyses de laboratoire ont révélé que la plupart des plantes, et plus particulièrement celles des sections transversales Sud et Est, étaient hautement infectées par des taches noires nécrotiques provoquées principalement par le Pesalotia et le Phomopsis spp, ou chancre phomopsien. Le Rhizophora mangle, le Rhizophora racemosa et l'Avicennia africana (palétuviers et mangrove) ont été les plantes les plus fortement touchées. D'autres genres de pathogènes fongiques isolés ont été découverts : Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetonium, Colletotrichum, Dreschlera, Fusarium Macrophomina, Penicillium, Phoma et Trichoderma. Aucun virus ou bactérie pathogénique de plante n'a été isolé. La pollution pétrolière a fragilisé les plantes et les a rendues réceptives aux attaques de maladies fongiques, et elle a également atteint le sol et la végétation. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | SOIL DEGRADATION | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | PLANTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Health | Natural Resources | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 296045 |
| 16. Title: Growth response of Ricinus communis L (castor oil) in spent lubricating oil polluted soil. Author: Vwioko DE; Fashemi DS Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(2):73-79. Abstract: The growth response of castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, in spent lubricating oil (SLO) was investigated using 1-6% w/w SLO and a control. The result showed that highest percent germination of approximately 92, was obtained in control and the least in 5% w/w. The early germination obtained in this study was significant when considered in the light of reported delay and depression of germination by spent lubricating oil in Capsicum annum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena and S. incanum. For parameters like plant height, stem girth, leaf area, fresh and dry weights, and root length, the mean values obtained were higher for 1% w/w than control. There was stimulation of growth at 1% w/w spent lubricating oil in soil. Plants in higher concentration (2 - 6% w/w) exhibited depression in growth. Plants grown in 1% w/w spent lubricating oil in soil flowered earlier than those grown in control. A difference of eight (8) days was observed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | GROWTH | SOIL DEGRADATION | PLANTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Child Development | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources Document Number: 296046 |
| 17. Title: Physico-chemical and mineralogical characterisation of subsurface sediments around Gaborone landfill, Botswana. Author: Ngole VM; Totolo O; Ekosse GE Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2004;8(1):49-53. Abstract: Studies were carried out on subsurface sediments obtained around the Gaborone landfill area Botswana, in order to characterize their mineralogy and physico-chemistry, appraise any contaminant inputs from the landfill and assess their ability to attenuate contaminants from the landfill. Physico-chemical properties investigated included particle size distribution (PSD), moisture content, bulk density (Db), porosity, surface area, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The mineral phases occurring in the subsurface sediments were identified by use of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) technique. Grain size analyses of the subsurface sediments revealed sandy loam, silty loam, and silt as the main textural classes. The values obtained for Db and porosity is reflective of the textural classes of the different samples. Moisture content values of the studied samples are characteristic of sediments in semi-arid environments. Apart from two samples, which were acidic, others were alkaline. The EC values were indicative of significant amounts of total dissolved salts (TDS) especially along the eastern corner of the landfill. Cation exchange capacity values were relatively low. Minerals identified by XRPD included quartz, microcline, muscovite and kaolinite in bulk subsurface sediments, whereas kaolinite, smectite and /or illite occurred in the clay fractions. Sediment pH, EC and TDS suggests inputs from the landfill. The sediments seem to have a low attenuation capacity as a result of their physico-chemical and mineralogical properties. Further geophysical and hydrogeochemical research is needed to verify if the Gaborone landfill area is environmentally safe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | NATURAL RESOURCES | SOIL DEGRADATION | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | WATER QUALITY | MONITORING | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Evaluation | Water Document Number: 295962 |
| 18. Title: The use of nutrient audits to determine nutrient balances in Africa. Author: Sheldrick WF; Lingard J Source: Food Policy. 2004 Feb;29(1):61-98. Abstract: A model, designed to carry out soil nutrient audits, has been used to calculate nutrient balances for Africa for the period 1961-1998 for land used for arable and permanent crops. The model indicates that in Africa and most African countries, nutrient depletion has been increasing and in 1998 was 3.5 million tonnes nitrogen (17.4 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). The corresponding data for phosphorus were 0.7 million tonnes (3.3 kg P ha(-1) year(-1)), and for potassium, 4.1 million tonnes (20.0 kg K ha(-1) year(-1)). Average total nutrients output (embodied in crop output) increased by 2.5% year(-1) between 1961 and 1998, but in the same period, output capita(-1) per year fell by about 10%. Nutrient audits for six countries in SSA (Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), for the period 1961-1998, show large differences in input and output rates and balances. In 1996-1998, total nutrient inputs (N+P+K) ranged from 23 kg ha(-1) year(-1) (Zambia) to 81 kg ha(-1) year(-1) (Zimbabwe). Total nutrient output (crop production) for the corresponding period was in the range 21 kg ha(-1) year(-1) (Zambia) to 97 kg ha(-1) year(-1) (Nigeria). Nutrient balance time series show that for most countries, N, P and K nutrient depletion rates have increased between 1961 and 1998 but have fluctuated considerably during this period. The depletion rate in Nigeria has increased threefold since 1980 and in 1998 was 73 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Because both inputs and outputs were low, Zambia had the lowest total nutrient depletion rate of 5 kg ha-1 year-1. In all cases, the highest depletion rates are for K. To achieve a sustainable nutrient output per capita will require a large increase in fertilizer use. It is unlikely that these consumption rates will be achieved and hence future food security could be impaired. Policy implications are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SOIL DEGRADATION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | TESTING | FOOD SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Research Methodology | Natural Resources Document Number: 283940 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria from the gap: need for cross-sector co-operation in Azerbaijan. Author: Temel T Source: Acta Tropica. 2004;89:249-259. Abstract: This study explores the agricultural, environmental, and institutional determinants of malaria in Azerbaijan in 1999 and discusses ways to avoid its future outbreaks. Regression analysis and geographical maps are used to identify important policy variables for designing and implementing malaria control strategies. Results show that irrigation water use and soil salinity are significantly associated with malaria incidence, warranting further research to better understand the exact linkage mechanisms between agriculture and malaria. This also points out that there is scope for co-operation of agricultural, environmental and health organisations to reduce the spread of malaria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AZERBAIJAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | ENVIRONMENT | AGRICULTURE | MALARIA | INCIDENCE | IRRIGATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 286089 |
| 20. Title: High-flouride drinking water. A health problem in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 1. Assessment of lateritic soils as defluoridating agents. Author: Bjorvatn K; Reimann C; Ostvold SH; Tekle-Haimanot R; Melaku Z Source: Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry. 2003;1(2):141-148. Abstract: Purpose: High-fluoride drinking water represents a health hazard to millions of people, not least in the East African Rift Valley. The aim of the present project was to establish a simple method for removing excessive fluoride from water. Material and Methods: Based on geological maps and previous experience, 22 soil samples were selected in mountainous areas in central Ethiopia. Two experiments were performed: 1. After sieving and drying, two portions of 50 g were prepared from each soil and subsequently mixed with solutions of NaF (500 mL). Aliquots (5 mL) of the solutions were taken at pre- set intervals of 1 hour to 30 days for fluoride analysis -- using an F-selective electrode. 2. After the termination of the 30-days test, liquids were decanted and the two soil samples that had most effectively removed fluoride from the NaF solutions were dried, and subsequently exposed to 500 mL aqua destillata. The possible F-release into the distilled water was assessed regularly. Results: Great variations in fluoride binding patterns were observed in the different soils. The percent change in F-concentration in the solutions, as compared to the original |F-|, varied: at 1 hour from a decrease of 58% to an actual increase of 7.7%, while -- at 30 days -- all soil samples had caused a decrease in F-concentration, varying from 0.5% to 98.5%. Only minute amounts of fluoride would leach from the fluoride-enriched soils. Conclusion: Lateritic soils may remove excessive fluoride from drinking water. Methods for practical application of this principle should be tested at household level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Public Health | Health | Water Document Number: 282073 |
| 21. Title: High-fluoride drinking water. A health problem in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 1. Assessment of lateritic soils as defluoridating agents. Author: Bjorvatn K; Reimann C; Ostvold SH; Tekle-Haimanot R; Melaku Z Source: Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry. 2003;1(2):141-148. Abstract: Purpose: High-fluoride drinking water represents a health hazard to millions of people, not least in the East African Rift Valley. The aim of the present project was to establish a simple method for removing excessive fluoride from water. Material and Methods: Bases on geological maps and previous experience, 22 soil samples were selected in mountainous areas in central Ethiopia. Two experiments were performed: 1. After sieving and drying, two portions of 50 g were prepared from each soil and subsequently mixed with solutions of NaF (500ml). Aliquots(5 mL) of the solutions were taken at pre-set intervals of 1 hour to 30 days for fluoride analysis - using an F-selective electrode. 2. After the termination of the 30-days test, liquids were decanted and the two soil samples that had most effectively removed from the NaF solutions were dried, and subsequently exposed to 500 mL aqua destillata. The possible F-release into the distilled water was assessed regularly. Results: Great variations in fluoride binding patterns were observed in the different soils. The percent change in F-concentration in the solutions, as compared to the original |F-|, varied: at 1 hour from a decrease of 58% to an actual increase of 7.7%, while - at 30 days - all soil samples had caused a decrease in the F-concentration, varying from 0.5% to 98.5%. Only minute amounts of fluoride would leach from the fluoride-enriched soils. Conclusion: Lateritic soils may remove excessive fluoride from drinking water. Methods for practical application of this principle should be tested at household level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | WATER QUALITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANALYSIS | DENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Population | Research Methodology | Health | Water Document Number: 283229 |
| 22. Title: Management of fish ponds built on acid sulfate soils in Buguma Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Author: Dublin-Green CO; Ayinla AO; Ogori TK Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2003 Dec;7(2):39-43. Abstract: An experiment on the use of tidal flushing as a management technique for fishponds constructed in mangrove swamp of the Niger Delta was carried out at the NIOMR/ARAC brackish water fish farm, Buguma, Rivers State, Nigeria. The soils are highly acidic. pH in the wet state ranged between 6.75 and 7.70 but on air-drying, values went down to as low as 3.1. The soil acidifies the overlying pond water rapidly to pH less than 4.0 but upon tidal flushing the acidity was reduced remarkably with pH increasing to 7.1. The experiment revealed the effectiveness of tidal flushing in improving pond water quality and fish yield in brackish water ponds to about 1.25mt/ha/yr. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | WATER QUALITY | FISHING | ECOLOGY | ANALYSIS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Water Document Number: 295947 |
| 23. Title: Bioremediation of a crude oil polluted tropical mangrove environment. Author: Odokuma LO; Dickson AA Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2003 Dec;7(2):23-29. Abstract: A combination of bioaugumentation with hydrocarbon utilizing indigenous bacteria, biostimulation with agricultural fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) and tilling were employed as remedial options for 20 weeks in a crude oil polluted tidal plain dominated by mangrove ( Rhizophora, Laguncularia and Avicenia) vegetation. Soil moisture rose from 48.5% prior to remediation to 60.48% four weeks after treatment and dropped to 48.22% after remediation. Other physicochemical parameters of soil such as total hydrocarbon (1.22 to 0.20ppm), organic carbon (18.14 to 8.85%) and carbon/nitrogen ratio (91 to 25) dropped during the remediation period. Total Nitrogen (0.20 to 0.36%) increased during the remediation period. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) count increased in treatment options A (biostimulation, bioaugumentation and tilling), B (bioaugumentation and tilling) and D (biostimulation and tilling). The THB count of option C1 (double control), C2 (control) and E (tilling alone) were fairly constant throughout the remediation period. There was however an increase in the hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts for all treatment options throughout the remediation period. This increase was greater in option A, B and D. Option A (84%) and option D (82%) recorded higher levels of hydrocarbon loss (P > 0.01) than the other four options B (76%), C/1 (36%), C/2 (65%) and E (63%). Option B also recorded a significantly higher level of hydrocarbon loss (P>0.01) than C/1, C/2 and E while that of C1 was significantly lower than C/2 and E. The addition of limiting nutrients (biostimulation) with tilling (option D) is a preferred remedial option for a crude oil polluted soil in a tropical mangrove environment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PLANTS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | WASTE MANAGEMENT | SOIL DEGRADATION | CARBON DIOXIDE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources | Infections | Diseases | Organic Chemicals | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 295944 |
| 24. Title: Treatment of liquid oil spill by untreated and treated Aswanly clay from Egypt. Author: Sayed SA; El Sayed AS; El Kareish SM; Zayed AM Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2003 Jun;7(1):25-35. Abstract: The aim of this work is to use cheap, available and recyclable sorbents for oil spill clean-up. a -SiO(-2)-Quartz, Na(-2)Si(-2)O(-5)(OH)(-4), CaCO(-3), MgCO(-3),BaCO(-3), CaO, MgO, and Fe(-2)O(-3) are used individually or mixed with Aswanly clay to identify the sorption activity of these materials and to show the effect of incorporation of these materials into the Aswanly clay. Results were 63, 75, 100, 93, 95,75, 92, 100, 80, 98, 90, 71, 90 and 97% on using 1.0 g a -SiO(-2)-Quartz, 0.9 g Na(-2)Si(-2)O(-5) (OH)(-4), 0.07 g CaCO(-3), 0.05 g MgCO(-3), 0.08 g BaCO(-3), 0.05g CaO, 0.1 g MgO, and 0.08 g Fe(-2)O(-3), 0.1 g clay mixture of 50% CaCO(-3), 0.1 g clay mixture of 10% MgCO(-3), 0.1 g clay mixture of 50% BaCO(-3), 0.1 g clay mixture of 50% CaO, 0.1 g clay mixture of 10% MgO, and 0.1 g clay mixture of 50% Fe(-2)O(-3) respectively, to remove 14.07 mg crude oil, below which mechanical means for removing crude oil from oil contaminated water becomes less more effective, from oil contaminated water of volume 25 ml from oil contaminated water at pH 6 and temperature 30°C. All of these materials were treated by naphtha, a petroleum product of boiling range 30°C-165°C, to remove sorbed crude oil from its surface for further reuse and contaminated naphtha are processed to be distilled for reuse. Characteristics of crude oil and Aswanly clay were investigated by FTIR, X-Ray Fluorescence, X-Ray Diffraction, pour point and centrifuge instruments. Determination of amount of crude oil in water was done by extraction the crude oil with 10 ml n-hexane and measuring absorbance by UV-VIS. Spectrometer. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RECYCLING | CALCIUM | IRON | SODIUM | SOIL DEGRADATION | WATER QUALITY | ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Waste Management | Environment | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Environmental Pollution | Research Methodology | Water Document Number: 295945 |
| 25. Title: Population, resources and the environment: struggling towards sustainability. Author: Hinrichsen D Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :175-188. Abstract: This analysis looks at the United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA's) work in the area of population-environment-development linkages. It then analyses the collective effects of 6 billion people, their consumption patterns, and resource use trends, in six different critical resource areas. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | EVALUATION | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | FUNDS | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | UN | WATER SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | FORESTS | AGRICULTURE | SOIL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | GLOBAL WARMING | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | BIODIVERSITY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Climate Document Number: 184564 |
| 26. Title: Effects of refined petroleum hydrocarbon on soil physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics. Author: Obire O; Nwaubeta O Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2002 Jun;6(1):39-44. Abstract: The physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of soils as influenced by the addition of 5% gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil hydrocarbons, were investigated. Soil for study was bulked from around a car park in Port Harcourt. Soil sampling was carried out at weekly intervals for four weeks and subsequently at monthly intervals for four months, between the months of March and July 1998. Physico-chemical parameters such as organic carbon, magnesium, and sodium increased from 1.48% to 2.46%: 0.60 to 3.40meg 100(-)(1) soil and 0.23 to 0.77meg 100g(-1) soil respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorous decreased from 0.15% to 0.07% and 35.1ppm to 10.88pm respectively while ammonium nitrate and nitrite were not affected in all soils. Calcium and potassium decreased beyond the control soil level in gasoline-contaminated soil after week 16. Counts of total viable aerobic heterotrophs ranged from 0.46 x 10(6) CFGg(-)(1) soil to 1.59 x 10(6) CFUg(-)(1) soil for the control soil; and from 0.56 x 10(6) CFUg(-)(1) to 2.40 x 10(6) CFUg(-)(1) soil for the hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. There was significant difference amongst treatments at P = 1%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | SODIUM | ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Research Methodology Document Number: 295931 |
| 27. Title: Microbial community of a waste-dump site. Author: Obire O; Nwaubeta O; Adue SB Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2002 Jun;6(1):78-83. Abstract: A total of 48 soil samples were collected fortnightly in the months of June, July and August 1995, from four different stations of a waste-dump site. The samples were examined for temperature, pH and for the frequency of isolation of viable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. The mean temperature values of the soils ranged from 27°C to 28°C while the mean pH values ranged from pH 5.4 to 7.9. The mean total viable aerobic hetertrophic bacteria population ranged from 0.38 x 10/6 CFU/g soil to 2.00 x 10/6 CFU/g soil while the mean total viable fungal population ranged from 1.9 x 104 CFU/g soil to 7.1 x 104 CFU/g soil. The bacteria with their frequency of isolation from the waste-dump soils were: Arthrobacter (4.7%), Bacillus (15.2%), Escherichia coli (12.1%), Klebsiella (9.6%), Micrococcus (2.5%), Proteus (10.2%), Pseudomonas (5.4%), Serratia (2.5%), Staphylococcus (21%) and Streptococcus (16.8%). Only Bacillus, E. coli, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were isolated from all the stations. The fungi with their frequency of isolation were; Aspergillus (25.3%), Fusarium (5.4%), Mucor (11.5%), Penicillium (12.6%), Rhizopus (2.5%) and Saccharomyces (42.8%). All the fungi were isolated from all the stations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA (F-test) showed that there were no significant differences in the bacterial and fungal populations between the four stations. However, there was significant difference at 5% level for fungal populations between different sampling periods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | WASTE MANAGEMENT | SOIL DEGRADATION | ANALYSIS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Infections | Diseases | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Research Methodology Document Number: 295938 |
| 28. Title: Reviving Kenyan soil: a participatory approach to fertility management. Author: Onduru D; de Jager A; Gachini G Source: [Unpublished] 2002 Feb 5 2 p. Abstract: In Kenya, declining soil fertility is combining with rising population, water shortages and inefficient input, credit and marketing systems to threaten rural livelihoods. In Machakos, many areas have topsoil of loamy sand deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. A paper from the NUTNET network reports on a participatory research program in Kenya's eastern province that set out to understand nutrient balances and promote more efficient uses of crop residues and organic inputs. Research findings indicate that, after the interventions, crop residues were better managed as they were incorporated into the soil after harvest. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 166287 |
| 29. Title: Impact of environmental conditions on sub-surface storage tanks (Part 1). Author: Owate IO; Ezi CW; Avwiri G Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2002 Dec;6(2):79-83. Abstract: The present investigation concentrates on the effects of environmental changes upon sub-surface storage tanks that are frequently used in the Niger Delta region and other parts of Nigeria for Petroleum Products. The research is part one of a long-term study that aims at the determination of corrosion rates of the under ground tanks within the Port Harcourt Municipality. Cast iron made storage tanks with gasoline fluid were buried under the soil at a depth of 4m under various environment conditions. The simulated conditions include natural rain fail, temperature and acidic, alkaline and neutral soils. A control condition of neutral sea sand as base and filling materials were also investigated. After various exposure periods, the densities of the storage tanks, composition of soil, soil pH, corrosion rates and soil resistivities were determined. The experiments were repeated after every six months. Within the last three years, it has been observed that the corrosion rates of the tanks covered with cellophane materials were relatively less than those tanks that were buried directly with in the soil except that of the control experiment. In addition the corrosion rates of tanks buried within the acidic environment were more than those buried within the alkaline and neutral soil conditions. Also, it was interestingly observed that the corrosion rates were generally and initially very rapid during the first year of the work, but with time it decreased. Equally the water content of the soil was low. The soil resistivity increased relatively to the control sample site. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | SOIL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources Document Number: 295939 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Soil fertility and hunger in Africa. Author: Sanchez PA Source: Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2019-20. Abstract: In Africa south of the Sahara, the low per capita food production has caused approximately 180 million Africans to suffer from insufficient access to food, making them more susceptible to malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Efforts focused on child survival, coping with HIV/AIDS, improving governance, increasing foreign investment, breaking trade barriers, and providing debt relief are insufficient because they do not directly address agriculture. It is noted that depletion of soil fertility, along with the concomitant problems of weeds, pests, and diseases, is a major biophysical cause of low per capita food production in Africa. Thus, researchers from the International Center for Research in Agroforestry and national and international partners working with farmers developed a soil fertility replenishment approach. This has resulted in three components: 1) nitrogen-fixing leguminous tree fallows; 2) indigenous rock phosphates in phosphorous-deficient soils; and 3) biomass transfer of leaves of nutrient-accumulating shrubs. Though this soil fertility replenishment approach has several limitations, its adoption is taking place by the transfer of knowledge. This approach is reported to be effective and more appropriate to existing African conditions than those used during the Green Revolution. Hence, large and sustained investments are necessary to capitalize and extend these leads. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | NATURAL RESOURCES | SOIL DEGRADATION | FOOD SUPPLY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | AGRICULTURE | PROGRAMS | Africa | Developing Countries | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Macroeconomic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 166153 |
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