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Title: Socioeconomic determinants of age at first birth in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Author: Aminul Haque M; Sayem AM
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;21(1):104-11.
Abstract: The age at first birth is very low under existing rural sociocultural settings in Bangladesh. This study examined the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of age at first birth. The study subjects were married women aged 15 to 29 years in 2 rural areas that were identified through a multistage sampling technique. To collect the relevant information, a semistructured interviewer schedule was applied to the eligible women. This study found that 72.8% women gave first birth at <20 years of age with mean age at first birth 18.74 years. Simple linear regression model explained 30.9% of variance in age at first live birth. Among socioeconomic and cultural determinants, family pressure explained the most significant variance. It is really difficult to reduce fertility in complex sociocultural settings in rural Bangladesh. However, the findings of this study may provide an answer to increase the age at first birth and hence to reduce the high fertility among these group of women.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | YOUTH | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330710

Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana.
Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ
Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38.
Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 330296

Title: Collective violence and attitudes of women toward intimate partner violence: evidence from the Niger Delta.
Author: Antai D; Antai J
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Jun 9;9(12):10 p.
Abstract: Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been undergoing collective violence for over 25 years, which has constituted a major public health problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the predictors of women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence in the Niger Delta in comparison to that of women in other parts of Nigeria. Methods: The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. Respondents were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure through which 3725 women were selected and interviewed. These women contributed 6029 live born children born to the survey. Internal consistency of the measure of the women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against a woman was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (a). Percentage distributions of the relevant characteristics of the respondents were carried out, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and statistical significance was determined at the 95 percent confident interval level (CI). Results: Tolerance for intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger delta (47 percent) was higher than that of women from the rest of the country (42 percent). Rural residence, lower household wealth, lower status occupations, and media access (newspaper and radio) were associated with lower risk of justifying IPV among the women in the Niger Delta. In contrast full or partial autonomy in household decisions regarding food to be cooked, and access to television were associated with a lower risk of justifying violence. Conclusion: The increased justification of intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger Delta could be explained by a combination of factors, among which are cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes that do not fit with other opinions they hold as a means of coping with their situation), ecological theory (behaviour or attitudes being shaped by current factors in their neighbourhood, community or family), and gender-role attitudes. Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand women's attitudes toward violence in areas of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | WAR | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341880

Peer Reviewed

Title: Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues.
Author: Babu BV; Kar SK
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:129.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence against women is now widely recognised as an important public health problem, owing to its health consequences. Violence against women among many Indian communities on a regularly basis goes unreported. The objective of this study is to report the prevalence and other related issues of various forms of domestic violence against women from the eastern zone of India. METHODS: It is a population-based study covering both married women (n = 1718) and men (n = 1715) from three of the four states of Eastern India selected through a systematic multistage sampling strategy. Interviews were conducted using separate pre-piloted structured questionnaires for women (victimization) and men (perpetration). Women were asked whether their husband or any other family members committed violent acts against them. And men were asked whether they had ever perpetrated violent acts against their wives. Three principle domestic violence outcome variables (physical, psychological and sexual violence) were determined by response to a set of questions for each variable. In addition, data on socio-economic characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics, bi- and multivariate analyses were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual and any form of violence among women of Eastern India were 16%, 52%, 25% and 56% respectively. These rates reported by men were 22%, 59%, 17% and 59.5% respectively. Men reported higher prevalence of all forms of violence apart from sexual violence. Husbands were mostly responsible for violence in majority of cases and some women reported the involvement of husbands' parents. It is found that various acts of violence were continuing among majority of women who reported violence. Some socio-economic characteristics of women have significant association with the occurrence of domestic violence. Urban residence, older age, lower education and lower family income are associated with occurrence of domestic violence. Multivariate logistic regressions revealed that the physical violence has significant association with state, residence (rural or urban), age and occupation of women, and monthly family income. Similar associations are found for psychological violence (with residence, age, education and occupation of the women and monthly family income) and sexual violence (with residence, age and educational level of women). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of domestic violence in Eastern India is relatively high compared to majority of information available from India and confirms that domestic violence is a universal phenomenon. The primary healthcare institutions in India should institutionalise the routine screening and treatment for violence related injuries and trauma. Also, these results provide vital information to assess the situation to develop public health interventions, and to sensitise the concerned agencies to implement the laws related to violence against women.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Violence | Behavior | Aggression | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341406

Title: Inadequate use of prenatal services among brazilian women: the role of maternal characteristics.
Author: Bassani DG; Surkan PJ; Olinto MT
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):15-20.
Abstract: CONTEXT: To improve the uptake of prenatal care, it is important to know how the use of prenatal care varies by maternal attitudes and social and demographic factors. METHODS: Information about social and demographic variables, prenatal care, parity, pregnancy planning, abortion attempts, satisfaction with pregnancy and satisfaction with the relationship with the child's father was collected from 611 postpartum women in Porto Alegre in southern Brazil. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between these variables and whether the women's use of prenatal care was adequate, partially inadequate or inadequate. RESULTS: About 40% of women had inadequate or partially inadequate prenatal care. After adjustment for other covariates, including satisfaction with the pregnancy, women having an unplanned pregnancy were significantly more likely to have had inadequate care than women who had planned their pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.0). Not living with the child's father (2.8) and dissatisfaction with pregnancy (2.1) were also associated with inadequate use of prenatal care. Women having their second or higher order birth were significantly more likely to report inadequate use of prenatal care than women having their first birth (3.9-9.0). Household income was inversely associated with inadequate use of care. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that maternal attitudes may be important for adequate prenatal care. Interventions should be created to encourage women with negative maternal attitudes to use prenatal care and to ensure that they have access to the care they need.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARITY | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 341412

Title: Exposure to information and communication about HIV/AIDS and perceived credibility of information sources among young people in northern Tanzania.
Author: Bastien S; Leshabari MT; Klepp KI
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):213-222.
Abstract: A structured face-to-face interview was completed by 993 young people out of school, between the ages of 13 and 18, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; additionally, the questionnaire was self-administered by 1,007 students attending either their last year of primary or first year of secondary school. Significant factors associated with the frequency of exposure to HIV/AIDS information and frequency of communication about HIV/AIDS included urban/rural location, sex, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Both groups ranked the radio as the most frequent source of HIV/AIDS information. The in-school group reported significantly more frequent exposure to all sources of HIV/AIDS information, and they communicated more frequently about the topic than did the out-of-school group. The in-school group gave high credibility ratings to medical doctors, the radio, and parents as sources of information, whereas the out-of-school group attributed the most credibility to the mass media. Irrespective of school attendance, the young people ranked friends, parents, and doctors as preferred communicators of sexual and reproductive health information.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information | Communication | Data Collection | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 339889

Peer Reviewed

Title: [Spatial distribution of elderly individuals in a medium-sized city in S�o Paulo State, Brazil, according to key socio-demographic and morbidity characteristics] Distribui��o espacial dos idosos de um munic�pio de m�dio porte do interior paulista segundo algumas caracter�sticas s�cio-demogr�fi cas e de morbidade.
Author: Campos FG; Barrozo LV; Ruiz T; Cesar CL; Barros MB; Carandina L; Goldbaum M
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):77-86.
Abstract: Geographic Information Systems serve as important public health tools for analyzing population disease distribution and thus for identifying individuals with chronic non-communicable diseases. The current study performed a spatial analysis of the distribution of the population 60 years and older in the city of Botucatu, S�o Paulo State, Brazil, studying the socio-demographic profile and the presence of diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Data were analyzed from 468 elderly individuals from a population survey conducted in 2001-2002. Elders with the highest socioeconomic status live in the census tracts with the highest social strata, as proven statistically by spatial analysis techniques for income and schooling. No spatial distribution pattern was found for elderly individuals with hypertension and diabetes, who were located heterogeneously on the map. The study suggests the use of geoprocessing techniques for digital mapping of areas covered by primary health care units, aimed at better monitoring of the distribution of elderly individuals with chronic diseases and their care by health professionals.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | DISEASES | HYPERTENSION | DIABETES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Population | Vascular Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341870

Peer Reviewed

Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos municipios de Caracol, Piaui, e Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brasil.
Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-818.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piau� State, and Garraf�o do Norte, Par� State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garraf�o do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ANTENATAL CARE | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341867

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos
Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-18.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piaui State, and Garrafao do Norte, Para State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafao do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | HOUSEHOLDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SANITATION | ANTENATAL CARE | INCOME | SOCIAL WELFARE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342662

11.
Title: [Characterization of tuberculosis among HIV/AIDS patients at a referral center in Mato Grosso do Sul] Caracterizacao da tuberculose em portadores de HIV/AIDS em um servico de
Author: Cheade Mde F; Ivo ML; Siqueira PH; Sa RG; Honer MR
Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2009 Mar-Apr;42(2):119-25.
Abstract: Tuberculosis was investigated regarding its clinical presentation, treatment outcome and sociodemographic profile among HIV patients attended at a referral center in Mato Grosso do Sul, in 2003-2005. Sixty-six medical files on patients over 14 years of age and data from the Brazilian National Information System for Notifiable Diseases relating to tuberculosis and from the Mortality Information System were analyzed. Most of the patients were male, white, of low schooling level and from urban areas. Increased extrapulmonary clinical presentation was found and it correlated with the degree of immunological competence. The main reasons for ceasing treatment were cure (reached after longer-than-expected follow-up) and death (of six patients at the beginning of the tuberculosis treatment). Information gaps were found in the tuberculosis notification records and medical files. The study revealed the need for early diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients, improvements in medical records and follow-up beyond the recommended duration, because of changes to the clinical evolution of tuberculosis in cases of comorbidity with HIV.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | TREATMENT | DATA COLLECTION | RECORDS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 342168

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Estimating inequalities in ownership of insecticide treated nets: does the choice of socio-economic status measure matter?
Author: Chuma J; Molyneux C
Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2009 Mar;24(2):83-93.
Abstract: Research on the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on access to health care services and on health status is important for allocating resources and designing pro-poor policies. Socio-economic differences are increasingly assessed using asset indices as proxy measures for SES. For example, several studies use asset indices to estimate inequities in ownership and use of insecticide treated nets as a way of monitoring progress towards meeting the Abuja targets. The validity of different SES measures has only been tested in a limited number of settings, however, and there is little information on how choice of welfare measure influences study findings, conclusions and policy recommendations. In this paper, we demonstrate that household SES classification can depend on the SES measure selected. Using data from a household survey in coastal Kenya (n = 285 rural and 467 urban households), we first classify households into SES quintiles using both expenditure and asset data. Household SES classification is found to differ when separate rural and urban asset indices, or a combined asset index, are used. We then use data on bednet ownership to compare inequalities in ownership within each setting by the SES measure selected. Results show a weak correlation between asset index and monthly expenditure in both settings: wider inequalities in bednet ownership are observed in the rural sample when expenditure is used as the SES measure [Concentration Index (CI) = 0.1024 expenditure quintiles; 0.005 asset quintiles]; the opposite is observed in the urban sample (CI = 0.0518 expenditure quintiles; 0.126 asset quintiles). We conclude that the choice of SES measure does matter. Given the practical advantages of asset approaches, we recommend continued refinement of these approaches. In the meantime, careful selection of SES measure is required for every study, depending on the health policy issue of interest, the research context and, inevitably, pragmatic considerations.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EXPENDITURES | BED NETS | MALARIA PREVENTION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331225

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of gender and income on survival and retention in a South African antiretroviral therapy programme.
Author: Cornell M; Myer L; Kaplan R; Bekker LG; Wood R
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jul;14(7):722-31.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite the rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services in Africa, there are few data on whether outcomes differ for women and men and what factors may drive such variation. We investigated the association of gender and income with survival and retention in a South African ART programme. METHODS: A total of 2196 treatment-naive adults were followed for 1 year on ART. Proportional hazards regression was used to explore associations between baseline characteristics and survival and loss-to-follow-up (LTFU). RESULTS: Patients were predominantly female (67%). Men presented at an older age and with more advanced HIV disease, and during early ART the crude death rate was higher among men than women (22.8 vs 12.5/100 person-years; P = 0.002). However in multivariate analysis, gender was not significantly associated with survival after adjusting for baseline clinical and immunovirological status (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.96-2.22; P = 0.076). In late ART (4-12 months), there was no gender difference in mortality rates (3.5 vs 3.8/100 person-years; P = 0.817). In multivariate analysis, survival was strongly associated with age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02-1.09; P < 0.001), CD4 count >150 vs <50 cells/microl (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14-0.87; P = 0.023) and any monthly income vs none (HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.88; P = 0.018). Having some monthly income was protective against LTFU at 1 year on ART (adjusted HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39-0.82; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Men's high early mortality on ART appears due largely to their presentation with more advanced HIV disease. Efforts are needed to enroll men into care earlier in HIV disease and to reduce socio-economic inequalities in ART programme outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MORTALITY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | SEX FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342641

14.

Title: Reliability of reported breastfeeding duration among reproductive-aged women from Mexico.
Author: Cupul-Uicab LA; Gladen BC; Hernandez-Avila M; Longnecker MP
Source: Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2009 Apr;5(2):125-37.
Abstract: Breastfed children have lower risk of infectious diseases, post-neonatal mortality and chronic diseases later in life. Because epidemiologic studies usually rely on reported history of previous breastfeeding, data on the accuracy and precision of recalled histories allow improved interpretation of the epidemiologic findings. We evaluated the reliability of two reported breastfeeding durations in 567 reproductive-aged women from Mexico using information obtained from nearly identical sets of questions applied at different times after weaning. We compared differences between reports, and examined the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for any and for exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the determinants of poor recall (difference between reports of >20%). The reliability of duration of any breastfeeding was high (ICC 0.94). Overall, differences between reports of duration were usually <1 month, and for 385/567, the difference was < or =0.5 months. Predictors of poorer recall were having > or =4 children, and time between reports of >2 months. The only predictor of better recall was greater age of the baby at weaning. The reliability of EBF duration was lower (ICC 0.49). In this population with a relatively long duration of breastfeeding, reliability of any breastfeeding duration was high. Age, education and previous breastfeeding were not important predictors of recall, in contrast to findings in earlier studies. Consistent with previous reports, however, parity and length of recall were associated with poorer recall of duration of any breastfeeding. Future studies that use reported breastfeeding duration may want to consider the effect of these variables on recall.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEASUREMENT | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | RELIABILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341786

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Utilization of skilled birth attendants in public and private sectors in Vietnam.
Author: Do M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):289-308.
Abstract: The private sector in health care in Vietnam has been increasingly competing with the government in primary health care services. However, little is known about the use of skilled birth attendance or about choice of public and private sectors among those who opt for skilled attendants. Using data from the Vietnam 2002 Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines factors related to women's decision-making of whether to have a skilled birth attendant at a recent childbirth, and if they did, whether it was a public or private sector provider. The study indicates that the use of the private sector for delivery services was significant. Women's household wealth, education, antenatal care and community's wealth were positively related to skilled birth attendance, while ethnicity and order of childbirth were negatively related. Order of childbirth was positively associated with skilled birth attendance in the private sector. Among service environment factors, increased access to public sector health centres was associated with an increased likelihood of skilled birth attendance in general, but a lowered chance of that in the private sector. Further studies are needed to assess the current situation in the private sector, the demand for delivery services in the private sector, and its readiness to provide quality services.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CHILDBIRTH | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 341399

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Infant feeding among HIV-positive mothers and the general population mothers: comparison of two cross-sectional surveys in Eastern Uganda.
Author: Fadnes LT; Engebretsen IM; Wamani H; Semiyaga NB; Tylleskar T; Tumwine JK
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:124.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Infant feeding recommendations for HIV-positive mothers differ from recommendations to mothers of unknown HIV-status. The aim of this study was to compare feeding practices, including breastfeeding, between infants and young children of HIV-positive mothers and infants of mothers in the general population of Uganda. METHODS: This study compares two cross-sectional surveys conducted in the end of 2003 and the beginning of 2005 in Eastern Uganda using analogous questionnaires. The first survey consisted of 727 randomly selected general-population mother-infant pairs with unknown HIV status. The second included 235 HIV-positive mothers affiliated to The Aids Support Organisation, TASO. In this article we compare early feeding practices, breastfeeding duration, feeding patterns with dietary information and socio-economic differences in the two groups of mothers. RESULTS: Pre-lacteal feeding was given to 150 (64%) infants of the HIV-positive mothers and 414 (57%) infants of general-population mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants under the age of 6 months was more common in the general population than among the HIV-positive mothers (186 [45%] vs. 9 [24%] respectively according to 24-hour recall). Mixed feeding was the most common practice in both groups of mothers. Solid foods were introduced to more than half of the infants under 6 months old among the HIV-positive mothers and a quarter of the infants in the general population. Among the HIV-positive mothers with infants below 12 months of age, 24 of 90 (27%) had stopped breastfeeding, in contrast to 9 of 727 (1%) in the general population. The HIV-positive mothers were poorer and had less education than the general-population mothers. CONCLUSION: In many respects, HIV-positive mothers fed their infants less favourably than mothers in the general population, with potentially detrimental effects on both the child's nutrition and the risk of HIV transmission. Mixed feeding and pre-lacteal feeding were widespread. Breastfeeding duration was shorter among HIV-positive mothers. Higher educational level and being socio-economically better off were associated with more beneficial infant feeding practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT NUTRITION | BREASTFEEDING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control
Document Number: 341408

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of distance of residence from a peripheral health facility on pediatric health utilisation in rural western Kenya.
Author: Feikin DR; Nguyen LM; Adazu K; Ombok M; Audi A; Slutsker L; Lindblade KA
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jan;14(1):54-61.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of distance on utilisation of peripheral health facilities for sick child visits in Asembo, rural western Kenya. METHODS: As part of a demographic surveillance system (DSS), censuses of all households in the Asembo population of 55,000 are conducted three times a year, data are collected at all outpatient pediatric visits in seven DSS clinics in Asembo, and all households are GIS-mapped and linkable to a child's unique DSS identification number. Between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004, 3501 clinic visits were linked to 2432 children among 10,973 DSS-resident children < 5 years of age. RESULTS: Younger children and children with more severe illnesses travelled further for clinic visits. The median distance travelled varied by clinic. The rate of clinic visits decreased linearly at 0.5 km intervals up to 4 km, after which the rate stabilised. Using Poisson regression, controlling for the nearest DSS clinic for each child, socio-economic status and maternal education, and accounting for household clustering of children, for every 1 km increase in distance of residence from a DSS clinic, the rate of clinic visits decreased by 34% (95% CI, 31-37%) from the previous kilometer. CONCLUSION: Achieving equity in access to health care for children in rural Kenya will require creative strategies to address a significant distance-decay effect in health care utilisation.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | CHILDREN | DISTANCE | HEALTH FACILITIES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Youth | Geographic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330260

18.

Title: Letter to the editor of AIDS based on a recent paper by Rollins et al. 'there is no evidence for any specific age at which HIV-positive mothers in Africa should be advised to stop breastfeeding' [letter]
Author: Greiner T
Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):547-8.
Abstract: The authors attempted to convince sample mothers that they should stop breastfeeding at 6 months, implying that all had access to nutritious foods for their infants. The assumption that doing so would lead to increased rates of HIV-free survival seems to be justified by their data. However, if poorer mothers are the ones who opt to breastfeed longer, wemust be very careful in assuming that their infants will have the same outcomes as those who opt to breastfeed for shorter periods. This is especially true in South Africa where fears of stigma may be less of a factor explaining the continuation of breastfeeding beyond 6 months than poverty, at least compared with other African countries. Thus, WHO no longer recommends attempting to convince all HIV� mothers to stop breastfeeding at 6months: 'At 6months, if replacement feeding is still not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, continuation of breastfeeding with additional complementary foods is recommended, while the mother and baby continue to be regularly assessed (http://whqlibdoc. who.int/publications/2007/9789241595964_eng.pdf). Finally, while both the article and editorial mention, respectively, that HAART treatment of eligible mothers and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prophylaxis are likely to reduce postnatal HIV transmission, the former is now increasingly available in Africa, making generalization from this study even more difficult. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BREASTFEEDING | TIME FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | RISK ASSESSMENT | COUNSELING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Evaluation | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 341158

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam.
Author: Guilmoto CZ; Hoang X; Van TN
Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4624.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Since the 1980s, sex ratio at birth (male births per 100 female births) has increased in many Asian countries as a result of selective abortions, but to date there has been no such evidence for Viet Nam. Our aim in this paper is to ascertain the situation with respect to sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam over the past five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Original data were obtained from sample population surveys in Viet Nam recording annual birth rates since 2000 of about 450,000 women, as well as from two successive birth surveys conducted for the first time in 2007 (1.1 million births). The annual population surveys include specific information on birth history and mothers' characteristics to be used for the analysis of trends and differentials in sex ratio at birth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Birth history statistics indicate that the SRB in Viet Nam has recorded a steady growth since 2001. Starting from a level probably close to the biological standard of 105, the SRB reached 108 in 2005 and 112 in 2006, a value significantly above the normal level. An independent confirmation of these results comes from the surveys of births in health facilities which yielded a SRB of 110 in 2006-07. High SRB is linked to various factors such as access to modern health care, number of prenatal visits, level of higher education and employment status, young age, province of residence and prenatal sex determination. These results suggest that prenatal sex determination followed by selective abortion has recently become more common in Viet Nam. This recent trend is a consequence of various factors such as preference for sons, declining fertility, easy access to abortion, economic development as well as the increased availability of ultrasonography facilities.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SONS | SEX RATIO | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ABORTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ANTENATAL CARE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 331220 Notification

20.

Title: In search of health: quality of life among postpartum Palestinian women.
Author: Hammoudeh W; Mataria A; Wick L; Giacaman R
Source: Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 2009 Apr;9(2):123-32.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The postpartum period is a very important period for the health of the mother and the newborn. Despite its importance, research on this period is limited and tends to be more focused on biomedical aspects of the postpartum period. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, little is known regarding women's postpartum wellbeing. This study utilizes the Maternal Postpartum Quality-of-Life instrument to assess Palestinian women's postpartum quality of life and the factors associated with variations in their quality-of-life scores. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey utilizing the adapted Maternal Postpartum Quality-of-Life Questionnaire was completed in the Occupied Palestinian Territory with a final sample size of 1020 women. RESULTS: The mean overall quality-of-life score for the sample was 21.53 (maximum = 30), suggesting that women are slightly satisfied with their lives in the postpartum period. Main variations in quality-of-life scores were associated with regional district, refugee status, the loss of a relative due to Israeli occupation violence, standard of living and pregnancy wantedness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the diversity and complexity of the social context, in particular the region where women live, and the issue of pregnancy wantedness in postpartum quality of life. They also call into question the services currently offered to postpartum women.
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST BANK | GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | QUALITY OF LIFE | QUESTIONNAIRES | CARE AND SUPPORT | STANDARD OF LIVING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 342478

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sex preference as a determinant of contraceptive use in matrilineal societies: a study on the Garo of Bangladesh.
Author: Islam MA; Islam MR; Banowary B
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Aug;14(4):301-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This paper explores the presence of sex preference and its influence on contraceptive use among the Garo, a matrilineal community, of Bangladesh. METHODS: In this study, 223 currently married Garo women were interviewed, selected purposively from two districts of Bangladesh, where most of the Garo people live. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to explore the determinants of current use of contraceptives among the Garo community. RESULTS: About 80% of the Garo women were currently using contraceptive methods, which was much higher than the contraceptive prevalence at the national level (55.8%). However, the use of modern male methods was very low in that community. Regression analysis revealed that the strong preference for girls was a significant determinant of contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the Garo apply contraception more than the Bangladeshi community in general, their strong preference for girls may restrain its success. Family planning information can be designed so as not to challenge the matrilineal structure of the society and both spouses counselled together to promote also modern male methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | SEX PREFERENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | MATRIARCHY | INTERVIEWS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342129

22.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Verbal autopsy of maternal deaths in two districts of Pakistan--filling information gaps.
Author: Jafarey SN; Rizvi T; Koblinsky M; Kureshy N
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):170-83.
Abstract: In Pakistan, the vital registration system is weak, and population-based data on the maternal mortality ratio are limited. This study was carried out to collect information on maternal deaths from different existing sources during the current year-2007 (prospective) and the past two years--2005 and 2006-(retrospective), identify gaps in information, and critically analyze maternal deaths at the community and health-facility levels in two districts in Pakistan. The verbal autopsy questionnaire was administered to households where a maternal death had occurred. No single source had complete data on maternal deaths. Risk factors identified among 128 deceased women were low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, low-earning jobs, parity, and bad obstetric history. These were similar to the findings of earlier studies. Half of the women did seek antenatal care, 34% having made more than four visits. Of the 104 women who died during or after delivery, 38% had delivered in a private facility and 18% in a government facility. The quality of services in both private and public sectors was inadequate. Sixty-nine percent of deaths occurred in the postpartum period, and 51% took place within 24 hours of delivery. The study identified gaps in reporting of maternal deaths and also provided profile of the dead women and the causes of death.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | RISK FACTORS | AUTOPSY | DEATH RECORDS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 341936

23.
Title: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of reproductive behavior in Iranian minor thalassemia couples.
Author: Kosaryan M; Vahidshahi K; Siami R; Nazari M; Karami H; Ehteshami S
Source: Saudi Medical Journal. 2009 Jun;30(6):835-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of reproductive behavior in Iranian minor thalassemia couples in Ghaemshahr City, Mazandaran, Iran. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted in 2006. Birth rates from 1997-2005 and the number of newly registered patients from at risk couples was recorded. Tools for data collection were a valid questionnaire containing epidemiologic characteristics of couples, knowledge (20 questions), attitude 20 statements, and practice by studying the family file in health centers. Questionnaires were completed by husband and wife separately. Actual versus expected numbers of patients born in that period were compared. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 13.00, and p<0.05 was interpreted as significant. RESULTS: Of the 240 at risk couples, 100 were studied. Of them, 82% had good knowledge of thalassemia, and 68.5% had a positive attitude toward thalassemia prevention program. Correlations of knowledge with attitude were significant (p<0.001), and 50% of the couples had unfavorable practice including unplanned pregnancy, fetal abortion without prenatal diagnosis (PND), delivery without PND, and having a child affected by thalassemia major (TM). Without PND, 4 TM patients were born. Ninety-eight episodes of unfavorable practice were reported. Meanwhile, the contraceptive method used by 12% of couples was unsafe. Suspected TM patients with no prevention program were 25; thus, the birth of 2 TM was prevented (92% reduction). CONCLUSION: We achieved great success during the last 9 years in the region, and TM prevention program improved knowledge, attitude, and practice in high-risk couples and carrier families.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | HEREDITARY DISEASES | GENETIC COUNSELING | SCREENING | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ABORTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INFORMATION SOURCES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Information
Document Number: 342635 Notification

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High fertility in city suburbs: compositional or contextual effects? La fecondite elevee dans les banlieues urbaines: effets de composition ou de contexte?
Author: Kulu H; Boyle PJ
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 May;25(2):157-174.
Abstract: Fertility rates are known to be higher in city suburbs. One interpretation is that the suburban 'context' influences the behaviour of individuals who reside there while an alternative is that the 'composition' of the suburban population explains the higher fertility levels. Furthermore, suburban in-migrants who intend to have children may have a significant influence on suburban fertility rates. Using Finnish longitudinal register data we show that fertility rates are higher in the suburbs and rural areas and lower in the cities. Fertility variation across these residential contexts decreases significantly after controlling for women's demographic and socio-economic characteristics. However, it does not disappear entirely suggesting that the local context may have some influence on fertility. While movers to suburbs do display higher fertility levels than non-migrant residents, their overall impact is not great because they form a small share of the suburban population.
Language: English
Keywords:
FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | RESIDENTIAL SELECTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migration | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution
Document Number: 340173

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Characteristics and determinants of sexual behavior among adolescents of migrant workers in Shangai (China).
Author: Li S; Huang H; Cai Y; Xu G; Huang F; Shen X
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:195.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: China is facing a critical challenge of rapid and widespread human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) increase. Rural-to-urban migration plays a crucial role in shifting the HIV/sexual transmitted infection (STI) epidemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexual behaviors and the correlates among the early adolescents of migrant workers in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 junior high schools from April to June of 2008. A total of 2821 adolescents aged 14.06 +/- 0.93 years (8.9% of migrant workers vs. 91.1% of general residents) participated in the survey. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitude, and behaviors associated with increased risk for HIV/STI. RESULTS: The percentage of adolescents who ever had sexual intercourse or had sexual intercourse in last three months was 7.2% and 4.3% in adolescents of migrant workers, respectively; in contrast, 4.5% and 1.8% in their peers of general residents, respectively. 47.3% adolescents of migrant workers and 34.3% of those adolescents of general residents reported no condom use in sexual intercourse during last three months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that migration was a independent risk factor for sexual intercourse in last three months in our sampled adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.72). In adolescents of migrant workers, factors such as lower family income (OR: 2.22, CI: 1.09-3.05 for low level; OR:1.25, CI: 1.04-1.59 for medium level), younger age at first sexual intercourse (OR: 1.24, CI: 1.09-1.57), lower knowledge on HIV/AIDS (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.90-0.97), and fewer communication on HIV/AIDS related issues (OR: 0.79, CI: 0.90-0.97) were related to sexual intercourse in last three months. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we advocated that heightened concerns targeting the adolescents of migrant workers be particularly necessary, given their higher level of sexual experience, lower socioeconomic status, restricted reproductive health information, and vulnerability to HIV/STI.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | NEEDS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 342979

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, sources and perceived need among senior high school students: a cross-sectional study in China.
Author: Li S; Huang H; Xu G; Cai Y; Shi R; Shen X
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):561-5.
Abstract: A total of 2,668 senior high school students, ages approximately 15�24 years, participated in a self-administered questionnaire. Information was collected on their knowledge about HIV and other sexually transmitted infections as well as their sources of information and perceived information need. Approximately 6.8% had a low level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, 29.6% had a moderate level, and 63.7% had a high level. The most important information sources were, in rank order, TV/video (72.1%), school heath education curriculum (51.8%), and reading materials (45.7%). About half of the students confirmed a need for more information.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION SOURCES | NEEDS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Information | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 342219

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive use and pregnancy outcome in three generations of Swedish female teenagers from the same urban population.
Author: Lindh I; Blohm F; Andersson-Ellstrom A; Milsom I
Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):163-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary objective of the study was to describe contraceptive use, reasons for discontinuation of contraception and pregnancy outcome in three generations of female teenagers over a period of 20 years. The secondary objective was to describe the relationship between contraception, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparison of 19-year-old women born in 1962, 1972 and 1982 and living in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1981, 1991 and 2001 was conducted. Contraceptive use, pregnancy outcome, smoking and weight/height were assessed by a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: Current contraceptive use was unchanged between the 62 (60%) and 72 cohorts (62%) but had increased (p<.01) in the 82 cohort (78%); there was no difference in contraceptive use between SES groups at any time. Condom use alone increased over time (p<.01), and the use of oral contraception and a condom together had increased in the 72 and 82 cohorts compared to the 62 cohort (p<.01). Reasons given for using and discontinuing oral contraceptives in three generations of teenagers were studied over 20 years. In addition to contraception, oral contraception was used to reduce dysmenorrhea and heavy bleeding. Discontinuation due to bleeding disturbances decreased (p<.01) over time, whereas discontinuation due to mental side effects increased (p<.01). The percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age in the 82 cohort (7%) was lower (p<.01) than in the 1962 (11%) and 1972 (13%) cohorts. However, there was a successive increase (p<.001) in the percentage of women who had been pregnant more than once at < or =19 years of age (1962/1972/1982: pregnant more than once, 8%/21%/31%). Smoking decreased over time (p<.01) and was no longer related to SES in the 82 cohort. BMI increased (p<.01) over time. There was no difference in BMI between SES groups in the 62 and 72 cohorts but was higher in the low-SES group in the 82 cohort compared to the middle (p<.01) and high (p<.05) SES groups. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive use was higher in the 82 cohort where there was a corresponding reduction in the percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age compared with the 62 and 72 cohorts. Discontinuation of oral contraception due to mental side effects increased over time. The prevalence of smoking decreased and BMI increased, and there were changes in smoking prevalence and BMI in the different SES groups over time.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | TOBACCO USE | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342305

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of transitions to first sexual intercourse, marriage and pregnancy among female adolescents: evidence from South Nyanza, Kenya.
Author: Magadi MA; Agwanda AO
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):409-27.
Abstract: The timing of transitions to sexual activity, marriage and childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing profound changes. This study investigates the determinants of adolescent transitions in South Nyanza, a socioeconomically deprived setting in Kenya where adolescent reproductive health is a particular concern. The analysis is based on Cox regression of timing of first sexual intercourse, first marriage and first pregnancy, using data from a survey of 1247 females aged 12-19 years. The results show that higher household socioeconomic status and educational attainment are associated with delayed onset of all three transition events. Furthermore, mother's higher educational attainment is protective for initiation of sexual intercourse while rural residence is protective for pregnancy experience. Other protective factors include communication with parents or with fellow girlfriends. However, discussing sexual matters with boyfriends, high internal locus of control, and gender bias are associated with early onset of the three transition events.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341401

29.
Title: Contraceptive practices and sexual initiation among young people in three Brazilian State capitals. Praticas contraceptivas e iniciacao sexual entre jovens de tres capitais brasileiras.
Author: Marinho LF; Aquino EM; de Almeida M
Source: Cadernos Saude Publica. 2009;25(Sup 2):S227-S239.
Abstract: This study investigated contraceptive use during first sexual intercourse among 2,790 young men and women. Researchers used the GRAVAD household survey to interview a probabilistic sample in three Brazilian capital cities. A hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 68.3% for women and 65.3% for men. Among women, contraception use was associated with per capita monthly family income, color/race, and the use of women's magazines as a source of information on pregnancy and contraception. For both genders, use was more frequent when partners discussed pregnancy prevention before intercourse, when sexual initiation was delayed and in a motel, and when the partner was patient. The interval between the start of the relationship and sexual initiation appeared to be associated with use during first sex for men.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INFORMATION SOURCES | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Information | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 339906

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Predictors of early first sexual intercourse among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa.
Author: Mathews C; Aaro LE; Flisher AJ; Mukoma W; Wubs AG; Schaalma H
Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Feb;24(1):10 p.
Abstract: The authors used a social cognition theoretical framework to investigate the predictors of young adolescents' transition to first intercourse. The analyses were based on a longitudinal study of students in schools allocated to the control arm of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to investigate the effect of a school-based HIV prevention program. The study involved 2,360 Grade 8 students in Cape Town. Of the 1,440 students who were virgins at baseline, 1,144 remained virgins 15 months later, and 296 (20.6%) reported having had their first sexual intercourse. Transition to first sexual intercourse was more likely among males, among older students, and among students with a lower socio-economic status. Transition to first sexual intercourse was significantly associated with intentions to have sexual intercourse, poor self-efficacy to negotiate delayed sex, and intimate partner violence. The model predicted 35% of the variance in intentions and 16% of the variance in transition. These findings indicate some of the factors that influence young people to have first sex and that need to be addressed when designing effective interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 329524


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