| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-18. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piaui State, and Garrafao do Norte, Para State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafao do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | HOUSEHOLDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SANITATION | ANTENATAL CARE | INCOME | SOCIAL WELFARE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342662 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: HIV infection, stressful life events, and intimate relationship power: the moderating role of community resources for black South African women. Author: Ketchen B; Armistead L; Cook S Source: Women and Health. 2009 Mar-May;49(2-3):197-214. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Black women in South Africa are vulnerable with limited power in intimate relationships. This study explored whether stressful life events and/or HIV infection were associated with relationship power and whether the impact was moderated by community resources. METHOD: One hundred four women living with HIV and 152 women not living with HIV participated in individual interviews. RESULTS: Undesirable life changes were negatively associated with relationship control. HIV infection and women's knowledge of community resources were associated with mutual decision-making, while frequency of family use of community resources was negatively related to female dominated decisions. Women living with HIV perceived their male partners as less dominant when they perceived their community resources to be more helpful. CONCLUSIONS: Power in intimate relationships may enhance the quality and length of life for black South African women living with HIV. Knowledge of and perceived helpfulness of community resources are avenues for promoting relationship power. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POWER | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | STRESS | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Clinic Activities Document Number: 342428 |
| 3. Title: Life expectancy and welfare in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Soares RR Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S37-54. Abstract: This paper analyses the recent evolution of life expectancy in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and evaluates how much it has contributed to the overall improvements in welfare. We argue that increases in life expectancy between 1960 and 2000, which were largely independent of income, represented gains in welfare comparable to the ones derived from income growth. For countries in the region, estimates of welfare improvements accounting for health increase the numbers obtained from income alone by 40% on average. The available evidence suggests that improvements in public health infrastructure - such as provision of treated water and sewerage services - and large-scale immunization programs may have been the key factors behind the mortality reductions observed in the period. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | LATIN AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | IMMUNIZATION | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | INCOME | INEQUALITIES | MORTALITY DECLINE | Developing Countries | Americas | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341985 |
| 4. Title: What matters most: An investigation of predictors of perceived stress among young mothers in Khayelitsha. Author: BeLue R; Schreiner AS; Taylor-Richardson K; Murray-Kolb LE; Beard JL Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Jul;29(6):638-648. Abstract: Our purpose in the present study was to examine how two different sets of stressors, one representing the physical environment and the other representing the social environment, related to perceived stress among new mothers served by a health clinic in Khayelitsha, South Africa. We found that among the chronic urban poverty-environmental stressors related to water, housing, transportation, toileting, and lack of food, that lack of drinkable water in the home had the strongest correlation with perceived stress. In terms of social stressors we found that 60% of new mothers had no partner, and 43% of those with a partner reported that they currently were not coresiding. In terms of the social stressors, the inability to depend on a partner in times of trouble had the strongest relationship to perceived stress. Other findings relating to partner support are discussed as well as sample and community characteristics. Given the importance of partner support, it is argued that the conditions of poverty itself serve to destabilize relationships, which in turn contributes to the cycle of poverty experienced by many residents of periurban settlements like Khayelitsha. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | URBAN AREAS | STRESS | MATERNAL HEALTH | POVERTY | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOCIAL WELFARE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior Document Number: 327071 |
5.  Title: Gender-based violence in Tanzania: an assessment of policies, services, and promising interventions. Author: Betron M Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Aug. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: Gender-based violence is a grave reality in the lives of many women in Tanzania. Based on key informant interviews and focus group discussions, this assessment provides a snapshot of the current GBV policy environment, and the state of services for those affected by GBV in Tanzania. It highlights some of the most promising GBV interventions and identifies the most important gaps and opportunities. Findings indicate that many forms of GBV, including intimate partner violence and rape, are seen as normal and are met with acceptance by both men and women. While there are signs of support and progress at the policy level to address GBV, the volume and quality of services and resources available to survivors of GBV is minimal. Health services in particular are weak, as there are no proper protocols or training for health professionals to respond to cases of GBV. A handful of promising interventions have been or are being implemented by NGOs, yet, they are limited in scope and number. Key recommendations include: advocacy for a specific law on domestic violence; incorporation of GBV in HIV and reproductive health policies; formation of a multi-sectoral GBV network; reforming health centers systematically to address GBV, starting with how-to policies, protocols, and guidelines; and linking GBV and HIV in HIV awareness-raising programs and mass media campaigns. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | HEALTH | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Social Change Document Number: 329507 |
| 6. Title: [Experience of a pharmacist/activist in Cayenne in 2007: fighting HIV/AIDS through prevention and care. A look at women] Pharmacien et activiste a Cayenne en 2007: face au VIH/SIDA acces a la prevention Author: Chiron S Source: Medecine Tropicale. 2008 Oct;68(5):471-7. Abstract: The author relates her experience as a pharmacist/activist involved in the fight against HIV. She has worked as a health care professional in French Guiana, as an instructor for NGO, and as an activist working with squatters and street people in cooperation with prevention teams. The goal of her action has been to enhance prevention and to enhance social services for the poor and precarious people in particular for women with regard to reproductive health including HIV/AIDS. A record of these activities was kept as a basis for future planning. The data obtained was used to design and implement information, prevention, and risk control measures to assist infected groups with the least access to health care. Based on her experience in the field, the author concludes that effective management of the epidemic crisis in French Guiana will require a radically different strategy from that used in mainland France not only with regard to financial and human resources but also, and above all, to innovative ideas. The author stresses the need to make maximum use of link (network) the city and hospital services taking full advantage of all players involved in patient management and always ensuring that care providers understand the importance of maintaining contact with associations that provide the only direct link with patients in their everyday lives. Language: French Keywords: FRENCH GUIANA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADVOCACY | WOMEN | PHARMACISTS | SOCIAL WELFARE | HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330503 |
| 7. Title: Sexual health for people with intellectual disability. Author: Eastgate G Source: Salud Pública de México. 2008;50 Suppl 2:S255-S259. Abstract: People with intellectual disability experience the same range of sexual needs and desires as other people. However, they experience many difficulties meeting their needs. They may be discouraged from relieving sexual tension by masturbating. They face a high risk of sexual abuse. They are likely not to be offered the full range of choices for contraception and sexual health screening. Poor education and social isolation may increase their risk of committing sexual offences. However, with appropriate education and good social support, people with intellectual disability are capable of safe, constructive sexual expression and healthy relationships. Providing such support is an essential part of supporting people with intellectual disability. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | MENTAL RETARDATION | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developed Countries | Oceania | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Intelligence | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Social Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327283 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: [Violence against women: analysis of cases treated at three services in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil] Caracterizacao dos casos de violencia contra a mulher atendidos em tres servicos Author: Garcia MV; Ribeiro LA; Jorge MT; Pereira GR; Resende AP Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Nov;24(11):2551-63. Abstract: This study analyzes epidemiological and clinical aspects of violence against women, using three data sources: medical records at the University Hospital in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil; treatment forms from the nongovernmental organization SOS Action for Women and Families; forensic reports on bodily injuries and autopsies from the Medical Examiner's Office. At the University Hospital and Medical Examiner's Office, the records related mainly to physical aggression, with no reference to psychological abuse in the medical charts or forensic reports, revealing that in primary health care services, such violence is only identified through post-aggression interviews with victims. Records at the nongovernmental organization referred mainly to psychological and physical abuse. The three sources showed little reference to sexual violence, corroborating data from the literature on this issue's invisibility, especially conjugal sexual violence suffered by women that seek treatment at these services. According to the current study's findings, the types of violence against women recorded at these three public health and social services differ according to the specific characteristics of the services they provide. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RECORDS | WOMEN | HEALTH FACILITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIAL WELFARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Information Processing | Information | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 342261 |
| 9. Title: A call for mental health needs assessments in HIV positive children in Africa. Author: Idoniboye G Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 2008 Sep;128(5):240-1. Abstract: There is a worldwide pandemic of HIV infection. The WHO has compiled estimates of cases of HIV/AIDS for each country. In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV infection is causing decreased life expectancy. There is an overall increase in the number of orphans as a result of AIDS. Poverty, the lack of technologies and adequate resources are widening the gap between Africa and industrialized countries. In the instance of HIV positive children in Africa, we should aim to look into ways to identify and treat those with mental health issues or at risk for future mental health problems. This will help those affected to cope with the chronic illness associated with HIV infection, and to better comply with treatment that may lead to improved outcomes in terms of their quality of life. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEEDS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV | HIV TESTING | MENTAL HEALTH | SOCIAL WELFARE | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328678 |
| 10. Title: The Oportunidades Program increases the linear growth of children enrolled at young ages in urban Mexico. Author: Leroy JL; Garcia-Guerra A; Garcia R; Dominguez C; Rivera J Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2008 Apr;138(4):793-798. Abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of Mexico's conditional cash transfer program, Oportunidades, on the growth of children less than 24 mo of age living in urban areas. Beneficiary families received cash transfers, a fortified food (targeted to pregnant and lactating women, children 6-23 mo, and children with low weight 2-4 y), and curative health services, among other benefits. Program benefits were conditional on preventative health care utilization and attendance of health and nutrition education sessions. We estimated the impact of the program after 2 y of operation in a panel of 432 children less than 24 mo of age at baseline (2002). We used difference-in-difference propensity score matching, which takes into account nonrandom program participation and the effects of unobserved fixed characteristics on outcomes. All models controlled for child age, sex, baseline anthropometry, and maternal height. Anthropometric Z-scores were calculated using the new WHO growth reference standards. There was no overall association between program participation and growth in children 6 to 24 mo of age. Children in intervention families younger than 6 mo of age at baseline grew 1.5 cm (P less than 0.05) more than children in comparison families, corresponding to 0.41 height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) (P less than 0.05). They also gained an additional 0.76 kg (P less than 0.01) or 0.47 weight-for-height Z-scores (P less than 0.05). Children living in the poorest intervention households tended (0.05 less than P less than 0.10) to be taller than comparison children (0.9 cm, 0.27 HAZ). Oportunidades, with its strong nutrition component, is an effective tool to improve the growth of infants in poor urban households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD | YOUTH | PREGNANT WOMEN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CLINIC VISITS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL WELFARE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Biology | Economic Factors Document Number: 325553 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Hospitalizations during infancy in three population-based studies in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials. Author: Matijasevich A; Cesar JA; Santos IS; Barros AJ; Dode MA; Barros FC; Victora CG Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S437-43. Abstract: Three cohort studies of children born in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were carried out in 1982, 1993, and 2004. The aim of these studies was to measure the occurrence of hospitalization in the first year of life and to examine the association between hospitalization and the cause of admission and sex, birth weight, and family income. Cause of admission was categorized as "diarrhea" and "all other causes". The frequency of children hospitalized at least once during their first year of life was 19.6% in 1982, 18.1% in 1993, and 19.2% in 2004. There was a marked reduction in hospitalizations due to diarrhea, but the frequency of hospitalization for all causes remained constant. In all three cohorts, infants from poorer families and those born weighing under 2,000g showed the highest frequencies of hospitalization due to diarrhea and all other causes, and the latter also showed a marked increase in hospitalizations due to all causes. These findings could be explained by an epidemic of preterm births in the study population. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INFANT | HOSPITALS | MORBIDITY | SOCIAL WELFARE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 330450 |
| 12. Title: Orphans and vulnerable children in high HIV-prevalence countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Mishra V; Bignami-Van Assche S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International Inc., 2008 Sep. 113 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Analytical Studies No. 15) Abstract: This study estimates the size and distribution of the population of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in eight sub-Saharan African countries with relatively high rates of HIV. It highlights the heavy burden and the multi-dimensional nature of caring for OVC, particularly with regard to schooling and health care. The study finds that substantial proportions of children in these countries are OVC, and that the prevalence of OVC varies widely across countries and across different population sub-groups with countries and sub-regions with a higher prevalence of HIV having a higher prevalence of OVC as well. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | SOCIAL WELFARE | CHILD SURVIVAL | BED NETS | USER COMPLIANCE | STIGMA | MALNUTRITION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONDOM USE | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Parasite Control | Public Health | Behavior | Social Problems | Nutrition Disorders | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 326055 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of HIV/AIDS on household welfare in Uganda rural communities: a review. Author: Nabyonga-Orem J; Bazeyo W; Okema A; Karamagi H; Walker O Source: East African Medical Journal. 2008 Apr;85(4):187-96. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on household welfare. Explore the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty especially in relation to the Poverty Eradication Action Plan as well as make policy recommendations regarding action necessary to reverse or reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS on households (HHs). DATA SOURCES: A cross-sectional study that utilised qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data were collected on the socio demographic profile; level of income; illness incidence and failure to work; loss of income due to illness; health expenditures for the last two months and modes of coping with health care costs. STUDY SELECTION: Study districts were selected based on regional representation and the HIV seroprevalence rates. The country is divided in four regions and the district with the highest seroprevalence in each region was selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data was entered and analysed using EPINFO and proportions expressed as percentages. DATA SYNTHESIS: There were no children headed HHs among the controls and female and widowed HHs heads were more among the infected/affected HHs. The total average two months' expenditure on health care for control HHs was US $25 compared to US $95, for infected/affected HHs. Thirty two point two percent of HH heads who had missed work in the previous month gave illness as reason in the control group compared to 77.2% among infected/affected HHs. Fifty nine percent of these reported to have lost all their source of income as a result of the illness and 2.3% had salaries reduced. Twenty seven percent of the control HHs had children of school going age not attending school compared to 49% among the infected/affected HHs. Only 1.2% among the controls and 8.1% in the affected gave looking after the sick as reason. Methods of coping with cost of health care included sale of assets and withdrawing savings. CONCLUSION: The study shows that HIV/AIDS impoverishes affected/infected households. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL WELFARE | INCOME | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AIDS | IMPACT | EXPENDITURES | POVERTY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Financial Activities Document Number: 328707 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Nigerian women would like to receive social support during childbirth. Author: Ramashwar S Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Dec;34(4):202-203. Abstract: Most pregnant women receiving antenatal care at a Nigerian hospital said they would prefer to have someone with them during childbirth to provide social support, a practice not allowed in many Nigerian facilities. Although 86% said their husband would be their preferred companion, 67% indicated that they would be happy to have their mother or another relative with them. Professional women, those belonging to minority ethnic groups, and those without children were more likely than other women to want someone to accompany them in the labor room. As in many Sub-Saharan African countries, the availability and quality of maternal health care is often inadequate in Nigeria. Only one-third of Nigerian women have skilled birth attendants when they deliver, in part because obstacles such as poverty, health workers' negative attitudes toward patients, and policies prohibiting relatives from being in the labor room discourage women from delivering at public hospitals. As a result, many women rely on traditional birth attendants, who allow them to obtain social, emotional and other forms of support from family members or friends. To assess pregnant women's attitudes about these types of support and identify related factors, the investigators surveyed a random sample of pregnant women aged 18-44 who were visiting an antenatal hospital clinic in Ibadan in August-November 2006. All women who were approached agreed to participate. In addition to providing information on social and demographic characteristics, the women answered questions about whether they wished to have support during delivery, their preferred sources of support and the types of support they desired. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIAL WELFARE | CHILDBIRTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | CARE AND SUPPORT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Resources Document Number: 330148 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: A systematic review on the meaning of the concept 'AIDS Orphan': Confusion over definitions and implications for care. Author: Sherr L; Varrall R; Mueller J; Richter L; Wakhweya A Source: AIDS Care. 2008 May;20(5):527-536. Abstract: Global publications on the international AIDS epidemic report on the existence of an ever-increasing number of orphans and vulnerable children. It has been suggested that by the end of this decade there will be in excess of 25 million AIDS orphans globally, an issue which will require understanding and organisation of long-term medical, psychological and social support. This study provides a systematic review to examine the use, overuse and misuse of the term orphan and explores the benefits and limitations of this approach. It then summarises the knowledge on orphans to date. Using a search strategy of published studies and recent conference abstracts, 383 papers were identified where the concept of AIDS and Orphan was raised. The papers were systematically coded and reviewed to understand when and how a child is labelled an orphan, and to summarise the effect of orphanhood on outcome measures, most notably psychologically and physically. All controlled studies published prior to 2006 were reviewed. A consistent picture of negative effects of parental death (however defined) on a wide range of physical, socioeconomic and psychological outcomes were recorded. Seventeen studies met criteria for in-depth review (empirical, fully published, control group). The majority of studies are cross-sectional (two are longitudinal) and employ a very wide array of measures _ both standardised and study specific. This detailed analysis shows a mixed picture on outcome. Although most studies report some negative effects, there are often no differences and some evidence of protective effects from quality of subsequent care and economic assistance. The lack of consistent measures and the blurring of definitions are stumbling blocks in this area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | COMMUNICATION | HIV | AIDS | PARENTS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SOCIAL WELFARE | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 326896 |
| 16. Title: Multicultural meanings of social support among immigrants and refugees. Author: Stewart M; Anderson J; Beiser M; Mwakarimba E; Neufeld A Source: International Migration. 2008 Aug;46(3):123-159. Abstract: Canada continues to be a prominent immigrant and refugee-receiving country in worldwide migration, resettlement, and search for refuge, yet there is a gap in our understanding of these newcomers' views of the specific meanings of social support and their support needs and resources. The purpose of this study was to understand the meanings of social support for immigrants and refugees in Canada, and to explore the types and adequacy of formal supports. Individual interviews were conducted with 60 service providers and policymakers initially (Phase 1), and 120 immigrants and refugees (60 Chinese, 60 Somali) in the second phase. The implications of these findings were elicited in group interviews (Phase 3) of policy decision-makers, advocates, service providers, and managers. This investigation revealed many interrelated challenges facing refugees and immigrants such as language difficulties, inadequate information on services, poor health, racism, needs for retraining, rejection of foreign qualifications, unemployment, social isolation, social insecurity, dwindling social networks, and family conflicts. The study also illuminated culturally and socio-economically determined perceptions of social support and support-seeking strategies. Limited personal resources and dwindling social networks are an impediment to coping with integration and settlement challenges. In many cases, newcomers' efforts to seek help are thwarted by systemic obstacles. Newcomers experienced extensive unmet support needs, which service providers cannot adequately meet due to bureaucratic and resource constraints. Policies in various sectors that affect the lives of immigrants and refugees are inadequate for bridging their support deficiencies. These support gaps hinder the successful settlement and integration of newcomers. Policies and programs fostering culturally relevant support, and inter-sectoral collaboration among organizations addressing the support needs of immigrants and refugees are timely. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | IMMIGRANTS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | POLICY | NEEDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SOCIAL WELFARE | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Health Document Number: 329504 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Insecticide-treated net ownership and usage in Niger after a nationwide integrated campaign. Author: Thwing J; Hochberg N; Eng JV; Issifi S; Eliades MJ Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jun;13(6):827-834. Abstract: In December 2005 and March 2006, Niger conducted nationwide integrated campaigns to distribute polio vaccine and long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) to children less than 5 years of age. We evaluated the campaign effectiveness, net retention, insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership, and usage. Two nationwide cross-sectional surveys in January 2006 (dry season) and September 2006 (rainy season), using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling design. We mapped selected communities, selected households by simple random sampling, and administered questionnaires by interviewers using personal digital assistants. The first survey showed that ITN ownership in all households was 6.3% prior to the campaign, increasing to 65.1% after the campaign in the second survey. The second survey also showed that 73.4% of households with children less than 5 received an LLIN and that 97.7% of households that received greater than or equal to one LLIN retained it. The wealth equity ratio for ITN ownership in households with children less than 5 increased from 0.17 prior to the campaign to 0.79 afterward. During the dry season, 15.4% of all children less than 5 and 11.3% of pregnant women slept under an ITN, while during rainy season, 55.5% of children less than 5 and 48.2% of pregnant women slept under an ITN. Free distribution during the integrated campaign rapidly increased ITN ownership and decreased inequities between those in the highest and lowest wealth quintiles. Retention of ITNs was very high, and usage was high during malaria transmission season. However, ITN ownership and usage by vulnerable groups continues to fall short of RBM targets, and additional strategies are needed to increase ownership and usage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD | CAMPAIGNS | BED NETS | VACCINES | POLIO | MALARIA | SOCIAL WELFARE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication Programs | Communication | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325929 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Breastfeeding and feeding patterns in three birth cohorts in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials. Author: Victora CG; Matijasevich A; Santos IS; Barros AJ; Horta BL; Barros FC Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S409-16. Abstract: Breastfeeding is fundamental for child health. Changes in the duration of breastfeeding are compared for three population-based cohorts of children born in 1982, 1993 and 2004 in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Samples of the 1982 and 1993 children and all of the children from the 2004 cohort study were sought at home when they were aged around 12 months. Both the duration of breastfeeding and the stage at which different kind of foods were regularly introduced were investigated. The median duration of breastfeeding increased from 3.1 to 6.8 months in this period. Exclusive breastfeeding at three months was practically non-existent in 1982 and had reached one third of infants by 2004. The increase was faster after 1993, suggesting an important impact made by promotion activities. Up to about 6-9 months, breastfeeding was more prevalent in high-income families, but after this age it became more common among the poor. Low birth weight babies were breastfeed for shorter durations. The duration of breastfeeding is still far short of international recommendations, justifying further campaigns. Special attention should be given to low birth weight babies and those from low-income families. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | INFANT | BREASTFEEDING | SOCIAL WELFARE | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330453 |
| 19. Title: Performance of social safety net programs in Uttar Pradesh. Author: Ajwad MI Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Social Protection Advisory Service, 2007 Oct. 45 p. (SP Discussion Paper No. 0714) Abstract: Ajwad assesses the effectiveness of core social protection programs in Uttar Pradesh using the following criteria: i) coverage, ii) targeting efficiency; and iii) adequacy and potential impact on household welfare. The study is largely a quantitative assessment. Five main findings emerge from the study. First, many of the social safety net programs implemented in Uttar Pradesh have very low coverage rates, which in turn imply that exclusion errors are very large. Second, although the beneficiaries are disproportionately from poor households, non-poor households are benefiting from the program - hence, inclusion errors are also a problem. Third, across caste groupings, program beneficiaries from SC/ST households exceed beneficiaries from other caste groups. Fourth, there is considerable geographic variation in program coverage, implying heterogeneity in the effectiveness of service delivery. Fifth, many of the programs have a very small impact on household welfare, even for poor households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | HOUSEHOLDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | SAFETY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health | Political Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322884 |
| 20. Title: Ideas and action: Addressing the social factors that influence sexual and reproductive health. Author: Barton T; Rubardt M; Reilly J Author: CARE Source: Atlanta, Georgia, CARE, 2007. 109 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-99-00009-00) Abstract: As development workers, we know that good health is a necessary condition for helping people rise from poverty. We also know that poverty, and the social disadvantages usually associated with it, profoundly influence people's ability to stay healthy. For those of us whose careers have been spent working in communities around the world, the relationship between poverty, power and poor health is painfully clear. But have we done enough to address that relationship in our health programming? Much of our health work has sought to improve the availability of high-quality health information and services for poor women, men and young people. The thinking behind this approach was that good information and easily accessible services would enable people to make positive healthcare decisions and act upon them. This approach has worked up to a point. Decades of government and NGO efforts in the areas of prevention, health promotion and healthcare provision have undoubtedly led to better health for many poor people. Yet the shortcomings of our efforts are equally evident. Many intended beneficiaries never receive services, while others do not make decisions that could keep them healthy, despite access to sound information and health centers offering high-quality services. In other places, extensive investments in capacity building have not resulted in sustained improvements in health service delivery. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | FIELD WORKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CULTURE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 325170 |
| 21. Title: The long-run impact of orphanhood. Author: Beegle K; De Weerdt J; Dercon S Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty Team, 2007 Sep. 31 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4353) Abstract: This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long run for health and education outcomes, in a region of Northwestern Tanzania. The paper studies a sample of 718 non-orphaned children surveyed in 1991-94, who were traced and re-interviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19 percent, lost one or more parents before the age of 15 in this period, allowing the authors to assess the permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. The analysis controls for a wide range of child and adult characteristics before orphanhood, as well as community fixed effects. The findings show that maternal orphanhood has a permanent adverse impact of 2 cm of final height attainment and one year of educational attainment. Expressing welfare in terms of consumption expenditure, the result is a gap of 8.5 percent compared with similar children whose mother survived till at least their 15th birthday. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | SURVEYS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | EDUCATION | HEALTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL WELFARE | EXPENDITURES | MATERNAL HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 322882 |
| 22. Title: Abandonment, adoption and reproductive disruption: Transitions in child circulation in Mexico City, 1880 - 1910. Author: Blum AS Source: Childhood. 2007 Aug;14(3):321-338. Abstract: To explore meanings attached to children in Mexican society, this article examines two changing aspects of child circulation, a widespread reproductive disruption to the families of Mexico City's working poor. In the late 1890s, a rapid rise in admissions to the public foundling home was matched by a striking increase in retrievals. At the other end of the social spectrum, growing preference for adopting infants and young children indicates that adoption was becoming an acceptable means of forming families among the middle and upper classes. Changes in welfare policy encouraged both trends. This convergence of family practice and public policy illuminates transitions in concepts of infancy and early childhood informed by a consolidating ethic of protected childhood. These dynamics prefigured the emergence of child protection legislation in the 1910s and the expansion of welfare services in the 1920s and 1930s. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOPTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | GOVERNMENT | CULTURE | SOCIAL CLASS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 313815 |
| 23. Title: Gender equity in transitional China's healthcare policy reforms. Author: Chen L; Standing H Source: Feminist Economics. 2007 Jul-Oct;13(3-4):189-212. Abstract: This paper explores the gendered impact of Chinese healthcare reforms, drawing attention to the complex and changing nature of gender inequities in China's current economic and social transformations. Using official and academic sources, it examines the reforms' impact on access to reproductive healthcare, the gendered effects of changes in health sector financing - particularly the collapse of insurance systems and rising costs of healthcare, and the implications of China's demographic transition on women's informal healthcare roles. This paper suggests areas that policy-makers, researchers, and activists should prioritize to address inequity, including developing public health policy based on the systematic monitoring of health impacts and trends from a gender perspective, strengthening rural medical facilities to meet the basic healthcare needs of rural populations (including sexual and reproductive health needs), and reforming the healthcare system together with social security systems to equitably cover the poor and the elderly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | WOMEN | SOCIAL CHANGE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH INSURANCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL WELFARE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Women's Status Document Number: 320555 |
| 24. Title: Gauging the welfare effects of shocks in rural Tanzania. Author: Christiaensen L; Hoffmann V; Sarris A Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Africa Region, Africa Technical Families Division, 2007 Nov. 44 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4406) Abstract: Studies of risk and its consequences tend to focus on one risk factor, such as a drought or an economic crisis. Yet 2003 household surveys in rural Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma, two cash-crop-growing regions in Tanzania that experienced a precipitous coffee price decline around the turn of the millennium, identified health and drought shocks as well as commodity price declines as major risk factors, suggesting the need for a comprehensive approach to analyzing household vulnerability. In fact, most coffee growers, except the smaller ones in Kilimanjaro, weathered the coffee price declines rather well, at least to the point of not being worse off than non-coffee growers. Conversely, improving health conditions and reducing the effect of droughts emerge as critical to reduce vulnerability. One-third of the rural households in Kilimanjaro experienced a drought or health shocks, resulting in an estimated 8 percent welfare loss on average, after using savings and aid. Rainfall is more reliable in Ruvuma, anddrought there did not affect welfare. Surprisingly, neither did health shocks, plausibly because of lower medical expenditures given limited health care provisions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL AREAS | HOUSEHOLDS | DROUGHT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | AGRICULTURE | SOCIAL WELFARE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | EXPENDITURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Water Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities Document Number: 322876 |
| 25. Title: Experiences and support needs of poverty-stricken people living with HIV in the Potchefstroom district in South Africa. Author: Feitsma AT; Koen MP; Pienaar AJ; Minnie CS Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2007 May-Jun;18(3):55-64. Abstract: This study was undertaken to address the lack of support for poverty-stricken people living with HIV that was identified in the Potchefstroom district in the North-West Province in South Africa. A qualitative phenomenological design was used to explore the experience, identify the support needs, and formulate guidelines for effective support for poverty-stricken people living with HIV. A total of 25 in-depth interviews guided by two central questions resulted in the following themes: facilitative and impeding experiences of poverty-stricken people living with HIV, basic needs, psychosocial needs, cultural-spiritual needs, and self-actualization needs. The experience of poverty-stricken people living with HIV in the Potchefstroom district is closely related to their support needs. To address these needs holistically and to enhance the quality of life of poverty-stricken people living with HIV, the needs should first be addressed individually. Following that, the collective needs can be addressed by a support system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CARE AND SUPPORT | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CULTURE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SOCIAL WELFARE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 317603 |
| 26. Title: Impact of structural adjustment programmes on overall social welfare in Pakistan. Author: Gera N Source: South Asia Economic Journal. 2007;8(1):39-64. Abstract: This article discusses the impact of structural adjustment on poverty and inequality and overall social welfare in Pakistan over the adjustment decade (1988-99) based on household surveys. It provides an in-depth analysis of poverty during the adjustment decade as well as an account of structural adjustment programmes and macroeconomic policies. The article argues that adjustment programmes have been flawed by a lack of distributional analysis and by poor sequencing of reforms, notably premature financial liberalization. The conditionality of reduction of the budget deficit has led to expenditure cuts which have adversely affected the poorer sections of society. The findings show that since the 1988 bout of structural adjustment, public sector employment decreased while wages were frozen. Also, overall unemployment in occupations with a high incidence of poverty has increased and the real wages of both skilled and unskilled labour fell sharply. Overall, the likely impact of structural adjustment policies on labour and the poor presents a bleak scenario. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LABOR FORCE | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WAGES | INCOME | UNDEREMPLOYMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Communication Document Number: 322533 |
| 27. Title: From public to private maternalism? Gender and welfare in Poland and Hungary after 1989. Author: Glass C; Fodor E Source: Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. 2007 Fall;14(3):323-350. Abstract: This paper compares the political processes and gendered outcomes of welfare state formation in Hungary and Poland. We find both differences and similarities in the extent to which family and maternity policies in the two countries encourage women's paid work, support women's care giving work in the home, guard women and their families against poverty, and differentiate among women based on ethnic/racial classifications and class status. We argue that while welfare states in Western Europe may be increasingly characterized by a retreat from maternalist policies, Hungarian and Polish welfare policies support distinct forms of maternalism. While maternalism is privatized in Poland, it is publicly supported and subsidized in Hungary. We attempt to explain the divergence between the two countries by pointing to differences in class-based and gender-based political mobilization around family benefits as well as the timing of welfare reforms. Despite differences in the substance of the policies, however, we find that both regimes limit women's labor market opportunities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL WELFARE | WOMEN'S STATUS | HUMAN RIGHTS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | MATERNITY BENEFITS | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY POLICY | SOCIAL CLASS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Microeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 320885 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Closing the gaps: The need to improve identification and services to child victims of trafficking. Author: Gozdziak EM Source: Human Organization. 2007;66(2):171-184. Abstract: Human trafficking for sexual exploitation and forced labor is believed to be one of the fastest growing areas of criminal activity. The vast majority of victims of severe forms of trafficking are women and children. The particular vulnerability of child victims, related to biophysiological, social, behavioral, and cognitive phases of the maturity process, distinguishes them from adult victims and underscores the necessity of special attention to their particular needs. In the United States, most trafficking victims, but particularly child victims, go unidentified and even fewer gain access to the services developed to help them break free from their traffickers and reintegrate into the wider society. This paper uses a case study approach to examine the inadequacies and service gaps in the system established in the United States to care for child victims of trafficking. The case study is discussed within a broader context of the evolution of the system of care available to child victims of trafficking, including the transfer of care of undocumented children in federal custody from the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | CRITIQUE | CHILD | CHILD LABOR | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | POLICY | CRIME | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | SOCIAL WELFARE | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Organizations Document Number: 320169 |
| 29. Title: Enhanced protection for children affected by AIDS. A companion paper to The Framework for the Protection, Care and Support of Orphans and Vulnerable Children Living in a World with HIV and AIDS. Author: Greenberg A; Miller C; Montgomery M; Kean S; Temin M Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2007. 56 p. Also available in French. Abstract: All children have the right to protection. A child whose family is wealthy can still be raped or beaten. A girl in a loving family may still be married against her will where this is the social norm. But the risks for children increase when their families are poor, when children lack access to basic services or are stigmatized within their communities. Parents are children's first line of protection, and the risks of exploitation and abuse increase when parents or caregivers are absent due to illness, death or abandonment. Because such problems are highly likely to cluster in the lives of children affected by AIDS, they are particularly vulnerable to protection violations. Reaching this group of children can be difficult because they may be hidden from view due to the stigma surrounding HIV. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PARENTS | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIAL CHANGE | STIGMA | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | RECOMMENDATIONS | NEEDS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Social Problems | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 317993 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Family planning policies and their impacts on the poor: Peru's experience. Author: Gribble JN; Sharma S; Menotti EP Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2007 Dec;33(4):176-181. Abstract: In this article, we review policies and laws relevant to family planning and provide insight on how the family planning policies have evolved and affected access to services, as well as how characteristics of and trends in the family planning market* have changed over time. Our assessment draws on multiple information sources, including family planning market segmentation data and literature on Peru's family planning program. Additional sources, such as ombudsman reports, user and provider interviews and health facility studies, clarify specific points. A historic overview of key family planning policies and programs implemented in Peru, focusing on three time periods, 1985-1995, 1995-2000 and 2000-2004, provides information on policies that have been put in place and the degree to which they have affected access to family planning among the poor. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PERU | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL WELFARE | FEES | IMPACT | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 323663 |
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