1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe. Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17. Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy Document Number: 341476 |
2.  Title: Development connections: a manual for integrating the programmes and services of HIV and violence against women. Author: Ferdinand DL Source: Washington, D.C., Development Connections, 2009. [80] p. Abstract: The aim of this manual is to support government agencies, NGOs and inter-institutional networks in the development of processes for integrating HIV and VAW interventions in the specific areas of prevention, VCT, PMTCT, care, support and treatment. Also, it can be applied to the analysis of emerging public policy issues regarding HIV and VAW. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | STANDARDS | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SCREENING | TREATMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328698 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Conceptualising abortion stigma. Author: Kumar A; Hessini L; Mitchell EM Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1. Abstract: Abortion stigma is widely acknowledged in many countries, but poorly theorised. Although media accounts often evoke abortion stigma as a universal social fact, we suggest that the social production of abortion stigma is profoundly local. Abortion stigma is neither natural nor 'essential' and relies upon power disparities and inequalities for its formation. In this paper, we identify social and political processes that favour the emergence, perpetuation and normalisation of abortion stigma. We hypothesise that abortion transgresses three cherished 'feminine' ideals: perpetual fecundity; the inevitability of motherhood; and instinctive nurturing. We offer examples of how abortion stigma is generated through popular and medical discourses, government and political structures, institutions, communities and via personal interactions. Finally, we propose a research agenda to reveal, measure and map the diverse manifestations of abortion stigma and its impact on women's health. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | ABORTION | STIGMA | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FEMALE ROLE | PUBLIC OPINION | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Attitudes | Psychological Factors Document Number: 341497 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproduction in upheaval: Ethnic-specific fertility responses to societal turbulence in Kazakhstan. Author: Agadjanian V; Dommaraju P; Glick JE Source: Population Studies. 2008 Jul;62(2):211-233. Abstract: This study contributes to the literature on demographic adjustments to societal crises by examining ethnic-specific probabilities of having first, second, and third marital births in late-twentieth-century Kazakhstan. Discrete-time logit models, employing data from the 1995 and 1999 Kazakhstan Demographic and Health Surveys, are fitted. The results show that the probability of a first birth responded to societal cataclysms of the post-Soviet transition, but this response was most manifest and enduring in the ethnic group that had been most demographically advanced and that also found itself most politically and economically vulnerable. While ethnic differences in the probabilities of second and third births were generally more pronounced than in the probability of first birth, the pace of their post-Soviet decline was relatively uniform across all ethnic groups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KAZAKHSTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | ETHNIC GROUPS | FIRST BIRTH | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Birth Intervals Document Number: 327527 |
| 5. Title: The impact of government programs on reproductive health disparities: three case studies. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):6-12. Abstract: During the last several decades, the health of Americans overall has steadily improved. However, many low-income, poorly educated or disabled Americans, as well as people of color, have not benefited from many of the recent health gains for the population as a whole. Across the board, these groups are disproportionately more likely than others to struggle with diabetes, heart disease, cancer and obesity. Some groups have higher death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide than the general population, and others tend to report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness and days of depression. Recognizing the magnitude of health inequalities in the United States, one of the goals of the Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities. In the field of sexual and reproductive health, three government initiatives stand out as case studies of policies and their impact on disparities. The first examines the federally funded family planning program, which was a conscious attempt to ensure that any woman-regardless of her age, marital status, income or health insurance status-has access to the contraceptive services she wants and needs. The second highlights the Hyde Amendment, in which the government has abdicated its responsibility to poor women faced with an unintended pregnancy. And the third focuses on a Medicaid eligibility expansion for pregnant women that revolutionized how pregnancy-related care is paid for in this country. Each of these case studies presents a starkly different portrait of government policies and the lessons that can be learned about addressing inequalities in the United States. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY SIZE | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABORTION LAW | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 323168 Notification |
| 6. Title: Iraqi adolescents: Self-regard, self-derogation, and perceived threat in war. Author: Carlton-Ford S; Ender MG; Tabatabai A Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2008 Feb;31(1):53-75. Abstract: A year into the 2003 US-Iraq war, how were adolescents in Baghdad faring? Conflict-related events typically lower psychological well-being; in contrast, investment in and protection of threatened identities should lead to self-esteem striving and, presumably, better well-being. How threatened do Iraqi adolescents feel? Is their self-esteem related to their sense of threat? Do age, religion, ethnicity, and gender alter the link between perceived threat and self-esteem? We use data from 1000 randomly selected adolescents living in Baghdad during July 2004. Iraqi adolescents reported high levels of threat; those feeling more threatened reported higher levels of self-esteem. Social background correlates with both self-esteem and perceived threat, but controlling for social background does not eliminate the relationship between self-esteem and perceived threat. We interpret our results in light of theory and research concerning social identity, mortality threats, and war trauma. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | WAR | SELF ESTEEM | PERCEPTION | SAFETY | MORTALITY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | RELIGION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 323994 |
| 7. Title: Female feticide in India: Issues and concerns. Author: Garg S; Nath A Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2008 Oct;54(4):276-279. Abstract: The preference for a son continues to be a prevalent norm in the traditional Indian household. This is evident from the declining sex ratio which has dropped to alarming levels, especially in the northern states according to Census 2001 reports. The proliferation and abuse of advanced technologies coupled with social factors contributing to the low status of women such as dowry, concerns with family name and looking up to the son as a breadwinner has made the evil practice of female feticide to become common in the middle and higher socioeconomic households, especially in the northern states. Despite the existence of the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, there is a dire need to strengthen this law since the number of convictions is despairingly low as compared to the burden posed by this crime. Moreover, it is necessary to gear efforts against the cultural, economic and religious roots of this social malady by woman empowerment and intensive Information, Education and Communication campaigns. The medical colleges and professional bodies have a vital role to play by sensitizing medical students who are the doctors of tomorrow. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FETUS | SEX PREFERENCE | ABORTION | WOMEN'S STATUS | CULTURE | DOWRY | SEX DETERMINATION | CRIME | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Diseases Document Number: 328513 Notification |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Does the recent evolution of Canadian mortality agree with the epidemiologic transition theory? Author: Lussier MH; Bourbeau R; Choiniere R Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 20;18(19):531-568. Abstract: The last century has been the witness to numerous changes in population evolution, including an important decline in fertility, paired with a regression of mortality due in part to the changing nature of causes of death. The study of the theory of the epidemiologic transition has allowed better insight of the processes behind the evolution of mortality and causes of death in developed countries. However, this theory of the epidemiologic transition has also been a controversial issue among researchers in the last few decades. The object of this analysis is to study the evolution of the late stages of the epidemiologic transition in Canada, and to determine where Canada stands among the theoretical stages of the epidemiologic transition suggested by various researchers. After studying the epidemiologic transition's situation in Canada, it is determined that the delimitation of temporal stages within the epidemiologic transition as put forward by Omran (1971, 1998), Olshansky and Ault (1986), Rogersand Hackenberg (1987) and Olshansky et al. (1998) does not suit the Canadian evolution. Many of the researchers' postulates on the epidemiologic transition were not confirmed, which leads us to assert that, since 1958, the epidemiologic transition in Canada is best described as an evolution process rather than specific stages confined within time limits. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CHRONIC DISEASES | SURVIVORSHIP | MORTALITY DECLINE | SEX FACTORS | AIDS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Death Rate | Diseases | Length of Life | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Infections Document Number: 327408 |
| 9. Title: Low birth weight, prematurity, and paternal social status: impact on the basic competence test in Taiwanese adolescents. Author: Wang WL; Sung YT; Sung FC; Lu TH; Kuo SC; Li CY Source: Journal of Pediatrics. 2008 Sep;153(3):333-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether birth weight and paternal education may have independent and interactive effects on the learning achievement of adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: We linked birth weights, gestational ages (term or preterm) and paternal education of a 4-year birth cohort to the Basic Competence Test (BCT) scores in Mandarin, mathematics and science for junior high school students age 15 to 16 years. The study groups comprised infants with term low birth weight (TLBW; n = 33 507), preterm normal birth weight (PNBW; n =19 905), and preterm low birth weight (PLBW; n = 25 840), as well as randomly selected term infants with normal birth weight (TNBW; n = 83 756). Paternal education levels were categorized. RESULTS: Compared with the TNBW adolescents, the TLBW adolescents consistently showed larger deficits in mean scores for Mandarin (beta = -2.36), mathematics (beta = -2.89), and science (beta = -2.11). The corresponding significant deficit scores for the PLBW adolescents were -1.93, -2.80, and -1.92. The deficit scores were very small for the PNBW adolescents. Paternal education was inversely associated with scores of all 3 groups. Lower paternal education level tended to worsen the negative impact of low birth weight on BCT scores. CONCLUSIONS: Both lower birth weight and lower paternal education exert an independent and interactive effect on adolescent learning achievement. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | INFANT, PREMATURE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | PREGNANCY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | PREMATURE BIRTH | GESTATIONAL AGE | PARENTS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ADOLESCENTS | INTELLIGENCE | BEHAVIOR | EMOTIONS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Infant | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy Outcomes | Fetus | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328361 |
| 10. Title: Evaluating HEARTLINES. Eight weeks eight values. One national conversation, 2006. A platform for change. A summary report of research by Health and Development Africa. Author: HEARTLINES; Health and Development Africa Source: Houghton, South Africa, HEARTLINES, 2007 Jun. [34] p. (USCDC Cooperative Agreement No. U62/CCU024560/01) Abstract: HEARTLINES is an innovative programme developed by The Mass Media Project in South Africa. The intervention's purpose is to address South Africa's social issues, such as HIV and AIDS, crime, violence and the breakdown of family and social structures. HEARTLINES is unique in its approach in that it addresses these issues through values - the primary aim of the intervention is to promote reflection on people's value systems and how these values are lived out in daily life. Over 85% of South Africans adhere to religious beliefs which have clear moral ideals and principles. One explicit strategy of HEARTLINES is to build on this already established authority of religious and spiritual beliefs. Using the authority of FBOs and religious faith, the Mass Media Project aims to promote values, to encourage people to live out their values more fully, and provide tools for this purpose. This evaluation is focused on the first stage of the HEARTLINES intervention. This included two main initiatives, namely, the national broadcast of 8 HEARTLINES films or dramas, with supporting print and below-the-line media components and secondly, the start of social mobilisation of faith-based organisations, where FBOs were provided with relevant tools to teach values and encouraged to undertake discussion-based activities. This first stage of HEARTLINES was evaluated using scientifically rigorous evaluation methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADULTS | MASS MEDIA | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | CAMPAIGNS | VALUE ORIENTATION | RELIGION | FILM AND VIDEO | TELEVISION PROGRAM | PRINTED MEDIA | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Television | Broadcast Media | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 325654 |
| 11. Title: Support women caregivers: Fight AIDS. Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]. Global Coalition on Women and AIDS Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, [2007]. [4] p. (Issue No. 5) Also available in French. Abstract: The AIDS epidemic is taking a devastating toll on families and communities worldwide. In its wake lies a growing burden of caring for the sick, the dying, and those left behind. In countries hardest hit, most of the care for people living with HIV takes place in the home, and up to 90% of that is provided by women and girls. The inability of health systems to care for all those living with HIV who are in need of services has led many governments to rely on home-based care to fill the gap. Most of those who provide this care are unpaid and already quite poor, and the additional financial and emotional burden of administering care frequently pushes them into destitution. Therefore, caregivers, particularly women and girls, need more economic, technical, and social support for providing this essential yet too often unrecognized service - and this support must be made central to AIDS strategies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | POLICYMAKERS | AIDS | HOME CARE | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Training Programs | Education | Programs Document Number: 322599 |
| 12. Title: Gender issues: Why I was not born as a son? Author: Aggarwal AK; Gupta N Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007 Jul-Sep;32(3):173-174. Abstract: Female foeticide and declining sex ration indicate female oppression in India. Will Legal Action or Public Health Education alone resolve the issue? Or, is there need of additional support systems to address the problem? Obsession for son is prevalent in all income groups, education groups irrespective of caste and creed. Why is there obsession for a son? Continuation of family lineage, performance of certain religious and social functions, performance of last rites, and expectation to provide financial, emotional and social support to and old age are some of the factors. Hard tasks like plowing in fields are very difficult for females, and sons are important assets in such situations. Who will look after them when the parents lose their strength with age? Things are no different for service-class retired people in urban areas. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX PREFERENCE | WOMEN'S STATUS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination Document Number: 321642 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Individual responsibility and social constraint: The construction of adolescent motherhood in social scientific research. Author: Breheny M; Ste[jems C Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2007 Jul-Aug;9(4):333-346. Abstract: Research has an important role in the production of knowledge and in shaping dominant social attitudes towards adolescent motherhood. Although adolescent motherhood has been framed as a social problem in social scientific research, recent researchers have attempted to go beyond the focus on disadvantage to suggest that outcomes for adolescent mothers depend upon individual differences and contextual factors related to successful mothering. Social structures have also been considered, and adolescent motherhood has been investigated from the perspective of the mothers themselves. Each of these approaches to researching adolescent motherhood provides a subject position for adolescent mothers with associated potential for both positive and negative impact on their social lives. These implications and the alternatives to individualizing success and discounting social constraint require consideration. Useful strategies could include valuing motherhood regardless of the social and economic position of the mother, and addressing structures which contribute to the exclusion of adolescent mothers from education and economic participation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | POVERTY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 308852 |
| 14. Title: Negotiating state and NGO politics in Bangladesh: Women mobilize against acid violence. Author: Chowdhury EH Source: Violence Against Women. 2007 Aug;13(8):857-873. Abstract: This note showcases the story of Nurun Nahar, a survivor of acid violence in Bangladesh, to demonstrate that, despite protective measures, state, medical, and legal institutions continually fail to adequately respond to violence against women systematically and deny women rights to state protection, which are affirmatively embodied in law. The failure of state institutions to ensure appropriate care has been somewhat mitigated by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), particularly women's groups, which are albeit heavily constrained because of the volume of demand yet scarcity of expertise, infrastructure, and funds. In addition, this note offers some thoughts on how nonstate actors, namely, women's NGOs, have created alternative strategies and visions for victimized women's recovery and empowerment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | CRITIQUE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | POLICY | PATRIARCHY | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | GOVERNMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Domestic Violence | Crime | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Organizations Document Number: 313794 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Escaping violence, seeking freedom: Why children in Bangladesh migrate to the street. Author: Conticini A; Hulme D Source: Development and Change. 2007 Mar;38(2):201-227. Abstract: In Bangladesh, as in many developing countries, there is a widespread belief amongst the public, policymakers and social workers that children 'abandon' their families and migrate to the street because of economic poverty. Ignoring and avoiding mounting evidence to the contrary, this dominant narrative posits that children whose basic material needs cannot be met within the household move to the street. This article explores this narrative through the analysis of detailed empirical research with children in Bangladesh. It finds that social factors lie behind most street migration and, in particular, that moves to the street are closely associated with violence towards and abuse of children within the household and local community. These findings are consistent with the wider literature on street migration from other countries. In Bangladesh, those who seek to reduce the flow of children to the streets need to focus on social policy, especially on how to reduce the excessive control and emotional, physical and sexual violence that occur in some households. Economic growth and reductions in income poverty will be helpful, but they will not be sufficient to reduce street migration by children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | STREET KIDS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CHILDREN | VIOLENCE | CHILD ABUSE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | SOCIAL POLICY | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Behavior | Crime | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 315612 |
| 16. Title: Stories as lived experience: Narratives in forced migration research. Author: Eastmond M Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007 Jun;20(2):248-264. Abstract: Stories are part of everyday life and constitute means for actors to express and negotiate experience. For researchers, they provide a site to examine the meanings people, individually or collectively, ascribe to lived experience. Narratives are not transparent renditions of 'truth' but reflect a dynamic interplay between life, experience and story. Placed in their wider socio-political and cultural contexts, stories can provide insights into how forced migrants seek to make sense of displacement and violence, re-establish identity in ruptured life courses and communities, or bear witness to violence and repression. The researcher must pay particular attention to his/her own role in the production of narrative data and the representation of lived experience as text. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REFUGEES | POLITICAL FACTORS | CULTURE | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | DRAMA AND THEATER | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 319038 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: The social and economic impact of parental HIV on children in northern Malawi: Retrospective population-based cohort study. Author: Floyd S; Crampin AC; Glynn JR; Madise N; Mwenebabu M Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jul;19(6):781-790. Abstract: From population-based surveys in the 1980s in Karonga district, northern Malawi, 197 'index individuals' were identified as HIV-positive. 396 HIV-negative 'index individuals' were selected as a comparison group. These individuals, and their spouses and children, were followed up in 1998-2000. 582 of 593 index individuals were traced. 487 children of HIV-positive, and 1493 children of HIV-negative, parents were included in analyses. Rates of paternal, maternal, and double orphanhood among children with one or both parents HIV-positive were respectively 6, 8, and 17 times higher than for children with HIV-negative parents. Around 50% of children living apart from both parents had a grandparent as their guardian; for most of the rest the guardian was an aunt, uncle, or sibling. There were no child-headed households. Almost all children aged 6-14 were attending primary school. There was no evidence that parental HIV affected primary school attainment among children < 15 years old. Children of HIV-positive parents were less likely to have attended secondary school than those of HIV-negative parents. The extended family has mitigated the impact of orphanhood on children, but interventions to reduce the incidence of orphanhood, and/or which strengthen society's ability to support orphans, are essential, especially as the HIV epidemic matures and its full impact is felt. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | GRANDPARENTS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | EXTENDED FAMILY | HOME ECONOMICS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Households | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 317613 |
| 18. Title: Decomposing changes in life expectancy at birth by age, sex, and residence from 1929 to 2000 in China. Author: Gu D; You D; Zhu H; Tom S; Yi Z Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 27 p. Abstract: Life expectancy at birth (LEAB) in China has doubled in the twentieth century from below 35 years to over 70 years. To capture the contribution of types of mortality change to the increase in LEAB, we decompose the changes in LEAB by age, sex, and residence in six periods between 1929 and 2000. Based on available life tables, we perform the decomposition using Arriaga's discrete method. The results show dramatic increases in LEAB in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Overall, mortality decline among young ages contributed more to the increase in LEAB. Mortality decline during adulthood and the elder years has contributed to an increasing share of advance in LEAB since 1980. We discuss possible causal pathways between changes in LEAB and historical events and social disruptions such as wars, famine, regime change, women's movement, the Cultural Revolution, economic reform and epidemiological transition in different periods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317869 |
| 19. Title: 'No worries!': Young people's experiences of nurse-led drop-in sexual health services in South West England. Author: Ingram J; Salmon D Source: Journal of Research in Nursing. 2007;12(4):305-316. Abstract: 'No Worries!' is a nurse-led drop-in sexual health service for young people in one Primary Care Trust in South West England. The service aims to provide sexual health promotion, contraception, STI testing and a range of health promotion advice. The service was evaluated from the young people's perspectives using quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Attendance data, questionnaires and interviews explored patterns of use, effectiveness and acceptability of three clinics, two in areas of social deprivation and a third with increasing teenage conception rates. Questionnaire data were collected from 153 young people (232 clinic attendances) and 18 were interviewed (aged 14-18 years). The pattern of service use varied across the clinics, with those from the lowest socio-economic community using fewer condoms, having more pregnancy tests and STI swabs. Average age of first intercourse was 15 years, and most visited the clinic after having sex rather than before. Young people found the service accessible and they highlighted close proximity to home and school, the drop-in nature, and confidentiality, professionalism and friendliness of staff. After using the service, respondents reported that they would be more likely to practise safer sex and change their behaviour. The clinics appeared to match up to young people's expectations of the service, but did not manage to attract many boys. Young people said the service made them feel more confident, more informed about sex, aware of sexually transmitted diseases and take fewer risks. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | NURSES AND NURSING | YOUTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CLINICS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | SAFER SEX | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Health Facilities | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 322704 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: What should South African HIV vaccine trials do about social harms? Author: Milford C; Barsdorf N; Kafaar Z Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Oct;19(9):1110-1117. Abstract: Phase I and II HIV vaccine trials are currently underway in South Africa. Sites are being prepared for Phase III vaccine trials. Participants in these trials risk exposure to 'social harms' that may impact on participant enrolment and retention and threaten their welfare. Potential social harms should be prevented, minimised and/or addressed. This paper examines the literature on potential social harms in HIV vaccine trials. It outlines the type and severity and frequency of potential social harms and ways these have been monitored in settings in the developed world and Thailand. We argue that many of these social harms are likely to manifest in South African trials, however, it is also likely social harms may manifest differently in our setting, such as domestic violence. Therefore careful formative research is required to identify what constitutes a social harm in our setting. Measures should be carefully tailored to record such events and methods established to prevent or address these. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | THAILAND | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | TARGET POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | VACCINES | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | STIGMA | BELIEFS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | STRESS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Psychological Factors Document Number: 322686 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Structural violence, poverty and the AIDS pandemic. Author: Mukherjee JS Source: Development. 2007 Jun;50(2):115-121. Abstract: Joia S. Mukherjee addresses the linkage between poverty, gender inequality and HIV risk; the worsening of poverty due to the HIV pandemic; and the lack of access to active antiretroviral therapy for the poor. She argues structural violence is connected with a large variety of factors including economic privation, gender inequality, lack of opportunity for education and work, and migration for work increases both the risk of contracting HIV and makes prevention strategies less actionable. Without funding to address economic and educational opportunities, the epidemic can only continue. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | HIV | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | GENDER ISSUES | POVERTY | WAR | SEX WORKERS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319943 |
| 22. Title: Domestic violence against women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics. Author: Nojomi M; Agaee S; Eslami S Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2007;10(3):309-315. Abstract: Violence against women and threat of violence are some of the main barriers to women's empowerment and equal participation in the society. However, they often go unnoticed and undocumented and therefore unresolved. For women, one of every five years of healthy life lost because of injury, disease, or premature death is attributable to violence. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of domestic violence in women attending three obstetric and gynecologic clinics in Tehran, and to determine the association between domestic violence and demographic factors. One thousand women, 15 - 64 years old, attending three obstetric and gynecologic clinics affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey with self-administered questionnaire. The association between demographic factors (age, level of education, religious believes, annual income, job, husband's employment status, drug and alcohol abuse, previous custody of husbands) and domestic violence was assessed by questionnaire. Five hundred and ninety out of the 1000 women had experienced at least one form of violence (physical, mental, not sexual) from their husbands, 196 women had experienced some forms of controlling behavior and mental violence, and 361 women had been physically threatened. Low level of education in women, nongovernmental job, previous custody, psychiatric disorders of men, and coercive marriage for women were associated with an increased risk of domestic violence. With the high prevalence of domestic violence, health workers should not ignore the seriousness of domestic violence. Health and social personnel should be appropriately trained before "asking all cases" becomes a policy within health and social services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | HEALTH SERVICES | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population | Biology | Crime | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 320468 |
| 23. Title: Women's health -- a continuing challenging in developing countries [editorial] Author: Okonofua F Source: Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2007 Sep;6(3):735-736. Abstract: For justifiable reasons, the health of women in developing countries is presently an important public health concern throughout the world. In 1987, the international safe motherhood initiative was launched in Nairobi, Kenya, with the objective to reduce the number of women who die during childbirth by 50% by the year 2000. In 2007, available evidence indicates that very little progress has been made in achieving this goal in many developing countries. Current estimates indicate that during the 20 year period between 1987 and 2007, over 10 million maternal deaths occurred worldwide (at a rate of half a million deaths each year). More than 99 per cent of these deaths occurred in developing countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Political Factors Document Number: 323761 |
| 24. Title: Introduction to "women and globalization". Author: Polakoff EG Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):3-14. Abstract: All the articles in this special double issue on 'Women and Globalization' (with the exception of the articles by Shaw and Sanmiguel-Valderrama) were delivered as papers at a conference on 'Women and Globalization' sponsored by the Center for Global Justice, the Radical Philosophy Association, the Argentina Autonomista Project, the Global Studies Association, Feminist Aid to Central America, and the Union of Radical Political Economists, in collaboration with El Recreo Centro Cultural and Mujeres Productoras, in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico, from 27 July to 3 August 2005. Participants in the conference included 185 community activists and scholars from 13 different countries who spent a week discussing the impact of economic globalization on the lives and livelihoods of women in communities throughout the world. The articles highlight the themes of labor exploitation, unemployment, poverty, migration, community and activism, all of which are central to the problematic of economic globalization. That is, as the authors demonstrate, many of these problems and the responses to them, have been exacerbated as a direct consequence of global forces that have penetrated virtually every community, everywhere in the world today. Indeed, economic globalization, or what some have referred to as 'turbocapitalism', corporate globalization, neo-liberalism, or perhaps more accurately, 'global apartheid', has reached 'the remotest parts of individual countries and the most far-flung corners of the earth'. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY | UNEMPLOYMENT | POVERTY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | WOMEN'S STATUS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | CULTURE | PRIVATE SECTOR | MIGRATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Employment | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 320679 |
| 25. Title: Report and policy brief from the 4th Africa Conference on Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS Research: Innovations in access to prevention, treatment and care in HIV / AIDS, Kisumu, Kenya, 29 April-3 May 2007. Author: Setswe G; Peltzer K; Banyini M; Skinner D; Seager J Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2007 Aug;4(2):640-651. Abstract: About 520 delegates from all over Africa and 21 countries attended the conference. This report and policy brief summarises the key findings and suggested policy options that emerged from rapporteur reports of conference proceedings including the following themes: (1) Orphans and vulnerable children, (2) Treatment, (3) Prevention, (4) Gender and male involvement, (5) Male circumcision, (6) People living with HIV/AIDS, (7) Food and nutrition, (8) Socioeconomics, and (9) Politics/policy. Two (11.8%) of the 17 OVC projects from the three countries were classified as best practice interventions. Of the 83 abstracts that were accepted at the conference, only 7 (8.4%) were dealing with antiretroviral therapy (ART).There has been tremendous effort by various organisations to provide information about prevention of HIV/AIDS. Information received by adolescents has been effective in increasing their knowledge, but without positive sexual behaviour change. The conference noted the contribution of gender discrimination and violence to the HIV epidemic and the different risks that men and women face in relation to the epidemic. Social scientists need to study the deep cultural meanings attached to male circumcision among different ethnic groups to be able to guide the debate on the latest biomedical findings on the protective effect of circumcision against HIV. Palliative care and support is crucial for coping among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in order to deal with medical and psychological issues. Results from several countries have helped researchers to explore alternative ways of examining poverty in the context of HIV and AIDS. Policy frameworks which are likely to succeed in combating HIV/AIDS need to be updated to cover issues of access, testing, disclosure and stigma. In general, the conference was successful in identifying innovations in access to prevention, treatment and care in HIV/AIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326983 |
| 26. Title: 'Bad mothers' and 'delinquent children': Unravelling anti-begging rhetoric in the Ecuadorian Andes. Author: Swanson K Source: Gender, Place, and Culture. 2007 Dec;14(6):703-720. Abstract: In this paper I examine the rhetorics that circulate surrounding the lives of young indigenous women and children who beg on the streets of Quito, Ecuador. I focus particularly on rhetorics being produced and reproduced by urban planners, social workers, religious leaders and the media. Drawing on in-depth interviews, I reveal how these groups regularly imagine indigenous women and children in terms of child exploitation/child delinquency, false manipulation of public sympathies, ignorance, laziness and filth. Indigenous women and children are further understood as being fundamentally 'out of place' in the city. I unravel these rhetorics in order to draw attention to how begging is differentiated according to gender, race and age and to reveal how these rhetorics become inserted into exclusionary policies and practices. Moreover, and as a counterpoint to such rhetorics, I provide an alternative understanding of women's and children's involvement in begging by drawing upon the perspectives of indigenous women and children themselves. I argue that far from being passive victims, indigenous women and children work with and around oppressive conditions and mobilise them to their own advantage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | CHILDREN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POVERTY | LIVELIHOOD | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | STIGMA | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Geographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 313944 |
| 27. Title: Civic values, culture and rural-urban migration. Source: Habitat Debate. 2006 Sep;12(3):7. Abstract: Many delegates at the 20th session of the Governing Council in 2005 discussed this issue. Many raised the concern of their governments about the decline of civic participation among their people. This extends from reduced participation in government elections to reduction of membership in sports teams. A phrase in the GC resolution on youth opened discussion on the question of what is happening with respect to "the inter-generational transmission of values." In a variety of GC discussions, the importance of decentralisation of government and participatory approaches to governance was discussed and widely accepted. Yet the dilemma seems to be this: just as governments are increasingly appreciating the value of an active civil society, the actual desire of populations to engage in it seems to be diminishing. Of course, academics such as Robert Putnam have made valuable contributions here. However, I like to draw on a philosophical system of a hierarchy of values that each person holds naturally - one of vital social, cultural, personal and religious values. Civic participation in social institutions is declining in many countries. Commitment to social institutions is motivated by values such as honesty, a concern for others, patriotism etc. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | CRITIQUE | URBAN POPULATION | IMMIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | CULTURE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Cultural Background | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion Document Number: 315640 |
| 28. Title: Federal judges: U.S. HIV / AIDS groups cannot be forced to sign pledge against prostitution. Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2006 Spring;9(2):[2] p.. Abstract: Requiring U.S.-based nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to pledge their opposition to prostitution and sex trafficking as a condition of eligibility for global HIV/AIDS funding is unconstitutional, according to two federal court rulings in May. "The Supreme Court has repeatedly found that speech, or an agreement not to speak, cannot be compelled or coerced as a condition of participation in a government program," wrote Judge Victor Marrero of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in a case brought by the Alliance for Open Society International (AOSI) and Pathfinder International. In Washington, DC, U.S. District Court Judge Emmet G. Sullivan deemed the policy unconstitutional on similar grounds in a case brought by DKT International. The antiprostitution litmus-test requirement was written into a 2003 law governing U.S. global HIV/AIDS efforts. Initially, the Justice Department applied it only against foreign NGOs, precisely because of the implications for U.S.-based organizations' free-speech rights. In 2005, reportedly after prodding from social conservatives, the administration changed course and began to apply the policy to U.S. NGOs as well. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | SEX WORKERS | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | CONSTITUTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Organizations | Human Rights Document Number: 303389 |
| 29. Title: Life skills education implemented in Rajasthan. Source: Adolescence Education Newsletter. 2006 Jun;9(1):9-10. Abstract: The Government of Rajasthan has introduced life skills education as a compulsory subject for class XI in all government and private schools recognised by the State Education Board for academic year 2005-2006. This addition, approved in a meeting held on 14 December 2004 under the Chairpersonship of the Education Minister for State, is a result of joint efforts of the Board of Secondary Education (BSER), Department of Education, Department of Health and UNFPA. UNFPA has played a catalytic role by providing technical and facilitative support and by advocating for the use of a life skills education (LSE) approach to integrate adolescent reproductive and sexual health (ARSH) into the school curriculum. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CURRICULUM | GENDER RELATIONS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Health | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 305176 |
| 30. Title: Child pornography: model legislation and global review, 2006. Author: International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children Source: Alexandria, Virginia, International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, 2006. [33] p. Abstract: The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, in collaboration with Interpol, is working to create an International Resource Centre (IRC) on the issue of child pornography. The IRC, scheduled to launch in the Fall of 2006, will be based on the Internet and will contain public information as well as private, investigative resources for law enforcement. Developing and championing "model legislation" with regards to child pornography is crucial to the success of the IRC and to successfully combating child-pornography crimes around the world. Consequently, the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children has conducted research into the child-pornography legislation currently in place in the 184 Interpol Member Countries to gain a better understanding of existing legislation and to gauge where the issue stands on national political agendas. In particular, we were looking to see if national legislation: (1) exists with specific regard to child pornography; (2) provides a definition of child pornography; (3) criminalizes computer-facilitated offenses; (4) criminalizes possession of child pornography, regardless of the intent to distribute; and (5) requires Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to report suspected child pornography to law enforcement or to some other mandated agency. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | FILM AND VIDEO | INTERNET | LEGISLATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CRIME | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Mass Media | Communication | Information Networks | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 307113 |
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