1.  Title: How to put an end to the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)? Panel discussion report (6 February 2008). Author: Inter-Parliamentary Union; International Organization for Migration [IOM]; Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children; Switzerland. Geneva. Departement des Institutions Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009. 32 p. Abstract: Every 10 seconds, somewhere in the world, a little girl is a victim of genital mutilation. Three million girls are excised every year. To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM on 6 February 2008, more than 100 representatives of international organizations, civil society, media, diplomatic missions and the local authorities in Geneva gathered at The House of Parliaments to discuss ways of putting an end to this harmful practice. The IPU, the Departement des Institutions de l?Etat de Geneve (Geneva Department of Institutions), the International Organization for Migration and the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices decided to join forces to put an end to this human tragedy. This publication contains the experts' contributions, extracts of the debates and conclusions of the seminar. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | SOCIAL POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy | Human Rights Document Number: 331363 |
| 2. Title: Reducing health inequities through action on the social determinants of health. Author: World Health Assembly (62nd: 2009: Geneva) Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Assembly, 2009 May 22. 5 p. (WHA62.14) Agenda item 12.5 Abstract: The Sixty-second World Health Assembly calls upon the international community, including United Nations agencies, intergovernmental bodies, civil society and the private sector: (1) to take note of the final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations; (2) to take action in collaboration with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on assessing the impacts of policies and programmes on health inequities and on addressing the social determinants of health; (3) to work closely with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on measures to enhance health equity in all policies in order to improve health for the entire population and reduce inequities; (4) to consider health equity in working towards achievement of the core global development goals and to develop indicators to monitor progress, and to consider strengthening international collaboration in addressing the social determinants of health and in reducing health inequities. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331421 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe. Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17. Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy Document Number: 341476 |
| 4. Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana. Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38. Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330296 |
| 5. Title: Philani program: a case study of an integrative approach of empowerment and social and economic development. Author: Austin SA; Mbewu N Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):148-60. Abstract: This article reports a case study of a South African nongovernmental organization's role in implementing maternal and child health care services for families in Khayelitsha, an informal township in the Western Cape. The township is an extremely poor community with high unemployment and many other social indicators of high need. The case study explores how services were enhanced to respond to the service needs of children and families. The role of economic development as a means of empowering the mothers is examined within the context of nongovernmental organization services. The implications of developing services that integrate social and economic development are discussed as a model for social work practice in the United States. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy Document Number: 341952 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-informed HIV interventions in Pakistan: a policy analysis. Author: Buse K; Lalji N; Mayhew SH; Imran M; Hawkes SJ Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii37-ii42. Abstract: Background: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes; targeted behaviour change communication; sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers; sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers; and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. Method: A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. Results: The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. Conclusion: The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE SHARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior Document Number: 340114 |
| 7. Title: Advocacy to improve global health: Strategies and stories from the field. Author: Cokelet E; Wilson R Source: Washington, D.C., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH], 2009 Mar. 11 p. Abstract: By influencing the priorities and actions of those in power, PATH works to create a policy environment that supports good health. This workbook provides examples of how PATH uses ten key steps for strategic advocacy to achieve lasting policy change. The collection of stories are intended to serve as a resource to help global health implementers and advocates more deliberately develop strategies to achieve policy goals. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | INFLUENTIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADVOCACY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL CHANGE | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Behavior Document Number: 331353 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Empowering teenagers to prevent pregnancy: lessons from South Africa. Author: Jewkes R; Morrell R; Christofides N Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Oct;11(7):675-688. Abstract: In South Africa, the rate of teenage pregnancy is high but has declined substantially over the last 20 years. In this paper, the authors argue that the key to the country’s success has been an empowering social policy agenda that has sought to make young people aware of their rights and the risks of sexual intercourse. Furthermore, family responses and education policy have greatly reduced the potential negative impact of teenage pregnancy on the lives of teenage girls. However, more attention should be paid to issues of gender and sexuality, including the terms and conditions under which teenagers have sex. There needs to be critical reflection and engagement with men and boys on issues of masculinity, including their role in child rearing, as well as examination within families of their support for pregnancy prevention and their responses to pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL POLICY | SEX EDUCATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341492 |
| 9. Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Author: Rocha C Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66. Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Família and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 341094 |
| 10. Title: NGO report on violence against women in Burundi. Executive summary. CEDAW, January 2008. Author: Action des Chretiens pour l'Abolition de la Torture [ACAT Burundi]; Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture [OMCT] Source: [Bujumbura], Burundi, ACAT Burundi, 2008. 7 p. http://www.omct.org/pdf/VAW/2008/CEDAW40th_Rep_alt_Burundi_fr.pdf (French full report) Abstract: The aim of the report is to show the difficulties faced by thousands of women in Burundi due to the increase of violence against women. It is based on General Recommendation No19 of the Committee that affirms gender-based violence is a prohibited form of discrimination and recommends that States parties: take concrete and efficient measures to eradicate violence against women; ensure sufficient legal protection to all women against every form of gender based violence, including violence within the family, and the respect of their integrity and dignity; establish statistics on the scope, causes and consequences of violence against women and on the efficiency of measures intended to prevent and fight against this kind of violence. Unfortunately, the Government of Burundi has taken few measures to implement this recommendation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BURUNDI | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | POLICE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE | RAPE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | LEGISLATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | LITIGATION | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Health | Diseases | Policy Document Number: 326332 |
| 11. Title: A study on violence against girls in primary schools and its impacts on girls’ education in Ethiopia. Author: Save the Children Denmark; Ethiopia. Ministry of Education; Ethiopia. Ministry of Women's Affairs Source: Copenhagen, Denmark, Save the Children Denmark, 2008 May. 105 p. Abstract: This paper identifies and analyzes the types, prevalence, major causes, and effects of violence against girls in schools in Ethiopia. It also assesses the availability and effectiveness of anti-violence policies, rules, and regulations and concludes with recommendations on ways to reduce violence against school girls. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | VIOLENCE | RAPE | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVALENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL POLICY | LEGISLATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Schools | Education | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 329550 |
| 12. Title: Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement. OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. Author: United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa; UNESCO Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2008. 41 p. Abstract: The term 'female genital mutilation' (also called 'female genital cutting' and 'female genital mutilation/cutting') refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Between 100 and 140 million girls and women in the world are estimated to have undergone such procedures, and 3 million girls are estimated to be at risk of undergoing the procedures every year. Female genital mutilation has been reported to occur in all parts of the world, but it is most prevalent in: the western, eastern, and north-eastern regions of Africa, some countries in Asia and the Middle East and among certain immigrant communities in North America and Europe. Female genital mutilation has no known health benefits. On the contrary, it is known to be harmful to girls and women in many ways. First and foremost, it is painful and traumatic. The removal of or damage to healthy, normal genital tissue interferes with the natural functioning of the body and causes several immediate and long-term health consequences. For example, babies born to women who have undergone female genital mutilation suffer a higher rate of neonatal death compared with babies born to women who have not undergone the procedure. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLASSIFICATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | UN | WHO | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | COMPLICATIONS | SOCIAL POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Human Rights | Policy Document Number: 325496 |
| 13. Title: UNFPA strategy and framework for action to addressing gender-based violence, 2008-2011. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]. Technical Division. Gender, Human Rights and Culture Branch Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, Technical Division, Gender, Human Rights and Culture Branch, 2008. 32 p. Abstract: This publication identifies priority areas for intensified action on gender-based violence: policy frameworks, data collection and analysis, focus on sexual and reproductive health, humanitarian responses, adolescents and youth, men and boys, faith-based networks, and vulnerable and marginalized populations. It is intended to provide a common platform and technical guidance for UNFPA at country, regional and global levels and effectively guide capacity-development initiatives, resources and partnerships.The strategy also outlines UNFPA's comparative advantages, experience and leadership potential within the context of United Nations reform, and suggests opportunities for improving the efficacy of its programme implementation and technical support. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | UNFPA | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health Document Number: 331355 |
| 14. Title: Conclusion: HIV and AIDS and gender -- the challenges for empowerment and change. Author: Aikman S; Unterhalter E; Boler T Source: In: Gender equality, HIV, and AIDS. A challenge for the education sector edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam GB, 2008. :215-221. Abstract: What do the chapters in this book tell us about how transformation and empowerment happen? Under what circumstances and conditions can young people become self-confident, use new knowledge, and take decisions about their relationships and sexual behaviour? While there is evidence that, broadly speaking, HIV is less prevalent among more educated populations than was the case in the early stages of the epidemic, suggesting that education does offer some protection (Chapter 2), an uncritical acceptance that education is a 'social vaccine' acting to protect young people from HIV infection can be misleading. The evidence in this book leads us to ask, rather, what is the nature of the knowledge, the learning environment, and the relationships between students and teachers? In other words, what kind of education and what conditions promote attitudes and behaviour which minimise risk? The first part of the book set the scene; it mapped the challenges and the terrain. The second part of the book provided the insights and recommendations for taking forward an empowering agenda for HIV education for gender equality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL POLICY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330181 |
| 15. Title: International violence against women: U.S. response and policy issues. Author: Blanchfield L; Margesson R; Seelke CR; Salaam-Blyther T; Serafino NM Source: [Washington, D.C.], Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2008 Mar 31. 44 p. (CRS Report for Congress Order Code RL34438) Abstract: Some experts have suggested that the U.S. government should re-examine, and perhaps enhance, current U.S. anti-VAW activities. They argue that VAW should not only be treated as a stand-alone human right issue, but also be integrated into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms. Some observers are also concerned with a perceived lack of coordination among U.S. government agencies and departments that address international violence against women. This report addresses causes, prevalence, and consequences of violence against women. It provides examples of U.S. activities that address VAW directly or include anti-VAW components. It also outlines possible policy considerations for the 110th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of current U.S. programs; further integrating anti-VAW programs into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms; strengthening U.S. government coordination of international anti-VAW activities; and collaborating with international organizations such as the United Nations on anti-VAW efforts. This report will be updated as events warrant. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | WAR | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | FOREIGN AID | COORDINATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Behavior | Financial Activities Document Number: 326333 |
| 16. Title: Matter of faith: Support for comprehensive sex education among faith-based organizations. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):17-22. Abstract: Since colonial times, religious institutions in the United States have played a major role in providing social services to the needy. In doing so, churches and synagogues for most of the nation's history either operated without significant support from the government or set up separate nonprofits for their charity work. Over the past few decades, however, a growing movement has developed to expand partnerships between faith-based organizations and the government. The "Charitable Choice" provisions in the 1996 welfare reform law effected the most significant legislative changes to the relationship between government and faith-based organizations in recent history. President Bush has sought to build on Charitable Choice by establishing the White House Faith-Based and Community Initiative and Centers for Faith-Based Community Initiatives across several government agencies. Through these initiatives and an array of policy reforms and outreach, Bush has promoted broader involvement of faith-based organizations in social programs as a core component of his "compassionate conservative" agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | POLICYMAKERS | SEX EDUCATION | RELIGION | LEGISLATION | ABSTINENCE | CONSERVATISM | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy Document Number: 325584 |
| 17. Title: HIV and AIDS in Africa: social, political, and economic realities. Author: Dhai A Source: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 2008;29(5):293-6. Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa bears the brunt of the HIV epidemic, which is fueled by the many ethical, social, and political complexities that make up Africa. In turn, the pandemic has also caused many ethical, social, and political complexities that Africa now grapples with. Being infected with HIV is highly complex and challenging. Regrettably, gender inequality is still pervasive in Africa. The response by African leaders to the pandemic has been, on the whole, shamefully lethargic. For Africa to win its war against HIV/AIDS, a paradigm shift is required from the perspective of its socio-political context. What is called for is positive political will that will address all aspects of the social determinants of AIDS. What is also required is that Ubuntu is embraced meaningfully. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL MODELS | POLICYMAKERS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | ETHICS | SOCIAL POLICY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | LEADERSHIP | HIV PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime Document Number: 331107 |
| 18. Title: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk. Addendum: Mission to Algeria. Advance edited version. Author: Erturk Y Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], Human Rights Council, 2008 Feb 13. 30 p. (A/HRC/7/6/Add.2) Human Rights Council, Seventh Session, Agenda item 3. Abstract: Since independence, Algerian women have made remarkable advances in education, although gender gaps continue at various levels and among certain professions, including judges, teachers and medical doctors. At the same time, marginalization and feminized poverty remain areas of great concern. Women, who are socially stigmatized, including divorced, separated and deserted women, single mothers and street women, are particularly vulnerable and urgently need more State support. While women enjoy formal legal equality in the public sphere, they lack equal access to the labour market and decision-making positions, as evidenced by their low representation in these areas. Moreover, many women are still subject to oppression and discrimination in the community and family circle. The Family Code has been considerably improved but retains institutions that disadvantaged women, most significantly with regard to inheritance and the material consequences of divorce. Violence against women in the private sphere is pervasive and yet largely invisible. The ejection of women and girls into the street is a particularly egregious form of such violence. Sexual harassment and abuse in public institutions is an emerging issue with diverse consequences for women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALGERIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CULTURE | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326334 |
| 19. Title: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk. Addendum: Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Advance edited version. Author: Erturk Y Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], Human Rights Council, 2008 Feb 28. 26 p. (A/HRC/7/6/Add.4) Human Rights Council, Seventh Session, Agenda item 3. Abstract: Sexual violence has been a defining feature of the Democratic Republic of the Congo's recent armed conflicts. Women, in areas of armed conflict, still suffer sexual violence committed by the Forces armees de la Republique democratique du Congo (FARDC), the Police nationale congolaise (PNC), armed groups and, increasingly, civilians. The situation is particularly dramatic in South Kivu, where non-State armed groups, including foreign militia, commit sexual atrocities that aim at the complete physical and psychological destruction of women with implications for the entire society. Given the multitude of actors involved in the conflict and the continuation of these crimes, the international community, in cooperation with the Congolese authorities, has a responsibility to take all necessary measures to ensure that women in South Kivu are protected. Sexual violence extends beyond eastern Congo. In Equateur Province, PNC and FARDC have carried out systematic reprisals against the civilian population, including mass rape. Soldiers and police who commit these acts amounting to crimes against humanity are rarely held accountable by the commanding officers. Some of the perpetrators have been given commanding positions in the State security forces, which further aggravates the situation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RAPE | WAR | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases Document Number: 326335 |
| 20. Title: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural, including the right to development. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Erturk. Addendum: Mission to Ghana. Advance edited version. Author: Erturk Y Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], Human Rights Council, 2008 Feb 21. 27 p. (A/HRC/7/6/Add.3) Human Rights Council, Seventh Session, Agenda item 3. Abstract: This report contains my findings as Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, following my official mission to Ghana from 7 to 14 July 2007. It addresses specific forms of violence encountered by women and girls within the context of the dual normative system in the country and women's subordinate status in the society at large. The formal State institutions coexist with a customary system of traditional authorities. While traditional authorities are also fully bound by Ghana's international commitments to gender equality to the extent that they exercise public power, they tend to favour respect for local custom over gender equality. Customary law, which is constitutionally recognized as a source of law, discriminates against women, especially in relation to questions of inheritance and property. Violence against women remains widespread and some groups of women are particularly vulnerable. The girl child may be sexually abused in the family, subjected to early or child marriage or exploited as a kayaye (porter) or domestic worker. Female genital mutilation and the ritual servitude of trokosi also remain prevalent in some parts of the country, even though these practices have been criminalized and are on the decrease. Women accused of witchcraft are often violently driven from their communities and forced to take refuge in "witch camps". Many widows are subjected to violent evictions from their homes and loss of inheritance, leaving them destitute. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RAPE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | LEGISLATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases Document Number: 326336 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 5: Determinants of family formation and childbearing during the societal transition in Central and Eastern Europe. Author: Frejka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(7):139-170. Abstract: Societal conditions for early and high rates of childbearing were replaced by conditions generating late and low levels of fertility common in Western countries. Central among factors shaping the latter behaviour (job insecurity, unstable partnership relationships, expensive housing, and profound changes in norms, values and attitudes) were the following: increasing proportions of young people were acquiring advanced education, a majority of women were gainfully employed, yet women were performing most household maintenance and childrearing duties. Two theories prevailed to explain what caused changes in family formation and fertility trends. One argues that the economic and social crises were the principal causes. The other considered the diffusion of western norms, values and attitudes as the prime factors of change. Neither reveals the root cause: the replacement of state socialist regimes with economic and political institutions of contemporary capitalism. The extraordinarily low period TFRs around 2000 were the result of low fertility of older women born around 1960 overlapping with low fertility of young women born during the 1970s. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SOCIAL CHANGE | FEMALE ROLE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Reproductive Behavior | Social Behavior | Behavior | Policy Document Number: 327717 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Summary and general conclusions: Childbearing trends and policies in Europe. Author: Frejka T; Sobotka T; Toulemon L; Hoem JM Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(2):5-14. Abstract: European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest level since the Second World War. This study explores contemporary childbearing trends and policies in Europe, and gives detailed attention to the past two or three decades. We felt motivated to undertake this project because in many European countries, as well as for the European Union as a whole, the overall fertility level and its consequences are of grave concern and draw attention on the political stage. Our account focuses somewhat more on the previously state socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, where available knowledge about the impact on childbearing of the momentous political and economic transition that started in 1989 remains relatively scarce. As family formation and childbearing behaviour are inherent components of societal life, they were influenced and modified by the various political, economic, and social changes that took place in Europe during the past 60 years. There were also profound changes in norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes regarding family and childbearing, and these exerted additional effects on fertility and family trends. To identify such effects, this study pays much attention to the influence of social and family policies on fertility, to the influence of political and economic changes on fertility and family trends, and to the diverse ways changes in values, norms, and attitudes relate to the transformation in family-related behaviour in Europe. In the present chapter, we outline main issues discussed in the subsequent overview chapters, and summarize the main findings of the entire study. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Policy Document Number: 327712 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change. Author: Gjonca A; Aassve A; Mencarini L Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(11):261-292. Special Collection 7: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe. Abstract: For a very long time, Albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in Europe: in 2002 the total fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman was the highest in Europe. Although this current level is high, the country has experienced a rapid fertility reduction during the last 50 years: a TFR decline from 7 to 2.2. This reduction has occurred in the absence of modern contraception and abortion, which indicates the significance of investments in the social agenda during the communist regime that produced policies with indirect effects on fertility. Most significant of these were policies focused on education, in particular on female education. Social and demographic settings for a further fertility reduction in Albania have been present since 1990. Contraception and abortion have been legalized and available since the early 1990s, but knowledge of their use is still not widespread in the country, largely due to the interplay between traditional and modern norms of Albanian society. This chapter points out that future fertility levels will be determined not only by new policies that might be introduced, but predominantly by the balance of this interplay. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POPULATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327530 |
| 24. Title: Trips and public health: solutions for ensuring global access to essential AIDS medication in the wake of the Paragraph 6 Waiver. Author: Greenbaum JL Source: Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy. 2008 Fall;25(1):142-65. Abstract: In 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO) proposed a waiver to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), known as the "Paragraph 6 Waiver," in order to create flexibility for developing countries and to allow easier importation of cheap generic medication. ... To the companies who own pharmaceutical patents, the notion that a government can use their product without the permission of the patent holder seems unfair and counterproductive. ... Canada was one of the first countries to enact legislation for the sole purpose of exporting generic drugs to developing countries and its experience is indicative of the problems presented by compulsory licensing and the Paragraph 6 Waiver. ... Exact amounts and methods for determining remuneration vary but presumably a fair system would compensate patent holders for the loss of their patent rights while maintaining the system's cost effectiveness for countries issuing the compulsory licenses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | POLICYMAKERS | PRIVATE SECTOR | AIDS PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | LEGISLATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy Document Number: 330589 |
| 25. Title: From being property of men to becoming equal owners? Early impacts of land registration and certification on women in southern Ethiopia. Revised. Author: Holden S; Tefera T Source: [Oslo], Norway, Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority, Centre for Property Rights and Development, 2008 Jan 2. 94 p. Final research report prepared for UNHABITAT, Shelter Branch, Land Tenure and Property Administration Section. Abstract: Land reforms are again high on the international policy agenda as can be seen from the establishment of the Commission for Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the increasing number of land reform programs funded by the World Bank in recent years and the establishment of the Global Network for Pro Poor Land Tools (GLTN). Among these tools are land registration and certification, wherein husbands and wives are given joint titles to their land. Land certification has been implemented in Ethiopia since 1998 and over 5 million certificates have been delivered. This is the largest delivery of non-freehold rights in such a short time period in Sub Saharan Africa. The new federal and regional land proclamations that form the basis for this land reform, aim to increase tenure security and strengthen women's rights to land as to ensure more sustainable use of land resources. This particular study in the Oromiya region (OR) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia, aims to assess the early impacts of land registration and certification that has been implemented there since 2004. Special emphasis is placed on the impacts of the reform on women, including the impacts of joint certification for husbands and wives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | LAND TENURE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | AGRARIAN REFORM | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Political Factors | Policy | Rural Development Document Number: 325492 |
| 26. Title: Adding insult to injury: the healthcare brain drain. Author: Hooper CR Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2008 Sep;34(9):684-7. Abstract: Recent reports published by the United Nations and the World Health Organization suggest that the brain drain of healthcare professionals from the developing to the developed world is decimating the provision of healthcare in poor countries. The migration of these key workers is driven by a combination of economic inequalities and the recruitment policies of governments in the rich world. This article assesses the impact of the healthcare brain drain and argues that wealthy countries have a moral obligation to reduce the flow of healthcare workers from the developing to the developed world. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ETHICS | SOCIAL POLICY | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329210 |
| 27. Title: The impact of future demographic trends in Europe, 2005 -- 2050. Author: Kupiszewski M; Bijak J; Nowok B Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:147-183. Abstract: The objective of the paper is to examine the future of populations within the Council of Europe member states, identify the main trends and discuss their policy implications. The analysis focuses on the impact that future demographic trends will have on the following social domains: education, the labour market, health care and care of the elderly and social protection. The study aims to be policy-oriented and to provide an overview of future demographic trends for 2005-2050 in the Council of Europe member states, as well as presenting an analysis related to selected policies and an interpretation of these trends. The analysis of population dynamics in the coming 45 years is based on the United Nations population projection of 2005. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | OLDER ADULTS | LABOR FORCE | POPULATION FORECAST | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SOCIAL POLICY | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326071 |
| 28. Title: [Migratory flows of women for reproductive work: the globalization of assistance] Fluxos migratorios de mulheres para o trabalho reprodutivo: a globalizacao da assistencia. Author: Lisboa TK Source: Revista Estudos Feministas. 2008 Sep-Dec;15(3):805-821. Abstract: Based on an experience as a member of the group that worked with the theme of migration of women at the Internationale Frauen Universitat (IFU) in 2000, this article presents a discussion about the migratory flows of women who work as domestic servants. There is a true globalization of assistance in this process, which even establishes chains between women of different nations, classes and ethnicities. The main causes of the migrations are linked to the struggle for survival and the opportunity to work, study and achieve independence from violence and oppression. I propose that, to contain migratory flows, public policies that meet the basic needs of the women in their countries of origin are necessary. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Economic Development Document Number: 307979 |
| 29. Title: Should there be mandatory testing for HIV prior to marriage in India? Author: Malhotra R; Malhotra C; Sharma N Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2008 Apr-Jun;5(2):70-4. Abstract: The National AIDS Prevention and Control Policy of the government of India states that testing for HIV infection should be voluntary in nature. But from time to time various state governments and the central government have announced their intent of introducing mandatory premarital testing. Though this intent has not yet been translated into action, we present our case against the adoption of such a policy by discussing various social and medical issues. These include the limited population that such a policy would target given the early age of marriage in India; issues related to its implementation considering the low marriage registration rates in India; potential of stigma and discrimination associated with it; issues with defining boundaries and the role of the state; limitations related to the HIV test itself in context of the policy, including the window period and the positive predictive value of the test; its limited impact in population groups at a high risk for HIV infection; its limited role in changing unsafe behaviours; its limited potential to enhance the empowerment of women; its conflict with existing human rights; and the adverse experience of other countries with a similar policy. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | HEALTH POLICY | HIV TESTING | MARRIAGE | SOCIAL POLICY | ETHICS | MARRIAGE AGE | STIGMA | SAFER SEX | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Social Problems | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328772 |
| 30. Title: Ethics of mandatory premarital HIV testing in Africa: the case of Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Rennie S; Mupenda B Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2008 Aug;8(2):126-37. Abstract: Despite decades of prevention efforts, millions of persons worldwide continue to become infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) every year. This urgent problem of global epidemic control has recently lead to significant changes in HIV testing policies. Provider-initiated approaches to HIV testing have been embraced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, such as those that routinely inform persons that they will be tested for HIV unless they explicitly refuse ('opt out'). While these policies appear to increase uptake of testing, they raise a number of ethical concerns that have been debated in journals and at international AIDS conferences. However, one special form of 'provider-initiated' testing is being practiced and promoted in various parts of the world, and has advocates within international health agencies, but has received little attention in the bioethical literature: mandatory premarital HIV testing. This article analyses some of the key ethical issues related to mandatory premarital HIV testing in resource-poor settings with generalized HIV epidemics. We will first briefly mention some mandatory HIV premarital testing proposals, policies and practices worldwide, and offer a number of conceptual and factual distinctions to help distinguish different types of mandatory testing policies. Using premarital testing in Goma (Democratic Republic of Congo) as a point of departure, we will use influential public health ethics principles to evaluate different forms of mandatory testing. We conclude by making concrete recommendations concerning the place of mandatory premarital testing in the struggle against HIV/AIDS. Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POLICYMAKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ETHICS | HIV TESTING | MARRIAGE | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | CHRISTIANITY | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Religion Document Number: 330328 |
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