1.  Title: 15andCounting advocacy. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] Source: [London, United Kingdom, IPPF, 2009]. 11 p. Abstract: This document describes how individuals and community groups can raise awareness about the 15 and Counting campaign. The campaign focuses on meeting the youth-related goals of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. While it specifically focuses on 15 and Counting, the document's principles could be applied to the process of developing an advocacy plan for many other youth projects. Additional resources are available at: http://www.15andcounting.org/blog/?page_id=7. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | UGANDA | IRELAND | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | LEADERSHIP | HEALTH POLICY | EDUCATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROMOTION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ABORTION | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health Document Number: 329083 Notification |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of perceived morbidity and use of health services by children less than 15 years old in rural Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; van Ginneken JK; Timaeus I Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jan;13(1):119-29. Abstract: This study examined the association of a number of social and economic and other factors with perceived morbidity and use of health services by children in rural Bangladesh, using the data of a health and socioeconomic survey conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh in 1996. One of the factors of interest was women's social position measured with indicators such as their education, domestic autonomy, social networks and social prestige. Other factors of interest were economic in nature and included the availability of high-quality primary health care (PHC) facilities in one part of the study area. A total of 52% of the 3,793 children below 15 had an episode of an acute illness in the month preceding the interview. The medical care sought for acute illnesses was grouped into four categories: medical doctors, paramedics, traditional and untrained village doctors (including drug sellers) and homeopaths. A total of 55% of the children who were sick in the past month consulted any type of health provider. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the various independent variables on the two dependent variables: perceived morbidity of under-15 children and health service use for under-15 sick children. The results revealed that age of the child was the most important factor influencing perceived morbidity while social and economic variables were in general not related to perceived morbidity. Prolonged and severe illnesses and illnesses of young and male children were more likely to be treated by health providers, particularly by physicians. While women's education and social network influenced visits to any health providers socioeconomic indicators influenced visits to physicians. Availability of PHC facilities in one part of the study area also led to more use of modern medical care. The findings highlight that improvement of women's education and of social and economic status in general, in combination with more availability of high-quality PHC will in Bangladesh lead to better health care of children. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | MORBIDITY | INFECTIONS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330857 |
| 3. Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana. Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38. Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330296 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044. Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners. Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331004 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral adherence in rural Zambia: the first year of treatment availability. Author: Birbeck GL; Chomba E; Kvalsund M; Bradbury R; Mang'ombe C; Malama K; Kaile T; Byers PA; Organek N Author: RAAZ Study Team Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Apr;80(4):669-74. Abstract: We conducted a retrospective chart review of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic patients treated during the first 12 months after clinics opened in rural Zambia and assessed adherence based on clinic attendance, patient report, and staff assessment. We identified 255 eligible patients (mean age, 39.7 years; 44.3% male; 56.5% married; and 45.5% with only primary school education). Twenty percent had partners known to be HIV positive. Twenty percent were widowed. Thirty-seven percent had disclosed their HIV status to their spouse. Disclosure was less likely among women (27.5% versus 49.6%, P = 0.0005); 36.5% had "clinic buddies" to provide adherence support. Adherence rates were good for 59.2%. Disclosure of HIV status to ones' spouse (P = 0.047), knowing spouses' HIV status (P = 0.02), and having a clinic buddy (P = 0.01) were associated with good adherence. Social support is a key patient-level resource impacting ART adherence in rural Zambia. Limited spousal disclosure affects women more than men. Clinic buddies are associated with better adherence. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SPOUSE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC VISITS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX FACTORS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | HIV | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331277 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Social Network Influences on Male and Female Condom Use Among Women Attending Family Planning Clinics in the United States. Author: Choi KH; Gregorich SE Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Aug 21; Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Research has shown that social networks play an important role in determining health behaviors. However, little is known about their influence on male and female condom use among women. METHODS:: We analyzed data obtained from 157 sexually-active women who enrolled in the Female Condom Intervention Trial from June 2003 to November 2004 in Northern California and completed an audio computer-assisted self interview at baseline and 3-months. RESULTS:: At the 3-month assessment, the mean number of male and female "conversation" network members (i.e., nonspouse/sex partner people with whom respondents had discussed male and female condoms in the past 3 months) was 1.62 and 1.03, respectively. Results of multiple logistic regression analyses showed that male and female condom use was higher among women with at least 1 network member who encouraged using the male condom (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.52, 7.56) and the female condom (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 1.95, 18.61), respectively. Female condom use was also associated with having "dense" female condom conversation networks (i.e., at least 2 of respondents' network members knew one another; OR, 8.42; 95% CI, 3.05, 23.29). CONCLUSIONS:: The significant association between conversation network characteristics and male and female condom use suggests that more research is needed to better understand the role of conversation networks in affecting condom use among women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 342592 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Understanding the context of male and transgender sex work using peer ethnography. Author: Collumbien M; Quereshi AA; Mayhew SH; Rizvi N; Rabbani A; Rolfe B; Verma RK; Rehman H; Naveed-i-Rahat Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii3-ii7. Abstract: Objectives: To distinguish between three distinct groups of male and transgender sex workers in Pakistan and to demonstrate how members of these stigmatised groups need to be engaged in the research process to go beyond stated norms of behaviour. Methods: A peer ethnography study was undertaken in a major city in Pakistan. 15 male and 15 transgender sex workers were trained as peer researchers to each interview three peers in their network. Analysis was based on interviews with peer researchers as well as observation of dynamics during training and analysis workshops. Results: The research process revealed that, within the epidemiological category of biological males who sell sex, there are three sociologically different sexual identities: khusras (transgender), khotkis (feminised males) and banthas (mainstream male identity). Both khusras and khotkis are organised in strong social structures based on a shared identity. While these networks provide emotional and material support, they also come with rigid group norms based on expected "feminine" behaviours. In everyday reality, sex workers showed fluidity in both behaviour and identity according to the situational context, transgressing both wider societal and group norms. The informal observational component in peer ethnography was crucial for the accurate interpretation of interview data. Participant accounts of behaviour and relationships are shaped by the research contexts including who interviews them, at what stage of familiarity and who may overhear the conversation. Conclusions: To avoid imposing a "false clarity" on categorisation of identity and assumed behaviour, it is necessary to go beyond verbal accounts to document the fluidity of everyday reality. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | PEER GROUPS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | STIGMA | WORKSHOPS | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Social Problems | Education | Psychological Factors Document Number: 340119 |
| 8. Title: Comparison of Sexual Partnership Characteristics and Associations with Inconsistent Condom Use among a Sample of Adolescents and Adult Women Diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author: Foulkes HB; Pettigrew MM; Livingston KA; Niccolai LM Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009;18(3):393-399. Abstract: Abstract Background: This analysis compared characteristics of female adolescent and adult sexual partnerships and related these characteristics to inconsistent condom use. Methods: Data are from a study of 126 women with prevalent chlamydia infections who reported information about 172 sexual partnerships in the previous 3 months. Characteristics of sexual partnerships included type of partner (main vs. other), duration of sexual relationship (<3 months vs. >/=3 months), partner age difference (<2 years older vs. >/=2 years older), and two scale measures: overlap of social networks (a measure based on how well the participant knew her partner's friends, for example) and intimacy. Results: Compared with adult partnerships, adolescent partnerships were of shorter duration and had less social overlap but were more likely to be classified by the participants as main partnerships. Among adolescents, longer partnership duration was not associated with higher intimacy, yet higher intimacy was significantly correlated with inconsistent condom use. Conclusions: These differences suggest that adolescent females perceive and characterize their sexual relationships differently from adults. This, in turn, may have implications for risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Prevention efforts for adolescents, including interventions and counseling, should consider the nature of their sexual partnerships. Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | CHLAMYDIA | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | PERCEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Behavior | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330416 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship of sexual dyad and personal network characteristics and individual attributes to unprotected sex among young injecting drug users. Author: Gyarmathy VA; Neaigus A Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):196-206. Abstract: We examine in the heterosexual partnerships (dyads) of IDUs the correlates of engaging in unprotected sex on three levels: individual attributes, social network characteristics, and dyad characteristics. Unprotected sex was significantly less likely to occur in dyads where the participant injected daily or had high safe-sex attitude scores, and in dyads where both members encouraged each other to use condoms. Unprotected sex was significantly more likely to occur in dyads that smoked crack together, shared needles with each other, and where the participant knew that the sex partner had concurrent sex partners. In the sexual dyads of IDUs there is a combined risk of unsafe injecting and unsafe sex. Both injecting and sexual risk, and their combination need to be addressed in interventions that target the sexual partnerships of IDUs. Such interventions should also aim to reduce injected and noninjected crack and other stimulant use associated with high-risk sex. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | IV DRUG USERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COUPLES | HETEROSEXUALS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | NEEDLE SHARING | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 340121 |
| 10. Title: Posttest counseling and social support from health staff caring for HIV-infected pregnant women in Vietnam. Author: Hanh NT; Rasch V; Chi BK; Gammeltoft T Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):193-202. Abstract: Women with HIV who want to have children face a range of challenges, quandaries, and hard decisions. This article examines the role of health staff in supporting HIV-infected pregnant women who desire to maintain their pregnancies. The article is derived from anthropological research conducted in Vietnam's Quang Ninh Province, an area that has a high HIV prevalence rate and is covered under the government's prevention of mother-to-child transmission program. The study included in-depth interviews with 23 HIV-infected women who had either recently given birth or were pregnant at the time of the research. Results showed that women were satisfied with the services they received from the program. The women believed that health care staff offered them not only medical care but also social and emotional support. The article concludes that the health care system is a vital point of support for pregnant women with HIV. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | PRE-POST TESTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CARE AND SUPPORT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COUNSELING | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Health Services | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities Document Number: 342070 |
| 11. Title: Factors influencing women's decision to have a home birth in rural Turkey. Author: Kukulu K; Oncel S Source: Midwifery. 2009 Feb;25(1):32-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to ascertain the reasons why mothers choose to have a home birth and the factors that influence these reasons. METHODS: this cross-sectional study involved 392 women and was conducted between June and September 2003 in a rural setting in Turkey. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the authors. The questionnaire included demographic information, obstetric background, the reasons for deciding to give birth at home as well as questions on who encouraged the decision to give birth at home and who assisted in the home births. FINDINGS: the decision to have a home birth is related to economic difficulties and the desire to benefit from the assistance of neighbours. Women who had experienced both planned and unplanned home births reported that home birth was unsafe. CONCLUSION: preliminary information is provided about women having home births that may inform practitioners' educational efforts and future research. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | HOME CARE | CHILDBIRTH | DECISION MAKING | HOME ECONOMICS | PERCEPTION | SAFETY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Public Health Document Number: 331292 |
| 12. Title: Relationships between social norms, social network characteristics, and HIV risk behaviors in Thailand and the United States. Author: Latkin C; Donnell D; Celentano DD; Aramrattna A; Liu TY; Vongchak T; Wiboonnatakul K; Davis-Vogel A; Metzger D Source: Health Psychology. 2009 May;28(3):323-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Social norms have been associated with a wide range of health behaviors. In this study, the authors examined whether the social norms of HIV risk behaviors are clustered within social networks and whether the norms of network members are linked to the risk behaviors of their social network members. DESIGN: Data were collected from the baseline assessment of 354 networks with 933 participants in a network-oriented HIV prevention intervention targeting injection drug users in Philadelphia, United States, and Chiang Mai, Thailand. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four descriptive HIV risk norms of sharing needles, cookers, and cotton and front- or back-loading among friends who inject were assessed. Results: Three of 4 injection risk norms (sharing needle, cookers, and cotton) were found to be significantly clustered. In Philadelphia, 1 network member's (the index participant) norms of sharing needles and front- or back-loading were found to be significantly associated with the network members' risk behaviors, and the norm of sharing cotton was marginally associated. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that among injection drug users, social norms are clustered within networks; social networks are a meaningful level of analyses for understanding how social norms lead to risk behaviors, providing important data for intervening to reduce injection-related HIV risks. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | IV DRUG USERS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Document Number: 342066 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Multilevel analysis of HIV related risk behaviors among heroin users in a low prevalence community. Author: Li H; Goggins W; Lee SS Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:137. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Injecting drug users (IDU) are at increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Their HIV prevalence however varies from place to place and may not be directly linked with the level of individual risk. This study explores the relative importance of individual and community level characteristics in the practice of HIV-related risk behaviors in IDU in Hong Kong where the HIV prevalence has remained low at below 1%. METHODS: Methadone clinics were used as the channel for accessing drug users in Hong Kong. HIV-related risk factors in drug users attending these clinics were retrieved from a questionnaire routinely administered to newly admitted and readmitted clients, and assessed using logistic regression and multilevel analyses. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2005, a total of 41,196 person-admissions were recorded by 20 methadone clinics. Male gender, older age and new admissions in bigger clinics located in districts with older median age were more likely to have engaged in HIV related risk behaviors including heroin injection, needle sharing, unprotected sex and having multiple sex partners (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Multilevel analysis is a useful adjunct for determining the association between risk behaviors and both individual and community factors in IDUs, which can be demonstrated even in low HIV prevalence settings. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | IV DRUG USERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341405 |
| 14. Title: Assessment of Kenyan sexual networks: Collecting evidence for interventions to reduce HIV / STI risk in Garissa, North Eastern Province, and Eastleigh, Nairobi. Author: Macintyre K; Eymoy HA; Hassan I; Adriance D; Nouga A Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Pathfinder International, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance North Eastern Province [APHIA], [2009]. 7 p. (USAID Associate Cooperative Agreement No. 623-A-00-07-00023-00) Abstract: It is clear from the data gathered in this assessment that HIV prevention messages have reached Garissa, but more must be done to clarify and refine these messages and improve knowledge and behaviors regarding risky sex. Though this sample should not be viewed as representative of the NEP population as a whole, these data can be used by APHIA II NEP to create a targeted, evidence-based prevention strategy. APHIA II NEP plans to work with partners to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices through a strategic behavior change campaign with the following objectives: targeting key populations, leveraging the endorsement and influence of religious leaders, projecting familiar social settings and "our face" in all communication materials, [and] intensifying school-based programs. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SOMALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENTIALS | ISLAM | NOMADS | FOREIGN AID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Religion | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 331344 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Protecting the unprotected: mixed-method research on drug use, sex work and rights in Pakistan's fight against HIV/AIDS. Author: Mayhew S; Collumbien M; Qureshi A; Platt L; Rafiq N; Faisel A; Lalji N; Hawkes S Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii31-ii36. Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the nature and extent of human rights abuses against three vulnerable groups (injecting drug users (IDUs) and male and female sex workers), to understand the social and sexual linkages between them and to examine how protecting their rights could enhance the impact of HIV prevention policies. Methods: In-depth interviews were carried out with 38 high-risk respondents (IDUs and female, male and transgender sex workers) and a bio-behavioural survey was performed of 813 IDU/sex worker respondents in Rawalpindi. Results: People in all vulnerable groups interacted both sexually and socially. All groups experienced human rights abuses by state and non-state actors which increased their HIV risk. Non-state actors, including relations and sex worker clients, are responsible for verbal, physical and sexual violence. State actors (particularly police) perpetrate harassment, exploitation and abuse of all vulnerable groups with impunity. Health service providers fail to provide adequate services for vulnerable groups. Conclusions: High levels of discrimination and abuse of human dignity of all groups studied were revealed. This violates their physical and mental integrity and also leads to an increased risk of HIV. The sexual and social interactions between groups mean that human rights abuses experienced by one high-risk group can increase the risk of HIV both for them and other groups. The protection of human rights needs to become an integral part of a multisector response to the risk of HIV/AIDS by state and non-state agencies. The Government of Pakistan should work at both legal and programme levels to protect the rights of, and minimise discrimination against, groups vulnerable to HIV in order to reduce the potential for the spread of HIV before the epidemic takes hold. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | IV DRUG USERS | POLICE | SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 340115 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceived condom norms and HIV risks among social and sexual networks of young African American men who have sex with men. Author: Peterson JL; Rothenberg R; Kraft JM; Beeker C; Trotter R Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Feb;24(1):119-127. Abstract: The association between condom norms and unprotected sexual intercourse was examined within social and sexual networks of young African American men who have sex with men (MSM) in an HIV epicenter of the southern United States. We used a chain-link design to recruit 158 young African American men: 95 initial participants, 56 contacts of participants (alters) and 7 contacts of alters. Men in the high-risk group, compared with those in the no-risk group, perceived significantly lower approval concerning condom use in their social and sexual networks. Also, 100 participants could be connected to each other in 86 dyads of social and sexual networks. Within these dyads, men perceived that their friends and acquaintances approved for them to use condoms but that their friends and acquaintances did not use condoms themselves. Low HIV risk behavior appears associated with perceived social norms that support one's use of condoms, even when perceived norms do not support condom use by network members themselves. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329525 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Reasons for ineffective contraceptive use antedating adolescent pregnancies part 1: an indicator of gaps in family planning services. Author: Sheeder J; Tocce K; Stevens-Simon C Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 May;13(3):295-305. Abstract: PURPOSE: Identify new ways to increase the impact of pregnancy prevention interventions on the number of children born to adolescents. METHODS: The study participants, a racially/ethnically diverse group of 1,568, pregnant 13-18 year olds, reported why they had not used contraception at the time of conception. Their explanations were sorted into categories. The frequency with which each category was endorsed, the stability of these endorsements (Kappa statistic), and differences between adolescents who endorsed each category (stepwise logistic regression) were examined at two points in gestation. RESULTS: "Not ready to prevent pregnancy" was the most frequently endorsed category; it was often the only category endorsed. Logistical barriers and misperceptions about the need for contraception were the least frequently endorsed categories. The reasons individual patients gave for not using contraception changed (K < or = 0.4) during gestation. Yet, adolescents who were not ready to prevent conception consistently differed from those who were; they were more apt to be Hispanic, to live in non-chaotic environments with an adult father of the child rather than their parents, and to have goals compatible with adolescent childbearing. CONCLUSIONS: The most expedient way to strengthen the impact of pregnancy prevention programs on adolescent childbearing is to shift the focus of intervention from overcoming logistical barriers and misperceptions about the need for contraception, to helping young women develop goals that make adolescent childbearing a threat to what they want in life. This means intervening actively enough to ensure that goal setting translates into an internal desire to postpone childbearing beyond adolescence. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342485 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Reasons for ineffective contraceptive use antedating adolescent pregnancies: part 2: a proxy for childbearing intentions. Author: Sheeder J; Tocce K; Stevens-Simon C Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 May;13(3):306-17. Abstract: PURPOSE: Compare the relationship between childbearing intentions, maternal behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes in a group of early/middle adolescents versus a group of late adolescents (specifically high school seniors, high school graduates, and GED certificate recipients). METHODS: The reasons given by a racially/ethnically diverse group of 1,568 pregnant 13-18 year olds for not using contraception were used to classify their pregnancies as intended or unintended. Proportion comparison tests and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationship between childbearing intentions, maternal behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: Regardless of age, adolescents who intended to become pregnant conceived in an objectively more hospitable and supportive childbearing milieu than those who conceived unintentionally. This is evidenced by their greater likelihood of having goals compatible with adolescent childbearing, cohabitation with the father of the child, and living in a non-chaotic environment. However, pregnancy planning was not associated with improved compliance with preventive health care recommendations during gestation nor with infant outcomes. As such, the consequences among adolescents with intended pregnancies were negative, as evidenced by a higher rate of smoking, STDs late in gestation, school dropout, and repeat conception. CONCLUSIONS: Like adults, adolescents with intended pregnancies conceived in an objectively more supportive environment than their counterparts with unintended pregnancies. However, this advantage did not translate into better support, healthier maternal behavior during gestation, or improved pregnancy outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | TOBACCO USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342484 |
| 19. Title: The use of social network methodological framework in nursing care to breastfeeding women. Author: Souza MH; Souza IE; Tocantins FR Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2009 May-Jun;17(3):354-360. Abstract: This study aimed to discuss the contribution of the social network methodological framework in nursing care delivered to women who breastfeed their children up to six months of age. This qualitative study aimed to elaborate the social network map of 20 women through tape-recorded interview. Social network analysis evidenced a “strong” bond between these women and members from their primary network, especially friends, neighbors, mothers or with the child’s father, who were reported as the people most involved in the breastfeeding period. The contribution of this framework to nursing practice is discussed, especially in care and research processes. We believe that nurses’ appropriation of this framework can be an important support for efficacious actions, as well as to favor a broader perspective on the social context people experience. Spanish Abstract: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la contribución del marco metodológico de red social en la asistencia de enfermería, a partir de su aplicación en mujeres que amamantan sus hijos hasta seis meses de edad. Se trata de estudio de abordaje cualitativa, donde se buscó elaborar el mapa de red social de 20 mujeres, mediante entrevista grabada. El análisis de las redes sociales evidenció la presencia de vínculo “fuerte” de esas mujeres con miembros de la red primaria, especialmente con amigas, vecinas, su madre y con el padre del niño, revelando ser esas las personas que más participan con ellas durante el amamantar. Se discute la contribución de ese marco de referencia para las prácticas de enfermería, particularmente para el proceso de asistir e investigar, acreditando que la apropiación de ese marco de referencia por enfermeros puede constituirse en un importante subsidio para la eficacia de sus acciones, así como favorecer una perspectiva más amplia acerca del contexto social experimentado por las personas. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MOTHERS | NURSES AND NURSING | SOCIAL NETWORKS | BREASTFEEDING | INTERVIEWS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Data Collection | Behavior Document Number: 339883 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Slow to share: social capital and its role in public HIV disclosure among public sector ART patients in the Free State province of South Africa. Author: Wouters E; Meulemans H; van Rensburg HC Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):411-21. Abstract: HIV serostatus disclosure to community members has been shown to have potential public and personal health benefits. This study examined the impact of bonding and bridging social capital (i.e. close and distant ties) on public disclosure and described the complex relationship between bonding and bridging social capital in the context of serostatus disclosure among AIDS patients enrolled in South Africa's public sector antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. Data were collected from a cohort of patients enrolled in the public sector ART program in the Free State province of South Africa. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a random sample of 268 patients at three points in time (<6 months of ART, 6-12 months of ART, and 18-24 of months ART). The relationship between bonding and bridging social capital and the impact of different forms of social capital on public disclosure were determined using a fully cross-lagged regression model. The impact of bonding social capital (treatment and emotional buddy) on public disclosure was positive and invariant across time. The results from the cross-lagged regression indicated that bridging social capital (community health worker and support group) only encouraged public disclosure in the second year of treatment. At the start of treatment, bivariate analysis showed a strong negative association between bonding and bridging social capital, which diminished at follow-up and eventually disappeared in the second year of treatment. This study identified bonding social capital as a leverage to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential risks in order to shift the balance toward consistent public disclosure. Furthermore, the importance of bridging social capital initiatives is demonstrated, especially for the most vulnerable patients, those who cannot capitalize their bonding social capital by disclosing their HIV serostatus to family and friends at the start of treatment. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CLIENTS | SUPPORT GROUPS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV INFECTIONS | NOTIFICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 341834 |
| 21. Title: The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Author: Abroms LC; Maibach EW Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2008;29:219-234. Abstract: This article provides an overview of the ways in which mass communication has been used-or can be used-to promote beneficial changes in behavior among members of populations. We use an ecological perspective to examine the ways in which mass media interventions can be used to influence public behavior both directly and indirectly. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people directly-by directly targeting the people burdened by the public health problem of concern and/or the people who influence them - have a long basis in public health history, and recent reviews have clarified our expectations about what can be expected from such approaches. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people indirectly-by creating beneficial changes in the places (or environments) in which people live and work-have equal if not greater potential to promote beneficial changes in population health behaviors, but these are currently less explored options. To have the greatest possible beneficial influence on public behavior with the public health resources available, we recommend that public health program planners assess their opportunities to use media to target both people and places in a manner that complements and extends other investments being made in population health enhancement. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | MASS MEDIA | INTERVENTIONS | IMPACT | BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326628 |
| 22. Title: HIV: death sentence or chronic and manageable disease? Changing attitudes of health providers and politicians towards women living with HIV in India. Author: Anand S Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(2):5-6. Abstract: The Right to Health is universally acknowledged as a human right and Article 21 of the Constitution of India considers it as inherent to the Right to Life. State health-care providers are obliged by law to provide medical treatment to all persons without discrimination of HIV status in emergency and nonemergency situations. A recent assessment by the Positive Women Network (PWN+) on the availability and accessibility of HIV/AIDS care and treatment in India found that health care is greatly influenced by gender and that women and children living with HIV face huge hurdles in accessing treatment and care because of discrimination by government health-care providers. Through focus groups discussions, PWN+ found a discrepancy between the government stance and realities on the ground. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | STAFF ATTITUDE | CHANGES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | INFORMATION NETWORKS | HIV | COUNSELING | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Program Evaluation Document Number: 308006 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Men's social networks and contraception in Ghana. Author: Avogo W; Agadjanian V Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):413-429. Abstract: In this paper, longitudinal data from northern Ghana is used to assess the effects of encouragement to use family planning that men receive from their personal network partners on the adoption of modern contraception by their wives. The study tests a conceptual model that, in addition to the effect of men's network encouragement, incorporates the effect of encouragement to use family planning that women receive from their respective network partners and the effect of spousal communication on reproductive matters and approval of family planning. Results show that encouragement received by men from their social networks significantly increases the likelihood of subsequent contraceptive use by their wives but this effect operates primarily by galvanizing spousal communication on reproductive matters. The effect of encouragement received by women from their respective network partners is largely independent from the effect of male network encouragement but it influences contraceptive adoption both directly and through spousal communication. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MEN | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 325410 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: On the structural value of children and its implication on intended fertility in Bulgaria. Author: Buhler C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 24;18(20):569-610. Abstract: Personal networks are receiving increasing recognition as structural determinants of fertility. However, the network perspective also helps to explain personal motivations for having children. Using theories of interpersonal exchange, social capital, and the value of children, it is argued in this article that children can substantively improve their parents' social networks. Individuals perceive this potential advantageous development as a structural benefit and consider this value in their reproductive decisions. This argument is empirically explored with data from Bulgaria, collected in 2002. The results document the presence of structural evaluations among subjectively perceived childrelated benefits. Moreover, structural evaluations matter for the reproductive decisionmaking of Bulgarian citizens. Women's fertility intentions are supported by the prospect that a child will bring their parents and relatives closer or will improve their security at old age. Males' intentions are closely associated with the expectation that a child will provide support when they are old. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MOTIVATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CHILD WORTH | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327505 |
| 25. Title: Supporting people with AIDS and their carers in rural South Africa: Possibilities and challenges. Author: Campbell C; Nair Y; Maimane S; Sibiya Z Source: Health and Place. 2008 Sep;14(3):507-518. Abstract: Under-served rural areas-home to over half of people in sub-Saharan Africa-bear a heavy HIV/AIDS burden. We present a case study of the existence and quality of support networks available to people with AIDS and their carers in a South African rural area. Drawing on 45 interviews and 13 focus groups, we identify key local HIV/AIDS-relevant actors and agencies in civil society, the public and the private sectors. The most effective support comes from families and neighbours, volunteer health workers and two lone missionaries. This support is undermined by counter-productive responses by faith-based organisations, traditional healers and local leaders, and by poor levels of support from public and private sector agencies. We discuss ways in which existing and latent networks might best be strengthened and supported. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | RURAL AREAS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HOME CARE | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | COMMUNITY LEADERS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Geographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication Document Number: 325718 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: The HIV testing experiences of adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: Do families and friends matter? Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Jan;20(1):61-71. Abstract: This study explored how adolescents involve their families, friends and sex partners when making decisions about seeking HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and disclosing their HIV-status. The study is based on 40 qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 to 19 year olds who knew their HIV status in Ndola, Zambia. The findings show that: a) almost half of the youth turned to family members for advice or approval prior to seeking VCT; b) a disapproving reaction from family members or friends often discouraged youth from attending VCT until they found someone supportive; c) informants often attended VCT alone or with a friend, but rarely with a family member; and d) disclosure was common to family and friends, infrequent to sex partners, and not linked to accessing care and support services. Family members need access to information on VCT so they can support young peoples' decisions to test for HIV and to disclose their HIV status. These results reinforce the need to provide confidential VCT services for adolescents and the need to develop and test innovative strategies to reach adolescents, their families and sex partners with VCT information and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Evaluation Document Number: 324156 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Global and local networking for HIV / AIDS prevention: the case of the Saathii E-forum. Author: DeSouza R; Jyoti Dutta M Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2008 Jun;13(4):326–344. Abstract: The global spread of HIV/AIDS has sparked the proliferation of civil society groups working on various aspects of the disease such as prevention, treatment, support, and policy. In this article, we explore the role of the Internet in networking civil society organizations working on HIV/AIDS-related issues across local and global spaces. Specifically, we conducted a thematic analysis of an e-forum established by the nongovernmental organization (NGO) Saathii, working on HIV/AIDS issues in India to (a) identify the specific functions served by the e-forum and (b) explore how global and local actors use the e-forum to network with one another. The thematic analysis documented four key functions of the online forum: (a) to provide HIV/AIDS-related news, (b) to serve as an informational resource, (c) to promote political activism, and (d) to express emotions. The discussion elaborates on the how global and local actors network with one another and build solidarity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SUPPORT GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNET | HIV PREVENTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | ADVOCACY | EMOTIONS | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Networks | Communication | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327380 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The legacies of context: Past and present influences on contraceptive choice in Nang Rong, Thailand. Author: Edmeades J Source: Demography. 2008 May;45(2):283-302. Abstract: This study explores the ways in which women's contraceptive behavior in a rural area of Thailand is shaped by both past and present context, based on the life course framework. Although the importance of contextual influences for contraceptive behavior is well established in the literature, relatively little research has been conducted that explores how behavior is influenced by historical and contemporaneous contextual factors and by individual life experiences. In addition, much of this research has neglected the role of the normative environment within which contraceptive use takes place. The focus of this paper centers on the effect of contraceptive environment at both early and late stages of the life course and on how this effect is shaped by individual experience with migration to urban areas. This study takes advantage of a unique, prospective longitudinal data set with detailed information on community context at multiple points in time, an important improvement upon prior research. The results show that contraceptive behavior is particularly responsive to current community context, with past context primarily exerting an indirect effect on behavior through shaping current contextual influences. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Migration | Population Dynamics | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327035 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration - development nexus. Author: Faist T Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):21-42. Abstract: Migrant networks and organisations have emerged as development agents. They interact with state institutions in flows of financial remittances, knowledge, and political ideas. In the discursive dimension, the new enthusiasm on the part of OECD states and international organisations, such as the World Bank, for migrant remittances, migrant associations and their role in development, is a sign of two trends which have coincided. Firstly, community as a principle of development has come to supplement principles of social order such as the market and the state. Secondly, in the current round of the migration-development nexus, migrants in general and transnational collective actors in particular have been constituted by states and international organisations as a significant agent. In the institutional dimension, agents such as hometown associations, networks of businesspersons, epistemic networks and political diasporas have emerged as collective actors. These formations are not unitary actors, and they are frequently in conflict with states and communities of origin. The analysis concludes with reflections of how national states structure the transnational spaces in which non-state actors are engaged in cross-border flows, leading towards a tight linkage between migration control, immigrant incorporation and development cooperation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COMMUNITY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | IMMIGRANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | REMITTANCES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organizations | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Policy | Social Change Document Number: 323244 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Spousal abuse during pregnancy in Karachi, Pakistan. Author: Farid M; Saleem S; Karim MS; Hatcher J Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 May;101(2):141-145. Abstract: The objectives were to determine the magnitude of and factors associated with spousal abuse during pregnancy in women presenting to tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Five hundred women who delivered a live singleton baby were interviewed. Physical and/or emotional abuse during pregnancy (PEAP) was the primary outcome measure as determined by the World Health Organization's domestic violence module. Frequencies of different forms of abuse were measured and the relationship between PEAP and the risk factors was determined using multiple logistic regression. Of the women interviewed, 44% reported abuse during the index pregnancy; and of these, 43% experienced emotional abuse and 12.6% reported physical abuse. Factors independently associated with PEAP were number of living children (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.34; CI, 1.08-1.65), interfamilial conflicts (AOR 3.03; CI, 1.85-4.96), husband's exposure to maternal abuse (AOR, 2.38; CI, 1.41-4.02), and husband's use of tobacco (AOR 1.59; CI, 1.05-2.42). Women who had adequate social support were less likely to be abused by their husbands (AOR 0.65; CI, 0.51-0.82). Almost half of the pregnant women interviewed were either physically or emotionally abused. Strong social support helps protect against abuse. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | |