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Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraception in historical and global perspective.
Author: Cleland J
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):165-176.
Abstract: This chapter describes the rise in contraceptive practice and fall in fertility from around 1880 to the present day. Two main phases are identified: the first confined to European populations and involving methods of low efficacy, and the second embracing the whole planet involving modern methods. Today, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use and high fertility persist. Nevertheless, nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are still unintended, and much scope remains for improvement in contraceptive protection. The main international priority is Africa, where demographic factors jeopardize the goals of reducing poverty and hunger.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329659

Title: Training guide for HIV Counseling and Testing for Youth: a Manual for Providers.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]; International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF]. Western Hemisphere Region [WHR]; Population Services International [PSI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. 140 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: This guide was developed to train providers to use HIV Counseling and Testing for Youth: A Manual for Providers. The training guide emphasizes an integrated approach to counseling youth during HIV testing. It features interactive exercises, participant practice sessions, PowerPoint slides, and other training tools. Among topics covered are an introduction to integrated counseling and testing services, clinical and nonclinical models of counseling and testing, major steps in providing integrated counseling and testing, an overview of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy prevention methods, social marketing, and community support for integrated youth services.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | COUNSELORS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | WORKSHOPS | ROLE PLAYING | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SEXUALITY | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331692

Title: AWARENESS Project. Democratic Republic of Congo country report, 2003-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [17] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2003, the USAID Mission and the National Reproductive Health Program (PNSR) invited IRH to introduce the SDM in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The strategy focused on training providers and integrating the SDM into existing clinic, community, and pharmacy services in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Bukavu, and the rural area of Katako Kombe. By 2004, 14 organizations were able to offer the SDM. CycleBeads are included in the national list of essential medicines and the five-year contraceptive security plan. The SDM is part of in-service family planning training curricula. The PNSR is developing national norms and protocols and intends to include the SDM. IRH also worked with the MOH to incorporate the SDM into national policies and logistics and reporting systems. However, the lack of overall government norms and functioning distribution and reporting systems is an obstacle requiring more comprehensive attention than the AWARENESS Project could offer. The program leveraged significant resources, as most partners paid for their own training programs and CycleBeads. The Congolese program participated in a study to determine the impact of the social marketing campaign, a general evaluation of SDM integration in the DRC. Major findings from the simulated client study showed that 89% of clinic providers gave spontaneous information on the SDM as opposed to only 38% of pharmacists; confidentiality was observed in over 70% of both clinics and pharmacies; 96% of providers in clinics told clients that CycleBeads represent a woman?s cycle while only 35% of pharmacists did so; and 7% of clinic providers attempted to convince clients to use other methods of family planning as opposed to 23% of pharmacists. The success of recent initiatives in DRC to introduce the TDM through services of an faith-based organization (FBO) suggest that this method may also be an appropriate addition to family planning services. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 327619

Title: AWARENESS Project. Ecuador country report, 2001-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [13] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: CEMOPLAF (the Centro Médico de Orientación y Planificación) wanted to include SDM in its services in an effort to address unmet need. A pilot study showed a strong potential for the SDM to address this need and demonstrated feasibility of service provision in clinics and in the community. It also showed that clients were able to use the SDM correctly with a single counseling session. The longterm follow-up of pilot study participants continuing with the SDM demonstrated that while the majority of discontinuation during the first quarter of year one was due to cycles out of range; discontinuation during the second and third year had more to do with birth spacing and other life circumstances. Based on these results, CEMOPLAF provided training and technical input to its close partner, the MOH, and executed a social marketing program that introduced the SDM into pharmacies with mass media support. A study of the social marketing approach, conducted with the Population Council, showed awareness of the SDM increased from 4% to 34%, intention to use increased from 27% to 32%, demand for the SDM increased five-fold in pharmacies and clinics in one month during the mass media campaign, and both clinic-based providers and pharmacists provided correct information. CEMOPLAF used research results to advocate successfully for integrating the SDM into MOH norms and training curricula. Currently, the SDM is available in all CEMOPLAF and 11 MOH clinics in 11 of 22 departments. A number of local NGOs have also adopted the SDM. By including the SDM in national norms and the maternity program, the MOH committed to expanding the SDM to all its clinics by purchasing materials in exchange for training and technical assistance from CEMOPLAF. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ECUADOR | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 327620

Title: AWARENESS Project. Guatemala country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [21] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: With a population of 12 million, Guatemala is the largest country in Central America. Contraceptive prevalence in 2002 was relatively low, at 43% for women aged 15-49, and was even lower among rural (under 35%) and indigenous women (24%). In 2002, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Social Security Institute (IGGS) requested assistance from the AWARENESS Project to expand contraceptive choice through the integration of fertility awareness-based methods (FAM) into the method mix. The program functioned in USAID priority zones including the largely indigenous departments of the Altiplano (Quetzaltenango, Solola, and Huehuetenango), Santa Rosa, Chimaltenango, and Alta Verapaz. It focused primarily on building evidence for the future scale-up of the Standard Days Method® (SDM), while also assessing the effectiveness and feasibility of the TwoDay Method ® (TDM). IRH used a diversified strategy to build the evidence base for FAM and subsequently establish the necessary support and conditions for scale up. With approximately 200 trainers and 2000 trained SDM providers, Guatemala has substantial capacity for offering SDM services. In the last three years, more than 13,000 women began using the SDM, most of whom previously had not used family planning. The SDM also is supported in norms and gradually is being included in management information and logistics systems, pre- and in-service training, and communication strategies. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 327621

Title: Social marketing final report: three country overview.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. [40] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: While unmet need is growing in sub-Saharan Africa, where contraceptive prevalence is lowest, unmet need remains even in countries where contraceptive prevalence is high, such as in Latin America. Due to rapid growth in the population and increase in the numbers of couples interested in planning and spacing births, reproductive health programs in developing countries face a major challenge: to provide a greater variety of products and services to a rapidly increasing number of users. This challenge must be met in the context of stagnant or decreasing donor funding for contraception. Thus, efforts to meet this unmet need must involve cost-effectively expanding options and access to couples. Social marketing concepts have been successfully applied to increase access and use of many modern contraceptives. The present study was conducted to research the potential of socially-marketing the Standard Days Method® (SDM) in three countries: Ecuador, Benin and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The impact of mass media campaigns on knowledge, sales and distribution of the SDM, quality of information provided by pharmacists and providers, and correct use by pharmacy and clinic SDM users was assessed. The aim of the study was to answer the following research questions: What is the impact of a mass media campaign on knowledge, attitudes, sales and free distribution of the SDM?; Can pharmacists and health providers provide high quality information about the SDM?; How do characteristics of women who purchase the SDM from pharmacies compare with those obtain it at a lower or no cost from a clinic?; Can women who purchase the SDM from a pharmacy use the method correctly? (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LATIN AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL MARKETING | FERTILITY AWARENESS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | MASS MEDIA | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Africa | Developing Countries | Americas | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marketing | Family Planning | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Communication | Education | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception
Document Number: 327650

Peer Reviewed

Title: A grim contradiction: The practice and consequences of corporate social responsibility by British American Tobacco in Malaysia.
Author: Barraclough S; Morrow M
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(8):1784-1796.
Abstract: In the wake of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is among the few remaining mechanisms for tobacco corporations publicly to promote their interests. Health advocates may be unaware of the scale, nature and implications of tobacco industry CSR. This investigation aimed to construct a typology of tobacco industry CSR through a case study of the evolution and impact of CSR activities of a particular tobacco corporation in one country - British American Tobacco, Malaysia (BATM), the Malaysian market leader. Methods included searching, compiling and critically appraising publicly available materials from British American Tobacco, BATM, published literature and other sources. The study examined BATM's CSR strategy, the issues which it raises, consequences for tobacco control and potential responses by health advocates. The investigation found that BATM's CSR activities included assistance to tobacco growers, charitable donations,scholarships, involvement in anti-smuggling measures, 'youth smoking prevention' programs and annual Social Reports. BATM has stated that its model is predominantly motivated by social and stakeholder obligations. Its CSR activities have, however, had the additional benefits of contributing to a favourable image, deflecting criticism and establishing a modus vivendi with regulators that assists BATM's continued operations and profitability. It is imperative that health advocates highlight the potential conflicts inherent in such arrangements and develop strategies to address the concerns raised. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | TOBACCO USE | INDUSTRY | CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP | SOCIAL MARKETING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Marketing
Document Number: 325440

Title: Unmet need and evaluation of programme options to meet unmet need for contraception in Ethiopia, 2000 and 2005.
Author: Bizuneh G; Shiferaw S; Melkamu Y
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Sep. 43 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Further Analysis No. 62)
Abstract: In 2000, only 8 percent of currently married women were using contraception; in 2005, this level had increased to 14 percent, but this is still far from programme targets. The need for contraception among currently married women is also high; 36 percent of currently married women in 2000 had an unmet need for contraception, and in 2005, 34 percent had such a need. As of 2005, only 31 percent of the family planning needs of currently married women had been met. Addressing the huge unmet need observed in the past decade is one area of critical intervention identified in the health sector development programme as well as in the reproductive health strategy of the country. However, it is important to understand the reasons for such high and persistent unmet need so that viable programme options can be formulated that will guide interventions at various levels. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of data from the 2000 and 2005 EDHS on unmet need and evaluation of programme options to meet unmet need for contraception will provide critical information that can be used to develop programmes and strategies towards meeting targets set in the government national development programme in general and in the health sector programme more specifically. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | EVALUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Marketing | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Availability
Document Number: 330107

10.

Title: Introduction: The media as sex educators for youth.
Author: Brown JD
Source: In: Managing the media monster: The influence of media (from television to text messages) on teen sexual behavior and attitudes, edited by Jane D. Brown. Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008 Dec. :6-16. (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement No. 5U65DP324968-03)
Abstract: Young people learn about norms and expectations for sexual behavior in a number of ways, including from friends, parents, and schools. A variety of factors influence decisions about sexual behavior, including parental communication, peer norms, school-based curricula, religious principles, and community norms. Given the power and scope of media in our culture today, the media permeate all these contexts and influence sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior -- both positively and negatively. The three chapters in this report examine this reality in detail. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | ENTER-EDUCATE | INTERNET | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Communication Programs | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Information Networks
Document Number: 331407

11.

Title: Managing the media monster: The influence of media (fromtelevision to text messages) on teen sexual behavior and attitudes.
Author: Brown JD
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008 Dec. 128 p. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement No. 5U65DP324968-03)
Abstract: The goal of this report is to inform practitioners and program providers about what the most up-to-date research says about teens and media influence. Specifically, the publication examines in detail how the media influences -- in positive and negative ways -- teen sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Importantly, the report also offers practical suggestions for how those working with youth can use the media to reach young people and provides suggestions on how best to capitalize on the exploding world of digital media. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | ENTER-EDUCATE | INTERNET | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Communication Programs | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Information Networks
Document Number: 331399

12.

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: POWER for reproductive health: Results from a social marketing campaign promoting female and male condoms.
Author: Bull SS; Posner SF; Ortiz C; Beaty B; Benton K
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Jul;43(1):71-78.
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate effects of a 6-month social marketing campaign on awareness of, attitudes toward and use of female as well as male condoms for 15-25 year-old-women. Methods: Using a time-space sampling methodology, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 3407 women at pre-campaign in 12 western U.S. neighborhoods on female and male condom awareness, attitudes, and use. Six of the 12 study neighborhoods were randomly selected to receive the POWER social marketing campaign designed to impact condom knowledge, attitudes, and use. The campaign was followed with another cross-sectional survey of 3,003 women in all 12 study neighborhoods on condom knowledge, attitudes, use and awareness of POWER materials. We compared pre-and post-campaign surveys to determine the efficacy of POWER and conducted post hoc analyses on post-campaign data to determine if exposure to POWER was related to higher levels of positive condom attitudes and norms and condom use. Results: We found no differences between neighborhoods with and without the POWER campaign with regard to our primary outcomes. To diagnose reasons for this null effect, we examined outcomes post hoc examining the influence of POWER exposure. Post hoc analyses show some evidence that exposure to POWER was associated with condom use. In the context of the nested trial, this raises concerns that post test only evaluations are limited. Conclusions: Establishing the efficacy of a social marketing campaign is challenging. This group randomized trial showed a null effect. Social marketing campaigns may need to have more media channels and saturation before they can show behavioral effects. Using a nested design with randomization at the community level and probability sampling introduces rigor not commonly seen in evaluations of social marketing campaigns. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COLORADO | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONDOMS | CAMPAIGNS | PROMOTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Communication Programs | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327343

14.

Title: USAID / Haiti: Social marketing assessment, 2008.
Author: Clary TA
Source: Washington, D.C., Global Health Technical Assistance Project, 2008 Sep. [54] p. (Report No. 01-008-153USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-05-00005-00)
Abstract: Despite nearly 20 years of social marketing programs in Haiti, the country is still facing many challenges. Suboptimal coordination and poor infrastructure have resulted in some geographic areas having a plethora of overlapping socially marketed products, while others face fairly frequent stockouts within the social marketing system. Further, the concept of social marketing is still, in some cases, not well understood or fully supported by partner organizations, including the host country government, local organizations, and the private commercial sector. USAID / Haiti, the main funder of social marketing programs during the last several years, is now redefining what it hopes to accomplish through its support. During the course of this assignment numerous meetings and interviews were held, a dozen site visits conducted, and nearly 50 documents reviewed. The main conclusion from this intelligence gathering is this: social marketing programs in Haiti have benefited the health of Haitians, need to becontinued, but also need strengthening in a number of areas. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | SOCIAL MARKETING | FUNDS | COORDINATION | LOGISTICS | DATA QUALITY | PRIVATE SECTOR | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FEES | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Training Programs | Education | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs
Document Number: 331439

15.

16.

Title: Using media to address adolescent sexual health: lessons learned abroad.
Author: Gurman TA; Underwood C
Source: In: Managing the media monster: The influence of media (from television to text messages) on teen sexual behavior and attitudes, edited by Jane D. Brown. Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008 Dec. :40-83. (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement No. 5U65DP324968-03)
Abstract: Public health organizations around the globe have crafted mass media interventions addressing reproductive health issues for a variety of audiences, including youth. These interventions have employed a variety of media strategies (e.g. entertainment-education (E-E), social marketing), and media channels (e.g. radio, magazines, television, Internet). Some interventions have been evaluated for effectiveness while others have not. In this chapter, we focus on the evaluation research literature describing the effects of international reproductive health mass media interventions on adolescents and youth. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | ENTER-EDUCATE | INTERNET | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Communication Programs | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Information Networks
Document Number: 331410

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Social marketing: No longer a sideshow.
Author: Harvey PD
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Mar;39(1):69-72.
Abstract: For many years the social marketing of contraceptives was held to be an interesting but not a central part of the international family planning movement. The heavy lifting, everyone thought, would be performed by government programs, managed by developing country government agencies that would provide services and contraceptives free of charge. This attitude is changing. Although government programs are still the largest family planning service providers in many countries, the contraceptive needs of poor populations are increasingly being met by a wide variety of independently managed contraceptive social marketing (CSM) programs and by a growing number of commercial contraceptive suppliers. In 2005, social marketing programs served the contraceptive needs of 36.7 million couples in 73 countries and provided hundreds of millions of condoms for HIV/AIDS prevention. This contribution means that social marketing programs accounted for about six percentage points of the contraceptive prevalence in thedeveloping world (excluding China), and roughly 20 percent of the birth spacing methods used by couples in developing countries. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | URBAN POPULATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | PRIVATE SECTOR | HIV PREVENTION | CAMPAIGNS | CONTRACEPTION | COMMUNICATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ADVERTISING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | POVERTY | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marketing | Macroeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Family Planning | Promotion | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 324970

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effectiveness of respondent driven sampling for recruiting males who have sex with males in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Author: Johnston LG; Khanam R; Reza M; Khan SI; Banu S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Mar;12(2):294-304.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the effectiveness of respondent driven sampling (RDS) to sample males who have sex with males (MSM) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A major objective for conducting this survey was to determine whether RDS can be a viable sampling method for future routine serologic and behavioral surveillance of MSM as well as other socially networked, hard to reach populations in Bangladesh. We assessed the feasibility of RDS (survey duration; MSM social network properties; number and types of initial recruits) to recruit a diverse group of MSM, the efficacy of an innovative technique (systematic coupon reduction) to manage the implementation and completion of the RDS recruitment process and reasons why MSM participated or did not participate. The findings provide useful information for improving RDS field techniques and demonstrate that RDS is an effective sampling method for recruiting diverse groups of MSM to participate in HIV related serologic and behavioral surveys in Dhaka. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | EVALUATION RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325205

19.

Title: Using media to address adolescent sexual health: lessons learned at home.
Author: Keller SN
Source: In: Managing the media monster: The influence of media (from television to text messages) on teen sexual behavior and attitudes, edited by Jane D. Brown. Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008 Dec. :84-121. (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement No. 5U65DP324968-03)
Abstract: This chapter reviews mass media interventions designed to promote sexual health in the United States. Interventions were included that used five types of media strategies: (1) public service announcements (PSAs); (2) entertainment-education (E-E); (3) social marketing; (4) media advocacy; and (5) new media technologies. While new media technologies, such as Internet and cell phones, provide alternate media channels to TV, radio and print, they also involve new and interactive ways of communicating with audiences and involve new strategies for health communication that are unfolding as we write this report. Because of their interactive nature and increasingly ubiquitous use by adolescents and young adults, harnessing the power of new media technologies also is being seen as a valuable strategy for engaging youth in sexual health discussions and fostering positive decision-making skills. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | ENTER-EDUCATE | INTERNET | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Communication Programs | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | Information Networks
Document Number: 331411

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Difficulties in bringing point-to-use water treatment to scale in rural Guatemala.
Author: Luby SP; Mendoza C; Keswick BH; Chiller TM; Hoekstra RM
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;78(3):382-387.
Abstract: In an earlier study in rural Guatemala, 257 households that received flocculant-disinfectant to treat their drinking water had 39% less diarrhea than 257 control households. Three weeks after completion of the study, national marketing of the flocculant-disinfectant was extended into the study communities. Six months later, we assessed frequency of and characteristics associated with purchase and use of the flocculant-disinfectant by revisiting the original study households and administering a questionnaire. Four hundred sixty-two households (90%) completed the follow-up survey; 22 households (5%) purchased the flocculant-disinfectant within the preceding 2 weeks and used it within the last week. Neither being randomized to the intervention group during the efficacy study nor combined spending on laundry soap, toothpaste, and hand soap in the preceding week was associated with active repeat use. Even after efficacy was demonstrated within their community and an aggressive sophisticated marketing approach, few households purchased flocculant-disinfectant for point-of-use water treatment. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | WATER QUALITY | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marketing | Economic Factors | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Prevention and Control | Diseases
Document Number: 325278

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Distribution systems of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria control in rural Burkina Faso: cluster-randomized controlled trial.
Author: Muller O; De Allegri M; Becher H; Tiendrebogo J; Beiersmann C; Ye M; Kouyate B; Sie A; Jahn A
Source: PLoS One. 2008;3(9):e3182.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Insecticide-impregnated bed nets (ITNs) have been shown to be a highly effective tool against malaria in the endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There are however different opinions about the role of ITN social marketing and ITN free distribution in the roll-out of ITN programmes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of free ITN distribution through antenatal care services in addition to an ITN social marketing programme in an area typical for rural SSA. METHODS: A cluster-randomised controlled ITN trial took place in the whole Kossi Province in north-western Burkina Faso, an area highly endemic for malaria. Twelve clusters were assigned to long-term ITN (Serena brand) social marketing plus free ITN (Serena brand) distribution to all pregnant women attending governmental antenatal care services (group A), and 13 clusters to ITN social marketing only (group B). The intervention took place during the rainy season of 2006 and thereafter. The trial was evaluated through a representative household survey at baseline and after one year. Serena ITN household ownership was the primary outcome measure. FINDINGS: A total of 1052 households were visited at baseline in February 2006 and 1050 at follow-up in February 2007. Overall Serena ITN household ownership increased from 16% to 28% over the study period, with a significantly higher increase in group A (13% to 35%) than in group B (18% to 23%) (p<0.001). INTERPRETATION: The free distribution of ITNs to pregnant women through governmental antenatal care services in addition to ITN social marketing substantially improved ITN household ownership in rural Burkina Faso. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN07985309.
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | HOUSEHOLDS | BED NETS | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | LOGISTICS | PESTICIDES | MALARIA PREVENTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | ANTENATAL CARE | SEASONAL VARIATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Ingredients and Chemicals | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 329184

22.

Title: Market-based licensing for HPV vaccines in developing countries.
Author: Outterson K; Kesselheim AS
Source: Health Affairs. 2008;27(1):130-139.
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines hold great promise for preventing cervical cancer, but 93 percent of mortality worldwide occurs in low- and middle-income countries, where high vaccine costs can restrict dissemination. Current models for promoting international access to health care innovations include differential pricing, advance market commitments, and voluntary and compulsory licensing. Some of these mechanisms have been effective, but much room for improvement remains. We discuss the usefulness of a new type of license that uses market forces to lower prices through generic competition in low- and middle-income countries while ensuring that pharmaceutical companies are appropriately reimbursed for their research and development. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | VACCINES | HPV | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCT APPROVAL | SOCIAL MARKETING | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Technology | Legislation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing
Document Number: 323383

23.
Title: Applying social marketing principles to understand the effects of the radio diaries program in reducing HIV/AIDS stigma in Malawi.
Author: Rimal RN; Creel AH
Source: Health Marketing Quarterly. 2008;25(1-2):119-46.
Abstract: Relatively little is known about the extent to which health campaigns can play a constructive role in reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma. The Malawi Radio Diaries is a program in which HIV-positive men and women openly discuss day-to-day events in their lives with the goal of reducing stigma in the population. Adopting a social marketing perspective, we analyze the various components of the Radio Diaries program in terms of three of the "Four P's": product (stigma reduction), place (radio), and promotion (the program itself). We first investigated the important dimensions of stigma and then developed a model to test the demographic and psychosocial correlates of these dimensions. A midterm household survey was then used to determine the relationship between exposure to the Radio Diaries program and stigma. In multivariate analyses, lower education and knowledge were associated with stronger beliefs that persons living with HIV should be isolated from others. Exposure to the Radio Diaries program did not have a main-effect on stigma, but there was a significant interaction between exposure and efficacy to reduce number of partners such that there was little difference in stigma by exposure level for those with low efficacy, but a significant difference by exposure level for those with high efficacy. Findings are discussed in terms of social marketing principles.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN | WOMEN | STIGMA | SOCIAL MARKETING | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PROMOTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 329483

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Health education and marketing processes: 2 related methods for achieving health behavior change.
Author: Stellefson M; Eddy JM
Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2008 Sep;32(5):488-496.
Abstract: The objective was to make salient the striking similarities between the program planning processes used in both health education and contemporary marketing. Through a discussion of the analogous nature of both processes and a review of the literature, the authors (1) illustrate why marketing principles should be embraced and (2) suggest how marketing strategies can be integrated into health education needs assessments. Core health-marketing concepts are proposed along with 4 recommendations for future marketing activities in health education. To facilitate an advance in health education process and practice, scholars and practitioners should adopt a more consumer-centered, marketing mind-set. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH EDUCATION | MARKETING | PLANNING | SOCIAL MARKETING | BEHAVIOR | GOALS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | ADVERTISING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Promotion
Document Number: 324393

25.

Title: Sustainability continuum for social marketing.
Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One]
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, PSP-One, [2007]. [4] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-356)
Abstract: Brand-specific promotion and generic BCC are used to build demand for social marketing products and appropriate behaviors. Generic BCC activities are targeted toward specific population segments, with commercial players advertising more to higher-income segments and SMOs focusing more on lower-income and vulnerable groups. Target audiences generally have moderate knowledge, although often some misinformation exists regarding products and behavior. More of the population demonstrates the accepted behavior or is using the products. SMO uses a mix of commercial distributors and local sales and distribution networks to expand distribution or sell to outlets beyond the reach of the commercial trade. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | SOCIAL MARKETING | PROGRAM DESIGN | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Communication | Health | Family Planning | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 321748

26.

Title: Sustainable social marketing self-assessment tool.
Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One]
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, PSP-One, [2007]. [4] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-357)
Abstract: Social marketing organizations (SMOs) can conduct their own sustainability analysis using the Sustainability Continuum for Social Marketing. Because so many of the factors affecting sustainability are context-specific, sustainability assessments are more qualitative than quantitative. This tool facilitates the staff or stakeholders' analysis of an SMO to measure where it fits within the sustainability continuum and to set goals for strengthening sustainability along the continuum's dimensions. Any SMO can use the tool, regardless of where it currently fits within the continuum, and self-assessments can be conducted as often as needed. SMOs should conduct a self-assessment at least annually. Each SMO should analyze the results of the self-assessment tool within the context of specific program goals. In general, however, the objective is to maximize the number of "Yes" answers for the "Yes/No" questions. For the open-ended questions, compare each answer with the indicators in the sustainability continuum to establish performance benchmarks. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | SOCIAL MARKETING | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Health | Family Planning | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 321749

27.

Title: Reproductive health supplies in the Central and Eastern Europe.
Author: ASTRA Network
Source: Warsaw, Poland, ASTRA Network, 2007 Jan. 8 p.
Abstract: ASTRA Network has carried out the survey on reproductive health (RH) supplies' accessibility in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The concept of reproductive health (RH) supplies is understood here as factual access to contraceptives, condoms, safe motherhood supplies, supplies needed for safe abortion, HIV/AIDS prevention supplies, i.e. HIV testing kits as well as to relevant services. The questionnaire contained questions regarding: access to contraception including emergency contraception, condoms, HIV/AIDS tests, abortion, sexuality education, safe pregnancy supplies, services within and outside public health systems as well as relevant information policies, programs and campaigns. The results of the survey confirm that access to RH supplies is very limited in CEE countries. The region of Central and Eastern Europe faces many barriers in accessing satisfactory reproductive health services. The issue of RH supplies is not prioritized in government's policies. Governments lack commitment to recognize RH supplies as important component of public health and human rights. There is no adequate legislation and policy in this area, the access to family planning services is very limited. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, EASTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | HIV TESTING | ABORTION | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY | ANTENATAL CARE | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | SAFETY | HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIAL MARKETING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Education | Reproduction | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Public Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 312530 Notification

28.

Title: 'Choose life' license plates. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [2] p.
Abstract: In recent years, a handful of states have established specialty "Choose Life" license plates. The plates cost anywhere between $25 and $70 on top of standard fees. In some cases, money generated from their sale directly supports the activities of specific antichoice organizations or crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), which often provide biased and medically inaccurate counseling to women seeking a pregnancy test or counseling with regard to an unintended pregnancy. In other cases, the funding goes to organizations that provide services related to adoption. Many of the states with "Choose Life" license plates explicitly prohibit organizations that offer a full range of services, including abortion counseling or referral, from receiving the funds. Reproductive health activists have challenged some of these policies, arguing that it is unconstitutional for a state to endorse one political viewpoint over another, and that the funding of agencies affiliated with churches or religious organizations amounts to establishment of religion. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIAL MARKETING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 310876 Notification

29.

Title: Mali: final country report.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2007 Mar. 51 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00)
Abstract: Over the last four years, the DELIVER project in Mali assisted the Ministry of Health (MOH) and its stakeholders to carry out appropriate activities to improve the program. Major achievements, described in this report, include logistics assessment, strengthening of the logistics management information system, and monitoring of national inventory. Throughout the life of the DELIVER project, supervisory visits were conducted by a team composed of DELIVER's resident advisor, a representative of the Direction de la Pharmacie et du Medicament, and a regional pharmacist. These visits contributed to the improvement of both the logistics system and human capacity. Through OJT, DELIVER was able to improve the skills of various personnel at all levels of the supply chain to enable them to carry out their duties. DELIVER worked to implement the Mali Strategic Contraceptive Security (CS) Plan by coordinating stakeholder activities, various Government departments, private-sector partners, and donors. In addition, DELIVER fostered engagement of political leadership for contraceptive security at all levels of Government, civil society, donors, decision makers, and opinion leaders. DELIVER carried out a number of studies and assessments in Mali to identify CS issues in general and logistics issues in particular. These assessments included the Logistics Indicator Assessment and Logistics System Assessment Tools, market segmentation, and informed buying. Some of the studies were aimed at finding solutions to CS issues and measuring the performance of the program. This report outlines major recommendations from these assessments. DELIVER also assisted the MOH in Mali over the last four years to estimate contraceptive requirements. These requirements were estimated for USAID-procured products but also for other donors such as the United Nations Population Fund. The Malian forecasting team is now able to do the estimation and procurement planning with little or minimal assistance from DELIVER. Important progress has been made in recent months in collecting dispensed-to-user data for the estimation of contraceptive requirements. Looking into the future, DELIVER has designed a transition plan for the Mission and the MOH. The DELIVER project closed out in September 2006. The transition plan covers the period October 2006 to September 2007 and is described in this report. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALI | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MONITORING | INTERVENTIONS | HUMAN RESOURCES | DRUGS | SOCIAL MARKETING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Availability | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Evaluation | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Marketing | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 324256

30.

Title: AIDSMark. A decade of innovative marketing for health: lessons learned.
Author: Population Services International [PSI]. AIDSMark
Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, AIDSMark, 2007. [60] p.
Abstract: The purpose of this report is to increase global understanding of the complexities related to HIV prevention. By sharing best practices as well as challenges encountered, PSI and its partners hope to inform and encourage continued programming efforts to address HIV/AIDS. Lessons documented in this report cover a broad and diverse group of prevention approaches, including social marketing of the female condom, using different service delivery models to expand consumer access to CT and establishing unique and nontraditional male condom sales outlets. The papers also describe AIDSMark's contributions to cutting-edge communications efforts, including large-scale interpersonal outreach among high risk groups in India and mass media campaigns promoting abstinence in Kenya. AIDSMark also dedicates a paper to detailing the lessons from 10 years of research to inform and evaluate HIV prevention social marketing programs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | SOCIAL MARKETING | HIV PREVENTION | USAID | MARKET RESEARCH | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | FEMALE CONDOMS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication
Document Number: 322896


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