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1.          Title: Is the process of diagnosing and treating incidental medical findings a barrier to contraceptive acceptance and use? Author: Ekabua JE; Ekabua KJ; Ekanem EI; Iklaki CU Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;29(3):237-9. Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine the impact of diagnosing and treating incidental medical disorders on contraceptive acceptance/use. The setting was the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, a tertiary referral centre for the South-South zone of Nigeria and South-west Cameroon. Subjects were apparently healthy women seeking contraceptive counselling at the Teaching Hospital, Calabar (2001-2005). A total of 4,990 women's records were studied for the diagnosis of incidental medical findings. Two levels of missed opportunity for contraceptive uptake were identified. Incidental medical findings were seen in 26.9% of women. Contraceptive acceptance in women with incidental medical findings was 24.8%. Defaults from the screening process and treatment of incidental medical findings were significantly associated with high parity and low social status (p < 0.5). Incidental medical disorders, although uncommon in women desiring contraception were associated with low contraceptive uptake in women with high parity and low social status. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SCREENING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MULTIPARITY | SOCIAL CLASS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 330945

2.          Peer Reviewed Title: CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN MOROCCO AND THE CONSEQUENCE FOR THE INCIDENCE OF AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS. Author: Jaouad IC; Elalaoui SC; Sbiti A; Elkerh F; Belmahi L; Sefiani A Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May 12;:1-7. Abstract: SummaryConsanguineous marriage is traditionally common throughout Arab countries. This leads to an increased birth prevalence of infants with recessive disorders, congenital malformations, morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of consanguineous marriage in families with autosomal recessive diseases, and to compare it with the average rate of consanguinity in the Moroccan population. The study was conducted in the Department of Medical Genetics in Rabat on 176 families with autosomal recessive diseases diagnosed and confirmed by clinical, radiological, enzymatic or molecular investigations. The rate of consanguinity was also studied in 852 families who had infants with trisomy 21 confirmed by karyotyping. These families were chosen because: (i) there is no association between trisomy 21 and consanguinity, (ii) these cases are referred from different regions of Morocco and (iii) they concern all social statuses. Among 176 families with autosomal recessive disorders, consanguineous marriages comprised 59.09% of all marriages. The prevalence of consanguinity in Morocco was found to be 15.25% with a mean inbreeding coefficient of 0.0065. The differences in the rates of consanguineous marriages were highly significant when comparing the general population and couples with offspring affected by autosomal recessive conditions. These results place Morocco among the countries in the world with high rates of consanguinity. Autosomal recessive disorders are strongly associated with consanguinity. This study better defines the health risks associated with consanguinity for the development of genetic educational guidelines targeted at the public and the health sector. Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COUPLES | CHILDREN | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | CONSANGUINITY | SOCIAL CLASS | BIRTH DEFECTS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Genetics | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341479

3.          Peer Reviewed Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand. Author: Michinobu R Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8. Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341173

4.          Peer Reviewed Title: The language of "sexual minorities" and the politics of identity: a position paper. Author: Petchesky RP Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):105-110. Abstract: In any highly contested political domain, language can be a potent force for change or an obstacle to understanding and coalition building across difference. This is surely the case in the global debates over sexuality and gender, where even those terms themselves have aroused heated conflicts. In this spirit, we want to challenge the uncritical use of the term “sexual minorities”, based on a number of historical and conceptual problems with which that term – like the larger thicket of identities and identity politics it signifies – is encumbered. These include: ignoring history, legitimating dubious normativity, fixing biological categories, and recreating exclusions. With this struggle, we seem caught in a modernist dilemma between two desires: to name and honour difference by signifying identities and to avoid exclusivity and hierarchy by reclaiming universals. The insistence of diverse groups on naming themselves and achieving recognition of their distinctness and variety will go on as long as aspirations for democracy exist, because that is the nature and necessity of emancipatory politics. At the same time, our language needs to reflect the fluidity and complexity of sexuality and gender expressions in everyday life and their intricate interweaving with other conditions such as class, race, ethnicity, time and place. Spanish Abstract: En toda esfera política muy refutada, el idioma puede ser una fuerza potente para lograr cambios o un obstáculo a la comprensión y al desarrollo de coalición para saldar diferencias. Indudablemente, ese es el caso en los debates mundiales sobre la sexualidad y el género, donde incluso esos mismos términos han suscitado conflictos acalorados. En ese espíritu, queremos cuestionar el uso ciego del término “minorías sexuales”, basándonos en varios problemas históricos y conceptuales de los cuales está cargado ese término, como el matorral más amplio de identidades y política de identidades que significa. Algunos ejemplos son: hacer caso omiso de la historia, legitimar normatividad dudosa, arreglar categorías biológicas y recrear exclusiones. Con esta lucha, parecemos estar atrapados en un dilema modernista entre dos deseos: nombrar y honrar diferencias expresando identidades y evitar la exclusividad y jerarquía reclamando universales. La insistencia de diversos grupos en autonombrarse y lograr el reconocimiento de su particularidad y variedad perdurará siempre que existan aspiraciones de democracia, porque esa es la naturaleza y necesidad de la política emancipadora. A la vez, nuestro idioma debe reflejar la fluidez y complejidad de las expresiones de sexualidad y género en la vida cotidiana, así como su intrincado entrelazado con otras condiciones como clase, raza, etnia, tiempo y lugar. French Abstract: Dans tout domaine politique très contesté, le langage peut être une force puissante de changement ou un obstacle à la compréhension et à la création de coalitions dépassant les différences. C'est sûrement le cas dans les débats mondiaux sur la sexualité et le genre, où même ces termes ont suscité des conflits houleux. Dans cet esprit, nous souhaitons remettre en question l'utilisation non critique de l'expression « minorités sexuelles », en nous basant sur les problèmes historiques et conceptuels avec lesquels ce terme, comme l'enchevêtrement d'identités et de politiques identitaires qu'il signifie, est associé. Ignorer l'histoire, légitimer une normativité douteuse, fixer des catégories biologiques et recréer des exclusions figurent au nombre de ces problèmes. Avec cette lutte, nous semblons nous trouver dans un dilemme moderniste pris entre deux désirs : désigner et honorer la différence en signifiant des identités, et éviter l'exclusivité et la hiérarchie en récupérant des normes universelles. L'insistance de divers groupes pour se nommer eux-mêmes et faire reconnaître leur différence se poursuivra aussi longtemps que les aspirations à la démocratie existeront, car telle est la nature et la nécessité des politiques émancipatoires. En même temps, notre langage doit refléter la fluidité et la complexité des expressions de la sexualité et du genre dans la vie quotidienne et leurs liens complexes avec d'autres conditions comme la classe, la race, l'origine ethnique, le temps et le lieu. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MINORITY GROUPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342019

5.          Title: Contraception and women over 40 years of age: mixed-method systematic review. Author: Roberts A; Noyes J Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009;65(6):1155-1170. Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a mixed-method systematic review to identify barriers to, and facilitators of, contraceptive needs and choices of women over 40 years old. Background. Women over 40 years of age who do not want to conceive have specific needs for contraception to prevent unwanted, unplanned and unintended pregnancies prior to menopause. Data sources. Six databases were searched for published and grey literature from September 1997 to September 2007, along with the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The Internet, professional networks and hand searching were also used. Review methods. Mixed-method synthesis using Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre phased design. Findings. Guidelines to inform clinical decision-making were located but did not take account of age-related social factors affecting women's choices or local service availability. Women's access to services and contraceptive choices were influenced by educational level, general awareness of available methods, fear of side effects, women's social standing, religious and cultural beliefs, personal control, and confidentiality. The main factors influencing compliance and continuation rates were knowledge, positive experience and confidence, unacceptable side effects and safety concerns, information, support and advice, and ongoing husband/partner influences. Conclusion. The utility of clinical guidelines could be improved by incorporating socio-cultural factors and women's views. Novel approaches to evidence translation and facilitation are required. Focusing on user-led, age-appropriate services rather than a 'one size fits all' approach could improve the contraceptive choices and outcomes for women over 40 years old. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | BEST PRACTICES | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | RELIGION | CULTURE | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics Document Number: 331126

6.          Title: Socio-demographic characteristics and the three delays of maternal mortality. Author: Shah N; Hossain N; Shoaib R; Hussain A; Gillani R; Khan NH Source: Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - -Pakistan. 2009 Feb;19(2):95-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the socio-demographic characteristics and the three delays of maternal mortality in a tertiary teaching hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit III, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from April 2005 to May 2008. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and four consecutive maternal deaths were reviewed. Data regarding age, parity, sociodemographic characteristics, booking status, referral source, cause of death and the three delays was collected on structured proformas, analyzed by the statistical software, SPSS version 13, and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: The projected maternal mortality ratio was 1650/100,000 live births. The mean age was 28+/-6.2 years and median parity was two. Seventy-one women (68%) were uneducated, 65 (62.5%) belonged to lower socioeconomic class and 60 (58%) had received no antenatal care. Ninety-eight women (94%) had one or more delays, with 70 (71%) having the first delay, 73 (74%) having the second delay and 47 (48%) the third delay. The most frequent reasons for first, second and third delays were lack of awareness in 88.5% women, long distance in 39.7% women and difficulty in getting blood in 49% women respectively. CONCLUSION: The very high maternal mortality ratio suggests lack of access of women to quality healthcare facilities. A majority of these women suffered first and second delays in their management, which could be due to their poor sociodemographic factors. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | HOSPITALS | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | CAUSES OF DEATH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Parental Age | Age Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341161

7.          Peer Reviewed Title: Female selective abortion - beyond 'culture': family making and gender inequality in a globalising India. Author: Unnithan-Kumar M Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1. Abstract: There is an emerging global discourse on female selective abortion (FSA) as several Asian countries witness an increasing imbalance in their sex ratios in favour of boys. While there is an attendant increase in demographic and social surveys on the issue, little is understood about FSA as either a desired or contested practice of family making in the contexts in which it is practiced. Drawing on the accounts of feminists, doctors and lower, middle-class Hindu and Muslim women and their families in Rajasthan, Northern India, the paper explores differing perceptions and attitudes to FSA in the region. Focusing on the agency of pregnant women who resort to FSA, the paper suggests that gender inequality and marriage anxieties shape especially lower-middle-class women's engagement with reproductive technologies, including those of sex selection. The paper also concludes that the decisions of both Hindu and Muslim lower-middle-class women to abort female babies is informed by their shared, pragmatic understanding of the economic realities of gender discrimination and of their social obligation as wives to reproduce a particular quality of patriarchal family. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | SEX PREFERENCE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | FEAR | MARRIAGE | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SOCIAL CLASS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ABORTION | PATRIARCHY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 341495

8. Title: The acceptance rate of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) amongst family planning clinic users in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). Author: Adegbola O; Ogedengbe OK Source: Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2008 Oct-Dec;18(4):175-80. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Intrauterine Contraceptive Device is an effective reversible long-term contraceptive method that is popular and widely used in this environment. OBJECTIVES: To determine the characteristics of women using this mode of contraception, their main reasons for acceptance, complications arising from usage and the discontinuation rate as well as reasons for discontinuing the method. METHODS: A review of case records of all the new contraceptive acceptors attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Family Planning Clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) from 1st January 1990 to 31st December 1994 was examined and the clients that accepted the intrauterine contraceptive device, (IUCD) during this period were identified. The records of those that opted for IUCD were thoroughly reviewed to identify the follow up events through the subsequent ten years visits to determine outcome of the contraceptive usage. RESULTS: Amongst the 2754 new contraceptive acceptors during thestudy period, 1602 (58.17%) clients accepted the Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD). Of these IUCD acceptors, the mean age was 31.3 +/- 5.5 years, mean parity was 3.9 +/- 2 and mean number of children alive was 3.6 +/- 1.8. Seven hundred and forty nine (46.8%) of them had previously used contraceptives and 1175 (73.3%) of them still wanted more children, thus child spacing was the main reasons for accepting this method. By 12 months, the discontinuation rate was 13.9% with the cumulative discontinuation rate of 47% as at forty-eighth month. The commonest reason for discontinuation was planning to get pregnant in 426 (26.6%) of the clients. Menstrual disorders accounted for 108 (6.7%). The mean duration of IUCD was 25.4 +/- 18.8 months with an accidental pregnancy rate of 0.3%. CONCLUSION: Intrauterine Contraceptive Device is widely accepted amongst women in the study group. Devices that reduce menstrual loss and also have long duration of action like Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) qualifies to be considered. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, NEW | IUD | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIAL CLASS | IUD COMPLICATIONS | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 331288

9.    Title: Early marriage in Ethiopia: Causes and health consequences. Author: Alemu B Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):4-6. Abstract: Advocates for gender equality and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) argue that early marriage is one of the most harmful practices as it usually denies girls educational opportunities, leads to poverty and economic insecurity and has a serious negative impact on their health and decision-making capacities. It also reinforces other forms of gender-based violence and problems. Early marriage is mostly common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It is rampant in Ethiopia, although prevalence varies from one region to another. At the national level, 62% of Ethiopian women aged 20-49 get married before the age of 18. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325822

10.    Title: Terms of marriage and time-use patterns of young wives: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Author: Amin S; Suran L Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 19 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 10) Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between marriage arrangements and daily activities of young married women, using detailed time-use data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh. Measures of marriage arrangement are payment of dowry and the relative wealth status of natal and marital families. The data were collected in three rural districts in 2001 and 2003. Using multivariate regression analysis, the results show that women's time spent in domestic work, socializing, and self-care is significantly associated with marriage arrangement variables. Those who paid dowry spent more time in domestic work and less time in self-care and socializing relative to those who did not pay dowry. These patterns of association are similar to those the authors found in an earlier study between marriage arrangements and domestic violence, where paying dowry and marrying up are associated with greater violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | DOWRY | SOCIAL CLASS | HOUSEWORK | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | LEISURE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare Document Number: 326873

11. Title: [Use of psychoactive substances and contraceptive methods by the Brazilian urban population, 2005] Uso de substancias psicoativas e metodos contraceptivos pela populacao urbana Author: Bastos FI; Cunha CB; Bertoni N Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:118-26. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between utilization patterns for condoms and other contraceptive methods and the consumption of alcohol and drugs. METHODS: Exploratory study based on data from a probabilistic sample of 5,040 interviewees aged 16 to 65 years living in large urban regions of Brazil in 2005. The data were collected by means of questionnaires. The chi-square automatic interaction classification tree technique was used to study the use of condoms among interviewees of both sexes and other contraceptive methods among women, at the time of the last vaginal sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Among young and middle-aged adults of both sexes and young men in stable relationships, condom use was less frequent among those who said they used psychoactive substances (alcohol and/or illegal drugs). The possible modulating effect of psychoactive substances on contraceptive practices among mature women seems to be more straightforward, compared to the more subtle effects observed among younger women, for whom the different social classes they belonged to seemed to play a more important role. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations resulting from an exploratory study, the fact that this was a representative sample of the urban population of Brazil and not from vulnerable populations, reinforces the need to implement integrated public policies directed towards the general population, with regard to preventing drug consumption, alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancy and promoting sexual and reproductive health. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SOCIAL CLASS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331029

12.          Peer Reviewed Title: Beyond stigma? Young children's responses to HIV and AIDS. Author: Bhana D Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Oct;10(7):725-38. Abstract: This paper explores the manifestation of HIV-related stigma in seven- and eight-year-old white South African children's responses to HIV and AIDS. Drawing from elements of ethnographic and interview data, it shows how young children's responses to HIV and AIDS are inscribed within popular accounts of contagion and articulate gendered, sexual, raced and classed discourses in South Africa. Rejecting static accounts of stigma, the paper shows how children resist and confirm power inequalities involving intense self-regulation as well as inscribing within discourses of care and concern for others infected with HIV and AIDS. The findings have implications for scaling up educational efforts to address awareness of HIV and AIDS and stigma, but also to build on positive insights that young children demonstrate with regard to the disease. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WHITES | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SOCIAL CLASS | GENDER ISSUES | RACE RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | PERCEPTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 329317

13. Title: Economy, ethnicity and international migration. The comparison of Finland, Hungary and Russia. Author: Forsander A; Salmenhaara P; Melegh A; Kondrateva E Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:85-114. Abstract: The focus of this paper is to compare present migration situation, history, economy and migration regulation in an European Union (EU) country (Finland), an EU accessing country (Hungary), and a major non-EU country (Russia). Our material and methods base on literature survey, policy analysis and analysis of the existing statistics and legislation. The results show that even in the era of globalisation that is often claimed to erode states' regulatory power over the flows of capital and people, some regulatory power still exists. Instead of developing their policies in accordance with the largely self-regulating migration process, according to our data, the countries sought to regain political control through reproducing economic, ethnic and national hierarchies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | HUNGARY | RUSSIA | EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | NATIONALITY | SOCIAL CLASS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Asia, Northern | Asia | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326070

14.    Title: Economic, social and spatial dimensions of India's excess child masculinity. Author: Guilmoto CZ Source: Population-E. 2008;63(1):91-118. Abstract: The Indian subcontinent is a region characterized by a large diversity of populations, languages, cultures and faiths. Based on structure of castes whose practices and attitudes are changing, the Indian population is adopting new demographic behaviours whose diffusion and extent can be analysed spatially. In this article, Christophe Z. Guilmoto proposes a spatialized analysis of the recent aggravation of the gender imbalance in the child population, using data from the 2001 census for the 591 districts in India. This approach takes account of the spatial diffusion of behaviour, identifies more clearly the specific effects of the social and economic factors at work and proposes possible interpretations of the phenomenon. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | AREA ANALYSIS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CHILDREN | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 327937

15.          Peer Reviewed Title: Provider advice to women may vary by women's social class and ethnicity. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):54. Abstract: Low-income black and Latina women surveyed in the Los Angeles area were more likely than middle-class whites to say that during a current or recent pregnancy, a health care professional had advised them to limit their childbearing. In a multivariate analysis of the survey results, ethnicity and social class were the only characteristics associated with the odds that women had received this kind of advice. Low-income Latinas (along with women who had large families and unmarried women) also had elevated odds of saying that their doctor or someone else had discouraged them from having children. The survey sample consisted of 193 low income and 146 middle-class women who were pregnant or had given birth in the previous five years. Women were considered low income if they were on welfare, had health coverage through Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program) or were uninsured; low income participants were recruited at offices of the Special Supplementary Food Program for Women, Infants and Children. Women were classified as middle-class if they had a college or graduate degree and had health insurance other than Medi-Cal; these women were recruited at a variety of locations in middle-class neighborhoods and through electronic mailing lists. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HISPANICS | WOMEN | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | SOCIAL CLASS | CONTRACEPTION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RACE RELATIONS | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 325190

16.          Peer Reviewed Title: The intersections of gender and class in health status and health care. Author: Iyer A; Sen G; Ostlin P Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3 Suppl 1:13-24. Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that different axes of social power relations, such as gender and class, are interrelated, not as additive but as intersecting processes. This paper has reviewed existing research on the intersections between gender and class, and their impacts on health status and access to health care. The review suggests that intersecting stratification processes can significantly alter the impacts of any one dimension of inequality taken by itself. Studies confirm that socio-economic status measures cannot fully account for gender inequalities in health. A number of studies show that both gender and class affect the way in which risk factors are translated into health outcomes, but their intersections can be complex. Other studies indicate that responses to unaffordable health care often vary by the gender and class location of sick individuals and their households. They strongly suggest that economic class should not be analysed by itself, and that apparent class differences can be misinterpreted without gender analysis. Insufficient attention to intersectionality in much of the health literature has significant human costs, because those affected most negatively tend to be those who are poorest and most oppressed by gender and other forms of social inequality. The programme and policy costs are also likely to be high in terms of poorly functioning programmes, and ineffective poverty alleviation and social and health policies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLIENTS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL CLASS | INEQUALITIES | FEES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Biology Document Number: 326804

17.          Peer Reviewed Title: An empirical comparison of respondent-driven sampling, time location sampling, and snowball sampling for behavioral surveillance in men who have sex with men, Fortaleza, Brazil. Author: Kendal C; Kerr LR; Gondim RC; Werneck GL; Macena RH Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S97-S104. Abstract: Obtaining samples of populations at risk for HIV challenges surveillance, prevention planning, and evaluation. Methods used include snowball sampling, time location sampling (TLS), and respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Few studies have made side-by-side comparisons to assess their relative advantages. We compared snowball, TLS, and RDS surveys of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Forteleza, Brazil, with a focus on the socio-economic status (SES) and risk behaviors of the samples to each other, to known AIDS cases and to the general population. RDS produced a sample with wider inclusion of lower SES than snowball sampling or TLS-a finding of health significance given the majority of AIDS cases reported among MSM in the state were low SES. RDS also achieved the sample size faster and at lower cost. For reasons of inclusion and cost-efficiency, RDS is the sampling methodology of choice for HIV surveillance of MSM in Fortaleza. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | HIV INFECTIONS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL CLASS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328486

18.          Title: HIV prevention for Black women: structural barriers and opportunities. Author: Newman PA; Williams CC; Massaquoi N; Brown M; Logie C Source: Journal of Health Care For the Poor and Underserved. 2008 Aug;19(3):829-41. Abstract: Black women bear a disproportionate burden of HIV/AIDS in North America. The purpose of this investigation was to explore Black Canadian women's perspectives on HIV risk and prevention. Four 90-minute focus groups (n=26) and six key informant interviews were conducted in Toronto with Black women of African and Caribbean descent and low socioeconomic status. Data analysis revealed a number of potent barriers to existing HIV preventive interventions: stigma, cultural disconnections, lack of engagement of Black religious institutions, and multiple intersecting forms of discrimination. Recommended HIV prevention opportunities included the Black church, mainstreaming, health care providers, and ethno-specific agencies. HIV prevention strategies for North American Black women, rather than focusing on HIV and individual risk behaviors, may benefit from a primary focus on social and structural factors (e.g., promoting gender equality, economic opportunity, women-controlled prevention technologies and combating racism in health care) thereby integrating HIV prevention into the larger context of community health and survival. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | BLACKS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | RISK FACTORS | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | SOCIAL CLASS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Social Problems | Management Document Number: 328226

19.    Title: Maternal complications and perinatal outcomes in booked and unbooked Nigerian mothers. Author: Owolabi AT; Fatusi AO; Kuti O; Adeyemi A; Faturoti SO; Obiajuwa PO Source: Singapore Medical Journal. 2008 Jul;49(7):526-31. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to compare the sociodemographical characteristics, obstetrical complications and foetal outcome in delivered booked mothers and delivered unbooked mothers and to determine the correlation of maternal and perinatal outcomes. METHODS: In a prospective study over a 22-month period, outcomes of pregnancies of women booked for antenatal care were compared with that of unbooked women, who delivered in our unit at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Nigeria. RESULTS: 29 percent of the 1,154 deliveries in the study period comprised unbooked mothers. Compared with booked mothers, unbooked mothers had a higher tendency to be younger (29.3 +/- 6.08 vs. 31.12 +/- 4.80; p-value is less than 0.001), unmarried (9.2 percent vs. 1.8 percent; p-value is less than 0.01), with lower educational status (25.8 percent with postsecondary education vs. 58.7 percent; p-value is less than 0.01), lower social class (25.0 percent in upper class vs. 52.3 percent; p-value is less than 0.001) and with higher proportion of multipara (12.5 percent vs. 5.5 percent; p-value is less than 0.02), higher incidence of antepartum haemorrhage (odds-ratio [OR] 5.96, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 2.53-14.29, p-value is less than 0.001), anaemia (OR 2.75, 95 percent CI 1.09-4.47, p-value is less than 0.001) and preeclampsia/eclampsia. Unbooked mothers were half as likely as booked mothers to deliver by spontaneous vaginal delivery (OR 0.45, 95 percent CI 0.29-0.71, p-value is less than 0.001) but were twice as likely to deliver preterm babies (OR 2.03, 95 percent CI 1.14-3.59, p-value is less than 0.009) and three times more likely to have babies with birth asphyxia. Perinatal and maternal mortalities were higher in unbooked mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a positive correlation between unbooked mothers and an increased risk of maternal and foetal adverse outcomes. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ANTENATAL CARE | AGE FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 328951

20.          Peer Reviewed Title: Are social inequalities in mortality in Britain narrowing? Time trends from 1978 to 2005 in a population-based study of older men. Author: Ramsay SE; Morris RW; Lennon LT; Wannamethee SG; Whincup PH Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008;62:75-80. Abstract: The objective was to examine whether social inequalities in all-cause and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in Britain have reduced between 1978 and 2005. The design of the study was a prospective study of a socioeconomically representative population. The setting for the study was 24 British towns. The participants used were 7735 Men, aged 40-59 years at recruitment in 1978-1980 and followed up until 2005 through the National Health Service Central Register (164 120 person-years). The main outcome measures were relative hazards and absolute risk differences for all-cause and CHD death comparing manual with non-manual social classes, calculated for different calendar periods. 3009 Deaths from all causes (1003 from CHD) occurred during follow-up. The overall hazard ratio (manual versus non-manual) was 1.56 (95% CI 1.45 to 1.69, p < 0.001) for all-cause mortality and 1.54 (95% CI 1.35 to 1.76, p < 0.001) for CHD mortality. The relative difference between these social groups tended to increase over time. The overall relative increase in hazard ratio comparing manual with non-manual groups over a 20-year calendar period was 1.22 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.80, p=0.31) for all-cause mortality and 1.75 (95% CI 0.89 to 3.45, p=0.11) for CHD mortality. The absolute difference in probability of survival to age 65 years between nonmanual and manual groups fell from 29% in 1981 to 19% in 2001 for all-cause mortality and from 17% to 7% for CHD mortality. Relative differences in all-cause and CHD mortality between manual and non-manual social class groups persisted and may have increased during this period. Absolute differences in mortality between these social groups decreased as a result of falling overall mortality rates. Greater effort is needed to reduce social inequalities in all-cause and CHD mortality in the new millennium. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | OLDER ADULTS | INEQUALITIES | TIME FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | MORTALITY CHANGES | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | HEART DISEASES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Mortality | Diseases Document Number: 323232

21.          Title: Women's social position and health-seeking behaviors: Is the health care system accessible and responsive in Pakistan? Author: Shaikh BT; Haran D; Hatcher J Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Sep;29(8-9):945-959. Abstract: To make the health care system more accessible and responsive to women particularly in developing countries, it is imperative to study the health-seeking behaviors and factors determining utilization of health care services. This study was carried out in close collaboration with Aga Khan Health Services, Pakistan (AKHSP) and the Health Department of Northern Areas of Pakistan. Key findings indicate that more than one-third of women did not know the cause of their reported illness. There is a median delay of 3 days before a consultation. Local women utilize AKHSP services far more than other health services due to the quality of services offered and the availability of female health staff. The perception of receiving the required treatment is lowest for government health services. Consulting faith healers is a common practice. Health education and health promotion campaigns are needed to change existing health-seeking behaviors among women. Social arrangements should be thoughtfully considered to make the health system more responsive. More female staff needs to be deployed in government health facilities. A public-private partnership seems to provide a means to strengthen the health care system and consequently to promote women's health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | AWARENESS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | WOMEN'S STATUS | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Planning | Management | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328151

22.    Peer Reviewed Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences. Author: Sigle-Rushton W Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502. Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327723   Notification

23.          Title: Social aspirations and choice of fertility: Why can status motive reduce per-capita growth? Author: Tournemaine F Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):49-66. Abstract: To examine the relationship between social aspirations, fertility choices and growth performances, we develop a R&D-based model in which individuals care about the number of children they bring up and their social status. In such an economy, we find that stronger status motives have a negative effect on growth. The reason is that individuals bring up fewer children, as children are an obstacle to the achievement of their social status. Introducing an endogenous choice of quality for children, we show that stronger status motives lead individuals to bring up fewer but higher quality children. In this case, social aspirations heighten the desire of parents to substitute the quantity for the quality of children because education of children fosters society's productive ability, indirectly improving parents' social status. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ECONOMIC MODEL | PARENTS | ASPIRATIONS | HUMAN CAPITAL | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | QUALITY OF LIFE | MOTIVATION | EDUCATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Size | Social Welfare Document Number: 322755

24.          Peer Reviewed Title: Characteristics of women in consanguineous marriages in Egypt, 1988 -- 2000. Author: Weinreb AA Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Jun;24(2):185-210. Abstract: This article reviews three mechanisms related to autonomy, wealth, and local cultural factors, which are said to underly the high prevalence of consanguineous marriage in Arab societies. It then assesses each of them empirically in two stages. The first uses a pooled dataset constituted by the most recent marriage cohorts in the 1992 and 2000 waves of the Egyptian Demographic and Health Surveys. Three results stand out. The frequency of consanguinity in the most recent marriage cohorts (i) is strongly correlated with the frequency among older cohorts, signaling the strong clustering of underlying institutional (and unobserved) supports; (ii) tends to be more common among women who are poorer in absolute term, though wealthier than average in their communities; and (iii) varies temporally and across the rural-urban divide in its relationship to women's autonomy. A subsidiary analysis, using only the 2000 data, then identifies wealth and autonomy differences between first cousin patrilateral and matrilateral wives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONSANGUINITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Genetics | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327009

25. Title: "Delivering" on the MDGs?: equity and maternal health in Ghana, Ethiopia and Kenya. Author: Wirth M; Sacks E; Delamonica E; Storeygard- A; Minujin A; Balk D Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Dec;5(3):133-41. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Millennium Development Goals (MIDGs) have put maternal health in the mainstream, but there is a need to go beyond the MDGs to address equity within countries. We argue that MDG focus on maternal health is necessary but not sufficient. This paper uses Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Kenya, Ethiopia and Ghana to examine a set of maternal health indicators stratified along five different dimensions. The study highlights the interactive and multiple forms of disadvantage and demonstrates that equity monitoring for the MDGs is possible, even given current data limitations. METHODS: We analyse DHS data from Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia on four indicators: skilled birth attendant, contraceptive prevalence rate, AIDS knowledge and access to a health facility. We define six social strata along five different dimensions: poverty status, education, region, ethnicity and the more traditional wealth quintile. Data are stratified singly (e.g. by region) and then stratified simultaneously (e.g. by region and by education) in order to examine the compounded effect of dual forms of vulnerability. RESULTS: Almost all disparities were found to be significant, although the stratifier with the strongest effect on health outcomes varied by indicator and by country. In some cases, urban-dwelling is a more significant advantage than wealth and in others, educational status trumps poverty status. The nuances of this analysis are important for policymaking processes aimed at reaching the MDGs and incorporating maternal health in national development plans. CONCLUSIONS: The article highlights the following key points about inequities and maternal health: 1) measuring and monitoring inequity in access to maternal health is possible even in low resource settings-using current data 2) statistically significant health gaps exist not just between rich and poor, but across other population groups as well, and multiple forms of disadvantage confer greater risk and 3) policies must be aligned with reducing health gaps in access to key maternal health services. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TRANSMISSION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIAL CLASS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 331268

26.    Title: Hospital based study on breastfeeding practices in Aligarh. Author: Ansari MA; Khan Z; Khan IM Source: Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine. 2007 Jan-Jun;38(1-2):69-74. Abstract: What are the breastfeeding practices among mothers of newborn babies? The objectives were to ascertain time of initiation of breastfeeding; to assess the impact of literacy level on breastfeeding practices; to find out the impact of health education of breastfeeding practices. The design used was a hospital based cross-sectional study. The setting for the study was Obstetric and Gynaecology wards of JN Medical College Hospital, AMU, Aligarh. The participants in the study were 1102 mothers and the data was collected through interviews. The statistical analysis used were proportions, chi-square test. In cases of full term normal deliveries, breastfeeding was initiated within half hour in only 3.4% of the babies while majority of mothers (69.5%) put their babies to their breasts between half and five hours followed by more than 5 to 24 hours (12.2%). In cases of caesarean and other type of deliveries, maximum numbers of babies were given breastfed between half hour to five hours. In comparatively more education mothers, early initiation of breast feeding was observed. Bottle-feeding practice was noticed only in 4% of the babies, mostly in middle social class. Majority of the mothers (88.6%) received health education on various aspects of breastfeeding by health professionals during their stay in the hospital. In informed mothers, breastfeeding was started earlier as compared to the non-informed group of mothers. Efforts are needed to motivate the mothers to attend antenatal clinics where they should be informed on various aspects of breastfeeding. Health professionals are to be trained especially on counseling skills to bring that change in attitude of the community on breastfeeding practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BREASTFEEDING | LITERACY | TIME FACTORS | CESAREAN SECTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | HEALTH EDUCATION | ANTENATAL CARE | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Education | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323907

27.    Title: Measuring trends in access to modern infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa: results from Demographic and Health Surveys. Author: Banerjee S; Diallo AB; Wodon Q Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Operations Results and Learning Unit, 2007 Oct. [6] p. (FindingsPoverty Data, Measurement and Policy) Abstract: Household surveys have long been used to estimate poverty and inequality trends but not to the same extent to assess trends in access to infrastructure services. A recent study for sub-Saharan Africa by Banerjee et al. (2007) uses Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 22 countries that have conducted at least two such surveys between 1990 and 2005 in order to collect comparable information across countries on access to modern and alternative infrastructure services over time. In addition to national, urban, and rural trends in access, the study includes a distributional analysis of how access rates have evolved since 1990. That is, households are divided into five quintiles of population according to their level of wealth, with wealth defined using a principal components analysis. The objective of this note is to provide a summary of key findings from the study regarding access trends to electricity, piped water, flush toilets, and landline telephones over the period 1990-2005. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MEASUREMENT | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POVERTY | SOCIAL CLASS | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | WATER SUPPLY | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Public Health | Health | Energy Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Planning | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 322883

28. Title: Plebeian masculinity and sexual comedy in Buenos Aires, 1880 -- 1930. Author: Ben P Source: Journal of the History of Sexuality. 2007 Sep;16(3):436-458. Abstract: In describing late nineteenth and early twentieth century Buenos Aires, Argentine historians often invoke the category of "progress." Basing their analysis on the immense economic and urban growth of the period, scholars usually deploy this category without much nuance. While this growth wrought profound social transformations, to be sure, the historical research framed by a one-dimensional conception of progress has overlooked key aspects of the period. A major topic usually occluded is the living conditions and cultural traits of the urban lower strata. This essay deals with one aspect of that topic - plebeian masculinity and sexuality - and demonstrates how demography, the job market, and family structure shaped the emergence of spaces of male sociability. It was in these spaces that cultural negotiations of masculinity took place through competitions involving the male sexual capacity to subjugate others. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | URBAN AREAS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | SOCIAL CLASS | SEXUALITY | MALE ROLE | SEX BEHAVIOR | POETRY | VIOLENCE | CRIME | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 323717

29.          Title: Abandonment, adoption and reproductive disruption: Transitions in child circulation in Mexico City, 1880 - 1910. Author: Blum AS Source: Childhood. 2007 Aug;14(3):321-338. Abstract: To explore meanings attached to children in Mexican society, this article examines two changing aspects of child circulation, a widespread reproductive disruption to the families of Mexico City's working poor. In the late 1890s, a rapid rise in admissions to the public foundling home was matched by a striking increase in retrievals. At the other end of the social spectrum, growing preference for adopting infants and young children indicates that adoption was becoming an acceptable means of forming families among the middle and upper classes. Changes in welfare policy encouraged both trends. This convergence of family practice and public policy illuminates transitions in concepts of infancy and early childhood informed by a consolidating ethic of protected childhood. These dynamics prefigured the emergence of child protection legislation in the 1910s and the expansion of welfare services in the 1920s and 1930s. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOPTION | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | SOCIAL PROTECTION | GOVERNMENT | CULTURE | SOCIAL CLASS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 313815

30.          Title: Performance, status and hybridity in a Pakistani red-light district: The cultural production of the courtesan. Author: Brown L Source: Sexualities. 2007;10(4):409-423. Abstract: Prostitution is a cultural practice, and the purchase and sale of sex take diverse forms. This article uses ethnographic research to examine elite prostitution within Heera Mandi, the traditional red-light district of Lahore, Pakistan, and demonstrates that the signifiers of status for elite tawa'if (courtesans) have altered as their client base has changed. Traditionally portrayed as the carriers of culture, the contemporary tawa'if is frequently lamented as debased and divorced from her heritage and skills in the performing arts. This article argues that contemporary courtesan culture still requires significant investment in cultural capital and social skills, but that these have taken new forms. The globalization of prostitution and the hybridization of cultures are shown to influence the performance of the courtesan, particularly in the mujra - the singing and dancing show. Today's tawa'if is argued to be a cultural production, a woman who uses her cultural, social and sexual capital in performances that negotiate hierarchies both within and outside the brothel quarter. (author's) Language: English Keywords: