1.   Peer Reviewed Title: Questioning gender norms with men to improve health outcomes: Evidence of impact. Author: Barker G; Ricardo C; Nascimento M; Olukoya A; Santos C Source: Global Public Health. 2009;:1-15. Abstract: This article describes a review of 58 evaluation studies of programmes with men and boys in sexual and reproductive health (including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support); father involvement; gender-based violence; maternal, newborn and child health; and gender socialisation more broadly. While few of the programmes go beyond the pilot stage, or a relatively short-term timeframe, they offer compelling evidence that well-designed programmes with men and boys can lead to positive changes in their behaviours and attitudes related to sexual and reproductive health; maternal, newborn and child health; their interaction with their children; their use of violence against women; their questioning of violence with other men; and their health-seeking behaviour. The evidence indicates that programmes that incorporate a gender-transformative approach and promote gender-equitable relationships between men and women are more effective in producing behaviour change than narrowly focused interventions, as are programmes which reach beyond the individual level to the social context. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | MALE ROLE | VIOLENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Behavior | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342230 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Religious socialisation and fertility: transition to third birth in the Netherlands. Author: Berghammer C Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):297-324. Abstract: Although previous studies have demonstrated that religious people in Europe have larger families, the role played by religious socialization in the context of contemporary fertility behavior has not yet been analysed in detail. This contribution specifically looks at the interrelation between religious socialisation and current religiosity and their impact on the transition to the third child for Dutch women. It is based on data of the first wave of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (2002-2004) and uses event history analysis. The transitions to first, second and third birth are modeled jointly with a control for unobserved heterogeneity. The findings provide evidence for an impact of women’s current church attendance as well as religious socilisation measured by their fathers’ religious affiliation, when they were teenagers. A religious family background remains influential even when a woman has stopped attending church. The effects of religious indicators strengthen over cohorts. Moreover, the combined religious make-up of the respondent’s parents also significantly determines the progression of the third child. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | RELIGION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 339899 |
| 3. Title: The Male Involvement Programme and men's sexual and reproductive health in northern Namibia. Author: Mufune P Source: Current Sociology. 2009 Mar;57(2):231-248. Abstract: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues affect both males and females and relate to gender inequalities and HIV/AIDS. In the past, the focus of SRH has not been on men but on women, who get pregnant and nurture the young. This is despite evidence showing that males exercise decision-making power in different social-cultural spheres including the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). This article describes research on the impact of the Male Involvement programme in Namibia. The objectives of the programme were to train groups of males (nurses, clergy, police, soldiers and sportsmen) in SRH knowledge and communication skills. The research investigated the extent to which male participants gained SRH knowledge from the programme and the extent to which the knowledge gained affected their views on cultural conceptions of masculinity and femininity that influence their orientation towards SRH. The research utilized focus group interviews with participating males exposed to the programme. The findings showed that male participants increased their knowledge of human sexuality and sexual health. There were, however, differences in the extent of knowledge gained among the different male groups. The implications of these findings for gender relations were noted. Many of the males consequently appreciated the tensions existing in their own relationships with spouses as partly due to lack of appreciation of the other. They now saw that wives were not simply appendages of their husbands and that women are not quite as inferior as their culture had taught them to believe. They appreciated the reality of `emotional abuse' (a concept de-emphasized in their culture). They could perceive the benefits that accrued to them personally as males from greater female empowerment and from changing their attitudes towards them. This study raises the possibility that masculine behaviours driven by culture can be changed through education. Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | KNOWLEDGE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Education | Training Programs | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341976 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: The International Classification of Function Disability and Health (ICF) in adults visiting the HIV outpatient clinic at a regional hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Author: Van As M; Myezwa H; Stewart A; Maleka D; Musenge E Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jan;21(1):50-8. Abstract: In 2005, 16.6% of South Africans between 15 and 49 years of age were HIV positive. The advent of anti-retroviral therapy has led to improved longevity, CD4 counts and clinical well-being of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Physical impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions of PLWHA have profound effects on the Health-related Quality of Life and functional abilities of those with the disease, and understanding thereof may assist in the formulation of rehabilitation protocols, health care interventions as well as vocational and legislative policies. The International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) is a standardised tool, endorsed by the World Health Assembly for international use, which aims to classify functioning and disability. It is structured to assess body functions and structure, functional activities and associated personal and environmental factors.This study aimed to develop a profile of the level of functional activity, using the ICF Checklist, of an urban cohort of 45 South African individuals who are HIV positive attending an outpatient clinic at the Helen Joseph Memorial Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. The results showed a high prevalence of physical impairments, participation restrictions and selective activity limitations and that environmental factors influence their level of ability. Specific impairments where patients had problems were mental functions (69% (n=31), sensory and pain -- 71% (n=32), digestive and metabolic functions 45% (n=20) and neuromuscular 27% (n=12). Activity limitations included major life areas' 58% (n=26), interpersonal relationships 56% (n=25), mobility 40% (n=18) and general tasks and demands 38% (n=17). Limitations in mobility were significantly associated with problems of sensory functions (p=0.05), pain (p=0.006), neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (p=0.006), muscle power (p=0.006) as well as energy and drive functions (p=0.001). The study identifies the level of function and ability of PLWHA, clinical markers, and how these affect the physical, psychological and social functioning of this population. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | OBSTACLES | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 331212 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Social impact of preventive HIV vaccine clinical trial participation: A model of prevention, assessment and intervention. Author: Allen M; Lau CY Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Feb;66(4):945-951. Abstract: Preventive HIV vaccine trial participants may experience problems related to trial participation, including difficulties with personal relationships, employment, education, health care, housing, health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance, travel or immigration. During the 19 years that the U.S.-based National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has conducted preventive HIV vaccine trials, we have developed a model to prevent and resolve social impact related to study participation and assist study participants who report such events. Key elements of the model include: informing potential volunteers of risks prior to enrollment; standardizing data collection methods on social impact events; reviewing and following-up on reported social impact events; assisting participants, including provision of free HIV testing to differentiate HIV infection from vaccine-induced HIV-antibody; implementing broad-based and targeted community education programs for achieving community support; communicating with scientific and health care communities; and working with government agencies, non-government agencies and industry on mechanisms to address SI. This approach, established in collaboration with NIAID-funded clinical trial groups, serves as a model for prevention, assessment, monitoring, and intervention for social impact related to preventive HIV vaccine clinical trial participation. Although further research is necessary, this model could be adapted for use in different clinical trials. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | CLINICAL TRIALS | HIV | HIV PREVENTION | VACCINES | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | MONITORING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Evaluation Document Number: 324327 |
| 6. Title: Terms of marriage and time-use patterns of young wives: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Author: Amin S; Suran L Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 19 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 10) Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between marriage arrangements and daily activities of young married women, using detailed time-use data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh. Measures of marriage arrangement are payment of dowry and the relative wealth status of natal and marital families. The data were collected in three rural districts in 2001 and 2003. Using multivariate regression analysis, the results show that women's time spent in domestic work, socializing, and self-care is significantly associated with marriage arrangement variables. Those who paid dowry spent more time in domestic work and less time in self-care and socializing relative to those who did not pay dowry. These patterns of association are similar to those the authors found in an earlier study between marriage arrangements and domestic violence, where paying dowry and marrying up are associated with greater violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | DOWRY | SOCIAL CLASS | HOUSEWORK | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | LEISURE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare Document Number: 326873 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender dynamics and sexual norms among youth in Mali in the context of HIV/AIDS prevention. Author: Boileau C; Vissandjee B; Nguyen VK; Rashed S; Sylla M; Zunzunegui MV Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Dec;12(3):173-84. Abstract: Socially constructed ideas of gender norms and values attached to sexuality need to be considered when aiming to build the young people's capacity to adopt HIV preventive behaviours. We conducted ten focus groups and sixteen individual interviews to explore sexual norms among youth in Bamako. Premarital sex, multiple partnering, condom use and transactional sex were discussed. The findings suggest that young people's sexual norms are shaped by kin or authoritative elders as well as by external influences coming from Western culture. Sexual norms are differentially constructed by men and women and are in contradiction with those of older generations. Views on premarital sex, condom use and transactional sex generated controversy among men and women, as well as among more sexually conservative or progressive youth. However, there was general rejection of multiple partnerships. Empowering youth to pursue open debates on sexuality may be an avenue for HIV/AIDS prevention in Mali. Language: English Keywords: MALI | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | YOUTH | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | GENDER RELATIONS | INTERVIEWS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341419 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Depressive symptoms in youth heads of household in Rwanda. Correlates and implications for intervention. Author: Boris NW; Brown LA; Thurman TR; Rice JC; Snider LM Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Sep;162(9):836-843. Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the level of depressive symptoms and their predictors in youth from one region of Rwanda who function as heads of household (ie, those responsible for caring for other children) and care for younger orphans. A cross-sectional survey was taken in four adjoining districts in Gigonkoro, an impoverished rural province in southwestern Rwanda. Trained interviewers met with the eldest member of each household (n=539) in which a youth 24 years old or younger was caring for 1 child or more. The main outcome measures were rates and severity of depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; measures of grief, adult support, social marginalization, and sociodemographic factors using scales developed for this study. Of the 539 youth heads of household, 77% were subsistence farmers and only 7% had attended school for 6 years or more. Almost half (44%) reported eating only 1 meal a day in the last week, and 80% rated their health as fair or poor. The mean score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was 24.4, exceeding the most conservative published cutoff score for adolescents. Multivariate analysis revealed that reports of depressive symptoms that exceeded the clinical cutoff were associated with having 3 basic household assets or fewer, such as a mattress and a spare set of clothes (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-2.70), eating less than 1 meal per day (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.09- 2.60), reporting fair health (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.76- 2.29) or poor health (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.17-4.64), endorsing high levels of grief (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.73- 4.13), having at least 1 parent die in the genocide as opposed to all other causes of parental death (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10-3.04), and not having a close friend (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.17-3.12). There was an interaction between marginalization from the community and alcohol use; youth who were highly marginalized and did not drink alcohol were more than 3 times more likely to report symptoms of depression (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.73-5.42). When models were constructed by grouping theoretically related variables into blocks and controlling for other blocks, the emotional status block of variables (grief and marginalization) accounted for the most variance in depressive symptoms. Orphaned youth who head households in rural Rwanda face many challenges and report high rates of depressive symptoms. Interventions designed to go beyond improving food security and increasing household assets may be needed to reduce social isolation of youth heads of household. The effect of head-of-household depressive symptoms on other children living in youth-headed households is unknown. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | RURAL AREAS | DEPRESSION | MENTAL HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health | Behavior Document Number: 328157 |
| 9. Title: Prevalence and social correlates of sexual intercourse among school-going adolescents in Namibia. Author: Chinsembu KC; Siziya S; Muula AS; Rudatsikira E Source: SAHARA J. 2008 Sep;5(3):129-35. Abstract: Adolescent sexuality is an important public health issue, as it affects risk to contract HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The assessment of prevalence of sexual intercourse among adolescents is of public health significance, as it may guide policies and programmes aimed at reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections among this age group. This cross-sectional study using standardised methodology was conducted to assess the prevalence and correlates of sexual intercourse among Namibian school-going adolescents in 2004. Overall the prevalence of sexual intercourse was 33.2% (44.0% males and 24.8% females). Variables positively associated with the outcome in multivariate analysis were male gender (OR=2.39; 95% CI (1.81, 3.17)), cigarette smoking (OR=1.67; 95% CI (1.07, 2.63)), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63; 95% CI (1.18, 2.26)), and drug use (OR=9.82; 95% CI (6.28, 15.36). Parental supervision was negatively associated with sexual intercourse in the last 12 months (OR=0.73; 95% CI (0.56, 0.94)). Efforts to control unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use) may impact on adolescents' sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PEER GROUPS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | RISK FACTORS | PREVALENCE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Reproduction | Biology | Measurement | Behavior Document Number: 330339 |
| 10. Title: Dislocated masculinity: Adolescent and the Palestinian nation-in-exile. Author: Hart J Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2008;21(1):64-81. Abstract: Taking as its starting-point emerging discussion about gender and nationalism, this article considers the masculinities constructed by and for adolescent males born into a Palestinian refugee camp in Jordan. I consider the relationship of these masculinities to the construction of the camp as a moral and sociopolitical space. Through the employment of ethnographic material, the article demonstrates the ways in which young males-through the performance of a particular, dominant vision of masculinity termed mukhayyamji-serve to reproduce the camp as authentic location of an exilic national community. The article also examines the implications for individual young men of this interplay between masculine performance and the reproduction of the camp as a moral and socio-political space. It explores the consequences both for those who fail or choose not to uphold the idealized, mukhayyamji adolescent masculinity and for those who evince the skills and qualities that this entails. It is argued that, while the former risk marginalization from the camp as a moral and sociopolitical community, the latter face marginalization from the economic life of wider Jordanian society and, with that, endanger the transition to social adulthood. Thus, a set of paradoxes emerges for young males that reflects the ambiguous position of the Palestinian refugees in Jordan at a specific moment in the history of Jordan and the Palestinian national struggle. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | NATIONALITY | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | REFUGEES | MALE ROLE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Middle East | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Behavior Document Number: 324866 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual coercion within marriage in Quang Tri, Vietnam. Author: Hien PT Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Jun;10 Suupl 1:S177-S187. Abstract: Sexual coercion in marriage is not widely talked about in Vietnam. Against this background, the present study aimed to describe how and why non-consensual sex in marital settings occurs in a rural community in Vietnam. Data were collected from 81 married men and women through ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that silence and lack of resistance on the part of women in sex are interpreted as consent, and cultural values often encourage women to accept coercion 'voluntarily'. Lack of information on, and public dialogue about, sexuality make it difficult for sexually inexperienced people to gain knowledge before commencing sexual relationships and often lead to traumatic first experiences. These factors combine to make women develop negative attitudes toward sex or to deny sex altogether. To better understand sexual coercion within marriage, we should look not only at physical acts but also at cultural and gendered perceptions and practices in a specific setting. Findings highlight the need for a comprehensive response to tackling sexual coercion within marriage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PERCEPTION | GENDER RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Gender Issues Document Number: 326463 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Feminism, conflict, and disasters in post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Author: Hyndman J Source: Gender Technology and Development. 2008;12(1):657-65. Abstract: Social relations, including gender, are destabilized by conflict and disaster. Approaches informed by feminist thought illustrate this by probing the ways in which different identities and locations produce inequality, violence and disparate power relations. In this article, a feminist approach to development and disasters is advocated. In Sri Lanka, a country at war on and off for more than two decades, the social impact of the 2004 tsunami cannot be divorced from the pre-existing landscape with its layers of conflict, nationalism and economic disparities. This article explores the ways in which the tsunami changed people's relations of home, family and security for those who lost a spouse. Interviews with 40 widows and widowers along the east coast of Sri Lanka in February 2006 suggest that the tsunami not only reorganized gender relations among specific ethno-national groups, but also changed the meaning of 'widow' with war widows and tsunami widows positioned differently within post-tsunami society and across ethnic groups. The study shows that men with surviving young children who lost their wives view remarriage as highly desirable. The Sri Lankan government's policy of no-build buffer zones along this coast has also increased insecurity with many people still living in temporary accommodation two years after the tsunami. The prospect of remarriage for widowed women is fraught, yet more appealing as a way to mitigate insecurity than it was pre-tsunami. The author argues that a 'feminism and disaster' lens should be coupled with a 'feminism and development' approach to understanding change in the wake of the tsunami. Focusing on gender alone is insufficient. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | WIDOWED | NATURAL DISASTERS | SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CHANGES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Environment | Psychology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Economic Factors Document Number: 329284 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: High-risk sexual behavior at social venues in Madagascar. Author: Khan MR; Rasolofomanana JR; McClamroch KJ; Ralisimalala A; Zafimanjaka MG; Behets F; Weir SS Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Aug;35(8):738-45. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Persistent high levels of sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Madagascar indicate current prevention strategies are inadequate. STI/HIV prevention based in social venues may play an important role in reaching individuals at risk of infection. We identified venues where people meet sexual partners and measured the need and potential for venue-based prevention. METHODS: Interviews were conducted in 7 Madagascar towns with 1) community informants to identify social venues, 2) individuals socializing at a sample of venues to assess sexual behavior among venue patrons, and 3) venue representatives to assess the potential for venue-based intervention. RESULTS: Community informants identified numerous venues (range: 67-211 venues, depending on the town); streets, bars, and hotels were most commonly reported. Among 2982 individuals socializing at venues, 78% of men and 74% of women reported new sexual partnership or sex trade for money, goods, or services in the past 4 weeks and 19% of men and 18% of women reported symptoms suggestive of STI in the past 4 weeks. STI symptom levels were disproportionately high among respondents reporting either sex trade or new sexual partnership in the past 4 weeks. Twenty-eight percent of men and 41% of women reported condom use during the last sex act with a new partner. Although 24% to 45% of venues had hosted STI/HIV interventions, interventions were deemed possible at 73% to 90% venues according to 644 interviews with venue representatives. CONCLUSIONS: Venue-based intervention is possible and would reach a spectrum of populations vulnerable to STI/HIV including sex workers, their clients, and other high-risk populations. Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | INTERVENTIONS | INTERVIEWS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Data Collection Document Number: 341446 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Rwandan female genital modification: Elongation of the labia minora and the use of local botanical species. Author: Koster M; Price LL Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Feb;10(2):191-204. Abstract: The elongation of the labia minora is classified as a Type IV female genital mutilation by the World Health Organization. However, the term mutilation carries with it powerful negative connotations. In Rwanda, the elongation of the labia minora and the use of botanicals to do so is meant to increase male and female pleasure. Women regard these practices as a positive force in their lives. This paper aims to assess whether Rwandan vaginal practices should indeed be considered a form of female genital mutilation and whether the botanicals used by women are detrimental to their health. Research was carried out in the northeast of Rwanda over the course of 13 months. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen informants. Two botanicals applied during stretching sessions were identified as Solanum aculeastrum Dunal and Bidens pilosa L. Both have wide medicinal use and contain demonstrated beneficial bioactive compounds. We suggest that it is therefore more appropriate to describe Rwandan vaginal practices as female genital modification rather than mutilation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | GENITALIA, FEMALE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324325 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural Malawians' perceptions of HIV risk behaviors and their sociocultural context. Author: McCreary LL; Kaponda CP; Norr KF; Jere DL; Chipeta CH; Davis KK; Batista E Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Sep;20(8):946-57. Abstract: Prevention remains key in the fight against HIV/AIDS. However, prevention requires understanding the sociocultural and economic context in which HIV-risk behaviors occur. This qualitative, descriptive study was part of the initial phase of a larger project to adapt and test a community-based HIV-prevention intervention. We conducted individual interviews with rural Malawian community leaders and focus groups with adult community residents to elicit perceptions of both sexual and non-sexual HIV-risk behaviors and their sociocultural context. Interviews and focus groups were conducted in Chichewa, audio-taped, transcribed and translated into English by bilingual co-investigators. Content analysis of transcripts was done collaboratively by US-based and Malawian co-investigators to confirm culturally accurate interpretation of data. Participants identified sexual and non-sexual HIV-risk behaviors and contextual factors that influence these behaviors, including gender relations, cultural practices, economic conditions and religion. Community leaders and residents voiced similar perspectives on risk behaviors, except that community leaders were much less likely than residents to discuss sexual transmission through participation in traditional cultural practices. We incorporated these study results in adapting our HIV-prevention intervention to the sociocultural context of rural Malawi. Study participation enhanced the community leader's and resident's interest in the intervention phase of the project. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | PERCEPTION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Biology Document Number: 329251 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Stigma, social inequality, and HIV risk disclosure among Dominican male sex workers. Author: Padilla M; Castellanos D; Guilamo-Ramos V; Matiz Reyes A; Sanchez Marte LE Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Aug;67(3):380-388. Abstract: Some quantitative behavioral studies in the USA have concluded that bisexually behaving Latino men are less likely than White men to disclose to their female partners that they have engaged in same-sex risk behavior and/or are HIV-positive, presumably exposing female partners to elevated risk for HIV infection. Nevertheless, very little theoretical or empirical research has been conducted to understand the social factors that promote or inhibit sexual risk disclosure among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM), and much of the existing literature has neglected to contextualize disclosure patterns within broader experiences of stigma and social inequality. This paper examines decisions about disclosure of sex work, same-sex behavior, and sexual risk for HIV among male sex workers in two cities in the Dominican Republic. Data derive from long-term ethnography and qualitative in-depth interviews with 72 male sex workers were used to analyze the relationships among experiences of stigma, social inequality, and patterns of sexual risk disclosure. Thematic analysis of interviews and ethnographic evidence revealed a wide range of stigma management techniques utilized by sex workers to minimize the effects of marginality due to their engagement in homosexuality and sex work. These techniques imposed severe constraints on men's sexual risk disclosure, and potentially elevated their own and their female partners' vulnerability to HIV infection. Based on the study's findings, we conclude that future studies of sexual risk disclosure among ethnic minority MSM should avoid analyzing disclosure as a decontextualized variable, and should seek to examine sexual risk communication as a dynamic social process constrained by hierarchical systems of power and inequality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | MEN | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV | RISK FACTORS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | INEQUALITIES | CULTURE | TABOO | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327078 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: Estimates from the demographic health surveys. Author: Pampel F Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(8):1772-1783. Abstract: Despite the growing problem of global tobacco use, accurate information on the prevalence and patterns in the world's poorest nations remains sparse. For sub-Sahara Africa, in particular, a weak knowledge base limits the targeting of strategies to combat the potential growth of tobacco use and its harmful effect on future mortality. To describe the prevalence and social patterns of the use of cigarettes and other tobacco in Africa, this study examines population-based data from 16 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) of men aged 15-54 years and women aged 15-49 years in 14 nations. Descriptive statistics show the highest cigarette use among men in several nations of east central Africa and Madagascar, lowest use in nations of west central Africa, and medium use in nations of southern Africa. Multinomial logistic regression results for men show highest cigarette use among urban, less educated, and lower status workers. Results for women show much lower prevalence than men but similar social patterns ofuse. The DHS results thus give new and comparable information about tobacco use in low-income nations, disadvantaged social groups, and an understudied region of the world. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | WOMEN | TOBACCO USE | PREVALENCE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Behavior | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325439 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The preference for an additional child among married women in Seoul, Korea. Author: Park SM; Cho SI; Jang SN; Cho YT; Chung HW Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Mar;40(2):269-281. Abstract: South Korea reported a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.08 in 2005. This is the lowest level of all nations in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Recently, the decline in the fertility rate has been a dominant phenomenon in Korea's major cities. This study investigated the relationship between social environmental factors and fertility intentions for married women in Seoul, the capital of Korea, using a sample of 2211 married women who responded to the Seoul Citizens Health and Social Indicators Survey, 2005. Here, the effects of selected social environmental characteristics on fertility intentions are explored using multivariate logistic regression models. The relationships among a woman's age, number of living children, job type, housing type, and social group participation were strong indicators of the intention to have additional children. Younger women living with fewer children generally have a higher intention to have additional children. Among women's job types, blue-collar workers have a lower preference for additional children than white-collar workers and housewives. Married women participating in social groups have a lower preference for additional children than non-participants. Women's participation in social activities appears to have various benefits, both individually and socially. However, whereas women's participation in economic activities has been linked to questions of fertility in previous studies, the relationship between fertility and social activities has been downplayed. Women's participation in social activities has increased over the past several decades, and the trend continues to grow. Therefore, women's participation in social activities must be accepted as the status quo, and compatibility between women's participation in social activities and childrearing needs to be increased. Consequently, a strong foundation for a fertility-friendly environment is needed, focusing on blue-collar workers and participation in social activities by married women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 323786 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Boys will be boys': Traditional Xhosa male circumcision, HIV and sexual socialisation in contemporary South Africa. Author: Vincent L Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Jun;10(5):431-446. Abstract: Ritual male circumcision is among the most secretive and sacred of rites practiced by the Xhosa of South Africa. Recently, the alarming rate of death and injury among initiates has led to the spotlight of media attention and government regulation being focused on traditional circumcision. While many of the physical components of the ritual have been little altered by the centuries, its cultural and social meanings have not remained unchanged. This paper attempts to understand how some of these cultural and social meanings have shifted, particularly with respect to attitudes towards sex and the role that circumcision schools traditionally played in the sexual socialisation of Xhosa youth. Ritual circumcision is often defended on the basis of its usefulness as a mechanism for the maintenance of social order, particularly in relation to the perceived crisis in youth sexuality marked by extremely high levels of gender-based violence as well as HIV infection. However, the paper suggests two key ways inwhich traditional Xhosa circumcision has changed. These include the erosion of the role which circumcision schools once played in the sexual socialisation of young men and the emergence of the idea that initiation gives men the unlimited and unquestionable right to access to sex rather than marking the point at which sexual responsibility and restraint is introduced into the lifestyle of young men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | MALE CIRCUMCISION | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | SEXUALITY | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | MALE ROLE | HIV | RAPE | GENDER ISSUES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 327070 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Randomized controlled trial to investigate impact of site-based safer sex programmes in Kingston, Jamaica: Trial design, methods and baseline findings. Author: Weir SS; Figueroa JP; Byfield L; Hall A; Cummings S Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jun;13(6):801-813. Abstract: The objective was to describe the design, methods and baseline findings of a multi-level prevention intervention to increase consistent condom use among persons at public social sites in Kingston, Jamaica, who have new or concurrent sexual partnerships. A two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 147 sites where persons meet new sex partners. Sites were identified by community informants as places where people meet new sexual partners, which include bars, street locations, bus stops, malls and others. Sites were sorted into 50 clusters based on geographic proximity and type of site and randomized to receive a multi-level site-based intervention or not. Intervention components include on-site HIV testing, condom promotion and peer education. Effectiveness of the intervention will be measured by comparing the proportion of persons with new or multiple partners in the past year who report recent inconsistent condom use at intervention vs. control sites. Baseline surveys were conducted at 66 intervention (711 men, 845 women) and 65 control sites (654 men, 738 women). Characteristics of intervention and control sites as well as the characteristics of patrons at these sites were similar. The outcome variable was balanced with approximately 30% of men and 25% of women at intervention and control sites reporting a new partner or more than one partner in the past year and recent inconsistent condom use. The baseline findings confirm that the population is an appropriate target group for HIV prevention and that randomization will provide the means to estimate programme effectiveness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | INTERVENTIONS | SAFER SEX | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 326867 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: ‘Face’ and the embodiment of stigma in China: The cases of schizophrenia and AIDS. Author: Yang LH; Kleinman A Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Aug;67(3):398-408. Abstract: The majority of theoretical models have defined stigma as occurring psychologically and limit its negative effects to individual processes. This paper, via an analysis of how ?face? is embodied in China, deepens an articulation of how the social aspects of stigma might incorporate the moral standing of both individual and collective actors defined within a local context. We illustrate (1) how one?s moral standing is lodged within a local social world; (2) how one?s status as a ?moral? community member is contingent upon upholding intrapersonal and social-transactional obligations; and (3) how loss of face and fears of moral contamination might lead to a ?social death?. We first draw from Chinese ethnographies that describe the process of human cultivation before one can achieve fully ?moral? status in society. We integrate findings from empirical studies describing how social-exchange networks in China are strictly organized based on the reciprocation of favors, moral positioning, and ?face?. We further ground these Chinese constructs within a theoretical framework of different forms of capital, and discuss the severe social consequences that loss of face entails. By utilizing the examples of schizophrenia and AIDS to illustrate how loss of moral standing and stigma is interwoven in China, we propose a model highlighting changes in moral status to describe how stigma operates. We suggest that symbolic restoration of moral status for stigmatized groups takes place as local-level stigma interventions. By analyzing the moral aspects of ?face?, we propose that across cultures, stigma is embedded in the moral experience of participants, whereby stigma is conceived as a fundamentally moral issue: stigmatized conditions threaten what matters most for those in a local world. We further propose that stigma jeopardizes an actor?s ability to mobilize social capital to attain essential social statuses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV | AIDS | MENTAL DISORDERS | STIGMA | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327469 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Readiness for HIV testing among young people in northern Nigeria: The roles of social norm and perceived stigma. Author: Babalola S Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2007 Sep;11(5):759-769. Abstract: This study examined the predictors of readiness for HIV testing among young people in northern Nigeria, paying special attention to the role of stigma. Stigma is measured at two levels: individual and community (social norm). There are commonalities and differences in the correlates of readiness among men and women. For men and women, knowledge about HIV prevention, knowledge about a source for VCT, discussion about condom use for HIV prevention and perceived risk are strong predictors. Knowledge that an apparently healthy person can be HIV-infected is only significant for women. Perceived stigma is a significant predictor for both men and women although the specific dimension of note differs between the sexes. Social norm is strongly and directly associated with readiness among men but has no apparent influence among women. For both sexes, social norm appears to have strong mediating influence on the relationship between personal perceived stigma and readiness. The results strongly suggest that to eliminate HIV-related stigma, it is not enough to target individual cognitive processes; strategic efforts should target social structures in order to change negative social norms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | HIV TESTING | STIGMA | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 319851 |
| 23. Title: Ideas and action: Addressing the social factors that influence sexual and reproductive health. Author: Barton T; Rubardt M; Reilly J Author: CARE Source: Atlanta, Georgia, CARE, 2007. 109 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-99-00009-00) Abstract: As development workers, we know that good health is a necessary condition for helping people rise from poverty. We also know that poverty, and the social disadvantages usually associated with it, profoundly influence people's ability to stay healthy. For those of us whose careers have been spent working in communities around the world, the relationship between poverty, power and poor health is painfully clear. But have we done enough to address that relationship in our health programming? Much of our health work has sought to improve the availability of high-quality health information and services for poor women, men and young people. The thinking behind this approach was that good information and easily accessible services would enable people to make positive healthcare decisions and act upon them. This approach has worked up to a point. Decades of government and NGO efforts in the areas of prevention, health promotion and healthcare provision have undoubtedly led to better health for many poor people. Yet the shortcomings of our efforts are equally evident. Many intended beneficiaries never receive services, while others do not make decisions that could keep them healthy, despite access to sound information and health centers offering high-quality services. In other places, extensive investments in capacity building have not resulted in sustained improvements in health service delivery. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | FIELD WORKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CULTURE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL WELFARE | POVERTY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 325170 |
| 24. Title: Adolescent children of adolescent mothers: The impact of family functioning on trajectories of development. Author: Dahinten VS; Shapka JD; Willms JD Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2007;36(2):195-212. Abstract: This study drew on four cycles of longitudinal data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth to examine the academic and behavioural trajectories of youth between 10 and 15 years of age as a function of maternal age at childbearing. The analyses controlled for several family characteristics and examined the mediating effects of three family functioning variables (maternal depression, and nurturing and rejecting parenting behaviours).Maternal age was related to academic competency in math (standardized Math scores), externalizing disorders (Property Offences, Hyperactivity-Inattention), and internalizing disorders (Anxiety-Emotional Disorder). After accounting for family characteristics, the children of the young and older teen mothers retained their disadvantage in Math scores and Property Offences, respectively, whereas the children of older mothers lost the advantages that they had exhibited at age 10 (for Property Offences, the benefits were mediated through family functioning). These results have implications for future research and for the development of policy and programming targeting the healthy development of youth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | DEPRESSION | MATERNAL AGE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | EMOTIONS | IMPACT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Health | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Parental Age | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Communication | Biology Document Number: 312598 |
| 25. Title: Crack use sites and HIV risk in El Salvador. Author: Dickson-Gomez J; Bodnar G; Guevara A; Rodriguez K; Gaborit M Source: Journal of Drug Issues. 2007 Spring;37(2):445-474. Abstract: "The Social Context of Crack Use and Related Sexual Risk in El Salvador" study was designed to increase knowledge of the locations where drugs are consumed in urban San Salvador, the social dynamics within such sites, and their implications for HIV risk and prevention efforts. In-depth interviews with crack smokers reveal several different types of sites where drugs are consumed and risky sex may occur including trances (generally houses where crack is sold and consumed), brothels, motels, drug users' own homes, abandoned buildings, the street, parks, or cantinas. These range from private sites, where site "gatekeepers" strictly control access, to public sites where access is more open. However, even in more public sites there is considerable social interaction, rules regarding site usage, and in some cases gatekeeper control of the site. Social dynamics already normative at drug use sites may support a site-based, peer-led intervention approach. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EL SALVADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Behavior Document Number: 320689 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Leisure and religious activity participation and mental health: Gender analysis of older adults in Nepal. Author: Gautam R; Saito T; Kai I Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Oct 22;7(1):299. Abstract: Involvement in activities has been found beneficial for improving the quality of life and successful aging for older adults. Little is known about the involvement in activities and depression of older adults in Asian developing countries, however. This study explores whether participation in leisure social and religious activities are related to depression and satisfaction with life in older adults of Nepal. Gender differences are also explored. The study sample was derived from a survey which aimed to determine the intergenerational relationships between older adults and their married son. A cross-sectional quantitative study of older adults sixty years and over in Nepal was conducted with face-to-face interviews using structured instruments. A convenience sample of 489 community dwelling older adults, 247 men and 242 women, were included in the study. The dependent variables, depression and satisfaction with life, were measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) respectively. Age, gender, marital status, education, perceived health, financial satisfaction, social support received and provided by older adults, and social activity were independent variables in the study. Saying prayers (B=-2.75; p less than 0.005), watching television and listening to the radio (B= -1.88; p less than 0.05), and participating in physical activity (B=-1.05; p less than 0.05) correlated to lower depression for older men, but only watching television and listening to the radio (B=-2.68; p less than 0.005) related to lower rates of depression for women. Socializing with others (B=1.22; p less than 0.05) was related to higher satisfaction with life for men, but for women visiting friends (B=1.29; p less than 0.05), socializing with others (B=1.45; p less than 0.005), and watching television and listening to the radio (B=0.92; p less than 0.05) related to improved satisfaction with life. Activity engagement significantly improved mental health of older adults. Specific activity participation was a significant correlate of lower levels of depression and higher levels of satisfaction with life among the older adults in Nepal. The findings explore the need for further research on activity participation in developing countries so that it can be useful for health care practioners and those involved in activities of aged population in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | OLDER ADULTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | DEPRESSION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | LEISURE | RELIGION | FITNESS | SEX FACTORS | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 321482 |
| 27. Title: Converging evidence suggests nonsexual HIV transmission among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Authors' reply [letter] Author: Gavin L; St. Louis M; Galavotti C Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Mar;40(3):291-293. Abstract: We appreciate Potterat et al's interest in our study, which described a clear association between number of sexual partners and HIV prevalence but also noted that 41% of HIV-positive females reported no history of sexual activity. They suggest that unsafe medical injections, rather than sexual transmission, are responsible for the high rate of HIV infection that we observed. We acknowledged the possibility of nonsexual transmission in our article, but the survey we analyzed was conducted prior to the debate about transmission and did not ask about injection history. Potterat et al mention a study in Zambia in which unsafe medical injections were found to be associated with HIV prevalence, but other studies, including a literature review led by the World Health Organization, have concluded that there is no compelling evidence that unsafe injections are a predominant mode of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan African. If injections were a major source of transmission, one would expect high rates during childhood, when children receive most preventive vaccinations and many health care visits. Yet a study of mother-child dyads in public health facilities in South Africa found only 1.4% of HIV-positive children aged 2-9 years had HIV-negative mothers. While this study needs to be replicated in other settings, it does not indicate that injections play a major role in transmission among children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RESPONDENTS | HIV TRANSMISSION | VIRGINITY | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | NEEDLE PIERCING | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa | Africa, Southern | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexual Partners | Risk Behavior Document Number: 312686 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand the motivation to learn about HIV / AIDS prevention among adolescents in Tigray, Ethiopia. Author: Hadera HG; Boer H; Kuiper WA Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Aug;19(7):895-900. Abstract: Various studies indicate that school- or university-based HIV prevention curricula can reduce the prevalence of sexual risk behaviour among adolescent youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, effective HIV/AIDS prevention education may be problematic, if the needs of youth are not served adequately. To date, little attention has been given to the motivation of youth to learn about HIV/AIDS and about their preferences for HIV/AIDS curriculum design options. The aim of this study was to get insight into the determinants of the motivation of youth to learn about HIV/AIDS prevention and to assess their curriculum design preferences. Students from a university in Tigray, Ethiopia, filled out a structured questionnaire, which assessed demographics, variables that according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour are related to the motivation to learn, and their preferences for independent, carrier and integrated HIV/AIDS curriculum designs. On average, participants were highly motivated to learn about HIV/AIDS.Motivation to learn was primarily related to social norms and was not related to self-efficacy to discuss HIV/AIDS in class. The often discussed reluctance to discuss sexuality and condom use in curricula in Sub-Saharan Africa, seems to be more related to existing negative social norms, than to lack of self-efficacy. Participants revealed a high preference for the independent, carrier and integrated curriculum design options. However, students with a higher motivation to learn about HIV/AIDS were more attracted to the independent course design. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUESTIONNAIRES | YOUTH | STUDENTS | HIV | AIDS | EDUCATION | MOTIVATION | CURRICULUM | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313814 |
| 29. Title: Peer selection and socialization effects on adolescent intercourse without a condom and attitudes about the costs of sex. Author: Henry DB; Schoeny ME; Deptula DP; Slavick JT Source: Child Development. 2007 May-Jun;78(3):825-838. Abstract: This study investigated peer selection and socialization effects on sexual behavior and attitudes using 1,350 15- to 18-year-old students participating in two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Regarding socialization effects, friends' intercourse without condoms predicted later individual intercourse without condoms positively. Friends' attitudes about the costs of sex predicted later individual attitudes positively and intercourse without condoms negatively. The latter relation was stronger for females than for males. Regarding selection effects, individual attitudes predicted later friends' attitudes positively, but the strength of this effect varied by ethnicity. The results suggest that adolescents socialize friends to have similar sexual attitudes and behavior but tend to select friends based on similar attitudes rather than similar behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Cultural Background | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 320491 |
| 30. Title: A conceptual model of HIV / AIDS stigma from five African countries. Author: Holzemer WL; Uys L; Makoae L; Stewart A; Phetlhu R Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2007 Jun;58(6):541-551. Abstract: This paper is a report on the development of a conceptual model delineating contexts and processes of HIV/AIDS stigma as reported by persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses from African countries. It is part of a larger study to increase understanding of HIV/AIDS stigma. Researchers have defined stigma, explored determinants and outcomes of stigma and attempted to measure its multiple dimensions. This literature is difficult to synthesize, and often does not distinguish adequately between experiences of stigma and its causes and outcomes. Forty-three focus groups were held with persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses in five African countries in 2004. Focus group recordings were transcribed and coded. The data were organized into a conceptual model of HIV/AIDS stigma. Two components were identified in the data: contextual factors - environment, healthcare system, agents - that influence and affect stigma and the stigma process itself. The stigma process included four dimensions: triggers of stigma, stigmatizing behaviours, types of stigma and the outcomes of stigma. A conceptual model is presented that delineates the dynamic nature of stigma as reported by study participants. The model may be used to identify areas appropriate for the design and testing of stigma reduction interventions that have a goal of reducing the burden of HIV/AIDS stigma. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | STUDY DESIGN | PILOT PROJECTS | FOCUS GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NURSES AND NURSING | STIGMA | ENVIRONMENT | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Collection | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313585 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |