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Title: Reproductive health in Malta.
Author: Mifsud M; Buttigieg GG; Savona-Ventura C; Delicata S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Aug;14(4):249-57.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Maltese population traditionally harbours Roman Catholic beliefs that have been gradually secularised. The present study sets out to quantify the consequences of more liberal sexual attitudes in this community. METHODS: We reviewed the reproductive and sexual health indicators reported from Malta and from other selected European countries. We then analysed the findings of a questionnaire study which was carried out among 200 Maltese and 2200 other European individuals to investigate various aspects of their sexual history. RESULTS: A greater proportion of Maltese births occur in teenagers but the out-of-wedlock maternity rate in Malta appears to be the third lowest in Europe. However, the rate appears to have nearly trebled over seven years. Sexually transmitted infections rates in Maltese are either similar to or lower than those reported from the other European countries. The Maltese reported a higher mean age at first intercourse and a lower mean number of sexual partners mainly in women aged over 35 years. They received an earlier sexual education but they still predominantly resorted to unreliable contraception methods at their first sexual encounter. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms that sexual behaviour has changed. The educational support to deal with these altered practices is in place but still needs to be reinforced.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALTA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIAL CHANGE | CATHOLICISM | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | ATTITUDES | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX EDUCATION | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Christianity | Religion | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education
Document Number: 342941 Notification

Title: Association between Provision of Initial Family Planning Services and Unintended Pregnancy among Women Attending an STD Clinic.
Author: Shlay JC; Zolot L; Bell D; Maravi ME; Urbina C
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Sep 29;
Abstract: Abstract Background: Most sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics focus solely on STD treatment and prevention. However, women seeking care are also at high risk for unintended pregnancy. We sought to examine the relationship between baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and incident pregnancy among women provided initial contraceptive services in an STD clinic. Methods: Computerized record review of women attending an STD clinic who initiated contraception, were seen at least twice within a 4-year period (repeat attendees), and indicated no intention of pregnancy were included in these analyses. Associations between baseline demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics and incident pregnancy were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among 4617 women seen from 2003 to 2006, 710 (15%) were repeat attendees and 3907 (85%) were single attendees (seen only during a single year). Among the repeat attendees, 642 (90%) indicated no interest in pregnancy, of whom 124 (19%) had a subsequent pregnancy. Using multivariate analysis and controlling for age and race/ethnicity, incident pregnancy was associated with previous pregnancy (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.63-4.04), Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342995

Title: Evaluation of the management of sexually transmitted infections (STIS) by private practitioners in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Author: Anwar M; Sulaiman SA
Source: Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2008;15(4):41-47.
Abstract: To determine the current practices of private practitioners for the management of STIs in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, evaluation of pharmacotherapy for STIs in private clinics and to ascertain the management of STIs compared to standard guidelines. Methods: Data was collected by self administered questionnaire for private practitioners, which gathered information on their socio-demographic as well as practice characteristics. Descriptive Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS for windows version 13.0. Results: Data was collected from 78 practitioners. Most of the treatment choices mentioned for the treatment of gonorrhea were inconsistent with the guidelines. About 51.2% of practitioners did not screen their patients for HIV/AIDS. Majority of private practitioners counseled their patients about HIV/AIDS on irregular basis. A high percentage of 59% did not informed health authorities about STI cases and 32.1% mentioned that they did not use any guidelines. Conclusions: Management of STIs by private practitioners with respect to selection of antibiotics, patient counseling and case notification leaves a lot to be desired. Current management practices can adversely impact on HIV/AIDS transmission in the country. Interventions are needed to improve the management practices of private practitioners.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MANAGEMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GONORRHEA | TREATMENT | NEEDS | STANDARDS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Research Methodology
Document Number: 343013

6.
Title: The incidence of pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted diseases in school children in the western area.
Author: Yumkella F
Source: Popleone. 1984 Jul;1(1):21-3.
Abstract: A systematic sample of students attending 10 secondary schools in the western area of Sierra Leone were surveyed concerning their sexual behavior, knowledge of venereal disease, and knowledge and use of contraceptives. 2024 of the 2921 students included in the sample completed the questionnaire. Attempts were also made to interview a sample of 100 parents, but this effort was abandoned because of the poor response of parents to the questionnaire. The study was conducted by the Ministry of Health in an effort to obtain background information for the development of a sex education course for secondary students. The 2024 respondents ranged in age from 12 to 25 years; 76.8% of the students were between 15-18 years of age. 48% (970) were females. All but 1% of the students lived either with their parents or a guardian. 21% smoked, 27% drank alcohol, and 6% took drugs. 63.6% of the females reported that they had engaged in sexual intercourse, and 9% had experienced sexual intercourse before they were 12 years old. Most of the females who had intercourse had relations with more than 1 partner. 6.7% of all the female respondents had experienced a pregnancy, most of which were aborted. 16% (167) of the 1054 boys admitted they were responsible for at least 1 pregnancy, and 97 had tried to help their girlfriends obtain abortions. Only 36% of all male and female respondents who engaged in sexual activities knew about contraceptives, and 22.3% used a contraceptive. Less that 1/2 of the respondents knew about venereal disease, but 10% had experienced symptoms. The results confirmed the need to include sex education in the school cirriculum. The disinterest of the parents is unfortunate. Information on parental attitudes toward adolescent sexual behavior would be useful in developing a curriculum acceptable to the parents.
Language: English
Keywords:
SIERRA LEONE | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | ADOLESCENTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | EDUCATION | IEC | MEN | WOMEN | PARENTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 027557 Notification

7.
Title: [Gonococcal infections in Gabon (Haut-Ogooue)] Les infections gonococciques au Gabon (Haut-Ogooue).
Author: Yvert F; Riou JY; Frost E; Ivanoff B
Source: PATHOLOGIE BIOLOGIE. 1984 Feb;32(2):80-4.
Abstract: 251 men and 261 women presented with urethral or cervical discharge in Franceville, Gabon. At the same time, of 530 women attending a prenatal clinic, 42 had cervical discharge and 488 did not. Among the men, 69.7% of the urethritis cases were due to N. gonorrhoeae; 15.3% of the women with cervical exudates had the same bacteria isolated. N. gonorrhoeae could also be identified in 5.5% of the pregnant women, 79% of whom were without exudate. The frequency of N. gonorrhoeae isolates from sexually transmitted disease consultations was 440 cases/year/100,000 while the male:female ratio was 4.6. The isolation rate from pregnant women would indicate, however, a frequency in women in excess of 1500 cases/100,000. The isolation of N. gonorrhoeae was tabulated according to the age of the patients. The 15-20 year group was clearly the most frequently infected. Trichomonas was observed in 2% of the men and 23% of the women with discharge. Yeasts (chiefly Candida albicans) were found in 23.5% of the women but in none of the men. (author's modified) (summaries in FRE, ENG)
Language: French
Keywords:
GABON | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | INCIDENCE | MEASUREMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | DISEASES | MEN | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 054853

8.
Title: Gonococcal pilus vaccine development project by Bactex.
Source: Blue Sheet. 1983 May 4;26(18):6-7.
Abstract: Gonococcal pilus vaccine development project by Bactex includes a recently completed clinical trial involving approximately 3500 US army volunteers in Korea. Results of the double-blind, placebo controlled study, conducted during the 1st 8 weeks of 1983, are currently being analyzed. The findings will be confirmed by further testing and if the vaccine proves effective, Bactex plans to apply for a biological license. Bactex was founded in 1974 with the assistance of loans from the Center for Entrepreneurial Development at Carnegie Mellon University. The center at Carnegie, set up and funded by the National Science Foundation, serves to stimulate the transfer of technology from the academic community to industry. Similar centers have been established at MIT and the University of Washington, Bactex President and University of Pittsburgh microbiologist Charles Brinton told "The Blue Sheet" the company is developing additional human vaccines based on pilus technology. He noted that the firm also has a joint agreement with Schering's Animal Health Division for the production of animal vaccines. Under this agreement, Bactex developed a vaccine for neonatal diarrhea in piglets, which Schering began marketing about a month ago. In addition to the study in Korea, Brinton has tested the gonorrhea vaccine in approximately 230 volunteers at the University of Pittsburgh. The Korean trial was partially funded by the US Army Medical Research and Development Command. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | REPUBLIC OF KOREA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | VACCINATION | IMMUNIZATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 018356

9.
Title: Adolescent sexuality: report on a workshop [Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior, held in Denmark 6-10 September 1982].
Author: Danish Family Planning Association
Source: Copenhagen, Denmark, Danish Family Planning Association, 1983. 157 p.
Abstract: This volume includes the proceedings of a workshop on adolescent sexuality held in Denmark during September 1982. The presentations, contained in this report, cover the following: highlights on changes in adolescent behavior as observed by the Europe regional social science group, 1980; sexual life in childhood; psychological and emotional development during adolescence; development of the male reproductive system from conception to adulthood; development and function of the female reproductive systems during puberty; psychological changes in puberty induced by hormones of cerebral origin; variants of the normal puberty development; teenage communication and developing sexual contacts; contraception and teenagers; complications of contraception; conceptions, outcome of pregnancies, births, abortions; young people's evolution towards patterns of stabilized partnership or unbound promiscuity; teenage prostitution, facts and fates; teenage mothers addicted to drugs; other forms of commercialized sex; incidence of juvenile venereal morbidity and expected late effects; and sex education with 2nd grade, 7-8 year old children. Mikolaj Kozakiewicz, in discussing changes in adolescent behavior as observed by the Europe regional social science group, reports that research on adolescent sexuality and varieties of sex education showed highly differing views on the subject. These differences appear in the field of attitudes and views and in the field of the practical behavior of young people in the sexual sphere. At this time, states Kozakiewicz, when all of Europe lives wtih the burden of a deep economic depression and a political, moral, and ideological crisis that accompanies the economic depression, it is possible to anticipate that within the range of sexual problems there are significant changes which will continue to occur. Kozakiewicz concludes that adolescent sexuality cannot be analyzed apart from the wider socioeconomic and cultural context and goes on to say that the efficiency of sex education depends on the efficiency of shaping the whole personality of a young person.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | SEX EDUCATION | ADOLESCENTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | CONTRACEPTION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ABORTION | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | ATTITUDES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY | CULTURE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Economic Factors
Document Number: 015551 Notification

10.
Title: Good health for all: a workbook for village health workers.
Author: Lesotho. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
Source: Maseru, Lesotho, Ministry of Health, 1983 Apr. 276 p.
Abstract: This workbook contains sections that help village health workers deal with problems of malnutrition, infant feeding, diarrhea, water supply, tuberculosis, scabies, pregnancy care, conjunctivitis, toothache, burns, poisoning, alcoholism and venereal disease. The booklet relies heavily on drawings which the village health workers are urged to use for purposes of helping people to think about health problems in the community and starting a discussion about those which interest them most. There are 50 training sessions which cover a range of topics from basic components of good health to information for record keeping to the maintenance of the village health worker's kit. The sessions included under each of the above major topics are followed by a recapitulation of the basic messages that ought to be remembered from the training sessions. Both the drawings and the sessions are developed so as to be locally and culturally relevant to the problems faced and questions asked by village health workers in Lesotho.
Language: English
Keywords:
LESOTHO | HEALTH PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY WORKERS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | HEALTH EDUCATION | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | TREATMENT | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | TEACHING MATERIALS | TECHNICAL REPORT | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | NUTRITION | HYGIENE | ANTENATAL CARE | FAMILY PLANNING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | DIARRHEA | RECORDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health | Education | Medicine | Health Services | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Training Programs | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 268142

11.
Title: Sexually transmitted diseases.
Author: Planned Parenthood Federation of America [PPFA]. Emphasis Subscriber Service
Source: New York, N.Y., Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 1983. 2 p. (Reference sheet, no. 3.)
Abstract:
Language: English
Keywords:
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EDUCATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Developed Countries | North America | Americas
Document Number: 204526

12.
Title: Reaching out to the adolescent. Rev. ed.
Author: Population Center Foundation
Source: Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, Population Center Foundation, 1983. 17, xvi, 68, xxii, 153, xiv, 184, xiv, 100 p. A learning package of 4 programmed modules on adolescent sexuality for counselors.
Abstract: A programmed learning course in contraceptive counseling, in 5 booklets, contains an introduction to programmed learning, the principles of counseling, sexual maturation, common issues in adolescent sexuality, and family planning for Filipino youths. The 7 principles of counseling are individualization, purposeful expression of feelings, controlled emotional involvement, acceptance, non-judgemental attitude, client self determination and confidentiality. The sexuality booklet deals with reproductive physiology and includes illustrations of internal and external genitalia of both sexes. Problems that adolescents encounter include dating, masturbation, homosexuality, venereal disease, and virginity of the woman before marriage. Although the treatment of family planning methods is on the level of definition of the various methods, the last booklet deals in greater detail with sexual responsibility and the advantages of using family planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | EDUCATION | IEC | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELORS | ADOLESCENTS | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | ADVISORY SERVICES | TEACHING MATERIALS | COUNSELING | HOMOSEXUALS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Biology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 047269

13.
Title: Family planning methods and practice: Africa.
Author: United States. Centers for Disease Control [CDC]. Center for Health Promotion and Education. Division of Reproductive Health
Source: Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Division of Reproductive Health, 1983. 329 p. Written under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development, Contract No. HEW. CDC 6-74.
Abstract: This book explicitly discusses family planning methods and practice for Africans. The 1st section discusses, within the African context, health benefits of family planning, the traditional practices, lactation, adolescent pregnancy, infertility and sexually transmitted diseases. The following section discusses what one needs to know to use contraceptives effectively; understanding of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy testing and how to choose a contraceptive in regard to its effectiveness, safety, and other considerations. The 3rd section is about contraceptive technology. It includes chapters discussing hormonal contraceptives, combined oral contraceptives, contraceptive injections and other progestin contraceptives, intrauterine devices, diaphragms and cervical caps, condoms, vaginal spermicides and spermicidal foams, natural family planning methods, coitus interruptus, other promising methods, prevention and management of complications associated with miscarriage and induced abortion, and sterilization, male and female. The 4th and last section discusses the provision of family planning services. Specifically, the relationships between family planning workers and users are analyzed, expecially approaches to the delivery of family planning services, integration with other family health services, and keeping family planning voluntary. Explicit figures complement each chapter of this book in order to show the insertion of the different female barrier contraceptives. Numerous tables and charts are also provided throughout.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | TECHNICAL REPORT | TEACHING MATERIALS | KNOWLEDGE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | TABLES AND CHARTS | BREASTFEEDING | INFERTILITY | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | MENSTRUATION | PREGNANCY TESTS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | LACTATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Reproduction | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Behavior | Maternal Physiology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 024579

14.
Title: Parental notification requirements applicable to projects for family planning services. Rules and regulations.
Author: United States. Public Health Service
Source: Federal Register. 1983 Jan 26;48(18):1-11.
Abstract: The rules listed in this document amend the regulations governing the program for family planning services funded under Title 10 of the US Public Health Act. A 1981 amendment to Title 10 encourages family participation in the provision of project services, requiring that projects notify the parent or guardian of unemancipated minors seeking family planning services when prescription drugs or devices are provided. The rules also remove from existing regulations a provision requiring projects to disregard family income when determining fees to be charged for services to certain minors. It has been argued that a notification requirement would violate a minor's right to unrestricted access to contraceptives and constitutional right to privacy; the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), however, says that it need establish only that there is a rational basis for the notification requirements. The rule was also contended to be discriminatory on the basis of sex since mostly females use prescription contraceptives, but the DHHS denies any such intention. Many health care providers complained that procedural costs caused by this rule would pose hardships for family planning services; the DHHS believes that certified mail ensures parental notification and verification at minimal cost. Others believe that the rule would cause an increase in adolescent pregnancies and school dropouts. Other comments made are: 1) nonprescription drugs should be included so that parents can be notified of contraceptives being distributed to male children; 2) the provision that parents not be notified when the notification might lead to physical, emotional, or mental harm to the child was criticized in that physical harm was not adequately defined; 3) an unemancipated minor is defined as an individual under age 17 and not emancipated under state law; commenters said that it was inconsistent to defer to state laws that are more restrictive than the proposed definition of emancipation while at the same time overriding the legislative judgment of 30 states which permit minors to consent to receiving family planning serivces; and 4) the notification rule does not apply where prescription drugs are provided for the treatment of venereal disease.
Language: English
Keywords:
PARENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | INCOME | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 013249

15.
Title: Infertility and venereal disease in Uganda--a review.
Author: Arya OP; Taber SR; Nsanze H
Source: [Unpublished] [1983]. 22 p.
Abstract: The 2 main venereal diseases known to affect reproduction are gonorrhea and syphilis, but the importance of nongonococcal inflammatory disease is now being increasingly recognized. None of the other sexually transmitted diseases is thought to have an epidemiologically significant association with infertility or pregnancy wastage. The sequelae of gonococcal infection which causes infertility respectively in men and women are epididymitis and salpingitis. Nongonococcal or nonspecific urethritis in men is now the most common sexually transmitted disease in some western countries, but it is not yet widely recognized in Africa because of preoccupation with gonorrhea and poor diagnostic facilities. The role of Mycoplasma in the causation of infertility is unclear as yet. Secondary invasion by normal vaginal flora (or urethra commensal organisms in the case of epididymitis) including both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, subsequent to the primary infection by N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis, may be a contributory factor. There is no evidence that syphilis causes infertility, but it is an established cause of pregnancy wastage, infection reaching the fetal circulation via the placental capillaries. Syphilis may be an important contributory factor in the etiology of fetal and infant loss in areas with high incidence of the disease. Pockets or areas of low fertility are known to exist in many countries in Africa. The Demographic Research Project designed to study the sociocultural and medical factors is described briefly, with focus on the role of gonorrhea and syphilis in the population growth rates of the areas surveyed. Nongonococcal inflammatory disease was not studied. 270 men and 343 women in Teso district and 166 men and 250 women in Ankole district came for medical examination. 150 men in the Teso sample (55.6%) gave a past history of urethral discharge as compared with only 18 (10.8%) in Ankole. The difference was statistically significant. Of the 32 men in Teso found to have urethral discharge, gonococci were seen or grown in 24 (8.9%). In Ankole 13 men were found to have urethral discharge; 7 of these men had gonorrhea (4.2). Significantly more of the Teso than Ankole women experienced lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge and showed evidence of bartholinitis, cervicitis, tender fornices, and tender anexal masses, the latter 2 suggesting pelvic infection. Almost 20% of the Teso women had features of salpingitis, largely subacute. Over twice the number of men (43.8%) over the age of 30 with bilaterally thickened epididymes were childless as compared with those (18.6%) with normal epididymes. The lower abdominal pain, tenderness, and vaginal discharge were more prominent among the women who had never become pregnant. Significantly more of the Teso men and women than those of the Ankole district had positive serological tests for treponemal infection. It is concluded that gonorrhea, and possibly to some extent syphilis, are important determinants respectively of low fertility and pregnancy wastage in the Teso district of Uganda.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INFECTIONS | INFERTILITY | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | WOMEN | MARITAL STATUS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Reproductive Tract Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality
Document Number: 017151

16.
Title: Herpesvirus.
Author: Baker DA
Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 Mar;26(1):165-72.
Abstract: Herpesvirus (HSV) infection of the genital tract is a sexually transmitted disease that is increasing at an epidemic rate. 2 types of virus, Type 1 (HSV-1) and Type 2 (HSV-2) have been identified, of which HSV-2 is the major cause of genital and neonatal infection. Type 2 herpes infections may be the 2nd most common venereal disease in the US. More than 60% of the adult US population has antibodies to HSV, and socioeconomic factors have been found to influence the incidence of HSV infection. The precise incidence of genital herpes in the US is not known, but in 1979 there were 29.2/100,000 consultations for genital herpes, compared to 3.4/100,000 in 1966. As many as 20 million people have herpes, and there are 5 million new cases/year. Genital herpes occurs more frequently in a sexually active population. Clinical manifestations depend on the immune status of the individual and may be 1st episode primary genital herpes, 1st episode nonprimary genital herpes, or recurrent disease. 85% of primary 1st episode genital herpes are caused by HSV-2, the attack rate for susceptible sexual contacts from individuals with active genital lesions is approximately 75%, and the incubation period averages 6 days. 1st episode primary disease may produce severe localized symptoms as well as systemic symptoms. Complete resolution of lesions takes up to 6 weeks, and symptoms persist for an average of 13.8 days. 1st episode nonprimary genital herpes and recurrent disease have similar clinical courses, with ususally mild local symptoms lasting on average 6.9 days, no systemic symptoms, 1-3 lesions, complete resolution of lesions in 8 days, short duration of viral shedding, and presence of preexisting HSV antibodies. Possible complications of genital herpes infections include urethral and bladder infections and secondary bacterial skin infections, inflammatory radiculomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and aseptic meningitis. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are important. The majority of infections are diagnosed clinically. Viral culture is the most reliable laboratory technique. Other venereal diseases commonly coexist with genital herpes. To date there is no effective topical therapy for recurrent genital herpes. Cesarean section has been recommended to avoid infecting infants of infected mothers during delivery. Psychological and emotional problems caused by fears of infecting a sexual partner and increased risk of genital cancer in women are among longterm sequelae of genital herpes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | COMPLICATIONS | INCIDENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 013896

17.
Title: Population screening for gonorrhoea in northern Nigeria.
Author: Bello CS
Source: West African Journal of Medicine. 1983 Apr;2(2):49-52.
Abstract: 1104 sexually active, asymptomatic males and females in northern Nigeria, belonging to population groups generally considered to be at high risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, were screened for gonorrhea. 61 (5.5%) were found to be carriers. The carrier rate was generally higher among the females. College girls had the highest carrier rate of 23.8% (15 out of 63), and college boys the lowest, 2.1% (5 out of 238). It is concluded that routine population screening for gonorrhea is a luxury which developing countries with meager finances and resources cannot afford just yet. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | GONORRHEA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DISEASES | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 034194

18.
Title: Epidemiologic aspects of infertility.
Author: Belsey MA
Source: In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, ed. International perspectives on neglected sexually transmitted diseases: impact on venereology, infertility, and maternal and infant health. Washington, D.C., Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1983. :269-97.
Abstract: This discussion of the epidemiologic aspects of infertility defines terms and reviews indices for estimating infertility rates, estimates of infertility in Africa and other countries, primary versus secondary infertility, the epidemiologic strategy for defining the nature and magnitude of infertility, and the etiology of infertility (schistosomiasis, filariasis, and thyroid disease and goiter). The high levels of infertility in certain areas of Africa continue to be an enigma to research and a priority problem to providers of health care. 2 well recognized processes may contribute in some areas to part of the problem: the consequences of postpartum and postabortal sepsis, affecting the woman; and the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases, affecting either the man or the woman. Neither of these 2 phenomena appears capable of totally explaining the problem as seen in many African countries. There are many countries and regions within and outside Africa where high levels of sexually transmitted diseases are found or where inadequate obstetric care is common, yet infertility is not of the magnitude to affect 40, 30, or even 20% of couples in these areas. In contrast to the impression derived from clinical data, the impression from the various demographic indices from several developing countries suggests that secondary infertility is as frequent as, if not more frequent than, primary infertility. A World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force on Infertility has developed and undertaken preliminary testing of a simplified questionnaire to be used in the categorization of both the level and the nature of the problem perceived as infertility in different communities. As recommended by the experts, married or cohabiting couples in which the woman is aged 20-29 years should be used as the indicator group as to whether a problem of infertility exists in a community. The application of this system in Nigeria has shown it to be useful in estimating the levels of primary infertility and secondary infertility, but there appears to be a tendency toward underreporting of pregnancy wastage and child loss. Rather than arising from a single cause, as with many health problems encountered in Africa, the problem of infertility may be the result of multiple factors. There is evidence that a variety of pathogens localize in the vessels and tissues of the genital tract. Under such circumstances, microbial organisms not usually given to local pathologic changes may in fact be more prone to produce local, chronic infection in tissue invaded by other parasites of otherwise low virulence, thus possibly leading to infertility in either the man or the woman. This hypothesis calls for further investigation.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | INFERTILITY | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PUBLIC HEALTH | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | ABORTION | ASIA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | WHO | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Reproduction | Research Methodology | Health | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Pregnancy Complications | Developed Countries | Americas | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Pregnancy
Document Number: 016530 Notification

19.
Title: Pelvic inflammatory disease: incidence and trends in private practice.
Author: Blount JH; Reynolds GH; Rice RJ
Source: MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT. 1983;32(4SS):27SS-34SS.
Abstract: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the result of gonorrhea that causes the most suffering, expense and death. The numbers, trends, and demographic traits of women that use private doctors are analyzed here. The data used in these studies was obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Disease and Therapeutic Index. The Division of Venereal Disease Control surveys and gets data on gonorrhea reported by each state. This data was used in conjunction with the other data to relate trends in PID to those of gonorrhea. It was found that PID and gonorrhea have different trends that are related to age. The majority of doctor consultations for PID is in the 15-34 age group; for gonorrhea, doctor and public clinic visits fall mostly in the 15-24 age area. While visits for PID dropped 59% for non-white women and 36% for white women, the non-white have twice the PID rate. Of the 1 and 3/4 million doctor visits each year, 8/10 are for 1st time occurrence and most are acute cases. This data does not include emergency room cases and most of those would probably be severe. The reason for the non-white females having the highest PID and gonorrhea rate is due to delayed care or the unavailability of treatment facilities. A national program to find and treat 8-9 million women was begun in 1972. This data shows a decrease in reported cases of gonorrhea and PID among women.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PELVIC INFECTIONS | GONORRHEA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ADNEXITIS | CLINIC VISITS | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Biology | Population | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior
Document Number: 049696

20.
Title: Epididymitis and prostatitis.
Author: Bowie W
Source: In: Holmes KK, Mardh, PA, ed. International perspectives on neglected sexually transmitted diseases: impact on venereology, infertility, and maternal and infant health. Washington, D.C., Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1983. :159-74.
Abstract: Acute epididymitis in younger men appears to be caused primarily by sexually transmitted pathogens and in men over 35 by coliform urinary tract pathogens. In 1963-64 13,000 claims were made in the UK for sickness benefits for epididymo-orchitis and in the US Air Force personnel in Vietnam it accounted for 5-7% of all admissions to 1 hospital, including 15-19% of all urology admissions. The disease is usually unilateral and the skin of the scrotum becomes hot and red and is usually tense. For diagnosis the following are needed: torsion of the testicle, search for a testicular tumor, search for direct trauma to the scrotum, and consideration of tuberculosis or other systemic illnesses. Patients should be examined for urethral discharge and endourethral material should be cultured for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. Therapy can include ice packs to the scrotum, scrotal elevation, and analgesics. Epididymitis unrelated to systemic disease usually resolves without significant residual. In diagnosing prostatitis, documentation of infection in the prostate is needed. Acute bacterial and chronic bacterial prostatitis is caused by bacteria that are recognized urinary tract pathogens. In the US prostatitis is the 3rd most common problem seen by urologists with a peak at ages 20-39 and at ages 50-69. Onset is primarily sudden and patient is usually febrile with chills, perineal pain, low back pain, dysuria, nocturia, urinary frequency and urgency, and varying degrees of bladder overflow obstruction. Bacteria can reach the prostate gland by: 1) hematogeneous dissemination, 2) invasion by rectal bacteria, and 3) reflux of infected bladder urine into the prostate in association with an underlying abnormality that resulted in the urinary tract infection. Treatment can be with co-trimoxazole, 1 double strength tablet twice daily. Microabscesses and larger prostatic abscesses may develop with acute prostatitis and appropriate prophylactic measures cannot be determined.
Language: English
Keywords:
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EPIDIDYMITIS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | PROSTATE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Reproductive Tract Infections | Diseases | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 016524

21.
Title: Urethritis in men.
Author: Bowie W
Source: In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, ed. International perspectives on neglected sexually transmitted diseases: impact on venereology, infertility, and maternal and infant health. Washington, D.C., Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1983. :141-57.
Abstract: Urethritis is the response to inflammation of any etiology. The best known cause is gonorrhea. Organisms that are proven or possible causes of sexually transmitted urethritis are: 1) N. gonorrhoeae in 30-50% of cases, and 2) by Ureaplasma urealyticum in 30-50%. Since the 1960s both nongonococcal urethritis and urethral gonorrhea have been reported more often. Both may cause urethral discharge, dysuria, or urethral itching. Diagnosis of NGU requires documentation of the presence of urethritis and exclusion of urethral infection with N. gonorrhoeae. Laboratory differentiation and laboratory detection of C. Trachomatis and U. urealyticum are described. Tetracyclines and erythromycin are active against most U. urealyticum strains and spectinomycin eradicates U. urealyticum from the urethra of 60-70% of men; optimal drug, dosage, and duration of therapy have not been determined. As part of the management of NGU, every attempt should be made to treat the patient's sex partner. NGU is generally a self-limited disease and even without therapy the consequences to the individual are slight.
Language: English
Keywords:
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | DISEASES | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | MEN | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Prevention and Control | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 016522

22.
Title: The demographic evidence for the incidence and cause of abnormally low fertility in tropical Africa.
Author: Caldwell JC; Caldwell P
Source: World Health Statistics Quarterly. Rapport Trimestriel de Statistiques Sanitaires Mondiales. 1983;36(1):2-34.
Abstract: This paper documents and seeks the causes of the abnormally low fertility observed in much of Central Africa. Demographic, ethnographic, historical, and other evidence suggests that some form of venereal disease, probably gonorrhea, is the main cause of both primary and secondary sterility, with cultural factors playing an important role. Oral tradition and evidence from demographic models indicate that sterility in Central Africa probably dates back no further than 100 years. Sterility is not related to the general level of health, frequency of infection, lack of medical care, or other indices of morbidity or mortality. Primary sterility is ethnic-specific and appears to be related to different attitudes toward adolescent sexual permissiveness. Secondary infertility is much more common. Most of Central Africa has a social tradition of prolonged female postpartum sexual abstinence during breastfeeding. This encourages men to go to prostitutes. The fact that secondary sterility is much more common than primary sterility suggests that sterility resulting from congenital venereal diseases is of little importance. The decline of sterility in the Belgian Congo after 1945 following a public health campaign based on penicillin indicated that sterility could be prevented but not reversed. The same pathogen may be responsible for high rates of primary sterility in some ethnic groups and substantial rates of secondary sterility in others, depending on the age at which females are 1st exposed.
Language: EnglishFrench
Keywords:
AFRICA | WOMEN'S STATUS | FERTILITY | FERTILITY RATE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | INFERTILITY | CULTURE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | RESEARCH REPORT | CHANGES | MEN | ABSTINENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | BREASTFEEDING | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Research Methodology
Document Number: 019593

23.
Title: Adolescent age and obstetric risk.
Author: Carey WB; McCann-Sanford T; Davidson EC Jr
Source: In: McAnarney ER, ed. Premature adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1983. :109-18. (Monographs in Neonatalogy)
Abstract: Current data indicate that the risk of maternal death is 60% higher for pregnant girls under age 15 than for women in their early 20s. Complications of pregnancy accentuated in this age group include: 1) pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) which is apparent in 15-40% of teenage pregnancies; 2) prematurity for which the highest incidence occurs in the 15 years and under age group and especially among nonwhite adolescents; 3) drug abuse and alcoholism with birth weight being an average of 400 gm less if the mother smokes 1 pack of cigarettes/day than if she does not smoke, and teratogenic potential with the use of marijuana; and 4) venereal disease; women with untreated syphilis have a risk of fetal infection and, if genital herpes is found in the infant there is a 50% mortality and morbidity rate. Pregnant adolescents need special prenatal care services to monitor these problems. In the period October 1978-December 1979 a project in Los Angeles accepted 124 pregnant adolescents (72 black, 49 Spanish, 3 white). Problems frequently found were anemia, age, vaginitis, unsure dates, size-date discrepancy, and late entry into the prenatal care program. During the study 97 patients were delivered: 78 had spontaneous vaginal deliveries, 12 by low forceps, 7 by cesarean section. The most frequent reason for induction of labor was PIH and for cesarean section was cephalopelvic disproportion. Complications of delivery consisted of endometritis in 4% and vaginal/perineal lacerations in 13%.
Language: English
Keywords:
ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | HYPERTENSION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AGE FACTORS | ANTENATAL CARE | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BIRTH WEIGHT | TOBACCO USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | INFANT, PREMATURE | FETAL DEATH | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cultural Background | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Infant | Youth | Mortality
Document Number: 016370

24.
Title: [Birth control in overseas countries] La regulation de la fecondite outre-mer.
Author: Cazenave JC; Courbil LJ; Barnaud P; Bertram P
Source: Medecine Tropicale. 1983 Jan-Feb;43(1):93-8.
Abstract: Conditions of medical practice in some developing countries, particularly in Francophone Africa, are not favorable for contraceptive prescription or patient surveillance. However, regular practice of family planning would facilitate screening and early treatment of such conditions as infertility and genital cancers. Paramedical teams should be instructed in the indications and use of methods suitable to their cultural contexts. Variations in the female life cycle in tropical Africa which may have a bearing on contraceptive use include the early and permissive sexual experience that may favor spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), the development of infertility due to STDs, or more generally attributable to poor hygiene, multiple pregnancies, heavy workloads, and parasite infestations that may occur in the years from adolescence to age 35; the increased incidence of luteal insufficiency after age 35; the premenopause, in which hormonal therapy may be more appropriate than contraception; and the postabortal and postpartum state, which require special measures to guard against infection and too early pregnancy. Contraceptive methods relevant to Africa include natural family planning methods, which may be helpful in diagnosing infertility; barrier and spermicide methods, which may be suitable for adolescents and persons with a satisfactory level of hygiene; chemical and hormonal methods including oral contraceptives (OCs), which should be limited to women who can use them correctly, micro pills, which may be unacceptable because of their effects on menstruation; the "morning after pill" of high estrogen doses which should only be used in exceptional circumstances; the trimonthly injection of slow-acting progestagens, which are appropriate for postpartum use, and IUDs, which are useful if contraindications are carefully respected. Indications for choice of method depend on a physical examination and careful patient history including a search for risk factors and genital infection. Spermicides and condoms are preferable for adolescents, and pills should not be prescribed until several menstrual cycles have been observed. All methods are good for women under 35 except long-acting progesterone injections. After 35, IUDs aggravate the normal physiological changes and should be avoided unless a hormonal correction is given in the 2nd part of the cycle. Injectable progesterone is perferable for postpartum and postabortal use.
Language: French
Keywords:
CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | AGE FACTORS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INFERTILITY | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | INJECTABLES | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCONCEPTION | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Puerperium | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 018944

25.
Title: Syphilis.
Author: Charles D
Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 Mar;26(1):125-37.
Abstract: The history, causative agent, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis are described. The causative agent, the spirochete Treponema pallidum, is not routinely grown on laboratory media. The lesion of primary syphilis is usually a painless genital ulcer but chances may appear at other sites. Most patients develop primary disease within 6 weeks of exposure, but the VDRL test is positive in only about 70% of patients with primary syphilis. Secondary syphilis occurs 6 weeks-6 months after the primary inoculation, may have a variety of manifestations, and is diagnosed by serologic studies that are always positive at that stage. Late syphilis develops in about 25% of patients not receiving adequate treatment. Reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis, 27,204 in 1980, and rate of infection/100,000 population, 12.0 in 1980, have been increasing although tertiary syphilis is infrequent. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex because of the interaction of the pathogen and host defense. Syphilis associated with pregnancy presents a special problem because of the risk of fetal infection, but congenital syphilis is preventable and the means for its control are available through public health clinics. Early congenital syphilis, which shows itself within the 1st 2 years, is an infectious life-threatening disease, while late congenital syphilis is usually asymptomatic and may not become manifest for decades. Dark-field microscopic examination is the only absolute diagnosis test for T. pallidum. The VDRL serologic test developed by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory is widely used as a screening measure, but its accuracy is not absolute. Other tests to confirm diagnoses are available or under development. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice, although alternative drugs are available for patients with allergies or other contraindications. Dosage schedules vary for different stages of the disease and for congenital syphilis. In all cases of early infectious syphilis the physician should endeavor to see that the source of the infection and those to whom it has been passed are also treated.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 013899

26.
Title: [Study of the sex life of Bangui high school students] Etude sur la vie sexuelle des jeunes lyceens de Bangui.
Author: Crabbe M
Source: Bangui, Central African Republic. Service de Sante Scolaire et Universitaire, 1983 Dec. 34 p.
Abstract: A questionnaire survey of sexual attitudes and practices was conducted among secondary school students in Bangui, Central African Republic, because of concern about the high pregnancy rate among students. 56 3rd year girls, 37 terminal girls, 46 3rd year boys, and 56 terminal boys formed the sample. Average ages were 17 years 11 months for 3rd year boys, 18 years 4 months for 3rd year girls, 21 years 9 months for terminal boys, and 21 years 2 months for terminal girls. Fewer than 1/2 of the sample lived with their parents. 15% of the girls lived with a finance and 5% with a husband. 33% of 3rd year and 39% of terminal girls were engaged, and over 95% wanted monogamous marriages. The average age at menarche was 13 years 9 months. 27% of 3rd year and 11% of terminal girls stated they were virgins. The 1st sexual intercourse occurred at an average age of 16 years 9 months for the 3rd year and 18 years for the terminal girls. The 1st partner was aged 23 years 6 months on average. 68% of 3rd year and 54% of terminal girls still saw their 1st partners. 24% of 3rd year and 27% of terminal students used contraception. 42% of 3rd year and 48% of terminal students had had at least 1 abortion. 82% of 3rd year and 85% of terminal students stated they had only 1 partner. The average age of male partners was 27 years. 15% of the 3rd year and 9% of terminal girls were pregnant at the time of the interview. 46% of 3rd year and 36% of terminal girls already had at least 1 living child. 65% of the girls wanted 5 or fewer children. All the males surveyed were single except 5% of terminal students. The average age at 1st intercourse was 15 years 9 months for 3rd year boys and 16 years 6 months for terminal students. 15% of 3rd year and 14% of terminal boys were still seeing their 1st sexual partners. 59% of 3rd year and 69% of terminal boys had more than 2 current partners. 7% of 3rd year and 31% of terminal boys already had children. 32% of 3rd year and 60% of terminal boys had had sexual transmitted diseases. 19% of 3rd year and 27% of terminal boys used contraception.
Language: French
Keywords:
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | STUDENTS | EDUCATION | IEC | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | MOTIVATION | KNOWLEDGE | BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | POPULATION | MARITAL STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | NUPTIALITY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | COITAL FREQUENCY | ABORTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Reproduction | Marriage | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 041815 Notification

27.
Title: Adolescents' questions about sex.
Author: Davis SM; Harris MB
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health Care. 1983 Dec;4(4):225-9.
Abstract: Male and female adolescents from urban and rural areas were given a chance to ask anonymous questions about sex. These questions were then used as the bases for subsequent presentations on sex education. Subjects were 185 female and 103 male students from 2 urban and 3 rural public schools, ranging in age from 11 to 18 years. There were 110 Anglos, 99 Hispanics, and 64 Native Americans. Students were asked to indicate their sex, age and ethnicity. The most popular categories of questions were reproduction, sexuality and contraception, followed by anatomy, venereal disease, pregnancy, abortion, vocabulary, hygiene, and other diseases. Younger adolescents asked significantly more questions in most categories than older ones. Girls asked significantly more total questions and ones concerning pregnancy, contraception and anatomy than boys. Students attending rural schools asked more questions about venereal disease than those in urban schools, but no other main effects of urban-rural location were found. There were no ethnic differences found. The adolescents' questions ranged from sophisticated to poignantly ignorant, suggesting that the strategy of adapting sex education sessions to fit the concerns of the specific adolescents involved might be valuable. A sample of questions asked by students is included in an appendix.
Language: English
Keywords:
SEX BEHAVIOR | NEEDS | INFORMATION | ADOLESCENTS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AGE FACTORS | RURAL POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | SEX EDUCATION | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | KNOWLEDGE | WHITES | HISPANICS | NATIVE AMERICANS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SURVEYS | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEX FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTION | ABORTION | HYGIENE | ANATOMY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Behavior | Economic Factors | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Cultural Background | Education | Schools | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Public Health | Health | Biology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 267917 Notification

28.
Title: Reproductive health management for the adolescent.
Author: Fathalla MF
Source: [Unpublished] 1983. 15 p. (BEL/7.83/8) Prepared for the International Planned Parenthood Federation International Consultation on Adolescent Fertility Regulation Services, Milan, Italy, 25-30 July 1983.
Abstract: Reproductive health problems associated with adolescence have assumed a large dimension in recent years. This is due to the following considerations: the increasing number of adolescents; the increasing length of the period of adolescence; the increasing sexual activity of adolescents; and the increasing number of births among adolescents. There are 3 main patterns of sexual behavior in the adolescent: premarital sex; early marriage; and abstinence. The different patterns predominate in different countries. Premarital sex is the predominant pattern in developed countries and some areas of the developing world, including parts of Latin America and the Caribbean. There is also evidence of a similar trend in other regions. Early marriage is a predominant pattern in many areas of the developing world, notably Asia and Africa. Abstinence and delayed marriage appear to be a declining pattern with the exception of China. Although the social dimensions vary widely, the reproductive health needs resulting from premarital or marital sex remain essentially the same: the need for contraceptive services to avoid an unwanted or unplanned pregnancy; the need for termination of an unwanted or unplanned pregnancy; the need for obstetric care; and the need to prevent or treat sexually transmitted disease. Focus here is on the need for obstetric care and the need to prevent or treat sexually transmitted disease. The medical risks of early childbearing may be minimized through adequate medical care, but the psychological and social consequences are more likely to persist as major factors. The strain of adjusting to parenthood may cause the teenage mother to develop psychological disturbance. Another psychological problem facing the young unmarried mother is the rejection or possible rejection by the community. The solution to this problem is often forced early marriage which frequently results in failure. The planned teenage marriage, more common in the traditional cultures, has a social impact on women which limits their education and career possibilities and predestines them to a longer and more taxing reproductive life than women who marry later. Biology poses a persistent minimum of reproductive risk with respect to age, but the level of this risk will vary and will be determined by socioeconomic conditions and adequacy of health care. Reasons for the widespread prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases are primarily social and relate to sexual behavior. The control of sexually transmitted diseases among young people involves more than diagnoses and antibiotic treatment. There is the issue of health education, and social issues also play an important role.
Language: English
Keywords:
ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTION | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | PARENTAL AGE | PREVALENCE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH EDUCATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Education
Document Number: 016974

29.
Title: Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Frank O
Source: New York, Population Council, Center for Policy Studies, June 1983. 107 p. (Population Council. Center for Policy Studies. Working Paper; No. 97)
Abstract: Anticipated future increases in the rates of growth of African populations would be heightened by declines in the levels of infertility. Infertility accounts for 60% of variation in total fertility and is associated with a loss of 1 child per woman on average in 18 sub-Saharan countries with relevant data. The single major cause of infertility in these countries, in all probability, is gonorrhea through tubal infection and occlusion in women. Failure to address the problem of infertility in the near term can ultimately delay Africa's fertility transition, because uncertainty in childbearing inhibits response to intrinsic and extrinsic pressures to reduce fertility goals. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
INFERTILITY | AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | FERTILITY | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TUBAL OCCLUSION | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | PREGNANCY | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE | ABSTINENCE | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | Reproduction | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Behavior | Nuptiality | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Management | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Research Methodology
Document Number: 016575

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Infertility in sub-Saharan Africa: estimates and implications.
Author: Frank O
Source: Population and Development Review. 1983 Mar;9(1):137-144.
Abstract: Anticipated future increases in the rates of growth of African populations would be heightened by declines in the levels of infertility. Infertility accounts for 60 percent of variation in total fertility and is associated with a loss of one child per woman on average in 18 sub-Saharan countries with relevant data. The single major cause of infertility in these countries, in all probability, is gonorrhea through tubal infection and occlusion in women. Failure to address the problem of infertility in the near term can ultimately delay Africa's fertility transition, because uncertainty in childbearing inhibits response to intrinsic and extrinsic pressures to reduce fertility goals. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INFERTILITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | STATISTICS | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GENETICS | ETHNIC GROUPS | Reproduction | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Genetics | Biology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 206350


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