1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Coerced sexual debut and lifetime abortion attempts among women in Rakai, Uganda. Author: Polis CB; Lutalo T; Wawer M; Serwadda D; Kigozi G; Nalugoda F; Kiwanuka N; Gray R Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Feb;104(2):105-109. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether reported coercion at sexual debut is associated with a greater lifetime risk of attempting an abortion among women in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS: Analysis of data from sexually experienced, ever-pregnant women in a longitudinal, population-based, open cohort study in 56 rural communities in Rakai, Uganda (n=4784). For univariate analysis, the t test was used for continuous variables and the Pearson chi(2) or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for potential confounding. RESULTS: Twenty percent of women reported coercion at sexual debut. Compared with women who reported consensual sexual debut, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of subsequent abortion attempts among coerced women was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.11-2.20). CONCLUSION: There is a need to protect women from sexual coercion, implement policies for prevention of violence, and provide comprehensive reproductive health care, including prevention of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ABORTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 330190 Notification |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: a cluster survey study. Author: Reza A; Breiding MJ; Gulaid J; Mercy JA; Blanton C; Mthethwa Z; Bamrah S; Dahlberg LL; Anderson M Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1966-72. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite concern, few studies have been done about sexual violence against girls younger than 18 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. We report the prevalence and circumstances of sexual violence in girls in Swaziland, and assess the negative health consequences. METHODS: We obtained data from a nationally representative sample of girls and women aged 13-24 years from selected households in Swaziland between May 15, 2007, and June 16, 2007, with a two-stage cluster design. The questionnaire examined demographics, type of sexual violence that took place before the respondent was 18 years of age, circumstances of the incident, and health-related conditions. Information was gathered from 1244 women and girls (response rate 96.3%), of whom 1242 provided retrospective responses to questions about sexual violence. We used regression models adjusted for relevant demographics to estimate the odds ratios for the associations between sexual violence and health-related conditions. FINDINGS: 33.2% (95% CI 29.9-36.7) of respondents reported an incident of sexual violence before they reached 18 years of age. The most common perpetrators of the first incident were men or boys from the respondent's neighbourhood (32.3% [28.8-36.1]) and boyfriends or husbands (26.2% [22.2-30.7]). The first incident most often took place in the respondent's own home (26.1% [21.6-31.2]). Sexual violence was associated with reported lifetime experience of sexually transmitted diseases (adjusted OR 3.69 [95% CI 1.78-7.66]), pregnancy complications or miscarriages (3.54 [1.47-8.55]), unwanted pregnancy (2.92 [1.87-4.55]), and self-report of feeling depressed (2.30 [1.70-3.11]). INTERPRETATION: Knowledge of the high prevalence of sexual violence against girls in Swaziland and its associated serious health-related conditions and behaviours should be used to develop effective prevention strategies. FUNDING: UNICEF. Language: English Keywords: SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | PREVALENCE | DEPRESSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Mental Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 341674 |
3.  Title: The Safe Schools program: a qualitative study to examine school-related gender-based violence in Malawi. Author: Centre for Educational Research and Training; DevTech Systems Source: [Washington, D.C.], DevTech Systems, 2008 Jan. [102] p. Abstract: The Safe Schools Program (Safe Schools) is a five-year project under the U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade, Office of Women in Development. The objective of Safe Schools is to create safe environments for both girls and boys that promote gender-equitable relationships and reduce school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) by working in partnership with children, youth, parents, teachers, schools and communities. This report summarizes the results of the participatory learning and action (PLA) research activity conducted in October and November 2005 to help raise awareness, involvement, and accountability at national, institutional, community and individual levels of SRGBV in the Machinga District in the Southern Region of Malawi. Altogether, 952 pupils participated in the PLA workshops. The focus group discussions included more than 2,000 participants. In addition, 370 key informants including traditional leaders, initiation counselors, members of school management committees and parent teacher associations, head teachers, government Primary Education Advisers, religious leaders, members of the school disciplinary committees (where these existed) and club patrons were interviewed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | STUDENTS | SCHOOLS | VIOLENCE | GENDER ISSUES | SAFETY | WORKSHOPS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 323698 |
| 4. Title: Sexual coercion and reproductive health outcomes among young females of Nekemte Town, South West Ethiopia. Author: Garoma S; Belachew T; Wondafrash M Source: Ethiopian Medical Journal. 2008 Jan;46(1):19-28. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess adverse outcomes and associated factors of sexual coercion among young females in Nekemte Town. METHODS: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A sample of 641 young females aged 10-24 years was taken from 3 sub-cities by systematic sampling procedure. Quantitative data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Six focus group discussions targeting different groups were held to capture qualitative data. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of sexual coercion was 101(15.8%). Compared to young females who did not report lifetime sexual coercion, victims of sexual coercion had significantly increased likelihood having more than one sexual partner during the last six months OR (95%CI): 3.4 (1.3, 8.7), unintended pregnancy OR (95%CI): 3.57 (1.5, 8.3) and more than one symptom of reproductive tract infections OR (95%CI): 2.4 (1.3, 8.7). In addition, victims of sexual coercion had significantly lower likelihood of using modern contraception OR (95%CI): 0.51 (0.2, 1.0), increased likelihood of reporting unintended pregnancy OR (95%CI): 3.4 (1.3, 8.9). CONCLUSION: Sexual coercion is a public health problem among young females in the study community due to its consequences on the physical, psychological and social well being. It is recommended that emerging program interventions on Reproductive Health, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS by various stakeholders need to take this problem into consideration in order to address the full context of young females' lives. Interventions targeting the social and behavioral factors leading to these problems need to be instituted to curb the problem. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Document Number: 328973 |
| 5. Title: "I thought . . . maybe this is my chance" Sexual abuse against girls and women with disabilities in Malawi. Author: Kvam MH; Braathen SH Source: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2008 Mar;20(1):5-24. Abstract: This article is based on a pilot study conducted in Malawi in 2006 that intended to uncover episodes of violence and abuse against women and girls with disabilities and furthermore to explore the mechanisms behind such acts. The stories of 23 women with disabilities were obtained through in-depth semistructured interviews that covered, among other topics, aspects of sexual abuse experienced by or known to these women. None of the informants reported having been sexually abused during childhood. In adulthood, several had experienced what they themselves defined as sexual abuse: Men came and wanted to "marry" them. When the woman became pregnant, the man disappeared and left her alone. The interviewees were very opinionated regarding this theme and sought both social and political action in this matter, especially a means to enforce men to take economic responsibility for their biological children. The informants stressed that adapted education for women with disabilities would allow them to become more economically independent and be better able to refuse the advances of unserious suitors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | NEEDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326925 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Legislating against sexual violence in Kenya: An interview with the Hon. Njoki Ndungu. Author: Association for Women's Rights in Development Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2007 May;15(29):149-154. Abstract: Sexual violence is rampant in Kenya and the law was not adequately dealing with it. This is an interview by the Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) with the Hon. Njoki Ndungu, a Member of the Kenyan Parliament. It is about the history of the development and passage of the Sexual Offences Act, which came into law in Kenya in July 2006. The law contains 14 offences; it has created minimum sentences and criminalised sexual harassment. The media and radio stations had a big role in getting everyone talking about the issues, and support was widespread. Women's organisations and women's rights advocates played an important role, including lobbying members of Parliament, but there were some disagreements about tactics, such as whether demonstrations to support the bill were a good idea or not. The opposition claimed the bill would encourage women to make false rape allegations. As a way to discredit it, they also falsely claimed that it would legalise same-sex relations and abortion. Work is now in progress on a curriculum for training the police, public administration and judiciary on the new Act and its application, as well as a public awareness programme aimed at encouraging people to report incidents of sexual violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | CRITIQUE | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | VIOLENCE | LEGISLATION | ADVOCACY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Communication Document Number: 313521 |
| 7. Title: Exploring sexuality: a journey towards embracing sexual rights. Author: Centre for Rights Education and Awareness [CREAW]; University of Nairobi. School of Law Source: Nairobi, Kenya, CREAW, [2007]. 42 p. (Youth Perspective Series 1) Abstract: This study was carried out between March and May 2006 as a joint project of the Center for Rights Education and Awareness (CREAW) and the School of Law, University of Nairobi and sought to address the following questions: What are the levels and sources of awareness on sexuality and sexuality-related rights among students at the School of Law in particular and the University of Nairobi in general? What is the nature and extent of sexuality-related rights' violations among students and staff at the School of Law? To what extent do both the law curricula and the university's administrative policies and practices address sexuality issues and sexuality-related rights? What are the prevailing perceptions, attitudes and practices among both students and staff at the School of Law in regard to sexuality and sexuality-related rights? What ought to be done to empower students at the School of Law in particular and University of Nairobi in general, to claim and protect their sexuality-related rights? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | QUESTIONNAIRES | DATA COLLECTION | YOUTH | STUDENTS | RESPONDENTS | SEXUALITY | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | GENDER ISSUES | LAWS AND STATUTES | SEX EDUCATION | RAPE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 321134 |
| 8. Title: Sexual harassment against nurses in Turkey. Author: Celik Y; Celik SS Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2007 Jun;39(2):200-206. Abstract: The purpose was to identify the prevalence and sources of sexual harassment against nurses in Turkey, its consequences, and factors affecting harassment experiences. Descriptive survey. Participants (N=622 ) were selected from nurses working in eight Ministry of Health hospitals in Turkey. Participants were surveyed with a Sexual Harassment Questionnaire, consisting of the sociodemographic characteristics of participants, types of sexual harassment, sources, feelings, ramifications, and ways to cope with sexual harassment behaviors. Frequency and percentage distributions, chi-square, and logistic regression were used for data analysis. The results showed 37.1% of participants had been harassed sexually. Physicians were identified as the primary instigators of sexual harassment. The most common reactions against harassers were anger and fear; frequently reported negative effects of sexual harassment were disturbed mental health function, decline in job performance, and headache. "Did nothing" was the coping method used most commonly by the nurses. About 80% of sexually harassed nurses did not report the incident of sexual harassment to hospital administration. The lower working status and power of nurses in the workplace, poor working conditions in healthcare settings, and insufficient administrative mechanisms, including the present law and regulations against sexual harassers, were identified as important factors in the work environment in Turkey. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | NURSES AND NURSING | PHYSICIANS | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | WORKPLACE | EMOTIONS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Population Document Number: 320965 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Experiences of sexual harassment of women health workers in four hospitals in Kolkata, India. Author: Chaudhuri P Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2007 Sep;15(30):221-229. Abstract: In 1997, the Supreme Court of India recognised sexual harassment in the workplace as a violation of human rights. However, little is known about the extent or persistence of sexual harassment. To obtain an understanding of women's experiences of sexual harassment in the health sector, an exploratory study was undertaken in 2005-2006 among 135 women health workers, including doctors, nurses, health care attendants, administrative and other non-medical staff working in two government and two private hospitals in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Four types of experiences were reported by the 77 women who had experienced 128 incidents of sexual harassment: verbal harassment (41), psychological harassment (45), sexual gestures and exposure (15), and unwanted touch (27). None of the women reported rape, attempted rape or forced sex but a number of them knew of other women health workers who had experienced these. The women who had experienced harassment were reluctant to complain, fearing for their jobs or being stigmatised, and most were not aware of formal channels for redress. Experiences of sexual harassment reflected the obstacles posed by power imbalances and gender norms in empowering women to make a formal complaint, on the one hand, and receive redress on the other. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | WORKPLACE | POWER | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Gender Issues | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 321386 |
| 10. Title: Correlates of suicidal ideation and attempt among female sex workers in China. Author: Hong Y; Li X; Fang X; Zhao R Source: Health Care for Women International. 2007 May;28(5):490-505. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempt among female sex workers (FSWs) in China. A cross-sectional survey was administered among 454 FSWs in a rural county of Guangxi, China. About 14% of FSWs had thought of suicide and 8% had attempted suicide in the past 6 months. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that those FSWs who were dissatisfied with life, abused alcohol, were deceived or forced into commercial sex, and had stable sexual partners were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Female sex workers who had multiple stable partners, experienced sexual coercion, and worried about an inability to make enough money were more likely to report a suicide attempt. These FSWs who entered commercial sex because of financial needs or who were influenced by the peers were less likely to report a suicide attempt. Our data suggested that the rates of suicidal ideation and attempts were high among FSWs in China, and there were multiple factors associated with their suicidality. Future health education and promotion efforts among FSWs need to take into consideration substance abuse, interpartner conflict, and psychological stress. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | SLAVES | SUICIDE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317701 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Nonconsensual sexual experiences of adolescents in urban India. Author: Jaya J; Hindin MJ Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Jun;40(6):573.e7-573.e14. Abstract: Research from developing countries suggests that nonconsensual sexual experiences are common, yet these experiences remain understudied. We describe the prevalence and factors associated with nonconsensual sexual experiences of unmarried adolescents (583 boys and 474 girls), ages 15-19 years, from economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Delhi, India. We also describe their reports of perpetrators. Thirty-two percent of boys and 42% of girls reported being touched against their will. After multivariate adjustment, both boys and girls who had ever worked (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76, p = .05 and OR = 1.79, p = .004, respectively) and those who had a friend of the opposite gender (OR = 3.64, p = .0001 and OR = 2.19, p = .0001, respectively) were more likely to report the experience. The most commonly reported perpetrators were female friends for boys (60%) and strangers for girls (93%). Fifteen percent of boys and 3% of girls reported that someone forcibly tried to have a physical relationship with them. Boys who had ever worked (OR = 3.73, p = .007) were more likely to report the experience. Both boys and girls who had a friend of the opposite sex were more likely to report attempted forced physical relationship (OR = 3.73, p = .0001 and OR = 3.41, p = .03, respectively). The most commonly reported perpetrators were female friends for boys (72%) and neighbors (60%) for girls. Nonconsensual sex is a common experience for these adolescents and there are important gender differences in experience and type of perpetrator. The findings underscore the need to develop programs that enable young people to prevent and cope with nonconsensual sexual experiences. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | NEVER MARRIED | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | SEX FACTORS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies Document Number: 317080 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: The use of cyberpornography by young men in Hong Kong: Some psychosocial correlates. Author: Lam CB; Chan DK Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2007 Aug;36(4):588-598. Abstract: This study examined the prevalence of online pornography viewing and its psychosocial correlates among a sample of young Chinese men in Hong Kong. A total of 229 participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure their online pornography viewing, peer and parental influences, openness to experience, and various types of sex-related attitudes. Results showed that online pornography viewing was common and was strongly associated with peer influence and susceptibility to peer pressure. Moreover, participants who reported to have more online pornography viewing were found to score higher on measures of premarital sexual permissiveness and proclivities toward sexual harassment. Conceptual and applied implications of these findings are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MEN | INTERNET | SEX FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PEER PRESSURE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Networks | Communication | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313745 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of and risk factors for sexual victimization in college women in Chile. Author: Lehrer JA; Lehrer VL; Lehrer EL; Oyarzun PB Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2007;33(4):168-175. Abstract: To date, no quantitative studies have examined the prevalence or correlates of sexual violence among college students in Chile. An anonymous survey with questions on gender-based violence, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and childhood experiences with violence was administered to students at a major public university in Santiago. Descriptive statistics were generated to determine the prevalence and context of sexual victimization experienced by female students, and ordered logit models were used to identify associated risk factors. Nine percent of subjects reported that the most severe form of undesired sexual contact they had experienced since age 14 was rape; 6% indicated attempted rape and 16% another form of sexual victimization. Seventeen percent of subjects reported having experienced some form of undesired sexual contact in the past 12 months alone. Alcohol or other drugs had been used in most cases of rape or attempted rape, by the victim (6%), the perpetrator (9%) or both (56%). In four sequential models, factors associated with increased odds of victimization included low parental education (Model 1) and childhood sexual abuse (Models 3 and 4); the association between witnessing domestic violence and victimization attained marginal significance (Model 2). Attending religious services during adolescence was associated with reduced odds of victimization (Models 1 and 2). Childhood sexual abuse was the only factor associated with victimization when all variables were included. A substantial proportion of young women in the sample reported experiences of rape, attempted rape or other forms of forced sexual contact, indicating a need for further attention to this public health problem in Chile. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | STUDENTS | RISK FACTORS | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323662 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Coerced first sexual intercourse and selected reproductive health outcomes among young women in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Author: Maharaj P; Munthree C Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Mar;39(2):231-244. Abstract: Coercion may play an important role in compelling young women to engage in sexual intercourse at an early age. With a decline in age at first intercourse and increased reporting of coercive first sex, concerns of adverse reproductive health outcomes such as unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, have become important issues, particularly in the context of a high HIV prevalence. This paper uses data collected in 2001 from the second round of a longitudinal study of 1130 sexually experienced young women in KwaZulu-Natal to investigate the relationship between coerced first intercourse and selected reproductive health outcomes and behaviours. Nearly 46% of all sexually experienced young women had reported that their first sexual encounter had been coerced. Young women who reported being coerced at first sex were significantly more likely to be Black and living in an urban area. Those who had been coerced at first sex were also more likely to report having had an STI and having experienced unintended pregnancy, than those who had not been coerced at first sex. Coercion at first sex is an important social and public health problem that has a serious impact on the reproductive health and behaviours of young women. Interventions should directly address the issue of sexual coercion by ensuring young women are aware of their reproductive rights. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERVENTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Document Number: 308425 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in youth reports of sexual solicitations, harassment and unwanted exposure to pornography on the Internet. Author: Mitchell KJ; Wolak J; Finkelhor D Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Feb;40(2):116-126. Abstract: This study was designed to track trends in reports of unwanted sexual solicitations, harassment, and unwanted exposure to pornography via the Internet between 2000 and 2005 across various demographic sub-groups of youth. Cross-sectional data was collected in two equivalent national telephone surveys of 1500 Internet users, ages 10 through 17 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine whether the percentage of youth reporting specific unwanted Internet experiences had changed in 2005, as compared with 2000. The overall incidence and 5-year trends of reporting unwanted sexual solicitations, harassment, and unwanted exposure to pornography varied by age, gender, race, and household income. In particular, the decline in the percentage of youth reporting sexual solicitations was apparent for both boys and girls, all age groups, but not among minority youth and those living in less affluent households. The increase in harassment among particular sub-groups of youth was largely explained by increases in amount of Internet use over the past five years. The increase in unwanted exposure to pornography was particularly apparent among 10- to 12-year-olds, 16- to 17-year-olds, boys, and White, non-Hispanic youth. The decline in the percentage of youth reporting sexual solicitations may be the effect of education and law enforcement activity on this issue in the intervening years. Targeted prevention efforts for minority youth and those living in less affluent households need to be developed. The rise in unwanted pornography exposure may reflect technological changes such as digital photography, faster Internet connections and computer storage capacities, as well as the more aggressive marketing strategies of pornography merchants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | INTERNET | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | EXPOSURE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Networks | Communication | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Factors | Biology Document Number: 312096 |
| 16. Title: Peace, Jane and hope. Author: Mukasa KK Source: Art'ishake. 2007 Winter-Spring;(5):16-20. Abstract: The following stories were written by Kaya Kagimu Mukasa, a female student in primary school in Bundibugyo District in response to a call for stories about girls' experiences related to staying in school. The call was part of 2005 World AIDS Day celebrations in the district. The stories are submitted to art'ishake by Kenneth Mukwaba Mulondo from Uganda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PRINTED MEDIA | EDUCATION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | POVERTY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mass Media | Communication | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 314997 |
| 17. Title: Sexual behaviours and reproductive health knowledge among in-school young people with disabilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Olaleye AO; Anoemuah OA; Ladipo OA; Delano GE; Idowu GF Source: Health Education. 2007;107(2):208-218. Abstract: The paper seeks to explore sexual behaviours and reproductive health knowledge among in-school young people with disabilities (PWD) in Ibadan, Nigeria. In the paper a structured questionnaire was administered to 103 randomly selected PWD, aged ten to 25, from four integrated secondary schools in Ibadan. The data were collected through face-to-face interview. Five categories of disability included were hearing and speech, sight, speech, intellectual, and physical disabilities. The paper finds that 57 percent of the sample were females and 43 percent were males. Of the 36 (35 percent) respondents who were sexually active, 17 did not give a definite reason for their sexual initiation, nine were influenced by peers, five were "experimenting" with sex, four were raped, while one person began sexual activity for monetary gains. A total of 17 percent of the respondents had either procured abortion or been involved in the procurement of abortion for a sexual partner. In total 28 percent of the sample reported ever being raped. In total, 43 percent had been fondled, kissed, or caressed, against their wishes. Knowledge of contraceptives was reported by 40 percent. A total of 23 percent had never used condoms, while 6 percent were consistent condom users. Half of the respondents had heard about HIV/AIDS, 9 percent had tested for HIV, while 16 percent reported previous episodes of sexually transmitted infections. In total, 70 percent did not know where they could access reproductive health services. The paper shows that there is an urgent need to develop specific programs for young people with disabilities, especially for those in schools, to address knowledge and behaviour issues regarding reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RAPE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | ABORTION | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 312664 Notification |
| 18. Title: Is the Internet the source? [editorial] Author: Rickert VI; Ryan O Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Feb;40(2):104-105. Abstract: Public perception of deleterious youth experiences on the Internet has been largely shaped by sensationalist mass media coverage. However, research conducted by the Crimes against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire tells a story that seemingly contradicts the lurid picture painted by tabloids and cable news outlets. Over the past five years, the Center has conducted two national, cross-sectional telephone surveys of youths and their caretakers to determine the incidence of unwanted sexual solicitation, harassment, and unwanted exposure to pornography experienced by adolescents. The overall incidence and five-year trends are presented in this issue of the Journal by Mitchell et al. These findings help provide some insight into the murky elements of Internet exploitation nationwide, yet do not construct a comprehensive image of youth on the Internet. In comparing data between 2000 and 2005, Mitchell et al found, among other things, a significant decline in the overall percentage of youth reporting unwanted sexual solicitations. This finding did not apply to minority youth or youth from lower income households when considered separately. Solicitations characterized as being "aggressive" (those most likely to evolve into a crime) remained static. Girls were more likely than boys to report sexual solicitation, and, finally, the number of youth who reported they harassed others while online doubled. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW HAMPSHIRE | CRITIQUE | SURVEYS | INCIDENCE | YOUTH | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | INTERNET | EXPOSURE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Risk Factors | Biology | Diseases Document Number: 312094 |
| 19. Title: Risk factors for victimization in romantic relationships of young women: A review of empirical studies and implications for prevention. Author: Vezina J; Hebert M Source: Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 2007 Jan;8(1):33-66. Abstract: This article reviews the literature on risk factors for victimization in romantic relationships of adolescent girls and young adult women. The review includes 61 empirical studies published between 1986 and 2006 that have investigated risk factors for sustained psychological, sexual, and physical violence in romantic relationships of young women ages 12 to 24. An ecological approach is used as a conceptual model to review risk factors into four categories: sociodemographic factors, individual factors (personal and interpersonal), environmental factors (family, community, and peers), and contextual factors (linked to the romantic relationship). Methodological limitations of the studies in terms of measurement issues, samples studied, research designs, and underlying conceptual models are discussed. Finally, implications for prevention programming are considered. Recommendations are presented about which clientele should be targeted, which risk factors should be considered, and when programs should be implemented. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | INTERVENTIONS | IMPLEMENTATION | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322516 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Do condoms cause rape and mayhem? The long-term effects of condoms in New South Wales’ prisons. Author: Yap L; Butler T; Richters J; Kirkwood K; Grant L Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007 Jun;83(3):219-222. Abstract: Concerns raised by opponents to condom provision in prisons have not been objectively examined and the issue continues to be debated. The long-term effects of the introduction of condoms and dental dams into New South Wales (NSW) prisons in 1996 was examined, focusing on particular concerns raised by politicians, prison officers, prison nurses and prisoners. These groups were worried that (a) condoms would encourage prisoners to have sex, (b) condoms would lead to an increase in sexual assaults in prisons, (c) prisoners would use condoms to hide and store drugs and other contraband and (d) prisoners would use condoms as weapons. Data sources included the NSW Inmate Health Survey (IHS) from 1996 and 2001 and official reports from the NSW Department of Corrective Services. The 1996 IHS involved 657 men and 132 women randomly selected from all prisons, with a 90% response rate. The 2001 survey involved 747 men and 167 women inmates, with an 85% response rate. There was a decrease in reports of both consensual male-to-male sex and male sexual assaults 5 years after the introduction of condoms into prisons in 1996. The contents of condom kits were often used for concealing contraband items and for other purposes, but this was not associated with an increase in drug injecting in prison. Only three incidents of a condom being used in assaults on prison officers were recorded between 1996 and 2005; none was serious. There exists no evidence of serious adverse consequences of distributing condoms and dental dams to prisoners in NSW. Condoms are an important public health measure in the fight against HIV and sexually transmitted diseases; they should be made freely available to prisoners as they are to other high-risk groups in the community. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | PRISONS | CONDOMS | ATTITUDES | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | RAPE | LONGTERM EFFECTS | SAFER SEX | Developed Countries | Oceania | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior Document Number: 317646 |
| 21. Title: Addressing gender-based violence through USAID'S health programs: a guide for health sector program officers. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Interagency Gender Working Group Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, 2006 Jul. 49 p. Abstract: Research demonstrates that gender-based violence has implications for almost every aspect of health policy and programming, from primary care to reproductive health programs. Not only do women experience substantial morbidity and mortality as a result of physical and sexual violence, but violence exacerbates other health conditions, including HIV transmission. Increasingly, donors have been addressing violence against women in their health policy and programming portfolios. Indeed, a recent strategic assessment of USAID's global health work revealed that USAID already invests substantial resources in preventing and responding to gender-based violence as a public health issue--albeit in a decentralized way. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | VIOLENCE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | RISK FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH POLICY | YOUTH PROGRAMS | HUMAN RIGHTS | MONITORING | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Biology | Health | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 310866 |
| 22. Title: Engaging boys and men to empower girls: reflections from practice and evidence of impact. Author: Barker G Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), in collaboration with UNICEF, Expert Group Meeting: Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination and Violence against the Girl Child, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, Italy, 25-28 September 2006. 10 p. (EGM/DVGC/2006/EP.3) Abstract: This text will reflect about the ways boys are socialized to see girls and women as sexually subservient and document lessons learned from some of the emerging experiences in engage boys and men in empowering girls and women in diverse settings. It will draw in part on research and program development as part of Promundo's direct work in low income areas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and our research and technical assistance and partnerships in other settings, including India, and sub-Saharan Africa. It will also draw on the preliminary results of a review we recently carried out with WHO on program interventions with men and boys in promoting gender equality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | WOMEN | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | PHYSICAL ABUSE | BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | INTERVENTIONS | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence Document Number: 312497 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Women fighting violence in war-torn societies. Author: Caliskan S; Griese K Source: Development. 2006 Mar;49(1):127-131. Abstract: Medica mondiale was founded in 1992 during the war in Bosnia to try to protect and support the women who endured ongoing mass rapes in the armed conflict. Together with local women, the medica mondiale team and others set up a multi-ethnic therapy centre under war-conditions for traumatized women and girls who were affected by war-rape-trauma to give them and their children short- and medium-term assistance by specially trained female Bosnian experts. The experiences from war and its consequences of traumatization for women's bodies and souls led them to build up further interdisciplinary projects in Kosova, Albania and AFG, with the aim to support women in war-affected societies and develop at the same time a women's rights infrastructure. With the project fund, medica mondiale additionally support women's NGO's that work with war-rape survivors in their own countries like, for example, in Northern Iraq, Banda Aceh, Uganda, India (Gujarat), Sudan, Turkey, and Mexico. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | WOMEN | WAR | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | ADVOCACY | LAWS AND STATUTES | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 319984 |
| 24. Title: Waiting opportunities: adolescent girls experiences of gender-based violence at schools. Author: Haffejee S Source: [Johannesburg], South Africa, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Gender-based Violence Programme, 2006 Sep. 24 p. Abstract: Research studies show that adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment and gender-based violence. The effects of such abuse are far reaching, impacting on adolescent girls' mental and physical health as well as on their acade performance. Finding effective ways to prevent such violence is a priority. This research brief presents findings from an exploratory study conducted with adolescent girls at nine schools in Gauteng. The study sought to understand their experiences in heterosexual interpersonal relationships, their perspectives on gender-based violence and the gender issues they confront at school. Findings suggest a prevalence of sexual harassment and violence at school as well as an alarmingly high rate of violence within adolescent relationships. The study also investigated the availability of interventions on gender-based violence (GBV) at schools and revealed a dearth of such efforts, with adolescents receiving minimal to no information on gender-based violence. At the schools where this research was conducted, adolescent girls expressed a strong need for interventions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SCHOOLS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SIDE EFFECTS | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases Document Number: 312711 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Increased sexual risk taking behavior among Swedish female university students: repeated cross-sectional surveys. Author: Larsson M; Tyden T Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2006 Jul;85(8):966-970. Abstract: The aim of this study was to perform a repeated cross-sectional study of female university students' sexual and contraceptive behavior, as well as experiences of pornography and sexual harassment and compare the findings with those from earlier studies. Waiting-room questionnaires to female university students (n = 315) visiting a Student Health Centre in Sweden. Similar investigations had been performed earlier, which enabled comparisons. Almost all women (98%) had experienced intercourse and giving oral sex (94%). Condoms were most often used at first intercourse (72%) and combined oral contraceptives at latest intercourse (67%). The ever use of emergency contraceptive pills had increased from 22% to 52% over five years and there was a tendency towards more risk-taking behavior with more sexual partners (mean 5.4 in 1999 and mean 7.4 in 2004), more experience of first-date intercourse without a condom (37-45%), and more self-reported sexually transmitted infections (14-21%). The proportion of women who had undergone an abortion remained stable (6%) and fewer women reported ever being sexually harassed in 2004 compared to 1999. In conclusion, contraceptive use remained stable over time, but there was a trend towards more risky sexual behavior with more sexual partners, more unprotected first-date intercourse, and more self-reported sexually transmitted infections. Induced abortions, however, had not increased, but the use of emergency contraceptive pills had more than doubled in the five years between 1999 and 2004. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | STUDENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 303616 |
| 26. Title: Women and work in the garment industry. Cambodia. Author: Makin J Source: Phnom Penh, Cambodia, International Labour Organization [ILO], Better Factories Cambodia, 2006. [67] p. Abstract: The ILO Better Factories Cambodia program has been monitoring garment factories in Cambodia since 2001. Despite improvements during that time, there remain areas which require further investigation and clarification. This study was designed to provide more detailed data on critical issues identified, but not fully covered, in ILO factory monitoring reports, that are of particular concern to women workers. The results of the survey should enable better policy and program responses on these issues to improve the well-being of women workers whilst improving productivity and quality. The study consisted of a survey designed to explore workers' and managers' knowledge, attitudes and practices around a number of issues: health and nutrition, breastfeeding and childcare, personal security, harassment including sexual harassment, and workplace relations and dispute resolution. The survey instruments were designed following a series of Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) discussion sessions with workers and HR/admin managers. Following the survey, the results of the survey were presented and discussed to obtain more detail and clarification in focus group discussions with workers and managers. A total of 981 workers and 80 HR/admin managers participated in the surveys. The key findings from the survey were presented at a consultative workshop attended by over 80 Cambodian and foreign representatives of unions, factories, employer organisations, government, NGOs and international organisations. The participants made several recommendations based on the main research findings, which raise additional issues for policy and program development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WORKERS | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | BREASTFEEDING | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | CONFLICT RESOLUTION | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Human Rights | Public Health Document Number: 319262 |
| 27. Title: Programming to address violence against women: 10 case studies. Author: Melek M; Albrectsen AB; Agduk M; Bojorquez N; Cordoba A Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2006. 93 p. Abstract: During the UNFPA Global Meeting in December 2004, a number of country offices reviewed their success in implementing UNFPA-supported projects to address violence against women. Some of these experiences were local adaptations of these model standards and strategies. To build upon lessons discussed at the global meeting, UNFPA, with support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), launched a review of ten projects to identify what works in terms of programming to address violence against women, particularly in terms of community ownership and programme sustainability. The result is this publication. It is one of a series of booklets, including 'Culture Matters', 'Working from Within' and '24 Tips for Culturally Sensitive Programming' produced as part of UNFPA's Culture Initiative, which started in 2002 with funding from the SDC and the German Government. Other products include a training manual that is being used to train UNFPA staff and build capacity within UNFPA on culturally sensitive approaches in programming areas including reproductive rights and health, HIV/AIDS, and female genital mutilation/cutting. This publication is a joint effort of UNFPA's Technical Support Division--the Culture, Gender and Human Rights Branch--and its Geographic Divisions. Country offices in Bangladesh, Colombia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Romania, Sierra Leone and Turkey gave their full support in providing information to the research team leader and the national and international consultants who reviewed, analysed and documented the country projects. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MAURITANIA | ROMANIA | SIERRA LEONE | MOROCCO | COLOMBIA | KENYA | TURKEY | MEXICO | BANGLADESH | GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | NURSE-MIDWIVES | RAPE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Africa, Eastern | North America | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Diseases Document Number: 312499 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender role beliefs at sexual debut: qualitative evidence from two Brazilian cities. [Creencias sobre el rol de género en la primera relación sexual: evidencia cualitativa de dos ciudades brasileñas] Author: Moore AM Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2006 Mar;32(1):45-51. Abstract: Culturally based beliefs about gender roles influence women's sexual behavior and their ability to protect themselves from unwanted sexual experiences. Studying the beliefs that influence women's behavior at sexual debut helps contextualize unwanted sexual intercourse. Twenty-four focus groups on women's beliefs about gender roles at sexual debut were conducted in 2002 with low- and middle-income women aged 18--21 and 30--39 who were recruited from public and private venues in Recife, capital of Pernambuco, and Belo Horizonte, capital of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data were analyzed for common themes, and quotations were chosen to illustrate those themes. Focus group participants perceived that men have an urgent need for sex. This perception caused women to fear abandonment, anger or violence if they refused to have sex with their partner. The participants believed that women had to act passive the first time they had sex because taking the initiative (for example, by asking their partner to practice contraception) would lead him to accuse them of having previous sexual experience. Also, they believed they had to say no to sex under all circumstances to protect their reputation. To decrease the occurrence of unwanted intercourse, interventions must address the social expectations that influence men's and women's sexual behavior. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Las creencias basadas en la cultura sobre los roles de género influyen en la conducta sexual de las mujeres y en su capacidad para protegerse de experiencias sexuales no deseadas. El estudio de las creencias que influyen en la conducta de la mujer en su primera experiencia sexual ofrece un contexto para las relaciones sexuales no deseadas. Se organizaron 24 grupos específicos sobre los roles de género en la primera relación sexual en el año 2002 con mujeres de ingresos bajos y medios de 18 a 21 años y de 30 a 39 años, reclutadas en centros públicos y privados de Recife, capital de Pernambuco y Belo Horizonte, capital de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se analizaron temas comunes en los datos y se escogieron citas para ilustrar dichos temas. Las participantes en los grupos específicos percibían que los hombres sentían una necesidad imperiosa en relación con el sexo. Esta percepción induce a las mujeres a temer el abandono, la ira o la violencia si se niegan a mantener relaciones sexuales con sus parejas. Las participantes creen que las mujeres deben actuar pasivamente la primera vez que tienen una relación sexual ya que tomar la iniciativa (por ejemplo, pidiendo a sus parejas que tomen medidas anticonceptivas) les provocaría que las acusaran de haber tenido una experiencia sexual previa. Además, creían que tenían que negarse a mantener una relación en cualquier circunstancia para proteger su reputación. Para disminuir la frecuencia de relaciones sexuales no deseadas, las intervenciones deben abordar las expectativas sociales que influyen en la conducta sexual de los hombres y las mujeres. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | FEMALE ROLE | SEX BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 301905 |
| 29. Title: Perceptions and reflections on sexual harassment in Jamaica. Author: Tindigarukayo J Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2006 May;7(4):90-110. Abstract: Within the context of gender inequality that pertains to the Caribbean region generally, this study examines and analyzes two surveys on sexual harassment in Jamaica. The first survey was conducted in June/July 1999 by the Committee against Sexual Harassment at the Workplace, intended to solicit information from public sector employees on their perception and opinions on sexual harassment at work place. The second survey was conducted among 44 organization in Jamaica during the month of January 2005 by the author, in association with the Bureau of Women's Affairs of the Government of Jamaica, intended to attain three objectives: to ascertain whether or not these organizations had a policy, code or committee to deal with sexual harassment; to establish the practices or policies used to address sexual harassment in these organisations; and to measure the level of support for enactment of a legislation on sexual harassment in Jamaican organisations. Despite some basic differences, the main findings from both surveys were comparable. First, in both surveys, respondents had the same general definitions of sexual harassment. Second, both surveys suggested that any law enacted on sexual harassment should protect both men and women. Third, both surveys indicated that punishment was essential in serving as deterrence to sexual harassment. Finally, both surveys were in favour of legislation that would address sexual harassment expressly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | INEQUALITIES | ORGANIZATIONS | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Crime | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 320013 |
| 30. Title: Trading sex: voluntary or coerced? The experiences of homeless youth. Author: Tyler KA; Johnson KA Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2006 Aug;43(3):208-216. Abstract: This study examined the circumstances surrounding a homeless youth's "decision" to trade sex for food, money, shelter, or drugs. Forty homeless youth in 4 Midwestern states participated in individual, in-depth qualitative interviews. Interviewers recruited youth through both service agencies and street outreach. The findings revealed that approximately one third of the sample had some experience with trading sex, whether it was in the form of having traded sex, having been propositioned to trade sex but having refused, or having friends or acquaintances that had traded sex. Young people's reports indicated that they had traded sex for things they deemed necessary in order to survive (i.e., food, shelter, money, or drugs) and that they did not want to trade sex, but did so because they were desperate and lacked alternatives. Additionally, others were coerced, manipulated, or forced to do so, indicating that the decision to trade sex is not always voluntary. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of cumulative effects on youths' later development. Directions for future research among this population are also discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEBRASKA | YOUTH | STREET KIDS | SEX WORKERS | DECISION MAKING | QUALITY OF LIFE | FOOD SUPPLY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 314287 |
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