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Title: Traveling child-sex offenders in South East Asia: a regional review.
Author: Child Wise
Source: South Melbourne, Australia, Child Wise, 2009 Mar. 39 p.
Abstract: This is the third edition of this compendium of information about the sexual exploitation of children in tourism destinations throughout South East Asia. The report provides a regional overview of child sex tourism in South East Asia along with national reports from all 10 countries in the region. It also provides an update on the successful ASEAN Regional Education Campaign and a brief summary of the key findings from a situational analysis of hotline reporting numbers in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | TRAVELERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | STREET KIDS | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | CRIME | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia | Developing Countries | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 342036

Title: Handbook on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.
Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre
Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [74] p.
Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of the Child, the main international instrument for protecting children's rights, is supplemented by two optional protocols. One addresses the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and the other the involvement of children in armed conflict. This handbook addresses the former issue. The publication describes the genesis, scope, and content of the protocol and provides examples of measures taken by governments to fulfill their obligations under this protocol.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | SOCIAL PROTECTION | TREATIES | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | VIOLENCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 331375

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues.
Author: Babu BV; Kar SK
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:129.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence against women is now widely recognised as an important public health problem, owing to its health consequences. Violence against women among many Indian communities on a regularly basis goes unreported. The objective of this study is to report the prevalence and other related issues of various forms of domestic violence against women from the eastern zone of India. METHODS: It is a population-based study covering both married women (n = 1718) and men (n = 1715) from three of the four states of Eastern India selected through a systematic multistage sampling strategy. Interviews were conducted using separate pre-piloted structured questionnaires for women (victimization) and men (perpetration). Women were asked whether their husband or any other family members committed violent acts against them. And men were asked whether they had ever perpetrated violent acts against their wives. Three principle domestic violence outcome variables (physical, psychological and sexual violence) were determined by response to a set of questions for each variable. In addition, data on socio-economic characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics, bi- and multivariate analyses were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual and any form of violence among women of Eastern India were 16%, 52%, 25% and 56% respectively. These rates reported by men were 22%, 59%, 17% and 59.5% respectively. Men reported higher prevalence of all forms of violence apart from sexual violence. Husbands were mostly responsible for violence in majority of cases and some women reported the involvement of husbands' parents. It is found that various acts of violence were continuing among majority of women who reported violence. Some socio-economic characteristics of women have significant association with the occurrence of domestic violence. Urban residence, older age, lower education and lower family income are associated with occurrence of domestic violence. Multivariate logistic regressions revealed that the physical violence has significant association with state, residence (rural or urban), age and occupation of women, and monthly family income. Similar associations are found for psychological violence (with residence, age, education and occupation of the women and monthly family income) and sexual violence (with residence, age and educational level of women). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of domestic violence in Eastern India is relatively high compared to majority of information available from India and confirms that domestic violence is a universal phenomenon. The primary healthcare institutions in India should institutionalise the routine screening and treatment for violence related injuries and trauma. Also, these results provide vital information to assess the situation to develop public health interventions, and to sensitise the concerned agencies to implement the laws related to violence against women.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Violence | Behavior | Aggression | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341406

Title: The influence of early sexual debut and sexual violence on adolescent pregnancy: a matched case-control study in Jamaica.
Author: Baumgartner JN; Geary CW; Tucker H; Wedderburn M
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):21-28.
Abstract: The authors conducted structured interviews with 15- to 17-year-old females-250 who were currently pregnant and 500 sexually experienced, but never-pregnant, neighborhood-matched controls. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine associations between adolescent pregnancy and early sexual debut, sexual coercion or violence, and sexual risk-taking behaviors. Greater proportions of pregnant youth than of their never-pregnant peers reported having had first sex by age 14 (54% vs. 41%), a first sexual partner who was five or more years older (33% vs. 20%), or multiple partners (63% vs. 50%). A greater proportion of never-pregnant youth had used contraceptives at first sex (88% vs. 80%). Almost half (49%) of all young women reported ever having experienced sexual coercion or violence. Compared with controls, pregnant youth had greater odds of having had an older partner at first sex and believing contraception is a woman's responsibility (odds ratios, 1.3 and 2.1, respectively), and had lower odds of ever having experienced sexual violence and thinking that it is important to protect oneself against pregnancy (0.5 and 0.2, respectively). An interaction between early sexual debut and multiple partners was found. Having had multiple partners was associated with pregnancy only for youth with early sexual debut. Encouraging adolescents to delay sexual debut and reduce their number of sexual partners may help prevent unintended pregnancies. Experiences of sexual coercion and violence were common among both groups, highlighting the need to address gender-based violence at the community level.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUAL ABUSE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 315213

Peer Reviewed

Title: Physical and sexual violence and subsequent contraception use among reproductive aged women.
Author: Chan RL; Martin SL
Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):276-81.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Population-based data were used to examine the association between reproductive aged women's physical and sexual violence experiences in the previous 12 months and subsequent contraception use. STUDY DESIGN: This study used a representative sample of adults (2002 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the associations of interest. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 20 North Carolina reproductive aged women experienced physical and/or sexual violence in the previous 12 months, with physical violence as the most common. Compared to women who experienced no violence in the previous 12 months, experiences with physical violence by itself increased subsequent contraception use, while experience with sexual violence by itself decreased subsequent contraception use. Women with both experiences in the previous 12 months were less likely to be subsequently using contraception (OR=0.1; 95% CI=0.1-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide further evidence that different experiences with violence may dictate women's subsequent contraception use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONTRACEPTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Violence | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 342573

Title: Compliance with mandated emergency contraception in New Mexico emergency departments.
Author: Espey E; Ogburn T; Leeman L; Buchen E; Angeli E; Qualls C
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 May;18(5):619-23.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: New Mexico enacted a law in 2003 requiring that emergency departments (EDs) offer emergency contraception (EC) to survivors of sexual assault and that both doses be administered in the ED. This investigation sought to examine practices and knowledge of ED providers about EC in the setting of sexual assault. METHODS: We visited hospitals in New Mexico from July 2005 to December 2005 and administered an 18-item questionnaire to three providers-a physician, a nurse, and a clerk-in the ED. The questionnaire included items related to characteristics of the hospital, knowledge of providers about EC and the law, and ED practices relevant to EC for sexual assault survivors as well as for women who had consensual unprotected intercourse. RESULTS: Surveys were completed at 33 of 38 hospitals (87%). Overall, 52% of respondents reported that EC was routinely offered to sexual assault survivors, and 33% reported that both doses were administered in the ED. Forty-one percent of RNs, MDs, and clerks reported that EC was offered to sexual assault survivors who were minors regardless of age. Overall, 64% of respondents knew that EC may prevent pregnancy up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, and only 12% of respondents reported awareness of any requirements to offer EC to sexual assault survivors. Respondents reported that physicians in the ED more often routinely offered EC to sexual assault survivors (52%) than to women who requested it after consensual sex (20%). Thirty-three percent of respondents indicated parental consent was necessary for minors in the setting of sexual assault, although there is no requirement for parental notification in New Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: EDs in New Mexico are not universally complying with the law. Better dissemination of the law and education about EC could improve care of sexual assault survivors in New Mexico.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY SERVICES | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | HEALTH SERVICES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | NEEDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342561

Title: The hidden figure: sexual intimate partner violence among Pakistani women.
Author: Kapadia MZ; Saleem S; Karim MS
Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2009 Aug 7;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present study were to determine the magnitude and factors associated with sexual intimate partner violence (SIPV) in women presenting to tertiary-care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: Five hundred women who presented to four tertiary-care hospitals to deliver were interviewed from September to December 2005. SIPV was assessed by using questions on sexual abuse in WHO Domestic Violence Module designed to determine intimate partner violence. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors associated with SIPV. RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of women reported experiencing sexual violence in their married life. Gravida with five or more pregnancies [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-6.96], index pregnancy as unwanted (AOR = 2.64; CI 1.16-6.02) and conflict with in-laws (AOR 1.9 CI 1.14-3.16) were independently associated with sexual abuse. Women who had social support were less likely to be abused by their intimate partners (AOR 0.76; CI 0.58-0.98). CONCLUSION: One in five women reported spousal sexual abuse in their married life. Women having more than five children, unwanted pregnancies or reporting differences with in-laws are more likely to be subjected to such abuse. Social support protects women from sexual abuse by intimate partner.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CLIENTS | TERTIARY SECTOR | HOSPITALS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | SEXUAL ABUSE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors
Document Number: 342536

10.

Title: Sexual violence against women and children in Chinese societies.
Author: Ko Ling Chan
Source: Trauma, Violence and Abuse. 2009 Jan;10(1):69-85.
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the reported patterns of sexual violence against women and children in China. It reviews the prevalence of and risk factors for various types of sexual violence and discusses community knowledge and perceptions of these violent acts. It also critically examines three major problems of sexual violence research in China. First, the diversity of findings and study methods reported by surveys and criminal reports reflects the problems in obtaining accurate figures on the scope of the problem. Second, precautions must be taken in reading studies on Chinese culture-specific risk factors for domestic violence. Third, the study of culture-specific factors should not focus solely on cultural factors in a vacuum but rather, should examine traditional culture in the context of modern societies and consensus international standards of human rights. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | COMMUNITY | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | RAPE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 330270

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Cultural scripts for multiple and concurrent partnerships in southern Africa: Why HIV prevention needs anthropology.
Author: Leclerc-Madlala S
Source: Sexual Health. 2009;6(2):103-110.
Abstract: Background: Multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships have been identified as southern Africa's key behavioural driver of HIV, resulting in calls to make partner reduction programming central to an intensified HIV prevention focus. Various efforts are currently being made in the region in response to this call. Such efforts will likely have as limited success as past prevention efforts if the cultural milieu in which sexual partnering practices are located and reproduced remains poorly understood, unaccounted for, and unaddressed in prevention programming. Methods: Focussed ethnographic discussions were held between October 2007 and November 2008 with 228 members of southern African non-government organisations representing seven countries. Discussions formed part of follow-up activities to a high level regional meeting and were aimed at exploring contextual factors in HIV transmission, most especially the role of culture in relation to multiple and concurrent partnerships. Results: Common patterns in cultural scripts for the performance of sexuality were discernable. Several predominant scripts that tend to affirm and lend cultural legitimacy to multiple and concurrent partnering were identified, discussed and analysed. Conclusion: Effectuating change at the level of cultural scripting to discourage multiple and concurrent partnerships is required for sustainable long-term protection of people and communities against HIV. The success of partner reduction programs will be largely determined by the extent to which they are informed by anthropological knowledge and work with cultural logics to allow people to envision how they can transform obstacles into support for risk reduction. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | CULTURE | HIV PREVENTION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SEXUALITY | INFIDELITY | SEXUAL ABUSE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | WORKSHOPS | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Personality | Psychological Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Education
Document Number: 342231

12.

13.

Title: Intimate partner violence and sexually risky behavior in Botswana: implications for HIV prevention.
Author: Modie-Moroka T
Source: Health Care for Women International. 2009 Mar;30(3):230-231.
Abstract: AIM: Evidence-based research has identified a link between experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and exposure to HIV in the general population and for women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. Emerging evidence in Sub-Saharan Africa supports the fact that violence perpetrated against women and girls tends to increase their risk of HIV infection. The aim of the study was to explore the type and severity of IPV and HIV-related risk behaviors among remote, rural, and urban dwellers in Botswana aged 15 and over. METHODS: The study combined both quantitative and qualitative methods of inquiry. Respondents came from remote area settlements and rural and urban areas of Botswana. The sample population was 1,378 Botswana, who are 15 years and above. Face-to-face structured and unstructured interviews were conducted by trained interviewers. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent of the respondents reported that they had been in a relationship that they perceived as abusive. Respondents had had at least 2.4 abusive relationships. The mean Habitat Sustainability Index summed score was 2.4 (SD = 2.2). Women were more likely to report having been in an abusive relationship than men. The linear combination of physical, verbal, emotional, and sexual abuse explained 37% of the variance in sexually risky behaviors, r(2) = .37, F (13, 113) = 4.113, p <. 001, F change = 4.392. Emotional abuse and sexual abuse were the best predictors of sexually risky behaviors. When categories of abuse were classified by physical and nonphysical abuse, nonphysical (verbal and emotional abuse) accounted for a greater part of the variance in sexual high-risk behavior (beta = .32, p = .001). CONCLUSION: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common in Botswana and is related to high-risk sexual behavior. Programs for the prevention of HIV should adopt a life course model in order to identify the underlying factors in high-risk behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEXUAL ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Violence | Aggression
Document Number: 330189

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Incontinence and trauma: sexual violence, female genital cutting and proxy measures of gynecological fistula.
Author: Peterman A; Johnson K
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:971-979.
Abstract: Obstetric fistula, characterized by urinary or fecal incontinence via the vagina, has begun to receive attention on the international public health agenda, however less attention has been given to traumatic fistula. Field reports indicate that trauma contributes to the burden of vaginal fistula, especially in regions wrought by civil unrest, however evidence is largely anecdotal or facility-based. This paper specifically examines the co-occurrence of incontinence and two potential sources of trauma: sexual violence and female genital cutting using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys in Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda and Ethiopia. Multivariate selection models are used to control for sampling differences by country. Results indicate that sexual violence is a significant determinant of incontinence in Rwanda and Malawi, however not in Uganda. Simulations predict that elimination of sexual violence would result in from a 7 to a 40% reduction of the total burden of incontinence. In contrast, no evidence is found that female genital cutting contributes to incontinence and this finding is robust for types of cutting and high risk samples. Results point to the importance of reinforcing prevention programs which seek to address prevention of sexual violence and for the integration of services to better serve women experiencing both sexual violence and incontinence.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | MALAWI | RWANDA | UGANDA | ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SEXUAL ABUSE | VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Central | Africa, Eastern | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 340216

15.
Title: Prevalence and risk factors of gender-based violence committed by male college students in Awassa, Ethiopia.
Author: Philpart M; Goshu M; Gelaye B; Williams MA; Berhane Y
Source: Violence and Victims. 2009;24(1):122-36.
Abstract: We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the perpetration of gender-based violence among 1,378 male undergraduate students in Awassa, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Nearly a quarter (24.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.1-26.7) of students admitted perpetrating acts of gender-based violence during the current academic year. Approximately 15.8% (95% CI 13.7-17.9) of students reported physically abusing, and 16.9% (95% CI 14.8-19.0) reported committing acts of sexual violence against an intimate partner or nonpartner. Alcohol consumption, khat use (Catha edulis, a natural stimulant), combined use of alcohol and khat, and witnessing parental violence were risk factors for committing gender-based violent acts. These findings suggest an obvious need for effective prevention programs targeted toward changing social norms on the use of violence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | STUDENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 341064

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Coerced sexual debut and lifetime abortion attempts among women in Rakai, Uganda.
Author: Polis CB; Lutalo T; Wawer M; Serwadda D; Kigozi G; Nalugoda F; Kiwanuka N; Gray R
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Feb;104(2):105-109.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether reported coercion at sexual debut is associated with a greater lifetime risk of attempting an abortion among women in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS: Analysis of data from sexually experienced, ever-pregnant women in a longitudinal, population-based, open cohort study in 56 rural communities in Rakai, Uganda (n=4784). For univariate analysis, the t test was used for continuous variables and the Pearson chi(2) or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for potential confounding. RESULTS: Twenty percent of women reported coercion at sexual debut. Compared with women who reported consensual sexual debut, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of subsequent abortion attempts among coerced women was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.11-2.20). CONCLUSION: There is a need to protect women from sexual coercion, implement policies for prevention of violence, and provide comprehensive reproductive health care, including prevention of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ABORTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330190 Notification

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: a cluster survey study.
Author: Reza A; Breiding MJ; Gulaid J; Mercy JA; Blanton C; Mthethwa Z; Bamrah S; Dahlberg LL; Anderson M
Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1966-72.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite concern, few studies have been done about sexual violence against girls younger than 18 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. We report the prevalence and circumstances of sexual violence in girls in Swaziland, and assess the negative health consequences. METHODS: We obtained data from a nationally representative sample of girls and women aged 13-24 years from selected households in Swaziland between May 15, 2007, and June 16, 2007, with a two-stage cluster design. The questionnaire examined demographics, type of sexual violence that took place before the respondent was 18 years of age, circumstances of the incident, and health-related conditions. Information was gathered from 1244 women and girls (response rate 96.3%), of whom 1242 provided retrospective responses to questions about sexual violence. We used regression models adjusted for relevant demographics to estimate the odds ratios for the associations between sexual violence and health-related conditions. FINDINGS: 33.2% (95% CI 29.9-36.7) of respondents reported an incident of sexual violence before they reached 18 years of age. The most common perpetrators of the first incident were men or boys from the respondent's neighbourhood (32.3% [28.8-36.1]) and boyfriends or husbands (26.2% [22.2-30.7]). The first incident most often took place in the respondent's own home (26.1% [21.6-31.2]). Sexual violence was associated with reported lifetime experience of sexually transmitted diseases (adjusted OR 3.69 [95% CI 1.78-7.66]), pregnancy complications or miscarriages (3.54 [1.47-8.55]), unwanted pregnancy (2.92 [1.87-4.55]), and self-report of feeling depressed (2.30 [1.70-3.11]). INTERPRETATION: Knowledge of the high prevalence of sexual violence against girls in Swaziland and its associated serious health-related conditions and behaviours should be used to develop effective prevention strategies. FUNDING: UNICEF.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | PREVALENCE | DEPRESSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Mental Disorders | Diseases
Document Number: 341674

18.

Title: Providing sex education to persons with learning disabilities in the era of HIV/AIDS: tensions between discourses of human rights and restriction.
Author: Rohleder P; Swartz L
Source: Journal of Health Psychology. 2009 May;14(4):601-10.
Abstract: Research suggests that disabled people may be at increased risk for HIV infection, yet are excluded from HIV prevention campaigns. Historically people with learning disabilities have been constructed as either being asexual or sexually uninhibited, and sex education considered to be unnecessary or potentially harmful. This article reports on findings of a qualitative study exploring the challenges expressed by participants who provide sex education for persons with learning disabilities, revealing a tension between a human rights discourse and a discourse of restriction of sexual behaviours. Sex education, in the context of HIV/AIDS, may potentially construct sex as dangerous, echoing past constructions of disabled people's sexuality as problematic.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | TEACHERS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | SEX EDUCATION | CURRICULUM | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | INTERVIEWS | SEXUAL ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 342176

19.

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in an Asian country: multilevel ecological factors.
Author: Wong ML; Chan RK; Koh D; Tan HH; Lim FS; Emmanuel S; Bishop G
Source: Pediatrics. 2009 Jul;124(1):e44-52.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess personal and environmental factors associated with premarital sex among adolescents. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study. Between 2006 and 2008, we recruited 500 adolescents who reported having engaged in voluntary sex for most recent sex. Five hundred control subjects were matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. RESULTS: Independently significant factors for premarital sex among boys were pornography viewing (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.82 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.34-14.43]), lack of confidence to resist peer pressure (OR: 3.84 [95% CI: 2.27-6.50]), perception that more than one half of their friends had engaged in sex (OR: 3.37 [95% CI: 1.92-5.92]), permissiveness regarding premarital sex (OR: 3.41 [95% CI: 2.10-5.55]), involvement in gang activities (OR: 3.45 [95% CI: 1.66-7.15]), drinking (OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.07-2.94]), smoking (OR: 1.91 [95% CI: 1.14-3.20]), and living in low-cost housing (OR: 3.25 [95% CI: 1.64-6.43]). For girls, additional factors were previous sexual abuse (OR: 7.81 [95% CI: 2.50-24.41]) and dropping out of school (OR: 2.72 [95% CI: 1.32-5.61]), and stronger associations were found for lack of confidence to resist peer pressure (OR: 5.56 [95% CI: 2.94-10.53]) and permissiveness regarding premarital sex (OR: 6.25 [95% CI: 3.30-11.83]). Exposure to persons with HIV/AIDS or sexually transmitted infections in the media was negatively associated with sex for boys (OR: 0.27 [95% CI: 0.16-0.45]) and girls (OR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.13-0.47]). CONCLUSION: Sex education programs for adolescents must address social, media, and pornographic influences and incorporate skills to negotiate sexual abstinence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | FILM AND VIDEO | PEER GROUPS | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproduction | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mass Media | Communication | Knowledge Sources
Document Number: 342886

21.

Title: Safe schools: Every girl's right.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 67 p.
Abstract: Certain girls face an increased risk of violence at school because of who they are. Lesbian girls, for example, experience both sexism and homophobia combined. They are more frequently subjected to sexual harassment and threatened with sexual violence than their heterosexual peers. Girls with disabilities face both sexism and disability discrimination, making them targets for teasing, physical abuse and sexual violence. Rates of abuse are higher for girls with disabilities, and the forms of violence they face may be more severe. Other aspects of girls' identity, including whether they are migrants, orphans or refugees, as well as their HIV status, caste, ethnicity and race, also increase their risk of abuse and shape the nature of the violence they experience. Violence at the hands of fellow students is the extreme end of a range of behaviour that often begins with verbal insults and threatening gestures. If less severe abuses are not challenged by those in authority, acts of violence often follow. Violence by teachers or other adults is the extreme end of another range of conduct - abuse of power. Teachers and other adults wield immense power over the lives of children, a power that they sometimes exploit. Violence against girls takes place in and around many educational institutions all over the world. It is inflicted not only by teachers, but also by administrators, other school employees, fellow students and outsiders. The result is that countless girls are kept out of school, drop out of school, or do not fully participate in school. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | SCHOOLS | SAFETY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | SEXUAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | WAR | SEX DISCRIMINATION | STANDARDS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Public Health | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Aggression | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Research Methodology
Document Number: 325465

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Title: Through the eyes of a child: Refugee children speak about violence. A report on participatory assessments carried out with refugee and returnee children in Southern Africa, 2005-2007.
Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], UNHCR, [2008]. 26 p.
Abstract: Children living as refugees and returnees in eight sub-Saharan Africa locations are suffering not only due to their refugee and returnee status, but also other factors over which they have no control: hostility and violence from local people (arising largely from competition over scarce resources and services), and pervasive sexual and gender-based violence. Children encounter violence and sexual assault in schools, communities and homes. Yet these problems are rarely acknowledged and the voices of young refugees are rarely heard. Between 2005 and 2007 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) carried out a series of groundbreaking Participatory Assessments (PAs) with children living in refugee and returnee situations in Southern Africa to discover: how children are being treated, how they perceive the violence with which they are often faced, how they cope, and what suggestions they have for improving their situation. The holding of such assessments forms part of UNHCR's strategy for Age, Gender and Diversity Mainstreaming (AGDM), the overall aim of which is to promote gender equality and the rights of all refugees. The information gathered during the assessments served as the basis for Action Plans designed to address the various issues raised. Moreover, through this participatory methodology, UNHCR sought to give refugee and returnee children a voice in defining and resolving their problems, and to ensure that their voice was heard by adults. Thus an important outcome of the PAs was that the attention of UNHCR and partner staff, as well as parents and caregivers, was drawn to the needs and rights of children and their obligation to fulfil them. This process was empowering for the young people -who are generally among the world's most disempowered -and is contributing to redressing some of their concerns as Action Plans are implemented.
Language: English
Keywords:
ANGOLA | BOTSWANA | MALAWI | MOZAMBIQUE | NAMIBIA | SOUTH AFRICA | ZAMBIA | ZIMBABWE | REFUGEES | CHILDREN | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | WORKSHOPS | PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Social Behavior
Document Number: 327740

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Title: Resolution 1820 (2008). Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008.
Author: United Nations. Security Council
Source: [New York, New York], United Nations, Security Council, 2008 Jun 19. 5 p. (S/RES/1820 (2008))
Abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution on women, peace and security, demanding halt to acts of sexual violence during armed conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LEGISLATION | UN | GOALS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | WAR | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Planning | Organization and Administration | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 327631

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual violence and proximate risks: a study on trafficked women in Mexico City.
Author: Acharya AK
Source: Gender Technology and Development. 2008;12(1):77-99.
Abstract: Trafficking in humans is an integral part of the social and economic fabric in Mexico as in other parts of the world. This practice causes intolerable degradation and suffering for the girls and young women involved and are treated as a commodity. The process results in a risk to their physical and mental health, and in particular, to their sexual health, which I have explored in this research. Sixty trafficked women currently working as commercial sex workers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, and 13 in-depth interviews were conducted in the La Merced red-light area of Mexico City. Trafficked women in Mexico are basically young women, have little education and are mostly unmarried. The women I interviewed were working in cheap hotels and were living with a pimp. In the week prior to the interviews, 70 percent were beaten with objects, 100 percent were abused verbally, 28 percent were burned by lighting cigarettes, 36 percent were threatened with being killed and 22 percent were raped by clients and traffickers. Unwanted pregnancies and forced abortions were common; 65 percent had had at least one abortion. Almost all women had been infected by sexually transmitted diseases. The present research concluded that sexual violence has serious physical and mental health risks on trafficked women and it needs an urgent response from the government not only to provide health facilities to these women but also to eradicate women trafficking in Mexico. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL ABUSE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | MENTAL HEALTH | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Health
Document Number: 329255

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